The work of Leo Tolstoy is full of military actions. Together with the author, following him, the reader on the pages of the work “War and Peace” will see incredible pictures of battles and battles: Borodino, Shengrabensky, Austerlitsky. But the writer not only shows fighting, but, above all, he wants to show each person as a person, separately, how he, a soldier or a general, involved in a noisy stream of hostilities, will manifest himself and show himself.
There are many participants in these events. These are the commanders-in-chief of the army, both on the one hand and on the other. This is all the headquarters, generals, officers and, of course, military personnel and partisans. In order for the reader to see them more fully, to realize not only the scale of the whole event, but also to see each individual person, the author tries to put them in the most various situations: military and peaceful life. It is known that Leo Tolstoy himself also fought, he participated in the hostilities in the Caucasus and proved himself in the defense of Sevastopol. That is why he tries to show the real and harsh military truth, without embellishing it. And it consists of suffering, and of blood, and of death.
But it is in such conditions that the wonderful qualities of a person are manifested: courage, courage, heroism. Tolstoy's epic shows two wars: 1805 - 1807, which took place abroad, and in Russia in 1812. Various members with different characters are found on one front and on the other. For example, a heroic transition is made by Bagration's detachment, heroism and a talented commander are shown Russian army Kutuzov. But they are opposed by the mediocre and conceited Maka, an Austrian general.
But ordinary Russian peasants who have become military personnel, their honest commanders, show special courage. But among the staff commanders there are many cowards and traitors. Zherkov stands out in particular. After he was expelled from the Russian regiment, he was able to easily attach himself to Bagration himself as an orderly. He told everyone that he did not want to fight, but you can get much more medals and orders, even without doing anything for this.
But the real heroes who were able to show courage and bravery on the battlefield are modest and simple. They reveal themselves in battle, showing strength of character and spirit. Persistent and solid in execution, they cause only admiration. One of these heroes is Timokhin. He is a company commander who successfully retained his company. But for his soldiers, he will always be examples. He himself, by his example, inspired the rank and file of his company to a surprise attack by the French. This made it possible to push back the enemy and give the other battalions a chance to come to their senses and put themselves in order.
The author tries to show everything truthfully, so the pictures of confusion and heroic deeds are simply intertwined. A vivid example of this is the description on the pages of the novel of the battle that took place near Austerlitz. Everywhere there was disorder, and there was some kind of stupidity. Some troops were bored in anticipation of the battle, while others were dying, receiving many injuries and injuries. And those who were waiting, seeing all this stupidity, gradually lost heart. And this is the real picture.
Bright battles in the novel, where courage and daring were manifested, are Shengraben and Austerlitz. They were conducted outside the Russian state, and its goals were not at all clear to the common people. The war of 1812 looks completely different, when it contains the greatest meaning and purpose - to defend your homeland. These battles of 1812 were popular, as they were fought against those enemies who encroached on the independence of Russia.
A huge French regiment, in which there were five hundred people, fell upon the country. There was already fame about this power of Napoleon, as about the most invincible and strong. But in Russian state this formidable power received powerful resistance. Not only the military stood up as a wall, but the whole people rose up to defend their country and independence.
The author truthfully shows how the entire population, forgetting about their property, leaving it, leaving Moscow, which could just about pass into the hands of the French. But this happened not only in Moscow, but also in other villages and cities.
To resist this strongest Napoleonic army, they begin to create partisan detachments. The largest and most heroic on the pages of Tolstoy's epic novel are the detachments of Dolokhov and Denisov. The writer also tells about a deacon who heads one of the detachments. In his narrative there is also a place for Vasilisa, the elder, who was able to beat many Frenchmen. More than a hundred of the enemy died at her hands. The partisans did not act openly, they tried to destroy the huge French army in parts. Fighting bravely, they gradually destroyed the enemies, freeing their land.
As a result, the war, which from the side French army, was predatory, then on the part of Russia, the liberation and people's, ended. It was the people who did everything to win. Only he showed unprecedented courage and courage. Heroism was shown by both the commanders and the generals, who also influenced the fact that the vast, countless force of Napoleon was defeated.
What is a feat in the understanding of L.N. Tolstoy?
(based on the epic novel "War and Peace")
Plutarch noted that “virtue or depravity is not always visible in the most important deeds, but often some insignificant deed, word or joke reveals a person’s character better than battles in which tens of thousands die.” Tolstoy in his novel not only condemns state-owned, official patriotism, but also overcomes the ceremonial idea of a feat. Showing the war, the writer depicts not galloping warriors with unfolded banners, not parades, not the brilliance of victories, but military everyday life, ordinary soldiers, their hard daily work. The heroes of Tolstoy are simple warriors-workers.
Let us recall the scene of the Battle of Shengraben and the feat of Captain Timokhin, who led the soldiers into the attack at the very moment when "the moral hesitation that decides the fate of the battles ... was resolved in favor of fear." “Timokhin, with such a desperate look, rushed at the French and with such insane and drunken determination, with one skewer, ran into the enemy that the French, without having time to come to their senses, threw down their weapons and ran.” Another hero of the Shengraben battle is Captain Tushin, whose battery the French tried to attack twice. The theme of true heroism is illustrated by Tolstoy and the scene on the Raevsky battery, where Pierre Bezukhov ends up during the Battle of Borodino. Pierre is seized by a feeling of horror, mortal fear. The soldiers seem to him devoid of these feelings. He is struck by the courage, firmness, simplicity of these people, devoid of everything external, superficial. Only now did he understand "the whole meaning and the whole meaning of this war and the forthcoming battle." “He understood that hidden ... warmth of patriotism, which was in all those people whom he saw, and which explained to him why all these people calmly and, as it were, thoughtlessly prepared for death.” On the eve of the battle, the soldiers put on white shirts and refused vodka, and in the very heat of the battle, “lighter and lighter flashed on the faces of all these people ... lightning of a hidden, flaring fire.” We can consider the behavior of Pierre Bezukhov during the French captivity and the participation of Prince Andrei in the Battle of Borodino a real feat.
The characteristic style of L.N. Tolstoy is the deepest psychologism. He deeply explores the feelings and emotions of a person in war. The real discovery for Prince Andrei, who dreamed of his Toulon, is the sky of Austerlitz. Personal ambitious dreams collide here with the sudden discovery of the surrounding world as eternity. And there is a revision of the aspirations of the hero, a revision of his views on the feat. In war, the hero has to face death. It is very painful and difficult for a person. And the writer portrays these feelings in the scene of the murder of a Frenchman by Petya Rostov. Over time, Nikolai Rostov's idea of war also changes.
A feat in the understanding of Tolstoy is the entire national, guerrilla war which was waged by the Russian people against the French. Tikhon Shcherbaty, the headman Vasilisa, and the merchant Ferapontov, who burns his shops when the French occupy Smolensk, become real heroes for him. The deed of the Rostovs, who give their carts to the wounded soldiers, also becomes a feat. The writer notes that the "hidden warmth of patriotism" embraced people of various social groups: soldier, peasantry, nobility, merchants. Russian people are leaving Moscow because they cannot remain under the control of the French. A feat is also the behavior of Kutuzov, the commander, who is vitally ill for the victory of the Russian people.
Thus, L.N. Tolstoy in his novel deromanticizes, in a certain sense reduces the concept of "feat". A feat in the understanding of the writer is a person following his duty, loyalty to the Motherland.
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"War and Peace" - a novel by Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy - a national epic dedicated to the heroism of the Russian people in the Patriotic War of 1812, a feat accomplished by the people.
While describing the Battle of Shengraben, one of the main episodes of the 1805 campaign, Tolstoy showed the feat of Captain Tushin and the soldiers of his battery. Captain Tushin is an ordinary officer, a person who embodies folk wisdom and simplicity. During the battle, he fearlessly leads the bombardment, showing an example of courage to the soldiers, sacredly fulfilling his military duty.
Captain Timokhin also performs a feat, and the attack of his company at a critical moment changed the course of the battle. Like Tushin, he is ... duty, courage and diligence.
According to Tolstoy, the war is “an event contrary to the human mind in its human nature,” but the war of 1812 is a terrible necessity. To execute the enemy, to expel him from his native land is the duty of every Russian person.
If in the highest aristocratic circles they only uttered pompous phrases about love for the fatherland, but in fact they only “followed ... the weather vane of royal mercy”, then the best people from the nobles they acted differently: Nikolai Rostov returns to the army, young Petya goes to war, Pierre Bezukhov gives a million to the militia, commands the regiment, trying to be closer to the people, Prince Andrei, give all the carts to the soldiers wounded near the village Borodin, the Rostovs, dooming themselves to ruin.
The feeling of hatred for the enemies of the motherland makes the inhabitants of Smolensk and Moscow burn their property so that the French do not get it, and the act of the merchant Ferapontov and the “man in a frieze overcoat” is an example of true patriotism.
Russian peasants, "Karps and Vlass", as Tolstoy calls them, did not want to sell hay to the French even for big money, they burned it. Every Russian person fought the enemy in his own way.
The Battle of Borodino is the greatest manifestation of the patriotism of the Russian people. Ordinary people understood the importance of this moment. “They want to pile on all the people,” says one of the soldiers; in preparation for possible death in the coming battle, the militia men put on white shirts. The same mood prevails in the regiment of Andrei Bolkonsky.
During the battle, the gunners on the Raevsky battery behave calmly and courageously, ready to die, but to do their duty.
Kutuzov is the spokesman for the patriotic folk spirit in the novel. He is confident in the courage and stamina of the soldiers, he knows that the enemy will be defeated. This “wonderful, incomparable people” is understandable and close to Kutuzov. material from the site
The partisan movement played a huge role in the Patriotic War of 1812. The writer also talks about the detachment of the elder Vasilisa, who beat hundreds of Frenchmen, and about the sexton who commanded the detachment, and about the partisans of Denisov, and about the detachment of Dolokhov. Tolstoy tells about the partisan Tikhon Shcherbat, the bravest and the right person in the detachment of Denisov, distinguished by special prowess. Shcherbaty is one of those heroes who quietly and imperceptibly do their job, everything that prompted them to feel love for the Motherland.
The patriotism of Russian people of all classes, the courage and heroism of officers and ordinary soldiers - this is the key to the invincibility of the Russian people.
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"War and Peace" - a novel by Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy - a national epic dedicated to the heroism of the Russian people in the Patriotic War of 1812, a feat accomplished by the people.
While describing the Battle of Shengraben, one of the main episodes of the 1805 campaign, Tolstoy showed the feat of Captain Tushin and the soldiers of his battery. Captain Tushin is an ordinary officer, a person who embodies folk wisdom and simplicity. During the battle, he fearlessly leads the bombardment, showing an example of courage to the soldiers, sacredly fulfilling his military duty.
Captain Timokhin also performs a feat, and the attack of his company at a critical moment changed the course of the battle. Like Tushin, he is ... duty, courage and diligence.
According to Tolstoy, war is “an event contrary to human reason in its human nature,” but the war of 1812 is a terrible necessity. To execute the enemy, to expel him from his native land is the duty of every Russian person.
If in the highest aristocratic circles they only uttered pompous phrases about love for the fatherland, but in fact they only “followed ... the weather vane of royal grace”, then the best people from the nobles acted differently: Nikolai Rostov returned to the army, young Petya went to war, Pierre Bezukhov gives a million to the militia, commanding a regiment, striving to be closer to the people, Prince Andrei, give all the carts to the soldiers wounded near the village of Borodino, Rostov, dooming themselves to ruin.
The feeling of hatred for the enemies of the motherland makes the inhabitants of Smolensk and Moscow burn their property so that the French do not get it, and the act of the merchant Ferapontov and the “man in a frieze overcoat” is an example of true patriotism.
Russian peasants, "Karps and Vlass", as Tolstoy calls them, did not want to sell hay to the French even for a lot of money, they burned it. Every Russian person fought the enemy in his own way.
The Battle of Borodino is the greatest manifestation of the patriotism of the Russian people. Ordinary people understood the importance of this moment. “They want to pile on all the people,” says one of the soldiers; in preparation for possible death in the coming battle, the militia men put on white shirts. The same mood prevails in the regiment of Andrei Bolkonsky.
During the battle, the gunners on the Raevsky battery behave calmly and courageously, ready to die, but to do their duty.
Kutuzov is the spokesman for the patriotic folk spirit in the novel. He is confident in the courage and stamina of the soldiers, he knows that the enemy will be defeated. This “wonderful, incomparable people” is understandable and close to Kutuzov.
The partisan movement played a huge role in the Patriotic War of 1812. The writer also talks about the detachment of the elder Vasilisa, who beat hundreds of Frenchmen, and about the deacon who commanded the detachment, and about Denisov's partisans, and about Dolokhov's detachment. Tolstoy tells about the partisan Tikhon Shcherbat, the bravest and most needed person in the Denisov detachment, who was distinguished by his special prowess. Shcherbaty is one of those heroes who quietly and imperceptibly do their job, everything that prompted them to feel love for the Motherland.
The patriotism of Russian people of all classes, the courage and heroism of officers and ordinary soldiers - this is the key to the invincibility of the Russian people.
Review
Based on the factual material of the novel "War and Peace", the essay shows the laconic "true courage" of the true heroes and patriots of the war of 1812; shows the true patriotism and heroism of the Russian people, which "is proved not by word, but by deed", imperceptibly, everyday manifests itself as a feeling of love for Russia. The essay reveals the author's position. The material of the essay is arranged logically, sequentially. The composition is complete. Written in good literary language.
transcript
1 ARGUMENTS for an essay from Leo Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace"
2 1 The problem of hypocrisy. careerism problem. The problem of spiritual emptiness Tolstoy does not accept and severely condemns people whose goal is career, wealth, mercenary politicking, power, cruelty and the ability to kill. These people he refers to the world of war. To expose them, he develops his own method of "tearing off all and sundry masks." So, outwardly, we see elegance, intelligence, tact, high political interests in the salon. And internally these are false people, their conversations and behavior are hypocritical. For example, Prince Vasily, speaking on high political topics, thinks only about the arrangements of his son. Hiding selfish intentions, he speaks, "like a wound clock," "like an actor says the words of an old play."
3 For all the guests, "the smile merged with the unsmile." Constantly sounding French speech emphasizes the isolation of the nobility from the people, their interests, culture, language. Tolstoy compares the owner of the salon with the owner of the spinning workshop, emphasizing the automatism of everything that happens, the lack of sincerity, simple human feelings.
4 Helen Kuragina has never loved anyone, her heart is dead. She does not just get carried away and make mistakes, moving from admirer to admirer, she has a conscious line of behavior. That is why discord and evil appear, that she has no heart, there are only base instincts. The baseness of her behavior with Pierre, her relationship with Dolokhov and Boris Drubetsky, her ugly role in the story with Natasha and Anatole, her attempt to marry two husbands at once while Pierre is alive, all create the appearance of a depraved and prudent secular beauty. Pierre says about the Kuragins: “Oh, vile, heartless breed!”
5 2 The problem of consumer attitude to life, the desire for profit. The problem of the goal and the means to achieve it. The Problem of False Values in Life People of "war" can be dangerous to protect their vested interests. This is manifested in episodes of the struggle for the inheritance of the old Count Bezukhov. In the struggle for a will (for a mosaic briefcase), the true face of Prince Vasily is revealed, which is expressed through a portrait characteristic: “His cheeks began to twitch nervously, giving his face an unpleasant expression that was never shown on his face when he was in living rooms.” Pierre sees "the embittered face of the princess, which has lost all decency." The masks are torn off, the essence is exposed.
6 3 The problem of real life. The sincerity of the Rostovs is opposed to the artificial life of light. Two receptions (at Sherer and at the name-days of two Natalias) are different in everything. In the salon - a ceremony of greeting an aunt no one needs, the Rostovs have "gratitude to everyone without exception." Naturalness, lack of falseness, purity of the inner world, closeness to the people is manifested in a number of scenes. For example, Natasha Rostova is the personification of naturalness, happiness, love, sincerity and self-will. She is distinguished by cordial responsiveness (crying with Sonya). And at the same time, she does “God knows what,” something that is forgiven in childhood, but can bring trouble as she grows up (she kisses Boris, loudly asks what the cake will be).
7 There is another way to get away from the empty, hypocritical life of light. This is a measured, meaningful life of the mind and soul. This is how the Bolkonskys live in the Bald Mountains. This is a "special breed" of people. All of them are distinguished by the similarity of their eyes, which glow with intelligence and kindness, "unaccustomed brilliance", Princess Marya has "radiant". They are connected by a deep work of thought, high intelligence, a tendency to mental activity, depth of spiritual peace, pride, aristocracy.
8 4 The problem of true and false heroism How to distinguish true from false? For this, Tolstoy has two criteria: the true comes from the depths of a person’s soul and is expressed simply, without posture and “playing for the public.” The false, on the contrary, is generated by the low side of human nature and is always oriented towards an external effect. What does Tolstoy mean by the concept of "false heroism"? As long as a person wants to perform a feat primarily in order to be noticed, and dreams of a feat that is certainly beautiful, this, according to Tolstoy, is not yet real heroism. True heroism arises when a person thinks not about himself, but about the common cause and does not care about how he looks from the outside.
9 Captain Tushin is shown as a true hero in battle. There is nothing heroic about him. Before the fight, he says that he is afraid of death, but in the battle, "Tushin did not experience the slightest feeling of fear, and the thought that he could be killed or hurt painfully did not occur to him." He makes decisions on his own: "No one ordered Tushin where and with what to shoot, he decided that it would be good to set fire to the village." As a result, it was he who, with his battery, stopped the movement of the French in the center of the battle. The courage, heroism, selflessness of Tushin and his batteries are shown as the natural behavior of true heroes in the war.
10 5 False heroism Zherkov is brave in front of his superiors, cowardly in battle. He was sent to Tushin’s battery to convey the order to retreat: “Zherkov, smartly, without taking his hand off his cap, touched the horse and galloped. But as soon as he drove away from Bagration, his forces betrayed him. An insurmountable fear came over him, and he could not go where it was dangerous. Dolokhov also belongs to the pseudo-heroes, for whom the war is a way to regain the title after he was demoted to the rank and file. In the scene of the review of the troops, he turns to Kutuzov: "I ask you to give me an opportunity to make amends for my guilt and prove my devotion to the Emperor and Russia." In battle, he shows courage, pursuing the same selfish, career goals: “I captured an officer. I stopped the company. Please remember, Your Excellency. A wound with a bayonet, I remained in the front.
11 True heroism is shown first of all in war simple people soldiers, captain Tushin, captain Timokhin and others. "Simplicity, goodness and truth" are the main criteria for distinguishing the true from the false in "War and Peace".
12 Striving for glory, Prince Andrei performs a feat during the Battle of Austerlitz. With a banner in his hands, he raises the soldiers to attack: “Here it is! thought Prince Andrei, embracing the staff of the banner and hearing with pleasure the whistle of bullets, obviously directed against him ... He ran forward with undoubted confidence that the whole battalion would run after him. Indeed, he ran only a few steps alone. The whole battalion shouted "Hurrah!" ran forward and overtook him.
13 The wounded Bolkonsky sees Napoleon in front of him and understands that a person who is guilty of the death of thousands of people cannot be great. He understands that his former desire for glory is insignificant: “And his hero himself seemed so petty to him, with this petty vanity and joy of victory.” Thus comes disappointment in Napoleon, an understanding of the insignificance of a feat accomplished in the name of personal glory.
14 6 The problem of moral insight. The problem of finding the truth. The problem of a person's ability to reject erroneous ideas about life. The problem of the influence of nature on man Before the eyes of Prince Andrei, a clear high sky is revealed - a symbol of truth: “How quiet, calm and solemn, not at all the way I ran,” thought Prince Andrei, “not the way we ran, shouted and fought. .. clouds crawling across this high, endless sky is not at all like that. How could I not have seen this high sky before? And how happy I am that I finally recognized it. Yes! Everything is empty, everything is a lie, except this endless sky. "
15 What does Prince Andrei include in this “everything”? (Vanity, lies, the struggle of vanities, the senselessness of war, the passion for Napoleon.) Instead of the former idol, he acquires high and eternal values \u200b\u200bthat he did not know before: the happiness of just living, the ability to breathe, to see the sky, to be.
16 7 The problem of finding the meaning of life. The problem of the goal of life (What goal should a person set for himself?) By Pierre Bezukhov and Andrei Bolkonsky common goal discover the meaning of human life and humanity as a whole. The path of doubts, grave crises, rebirths and new catastrophes is for them the path of self-knowledge and at the same time the path to other people. Pierre goes through a great evolution from affirming the progressiveness of Napoleon to recognizing the people's truth and practical participation in the secret Decembrist society in the name of just ideas and goals. His path is the path to the people's world, to the truth.
17 8 The problem of moral self-improvement. (Should a person struggle with his own shortcomings? Should a person work on himself?) Through delusions, mistakes, bitter disappointments, he seeks his place in life. Already in part 1 of volume 1 it becomes clear that Pierre's inner motives and the objective result of his actions contradict each other. For example, giving the word to Bolkonsky that he would stop communicating with the company of Kuragin and Dolokhov, he immediately, breaking his promise, goes to this company and participates in carousing, suffering from this contradiction himself. The test of wealth and idle life lead him to another delusion - marriage to Helen Kuragina. Pierre's blinding by the outward beauty of Helene, with inattention to her spiritual emptiness, shows the victory in him of the sensual principle over the spiritual and moral. He considers himself guilty that he married without loving, that he lied, saying to Helen: "I love you." It is his fault that he has associated himself with a world alien to him.
18 Pierre struggles with internal vices (Pierre's diary). He seeks to change the life of his peasants, for which he makes a trip to the Kyiv province. His activity does not bring results, because, as the author writes, "Pierre did not have that practical tenacity that would give him the opportunity to directly get down to business." All this activity brings him deep satisfaction, which he tells Andrei Bolkonsky in the scene of the meeting on the ferry: “I lived for myself and ruined my life. And only now, when I live for others, only now have I understood all the happiness of life.
19 9 The problem of guilt. The problem of repentance Seeing the "dead reproachful face of his wife", Bolkonsky suddenly realizes that he was cruel and unfair to his wife, demanded more from her than she was given. Realizing his guilt, he felt that something had been torn off in his soul. Prince Andrei condemns the cold in himself, proud man, and this new step in the moral quest of the hero.
20 10 Problem true friendship Andrei Bolkonsky returned home from the war, ready for "peace", and the grief of his wife's death and the fact that he felt guilty fell upon him. Now he has an "extinct, dead look." He plunges into the care of his son and decides never to serve in the army again. “I lived for others, and not almost, but completely ruined my life. And since then it has become calmer, as I live for myself alone, ”he says to Pierre. Meeting with Pierre helped him come back to life. He sees the sky again, there is a desire to live full life, enjoy it.
21 “The meeting with Pierre was for Prince Andrei the era from which it began, although in appearance it was the same, but in inner world his new life". There is an absolute value in this conversation, independent of any future results, losses, defeats, moments of breathtaking intensity and fullness of human communication, a subtle interaction of thoughts and souls, an open exchange between them. Standing on the ferry while moving from one village to another, two people, who have forgotten about everything, solve eternal life questions.
22 11 The problem of the unity of man with nature Tolstoy speaks about nature, spiritualizing it, endowing it with human features (hands, fingers, old sores). Prince Andrei identifies himself with a sick tree (the pronouns “we”, “our” sound). "There is no spring, no sun, no happiness." Tolstoy's inner monologues are spoken not only by people, but also by trees. The famous oak, which Andrei Bolkonsky meets twice, is a confirmation of this. “Spring, and love, and happiness! as if this oak spoke. And how not to get bored of you. There is a spiritual rapprochement between Prince Andrei and oak, a rapprochement between the two worlds of man and nature. One at the edge of the road; the other is on the edge of a life not yet lived.”
23 Thoughts of Prince Andrei at the sight of an oak
24 Episode of a moonlit night in Otradnoye. Natasha Rostova lives with emotions, feelings, it is easy for her, so she feels the desire, squatting down and clasping her knees, to fly. Merging with nature inspires her and "raises" Bolkonsky towards spring. Thanks to Natasha and him, now it's "easy". Harmonious connection with nature gives Natasha a feeling of happiness.
25 12 The problem of attitude towards aging loved ones. The problem of relations between people of different generations Many episodes of the novel speak of how despotic and strict with his daughter the old prince Nikolai Bolkonsky, who in his own way loves her and wishes her well. He seeks to give his daughter a serious education, giving her lessons himself. Princess Mary resignedly submits to her eccentric and despotic father, not only out of fear, but also out of a sense of duty as a daughter who does not have the moral right to judge her father. At first glance, she seems timid and downtrodden. But in her character there is hereditary Bolkon pride, an innate sense of self-worth. With particular force, the firmness and strength of character of this modest, shy girl is revealed during the Patriotic War of 1812. When the French companion promised Princess Mary, who found herself in a difficult situation, the protection of her compatriots, she stopped communicating with her and left Bogucharovo, as her patriotic feeling was offended. When a stroke is made with her father, Princess Marya faithfully looks after him.
26 Petya, brother of Natasha Rostova, dies. Mother almost went crazy, and Natasha spends all the time with her. “She alone could keep her mother from insane despair. For three weeks, Natasha lived hopelessly with her mother, slept in an armchair in her room, gave her water, fed her and never stopped talking to her, talking, because one gentle, caressing voice calmed the countess. After the death of her son, the Countess turned from a flourishing, cheerful woman into an old woman. Natasha touchingly takes care of her mother. The girl finds the strength in herself to help her in everything. Love for her mother makes Natasha gather herself inwardly. “Love woke up, and life woke up.” Natasha does not spare herself, gives all her strength, willingly makes sacrifices for those she loves.
27 13 The problem of patriotism Old Prince Bolkonsky gathers the militia, arms them, preparing to defend himself to the last. And only the disease stopped him (paralyzed, he is taken to Bogucharovo). He feels pain for Russia: “Russia is dead! Ruined! Princess Mary, in a difficult moment of her life connected with the death of her father, is united in her patriotic moods with her father, with her brother, with the Russian people. She refuses Bourrienne's offer to surrender to the mercy of the French because "she felt like a representative of her late father and Prince Andrew".
28 Rostovs are distinguished by sincere patriotism, pain for their homeland. Nikolai is fighting in the war; Petya, still a boy, goes to war in 1812 with the consent of his parents and dies in the first battle. Natasha demands to give carts to the wounded. Rostovs leave their home, like many residents. In the scene of the departure of the Rostovs, when, at the insistence of Natasha, the carts will be given to the wounded, and the property will be left; again a common feeling appears (we are not Germans of any kind).
29 Andrei Bolkonsky refuses to serve in the headquarters. He no longer wants to get into higher spheres. Now he firmly knows that the fate of the Motherland is not decided there. Prince Andrei remains among the most needed people in the war, soldiers and officers of the army in the field. Dreams of personal glory no longer bother him. We see the unity of soldiers, militias in white shirts, officers and the commander-in-chief in the prayer scene, where the oath of allegiance to the Russian land is sounded.
30 14 The problem of heroism Through the description of the panorama of the Battle of Borodino, Tolstoy reveals the greatness of the battle and the inhumanity of the war. In the center of the description of the battle, scenes are given on Raevsky's battery. These people are busy doing business. Tolstoy shows their inconspicuous heroism as hard work in the war. They are united by friendship, brotherhood, the ability to defend the Motherland, to support each other with a joke, serious efficiency. Influenced common action a soldier of this battery and Pierre becomes an assistant in a common cause, draws closer to the people, and they recognize him as his own (“our master”). Pierre bows before the soldiers, because they are simple and do not talk in vain, but do their job. This simplicity, with which Russian soldiers perform immortal feats, arouses Pierre's awe.
31 15 The problem of forgiveness (Is it necessary to forgive those who offended you? Is it necessary to forgive the enemy?) Andrei Bolkonsky is experiencing a new mental crisis after being wounded. He forgives Anatoly Kuragin in the hospital. “He remembered Natasha, and love, and tenderness for her, even more alive and stronger than ever, woke up in his soul.” Thoughts of universal forgiveness are born along with a stormy surge of religious feelings, faith in a wise Creator. A new understanding of the meaning of life opens up to him: “Compassion, love for brothers, for those who love, love for those who hate us, love for enemies, yes, that love that God preached on earth, which Princess Mary taught me and which I did not understand; that's why I felt sorry for life, that's what was left for me, if I were alive. But now it's too late. I know it!"
32 A person should also be merciful to his enemies, even though they kill your loved ones. An example of this is Kutuzov, who will show mercy and compassion for the French fleeing Russia. He understands that they acted on orders from Napoleon and did not dare to contradict him. Therefore, in the scene of Kutuzov’s speech to the soldiers of the Preobrazhensky Regiment, we see that they are united not only by a feeling of hatred for the enemy, but also by pity for the defeated, insignificant enemy: “It’s hard for you, but still you are at home; and they see what they have come to. Worse than the last beggars.
33 16 The problem of the inhumanity of war Tolstoy condemns the cruelty and inhumanity of war. In the scenes of the Battle of Borodino, using your favorite artistic technique antithesis, he opposes the “merry beautiful” field (before the battle) a field littered with dead bodies, the ground soaked in blood. Nature itself, interfering with the terrible deeds of people with rain, calls: “Enough, enough, people. Stop come to your senses What are you doing?”
35 17 The problem of the cult of individuals Tolstoy opposes the cult of individual great people, because such a cult of a great man automatically gives him power over other people, and Tolstoy adhered to the principle of complete equality of people. Consciously, Tolstoy emphasizes Kutuzov's external decrepitude, obesity, old age: “Physical strength left the old man. Several times his head sank low, as if falling, and he dozed off"; "Kutuzov still gained weight, flabby and swollen with fat ... He, heavily blurry and swaying, sat on his cheerful horse." By this he rejects the false cult of the superhuman hero.
36 Napoleon - commander of an army of robbers, marauders and murderers, "the most insignificant instrument of history, a man with a darkened conscience." His image shows the complete manifestation of the cult of personality, megalomania, narcissism, arrogance, vanity, hypocrisy, falsehood, posturing.
37 18 The problem of the role of personality in history. What influence does personality have on the course of history? In the novel "War and Peace" L. Tolstoy reflects on the role of the personality of the commander Kutuzov in history and in the war of 1812. Great is the role of that person in history who, together with his people, defends the freedom and national independence of his country. The strength and greatness of Kutuzov are manifested in the ability to pity and save people, in the inseparability of a commander and a modest person in him, in the fusion of politics and morality. Tolstoy sees the greatness of Kutuzov in the folk spirit of "simplicity, goodness and truth."
38 19 The problem of the strength of human relations Devotion involves the provision of assistance in difficult life circumstances, the desire to save from trouble. The heroes of Leo Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace", Andrei Bolkonsky and Pierre Bezukhov, are decent, noble people. Each of them goes his own way of moral quest. They are honest and frank with each other, they support each other in difficult times. At first, Prince Andrei supports Pierre, trying to protect his friend from the harmful influence of Dolokhov's company. Then Pierre (remember the scene on the ferry) arrives in Bogucharovo and helps Bolkonsky return to life after Austerlitz and the death of his wife. The highest manifestation of devotion to a friend is the upbringing of his son. In the family of Pierre and Natasha Rostova, the formation of Nikolenka Bolkonsky takes place after the death of Prince Andrei.
39 20 The problem of a person's loyalty to his duty (What helps a person not to deviate from the intended path?) Kutuzov, the hero of L. Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace", is faithful to his duty. Let us recall the scene of the council in Fili. This episode shows that the decision taken by Kutuzov to leave Moscow is the only way to save the army, on which the future victory depends. Tolstoy admired the wisdom and far-sightedness of the commander-in-chief, his ability to understand the situation, use his power and make an unpopular, but courageous and good decision. This is where the frustration starts. official authority Kutuzov, which will result in his resignation as soon as the French are expelled from the country. The resignation will turn for Kutuzov into a tragedy of loneliness and death. He accomplished his hard and great feat: the military campaign of the years has not yet been completed, but the people's war is over: the Fatherland is free. The voice of the narrator sounds sublime and impassively: "To the representative people's war there was nothing left but death. And he died."
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