In the search for extraterrestrial intelligence, scientists are often accused of "carbon chauvinism" because they expect other life forms in the universe to be made up of the same biochemical building blocks that we are, and tailor their search accordingly. But life may very well be different - and people think about it - so let's explore ten possible biological and non-biological systems that expand the definition of "life."
In 2005, Heather Smith of the International Space University in Strasbourg and Chris McKay of NASA's Ames Research Center produced a paper looking at the possibility of methane-based life, the so-called methanogens. Such life forms could consume hydrogen, acetylene, and ethane while exhaling methane instead of carbon dioxide.
This could make life zones possible on cold worlds like Saturn's moon Titan. Like Earth, Titan's atmosphere is mostly nitrogen, but mixed with methane. Titan is also the only place in our solar system, except for the Earth, where there are large liquid reservoirs - lakes and rivers from an ethano-methane mixture. (Underground bodies of water are also present on Titan, its sister moon Enceladus, and Jupiter's moon Europa.) Fluid is considered essential for the molecular interactions of organic life and of course the focus will be on water, but ethane and methane also allow such interactions to take place.
NASA and ESA's Cassini-Huygens mission in 2004 observed a dirty world of -179 degrees Celsius where water was rock hard and methane floated through river valleys and basins into polar lakes. In 2015, a team of chemical engineers and astronomers at Cornell University developed a theoretical cell membrane made from small organic nitrogen compounds that could function in Titan's liquid methane. They called their theoretical cell "azotosome", which in literal translation means "nitrogen body", and it had the same stability and flexibility as the terrestrial liposome. The most interesting molecular compound was the acrylonitrile azotosome. Acrylonitrile, a colorless and poisonous organic molecule, is used for acrylic paints, rubber, and thermoplastics on Earth; also found in the atmosphere of Titan.
The implications of these experiments for the search for extraterrestrial life can hardly be overestimated. Not only could life have potentially evolved on Titan, but it can also be detected from hydrogen, acetylene and ethane traces on the surface. Planets and moons with methane-dominated atmospheres can be found not only around Sun-like stars, but also around red dwarfs in the wider "". If NASA launches the Titan Mare Explorer in 2016, as early as 2023 we will have detailed information about possible life on nitrogen.
Silicon based life
Silicon-based life is arguably the most common form of alternative biochemistry, beloved of popular science and fiction - think of Star Trek's Hort. This idea is far from new, its roots go back as far as 1894: “What fantastic imagination could be played out from such an assumption: imagine silicon-aluminum organisms - or maybe immediately silicon-aluminum people? - which travel through an atmosphere of gaseous sulfur, let's say, seas of liquid iron at a temperature of several thousand degrees or something, just above the temperature of a blast furnace.
Silicon remains popular precisely because it is very similar to carbon and can form four bonds like carbon, which opens up the possibility of creating a biochemical system completely dependent on silicon. It is the most abundant element in the earth's crust, with the exception of oxygen. There are algae on Earth that incorporate silicon into their growth process. Silicon plays a second role after carbon, since it can form more stable and diverse complex structures necessary for life. Carbon molecules include oxygen and nitrogen, which form incredibly strong bonds. Complex silicon-based molecules unfortunately tend to fall apart. In addition, carbon is extremely abundant in the universe and has existed for billions of years.
It is unlikely that silicon-based life will appear in an environment like Earth, since most of the free silicon will be trapped in volcanic and igneous rocks of silicate materials. It is speculated that things may be different in a high-temperature environment, but no evidence has yet been found. An extreme world like Titan could support silicon-based life, perhaps coupled with methanogens, since silicon molecules like silanes and polysilanes can mimic Earth's organic chemistry. However, the surface of Titan is dominated by carbon, while most of the silicon is found deep below the surface.
NASA astrochemist Max Bernstein has suggested that silicon-based life could exist on a very hot planet, with an atmosphere rich in hydrogen and poor in oxygen, allowing complex silane chemistry with silicon back-links to selenium or tellurium to occur, but this, according to Bernstein, is unlikely. On Earth, such organisms would reproduce very slowly, and our biochemistry would not interfere with each other. They, however, could slowly eat our cities, but "it would be possible to apply a jackhammer to them."
Other biochemical options
In principle, there have been quite a few proposals for life systems based on something other than carbon. Like carbon and silicon, boron also tends to form strong covalent molecular compounds, forming various hydride structural variants in which the boron atoms are linked by hydrogen bridges. Like carbon, boron can bond with nitrogen to form compounds, chemically and physical properties similar to alkanes, the simplest organic compounds. The main problem with boron-based life is that it is a fairly rare element. Boron-based life will do best in an environment that is cold enough for liquid ammonia to allow the chemical reactions to take place in a more controlled manner.
Another possible form of life that has received some attention is arsenic-based life. All life on Earth is made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur, but in 2010, NASA announced that it had found the bacterium GFAJ-1, which could incorporate arsenic instead of phosphorus into its cell structure without any consequences for itself. GFAJ-1 lives in the arsenic-rich waters of Mono Lake in California. Arsenic is poisonous to every living thing on the planet, except for a few microorganisms that normally tolerate or inhale it. GFAJ-1 was the first time the body had incorporated this element as a biological building block. Independent experts diluted this statement a bit when they found no evidence of arsenic incorporation in DNA, or even any arsenates. Nevertheless, interest in a possible biochemistry based on arsenic flared up.
Ammonia has also been put forward as a possible alternative to water for building life forms. Scientists have proposed the existence of biochemistry based on nitrogen-hydrogen compounds that use ammonia as a solvent; it could be used to create proteins, nucleic acids and polypeptides. Any ammonia-based life forms must exist at low temperatures, at which ammonia takes a liquid form. Solid ammonia is denser than liquid ammonia, so there is no way to stop it from freezing when it gets cold. For unicellular organisms, this would not be a problem, but would cause havoc for multicellular organisms. Nevertheless, there is the possibility of the existence of single-celled ammoniac organisms on the cold planets of the solar system, as well as on gas giants like Jupiter.
Sulfur is believed to have provided the basis for the start of metabolism on Earth, and known organisms whose metabolism incorporates sulfur instead of oxygen exist in extreme conditions on the ground. Perhaps on another world, sulfur-based lifeforms could gain an evolutionary advantage. Some believe that nitrogen and phosphorus could also take the place of carbon under rather specific conditions.
memetic life
Richard Dawkins believes that the basic principle of life is: "All life develops due to the mechanisms of survival of reproducing beings." Life must be able to reproduce (with some assumptions) and live in an environment where it will be possible natural selection and evolution. In his book The Selfish Gene, Dawkins noted that concepts and ideas are generated in the brain and propagated among people through communication. In many ways, this resembles the behavior and adaptation of genes, which is why he calls them "memes". Some compare the songs, jokes and rituals of human society to the first stages of organic life - free radicals floating in the ancient seas of the Earth. Mind creations reproduce, evolve, and struggle to survive in the realm of ideas.
Similar memes existed before mankind, in the social calls of birds and the learned behavior of primates. As humanity became capable of abstract thought, memes were further developed, governing tribal relations and forming the basis for the first traditions, culture, and religion. The invention of writing further spurred the development of memes, as they were able to propagate across space and time, passing on memetic information in the same way that genes pass on biological information. For some, this is pure analogy, but others believe that memes represent a unique, albeit slightly rudimentary and limited form of life.
Life on Earth is based on two information-carrying molecules, DNA and RNA, and for a long time scientists wondered if other similar molecules could be created. While any polymer can store information, RNA and DNA represent the heredity, coding, and transmission of genetic information and are able to adapt over time through evolution. DNA and RNA are chains of nucleotide molecules consisting of three chemical components - phosphate, a five-carbon sugar group (deoxyribose in DNA or ribose in RNA) and one of the five standard bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine or uracil).
In 2012, a group of scientists from England, Belgium and Denmark was the first in the world to develop xenonucleic acid (XNA), synthetic nucleotides that functionally and structurally resemble DNA and RNA. They were developed by replacing the sugar groups of deoxyribose and ribose with various substitutes. Such molecules have been made before, but for the first time in history they were able to reproduce and evolve. In DNA and RNA, replication occurs with the help of polymerase molecules that can read, transcribe, and reverse transcribe normal nucleic acid sequences. The group developed synthetic polymerases that created six new genetic systems: HNA, CeNA, LNA, ANA, FANA and TNA.
One of the new genetic systems, HNA, or hexitonucleic acid, was robust enough to store just the right amount of genetic information that could serve as the basis for biological systems. The other, threosonucleic acid, or TNA, was a potential candidate for the mysterious primordial biochemistry that reigned at the dawn of life.
There are many potential applications of these advances. Further research may help develop better models for the emergence of life on Earth and will have implications for biological fabrications. XNA could have therapeutic applications by designing nucleic acids to treat and bind to specific molecular targets that won't deteriorate as quickly as DNA or RNA. They can even form the basis of molecular machines or artificial life forms in general.
But before that is possible, other enzymes must be developed that are compatible with one of the XNAs. Some of them have already been developed in the UK at the end of 2014. There is also the possibility that XNA can cause harm to RNA/DNA organisms, so safety must come first.
Chromodynamics, the weak nuclear force, and gravitational life
In 1979, scientist and nanotechnologist Robert Freitas Jr. proposed the possibility of non-biological life. He stated that the possible metabolism of living systems is based on four fundamental forces - electromagnetism, strong nuclear force (or quantum chromodynamics), weak nuclear force, and gravity. Electromagnetic life is the standard biological life we have on Earth.
Chromodynamic life could be based on the strong nuclear force, which is considered the strongest of the fundamental forces, but only over extremely short distances. Freitas suggested that such an environment might be possible on a neutron star, a heavy rotating object 10-20 kilometers in diameter with the mass of a star. With incredible density, powerful magnetic field and gravity 100 billion times stronger than on Earth, such a star would have a core with a 3 km crust of crystalline iron. Beneath it would be a sea of incredibly hot neutrons, various nuclear particles, protons and atomic nuclei, and possible neutron-rich "macronuclei". In theory, these macronuclei could form large supernuclei similar to organic molecules; neutrons would act as the equivalent of water in a bizarre pseudobiological system.
Freitas saw life forms based on the weak nuclear force as unlikely because weak forces act only in the subnuclear range and are not particularly strong. As beta-radioactive decay and free neutron decay often show, weak force life forms could exist if the weak forces in their environment were carefully controlled. Freitas imagined beings made of atoms with excess neutrons that become radioactive when they die. He also suggested that there are regions of the universe where the weak nuclear force is stronger, which means that the chances of such life appearing are higher.
Gravity beings may exist as well, since gravity is the most common and efficient fundamental force in the universe. Such creatures could receive energy from gravity itself, receiving unlimited power from the collisions of black holes, galaxies, and other celestial objects; smaller creatures from the rotation of the planets; the smallest - from the energy of waterfalls, wind, tides and ocean currents, possibly earthquakes.
Lifeforms from dust and plasma
Organic life on Earth is based on molecules with carbon compounds, and we have already figured out possible compounds for alternative forms. But in 2007, an international group of scientists headed by V. N. Tsytovich from the Institute general physics Russian Academy science has documented that, under the right conditions, inorganic dust particles can assemble into helical structures, which then interact with each other in a manner inherent in organic chemistry. This behavior is also born in the plasma state, the fourth state of matter after solid, liquid and gaseous, when electrons are stripped from atoms, leaving behind a mass of charged particles.
Tsytovich's group found that when the electron charges are separated and the plasma is polarized, the particles in the plasma self-organize into spiral corkscrew-like structures, electrically charged, and are attracted to each other. They can also divide to form copies of their original structures, like DNA, and induce charges in their neighbors. According to Tsytovich, “these complex, self-organizing plasma structures meet all the necessary requirements to be considered candidates for inorganic living matter. They are autonomous, they reproduce and they evolve.”
Some skeptics believe that such claims are more attention-grabbing than serious scientific claims. Although helical structures in plasma may resemble DNA, similarity in shape does not necessarily imply similarity in function. Moreover, the fact that the spirals are reproducing does not imply the potential for life; clouds do it too. Even more depressing, most of the research has been done on computer models.
One of the participants in the experiment also reported that although the results did resemble life, in the end they were "just a special form of plasma crystal." And yet, if inorganic particles in plasma can grow into self-replicating, evolving life forms, they could be the most abundant life form in the universe, thanks to ubiquitous plasma and interstellar dust clouds throughout the cosmos.
inorganic chemical cells
Professor Lee Cronin, a chemist at the College of Science and Engineering at the University of Glasgow, dreams of making living cells out of metal. He uses polyoxometalates, a series of metal atoms bonded to oxygen and phosphorus, to create cell-like vesicles that he calls "inorganic chemical cells," or iCHELLs (an acronym that translates to "neohletes").
Cronin's group began by creating salts from negatively charged ions of large metal oxides bonded to a small, positively charged ion like hydrogen or sodium. A solution of these salts is then injected into another salt solution full of large positively charged organic ions bound to small negatively charged ones. The two salts meet and exchange parts so that the large metal oxides partner with the large organic ions to form a kind of bubble that is impervious to water. By altering the backbone of the metal oxide, the blisters can be made to take on the properties of biological cell membranes that selectively let chemicals in and out of the cell, potentially allowing the same type of controlled chemical reactions that occurs in living cells.
The team of scientists have also made bubbles within bubbles, mimicking the internal structures of biological cells, and have made progress in creating an artificial form of photosynthesis that could potentially be used to create artificial plant cells. Other synthetic biologists point out that such cells may never become alive until they have a system of replication and evolution like DNA. Cronin does not lose hope that further development will bear fruit. Among the possible applications of this technology are also the development of materials for solar fuel devices and, of course, medicine.
According to Cronin, "the main goal is to create complex chemical cells with living properties that can help us understand the development of life and follow the same path to bring new technologies based on evolution to the material world - a kind of inorganic living technology."
Von Neumann probes
Artificial life based on machines is a fairly common idea, almost banal, so let's just consider the von Neumann probes so as not to bypass it. They were first invented in the middle of the 20th century by the Hungarian mathematician and futurist John von Neumann, who believed that in order to reproduce the functions human brain, the machine must have mechanisms of self-management and self-healing. So he came up with the idea of creating self-replicating machines, which are based on observations of the increasing complexity of life in the process of reproduction. He believed that such machines could become a kind of universal constructor, which could allow not only to create complete replicas of itself, but also to improve or change versions, thereby implementing evolution and increasing complexity over time.
Other futurists like Freeman Dyson and Eric Drexler quickly applied these ideas to the field of space research and created the von Neumann probe. Sending a self-replicating robot into space may be the most efficient way to colonize a galaxy, as it can take over the entire galaxy in less than one million years, even when limited by the speed of light.
As Michio Kaku explained:
“The von Neumann probe is a robot designed to reach distant star systems and create factories that will build copies of themselves by the thousands. A dead moon, not even a planet, could be an ideal destination for von Neumann probes because it would be easier to land and take off from those moons, and because moons don't have erosion. The probes could live off the land by extracting iron, nickel and other raw materials to build robotic factories. They would create thousands of copies of themselves, which would then disperse in search of other star systems."
Behind long years various versions of the basic idea of the von Neumann probe have been devised, including exploration and reconnaissance probes for the silent exploration and observation of extraterrestrial civilizations; communication probes scattered throughout space to better pick up alien radio signals; working probes for the construction of supermassive space structures; colonizing probes that will conquer other worlds. There may even be guiding probes that will take young civilizations into space. Alas, there may be berserker probes, whose task will be to destroy traces of any organic matter in space, followed by the construction of police probes that will reflect these attacks. Given that von Neumann probes could become a kind of space virus, we should be careful about their development.
Gaia hypothesis
In 1975, James Lovelock and Sidney Upton co-wrote an article for the New Scientist titled "In Search of Gaia". In keeping with the traditional view that life originated on Earth and thrived on the right material conditions, Lovelock and Upton suggested that life thus took on an active role in maintaining and determining the conditions for its survival. They suggested that all living matter on Earth, in the air, oceans and on the surface is part of a single system that behaves like a superorganism that is able to adjust the temperature on the surface and the composition of the atmosphere in the way necessary for survival. They named such a system Gaea, after the Greek goddess of the earth. It exists to maintain homeostasis, thanks to which the biosphere can exist on earth.
Lovelock has been working on the Gaia hypothesis since the mid-1960s. The basic idea is that the Earth's biosphere has a number of natural cycles, and when one goes awry, others compensate in a way that maintains vitality. This could explain why the atmosphere isn't made entirely of carbon dioxide, or why the seas aren't too salty. Although volcanic eruptions made the early atmosphere predominantly carbon dioxide, nitrogen-producing bacteria and plants developed to produce oxygen through photosynthesis. After millions of years, the atmosphere has changed in our favor. Although rivers carry salt into the oceans from rocks, the salinity of the oceans remains stable at 3.4% as the salt seeps through cracks in the ocean floor. These are not conscious processes, but the result feedback, which keeps the planets in habitable equilibrium.
Other evidence includes that, were it not for biotic activity, methane and hydrogen would have disappeared from the atmosphere in just a few decades. In addition, despite the 30% increase in the temperature of the Sun over the past 3.5 billion years, the average global temperature has only fluctuated by 5 degrees Celsius, thanks to a regulatory mechanism that removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and locks it in fossilized organic matter.
Initially, Lovelock's ideas were met with ridicule and accusations. Over time, however, the Gaia hypothesis influenced ideas about the Earth's biosphere, helping to form their integral perception in the scientific world. Today, the Gaia hypothesis is respected rather than accepted by scientists. It is rather a positive cultural framework in which Scientific research on the theme of the Earth as a global ecosystem.
Paleontologist Peter Ward developed the competitive Medea hypothesis, named after the mother who killed her children, in Greek mythology, the main idea of which is that life inherently tends to self-destruction and suicide. He points out that, historically, most mass extinctions have been caused by life forms, such as micro-organisms or hominids in pants, that wreak havoc on Earth's atmosphere.
Sourced from listverse.com
Scientists have spoken a lot about the possibility of building organic molecules with the help of other atoms, but no one has proposed a theory that describes the possibility of recreating the entire variety of elements necessary for the existence of life.
Silicon
Among the most likely candidates for the role of a structure-forming atom in alternative biochemistry is silicon. It is in the same group of the periodic table as carbon, the two elements are similar in many ways. However, silicon atoms have a larger mass and radius, it is more difficult to form a double or triple covalent bond, which, perhaps, will interfere in this case.
nitrogen and phosphorus
Like plants on earth (such as legumes), alien life forms could absorb nitrogen dioxide from the atmosphere. In this case, a process similar to photosynthesis could form, when the energy of the sun would be spent on the formation of glucose analogues with the release of oxygen into the atmosphere. In turn, animal life above plants in the food chain would absorb nutrients from them, releasing nitrogen dioxide into the atmosphere and phosphorus compounds into the soil.
nitrogen and boron
Water change
Ammonia
Hydrogen fluoride
Hydrogen cyanide
"Mirror World"
Non-chemical ways of life
see also
Notes
Links
- Topunov A. F., Shumaev K. B. Alternative biochemistry and prevalence of life. Bulletin of the SAO. 2006. T. 60-61.
- Horowitz N. Search for life in the solar system. Per. from English. cand. biol. Sciences V. A. Otroshchenko, ed. Dr. Biol. Sciences M. S. Kritsky. M., Mir, 1988, p. 77-79.
- Paul Davis. Strangers among their own. - In search of evidence that life on Earth arose more than once, scientists are carefully examining ecological niches where microorganisms radically different from those that we know so well could live.
Wikimedia Foundation. 2010 .
See what "Silicon Life" is in other dictionaries:
silicon life- mist. a hypothetically possible organization of life, the chemical basis of which is not carbon, but silicon. The basis of reasoning about the possibility of silicon life is the ability of silicon to form polymer chains, similar to carbon, in ... ... Universal optional practical Dictionary I. Mostitsky
The famous geochemist academician Fersman put forward the hypothesis that on our planet it is possible silicon life form (non-carbon). Similar assumptions have been made by various scientists in different time. In November of this year, a message was circulated that biotechnologists at the California Institute brought out a bacterium that is capable of synthesizing compounds with SiO 2 . Thus, they have made significant progress in research related to the creation of creatures whose metabolism is based on inorganic molecules.
Silicon Life Form: Vitolytic Theory
In the process of research, scientists searched in the information database of protein sequences for enzymes that have the ability to bind C and SiO 2 . Hemoproteins were chosen for this reaction. They are proteins that also contain porphyrins. The researchers chose cytochrome. This protein is synthesized by bacteria present in the hot underwater springs of Iceland. Scientists have isolated and propagated the gene that codes for the enzyme. After that, it was subjected to random mutations. The created DNA sequences were introduced into coli. In the course of observations, it was found that some mutations in the active site led to the fact that the taken bacteria began to produce a protein capable of synthesizing organosilicon compounds. Its effectiveness, determined by the reaction rate and the amount of product, exceeds the effectiveness of artificial catalysts. Scientists intend to continue research. Their goal is to understand why, despite the wide distribution of silicon compounds on Earth, it was the carbon form that was created and developed in the course of evolution. In nature, there are no organisms that could use SiO 2 in metabolism. It is quite possible that in the future, researchers will be able to create an organism from which to begin silicon life form on earth.
Literary representations
Silicon life form on Earth invisible to the human eye. Metabolism in it is so stretched in time that people do not take into account the very possibility of its existence. In Pratchett's (English writer) books about the Discworld, the original race of silicon-organic creatures, the trolls, is described. Their thinking depends on the temperature of the environment. The stupidity that is characteristic of trolls is due to the poor functioning of the organosilicon brain in heat. With significant cooling, these creatures exhibit super-high intellectual abilities. Representatives of the silicon-calcium world can transform into the skeleton of animals and plants, as well as into corals.
natural phenomena
The French geologists Reshard and Escollier have been carefully examining rock samples from different parts of the world for quite a long time. They found out that certain signs of life processes are inherent in stones. They just go very slowly. Scientists have found that the structure of stones can change. They may be old or young. In addition, researchers have established their ability to "breathe". But one "breath" stretches for 1-14 days, and a "beat of the heart" - almost a day. Scientists photographed stones in different periods time and established their ability to move. Meanwhile, there are "moving blocks" in many parts of the world.
Silicon life form: agates, living stones
There is a hypothesis that the crystalline mineral lattice is able to accumulate information and operate with it. That is, the theory of "thinking stones" is put forward. According to a number of researchers, all biological organisms, including humans, are only "incubators". Their meaning lies in the birth of "stones". It has been established that a diamond can be made from the ashes after. This service is quite popular in some countries. For example, a blue diamond with a diameter of 5 mm can be grown from 500 g of dust under pressure and high temperature in 2 months. On average, a person synthesizes about 100 kg of quartz and silicon during his life. It is believed that when they enter the body, they begin to grow, often causing discomfort. After death, these stones probably go through another cycle of development already in natural (natural) conditions. They turn into isolated nuggets that resemble agates. The accumulation and development of grains of sand in the body has long been known. This process is called pseudomorphosis. So, the bones of dinosaurs have survived to this day precisely because of this phenomenon. Wherein chemical composition remnants have nothing to do with bone tissue. In fact, their existence is silicon life form. This proven by a number of studies. In one case, casts of bone remains are chalcedony, in the other case, they are apatite. In Australia, unusual belemnites were discovered - cephalopods that widely inhabited the planet in the Mesozoic era. Their bone remains have been replaced by opal.
Research by A. Bokovikov
Fairly original explanation. silicon life form on the example of the mineral "agate". Domestic researcher Bokovikov discovered several features that allow us to formulate a hypothesis. Agate is a cryptocrystalline variety of quartz. It is presented in the form of a fine-fiber aggregate of chalcedony, it is distinguished by a banded distribution of colors and a layered structure. In the course of long-term observations, it was described silicon life form. Agate, as a plant organism, is not immortal, despite the fact that it has existed for millions of years.
Characteristics
In samples of different ages, anatomical features are clearly identified. In particular, in the course of research, the scientist and his team discovered a striped and crystalline body, a bottom-mirror (the value of this element was not precisely established, it is assumed that this is in some way similar to a visual analyzer). Agates have skin that can shed and regenerate. Like many other organisms, they get sick and heal their wounds (cracks and chips). silicon life form involves nutrition, the capture of certain spaces, the preservation of complex forms in dynamics.
reproduction
In the course of research, scientists have identified interesting fact. It was found that agates are bisexual. crystalline body is feminine, and striped is masculine. They also have genes. They are represented by the crystals of the female body. Reproduction can be carried out in several ways. For example, cr emnium life form develops from seeds. In addition, on concrete examples Bokovikov showed that budding, cloning, and division with the formation of separating centers are also possible. The researcher observed the reproduction of cryotes in basalt. The scientist identified a number of processes. For example, the birth of cryotes, development, the appearance of a baby, transformation into an organism, the emergence of spherical structures around the embryos, death.
Masonic representations
In the course of numerous studies, a new doctrine was formed - anthroposophy. R. Steiner became its founder. He claimed to be the dominant one on the planet. The birth, development and death of a person is necessary only for one purpose. It consists in serving the mineral world. Man and other organisms ensure the existence of connections with Steiner saw the task of people in the transformation of the mineral world into a work of art. He spoke of the fact that electricity testifies to the occult depths of matter. When people rebuild the mineral world, in accordance with their internal perception, the planet will stop developing in physical sense. It will pass into another state, in which, in a condensed form, there will be a reflection of everything that the mineral Earth once was. Steiner substantiates the words of Goethe when he spoke about the Spirit of the planet. At the same time, the scientist points out that there is silicon life form on the moon. He says that there was a development plan on this celestial body. In each specific case, with respect to each planet, there is its own scheme. The atoms left after the cessation of physical development became the basis for the creation of the Earth. A plan is being developed for the planet. Reaching the end of development, its atoms pass to another celestial body. As a result, there may be silicon life form on Venus, Mars, Jupiter.
Cycle in nature
silicon life form acts as the initial and final goal of the existence of organisms on the planet. A number of prominent scientists propose to see the meaning of the emergence of human civilization solely in the participation of the cycle in natural environment. While people were gatherers and hunters, they acted as members of natural biocenoses. However, civilization has a number of specific features. According to V. V. Malakhov, a person extracts from the depths what has come out of the cycle. For example, it is oil, coal, gas. At the same time, a person returns carbon to the earth in the most accessible form for organisms. Extracting metals from the depths, people saturate industrial wastewater with them, returning spent compounds to the World Ocean in a form acceptable to its inhabitants. This, in fact, is the biospheric task of mankind.
The death of mankind
According to Malakhov, when this function is fully implemented, civilization will come to a quiet and natural end, due to the depletion of reserves. It will not be an atomic war, but the slow extinction of humanity. At the same time, the biosphere will reach a qualitatively new level of development. She is about to flourish. Of course, Malakhov believes, saturation of atmospheric air with carbon dioxide, a likely greenhouse effect, enrichment with heavy metals in the ocean will lead to the death of a huge number of organisms. This will be one of the biospheric crises. However, along with this, life will flourish at a new stage. New systems with unusual substances and metals will appear. However, all this will exist without a person.
conclusions
Based on Malakhov's hypothesis, the dying of civilization will not mean the death of a person. For a certain period, people will still live on Earth. They will unite in primitive communities of pastoralists, hunters, gatherers. However, this will already be the existence of a biological species as an element of a natural biocenosis. In other words, the essence of being is not anthropocentrism. It consists in serving the "Other", which, according to I. Efremov, can also be determined by studying the stone as one of its manifestations.
"Dark matter"
According to some scientists, it can also act as a form of life. The term researchers refer to a hypothetical substance that fills approximately 27% of the universe. This concept was coined by physicists to explain some contradictions. According to experts, this matter can be intelligent and interact with humans. However, this tissue is located at the quantum level. This explains the fact that long-term studies of space have not shown scientists any satisfactory evidence of the presence of other life on the planets.
Conclusion
In popular medical publications, you can find research results indicating that the human body needs about 40-50 mg of silicon every day. as his key function maintains a normal metabolism. It has been established that many diseases of the body could not be, if it had enough silicon. In this regard, it is believed that the health of human ancestors was undermined by products that prevent its absorption. Many of them are included in the diet today. This, in particular, meat, white flour, sugar, canned food. Mixed food lingers in the digestive system for up to 8 hours. This means that during this time the body digests products, using most of the enzymes. In such a situation, as I. P. Pavlov believed, the body cannot provide a sufficient supply of energy to other organs - the heart, kidneys, muscles, brain. The researchers draw one important conclusion from this. They say that, probably, Steiner, who says that the meaning of human existence is to serve minerals, is right.
The possibility of silicon life is recognized even by official scientists. Silicon is the second most abundant element on Earth after oxygen. The most commonly encountered silicon compound is its SiO2-silica. In nature, it forms the mineral quartz and its varieties: rock crystal, amethyst, agate, opal, jasper, chalcedony, carnelian. Silicon dioxide is also sand. The second type of natural silicon compounds are silicates. These include granite, clay, mica.
Why silicon can be the basis of life?
Silicon forms branched compounds like hydrocarbons, that is, silicon is a source of diversity. Silicon powder burns in oxygen, that is, silicon is a source of energy. Based on the semiconductor properties of silicon, microcircuits and, accordingly, computers were created - that is, silicon can be the basis of the mind.
Could there have been silicon life on our planet in the past?
She could very well.
Trunks and branches of stone trees were found. Some of them are precious. The finds are numerous all over the world. In some places there are so many trees that it can only be called a forest. Stone trees have preserved the structure of wood.
There are fossil stone bones of animals, including those made of precious stones. The finds preserved the structure of the bone. In the opal jaw of the animal, teeth and tooth sockets are structured.
Many mountains resemble the stumps of huge stone trees.
In the steppes lie in in large numbers stone shells - ammonites.
In general, there are many examples of fossil silicon creatures. If someone is satisfied with the official explanation of the process of replacing carbon with silicon in fossil finds due to the irrigation of a tree or bone with mineral water with further transformation into a precious stone, do not read further this article.
Suppose for ourselves that silicon life is a fact. And it predated carbon life on our planet. Then the next question is: what did she look like?
Like the carbon life form, the silicon life form must be structured from the simplest single-celled forms to evolutionarily (or divinely, whichever you prefer) complex and sentient forms. Complex life forms are made up of organs and tissues. Everything is like now. Rather naive are the notions of silicon life as a monolithic piece of granite endowed with the spirit of God. It's like a living puddle of oil or a living lump of coal.
The set of organs is universal for any creatures, both carbon and silicon. This control ( nervous system), nutrition, excretion of toxins, carcass (bones, etc.), protection from the external environment (skin), reproduction, etc.
Animal tissues are made up of different cells and look different. Bone, muscle, epidermis, etc.
Tissues are made up of different substances: fats, proteins, carbohydrates. In tissues, there is a different content of various substances from carbon to metals.
All this economy visible to the eye functions according to physical and chemical laws. The laws are common to a living organism, a computer, a car.
Let's go further: something happens and silicon life perishes. Carbon life thrives on its ruins none. A logical question: where are the bodies of dead silicon animals, plants, fish, etc.? Stumps and stone trees have already been mentioned. Suitable, but not enough quantity and variety. I would like to see a complex form of life, consisting of different organs and tissues. For example, like an animal. With the skin, with the muscles, with the liver, with the blood vessels and the heart.
So: the silicon giant died. Time has passed. What will we see?
Let's draw an analogy: a mammoth died. What will we find in many, many years? Usually the frame (bones), less often the skin, less often the muscles. The brain and parenchymal organs are extremely rare.
And now let's look for silicon frameworks in the surrounding world. They are scattered all over the world.
These are antique and colonial buildings!
I propose to pause and calmly analyze the difference between a certain building and a static organism such as a coral or fungus on a silicon basis.
Bricks, beams, blocks, ceilings are the structural units of the frame tissue such as the bones of modern animals or the shell of turtles. They are well preserved. Skin - walls with plaster. Sewerage is an excretory system. Heating pipes are the circulatory system. Fireplace system - food. The bell tower with a bell is the organ of speech or the vestibular apparatus. Metal fittings or wiring - the nervous system.
Under the roof was the brain. Recall the expression "the roof went." The brain rotted from time to time along with the internal organs that were in the interior. And all this dust in the form of clay covers antique and colonial buildings up to the first floor. It is no longer possible to isolate the structural unit (cell) of soft tissues.
In summary: structurally, any building corresponds to the functions of a living being. There is a frame, nutrition, excretion, etc. This will be confirmed by plumbers and chairmen of housing and communal services.
Any building materials and devices can be synthesized by a living organism. Iron and stone pipes, cables, roofing iron, glass, all these construction details are many times simpler than the devices of a living organism. Living organisms use any trace elements and their compounds available on the planet. And they synthesize devices of any purpose, complexity and composition. If only it was necessary.
Locks, lamps, electric shockers, aircraft, submarines. That is, pistils, stamens, fireflies, electric rays, birds, fish. It's all nature.
Any man-made device is not an exclusive creation of the engineer's brain, but is a copy of a natural device. And vice versa. Accordingly, the composition of roofing iron, the shape of a stable and spacious silicon structure in the form of a house, is not a monopoly of man. Solutions are universal for nature and for the engineer.
Antique buildings, they are silicon creatures, multiplied and then grew in the same way as modern plants and animals. Cells divided, differentiated into specialized tissues in the form of walls, roofs, ceilings, and reinforcement. And from embryos like dolmens they turned into St. Isaac's cathedrals.
I will not dwell on the physiology, including the methods of reproduction of silicon creatures, due to the complexity of the topic. There was a substance analogous to water in carbon life. For example, sulfuric acid. There were silicon analogs of proteins, fats and carbohydrates. There was an oxidizing agent like oxygen. For example, chlorine. There was a silicon Krebs cycle.
The picture turns out to be interesting, it looks like a mixture of Christian hell and the movie "Alien". All this life seethed at a certain, apparently high temperature. And it turned into monuments of ancient and colonial architecture.
Can you say that ancient buildings correspond to the physiological needs of man? Of course not.
More ancient (according to official history) such as pyramids or Greek temples in general do not correlate with people either in size or in function. Why did the ancient Greeks need them? For religious worship? Funny. No, it can be done if there is already a finished building. But to build these giant colossus with bare hands and in tunics? Buildings for a technological process unknown to modern science? Also doubtful. Later buildings, such as Colonial St. Petersburg, can be adapted for housing. But with the sizes of windows and doors, it was also not very good. They say they built for giants.
In Paris, St. Petersburg and other cities there are no distinct traces of its builders and the construction process from the design stage to delivery to the contractor. All these colonial buildings came out of nowhere. All these colonial buildings are located all over the world, including in places where there was no distinct industry at all.
The technology of working with granite is absolutely incomprehensible. More or less intelligible explanations are: alien superlasers from LAists or granite casting. Both are beyond the capabilities of modern civilization.
The structure of monolithic granite products is heterogeneous. Something like plaster from the same, but denser granite falls off monolithic columns. How the skin peels off. The Pillar of Alexandria looks like a composite through filters. Or maybe it's something like growth rings in the course of growth?
Antique and colonial buildings are the skeletons of dead silicon life form creatures. People settled in them. We studied the golden proportions of ancient creatures, engineering schemes. Later, the composition of the materials was dismantled. Learned how to make copies. This is how construction was born.
Naturally, not all old buildings are silicon creatures. The boundary is quite clear - there should not be a tree as load-bearing structures, floors. Well, wooden doors, window frames and the floor were brought into the already existing silicon frame quite comfortably.
Houses in colonial cities like St. Petersburg are all different. An absolute variety in terms of the size of the houses themselves, the height of the floors, the shape of the facade. At the same time, there is no gap between the houses on the streets, they stand wall to wall. In the general planning of cities there is a soft natural harmony. All this resembles a colony of living beings. Maybe like corals, or mushrooms. Cathedrals - well, just poured mushrooms.
Statues in ancient buildings
The statues are a late human remake stuffed into prehistoric skeletons. The statues are structureless. This is a monolithic array of material with external form copied from humans and nonhumans. And living beings are structural, as noted earlier. Also structural and finds of fossils. That is, in petrified trees, rings are visible on the cut. Found stone jaws with teeth and bones are inside the body. They themselves are a structural element.
Could silicon animals and silicon people be similar to modern ones. Undoubtedly. Finds of animal bones (including jaws) and tree trunks allegedly petrified to the state of precious stones confirm this probability.
I will return to holding a religious cult in ancient and colonial temples. You noticed that according to all the data previously, the effectiveness of all cults was significantly higher. Now, in my opinion, it has dropped to zero, except for self-zombie. Most likely, the matter is as follows. After the death of a silicon being, its ethereal, astral, etc. the shells do not leave the dead physical body immediately. Just like the carbon beings. The energy of these shells was used by the clergy for their rituals, settling inside the corpse. Now, apparently forty days by the standards of silicon life have passed. There is no more magic. I hope everyone goes to heaven.
When did the silicon era end?
Probably according to the calendar. Nonche 7525 year from the creation of the world. Can silicon cores last 7525 years? Why not? We didn't see them 7525 years ago. And accordingly we do not represent the original quality. Nothing bad has really happened in the last 200 years.
How long was the silicon era?
The silicon era is the crust of the earth. The earth's crust is made up of rocks, the main element of which is silicon. The thickness of the crust is 5-30 kilometers. And the silicon creatures accumulated these kilometers with their vital activity. Just as carbon beings are now earning fertile soil. So far we have gained 3 meters. Feel the difference.
Sunset of the silicon age
When immersed in the soil of the silicon world, that is, the earth's crust, the temperature rises. The bowels of the earth are warming. At a depth of 10 kilometers, it is about 200 degrees. This must have been the climate in the silicon world. Accordingly, the materials had other physical and Chemical properties, than now. Over time, the crust thickened as a consequence of the accumulation of silicon biomass (soil). The surface moved away from the hot bowels of the earth and its temperature dropped. On this moment the heat from the interior of the earth does not reach the surface. The only source of heat is the sun. The global cooling of the surface of the earth's crust has made the conditions of existence for the silicon world unacceptable. The end of the silicon world has come. All died from the cold.
Where did the rest of the creatures go?
On the basis of silicon, nature synthesizes a bunch of precious and semi-precious stones. Flint life did just that. Highly organized silicon beings were made up of highly organized silicon in the form of gems. And common sand, granite and clay - construction material, the basis of life.
Silicon world and Eastern philosophy
In Eastern religions, the process of the descent of spirit into matter is described. The embodied spirit passes through the world of stones, plants, animals, people through reincarnation and finally becomes a god. If you're lucky. There is something harmonious and fair in this. But I suspect that the world of stones is not modern cobblestones, but the world of silicon creatures. The planet was a large garden of living rocks. And the task of the silicon world was to create the foundation of life - earth's crust with a wealth of minerals.
The next world to emerge up the ladder of progress is the carbon world. And this is the world of plants. And it doesn't matter that according to the local classification modern science Plants are the biological kingdom of multicellular organisms whose cells contain chlorophyll. It does not matter that Vasya or John do not have the process of photosynthesis. Carbon life is the second step from the bottom on the path of development. In a global philosophical sense, we are all just plants. And the planet is a big plantation. The task of a plantation is to create biomass, to be food for animals and people. The fact that elusive creatures in every sense actively feed on us is an unpleasant, but quite realistic conspiracy idea.
Why are beings elusive, invisible? Because we are static, slow on a universal scale. We are plants. We do not have time to see the animals that eat us, coming from the next worlds in terms of development.
The so-called man is the main useful plant on the planet. It should be cultivated. But, judging by the state of affairs in the world, our planet-plantation was left without human owners, and is actively plundered by wild animals from higher worlds. Barbarians are everywhere, even among the gods.
The bark is gutted for many kilometers. The former level of the earth's crust is the peak of the Himalayas. Normal people have been almost completely replaced with genetically modified ones, they have multiplied up to seven billion and they are downloading ethereal energy (gawah). Under the guise of local and global wars, there is a literal consumption of people.
In general, may the savior-agronomist come!
What was the silicon world like? Probably less harmonious than ours. After all, we are the next step in development. The current state of affairs on the planet is not indicative. The planet is infected and seriously ill.
Can we get over the disease? It will be very difficult. I repeat, the entire basis of life, the wealth of the subsoil, the heritage of silicon creatures have been plundered to a depth of several kilometers. All selected gems and metals. We've been left without a past. We are sitting on a pile of rubble in the middle of a flooded quarry.
Precious stones and metals have magical properties. All the magic was seized with the buckets of huge bucket-wheel excavators. Witchcraft and magic from everyday practice have become a fairy tale. A human society began to resemble a colony of hornets.
And eternal battle! Rest only in our dreams.
QUARTZ-SILICON LIFE FORM (edited on 11/27/2016)
According to the famous geochemist, academician A.G. Fersman (1883-1945), life is possible not in a biological (carbohydrate) form, but, for example, in quartz-silicon (flint, SiO2 is a mineral containing one of the variations of quartz - chalcedony and opal).
In November 2016, the media spread the message that biotechnologists from the California Institute of Technology for the first time brought out a bacterium capable of synthesizing compounds in which silicon is present. This is a step towards creating creatures whose metabolism is based on inorganic molecules. In the course of the study, chemists searched protein sequence databases to find enzymes that could potentially bind silicon to carbon. Hemoproteins, proteins containing complex compounds of porphyrins and iron (hemes), were suitable for this reaction. The scientists chose the cytochrome protein, which is synthesized by Rhodothermus Marinus bacteria living in the underwater hot springs of Iceland. They isolated the gene encoding this enzyme, propagated it, and subjected it to random mutations. The resulting DNA sequences were introduced into E. coli Escherichia coli. It has been established that some of the mutations in the active site of the enzyme led to the fact that the bacteria began to produce a protein capable of synthesizing organosilicon compounds. At the same time, by its efficiency, which is determined by the reaction rate and the amount of the product, the enzyme surpasses artificial catalysts. “…Researchers are going to continue research to find out why, despite the fact that silicon compounds are among the most common substances on Earth, biological evolution has created carbon-based life. In terrestrial nature, there are no organisms that can use silicon in their metabolism. It is possible that in the future scientists will be able to create living beings whose life activity is based on this element” [A prototype of a silicon life form was created // https://news.rambler.ru/science/35387220].
The metabolism of such life is so extended in time that people do not even consider the very possibility of the presence of life where it is not visible to the human eye. In the books of the English writer Terry Pratchett about the Discworld, the original race of trolls is presented - silicon-organic creatures, whose thinking depends on the ambient temperature. Their stupidity is explained by the poor performance of the organosilicon brain at normal temperatures, with strong cooling, the trolls show super-high intelligence.
“…Representatives of the silicic-calcium world transform into plants and animal skeletons, including corals. Stones, perhaps, do not live by themselves, but are integral part"organisms" of our Planet and perform certain functions assigned to them ... Two French geologists-researchers Arnold Reshar and Pierre Escolier studied rock samples taken in different points the globe and found that the stones have a semblance of life processes, only very slow. It turned out that the structure of the stone is able to change, they are old and young. Moreover, they seem to breathe. True, for one "breath" they leave three days up to two weeks. And each "beat of the heart" lasts about a day. Photographing stones with large time intervals, scientists managed to establish that some stones are capable of independent movement” [Earth. Chronicles of life: Living stones among us // http://earth-chronicles.ru/news/2012-10-04-31916].
Actually, the legends about unauthorized “wandering” (“crawling (especially up the slope)”, “dancing”, “jumping”, “growing”, etc.) stones in many parts of the world are “innumerable”!
For example, Racetrack Playa is located in Death Valley, California. Its name comes from two seemingly incongruous words: the English racetrack - “race track” and the Spanish playa - “shore”, (in this case, “a lowland that fills with water after rains, thus turning into a lake when water begins to gradually subside, then the area of the lake decreases, and a shore forms around it, and after a while, when the moisture dries up, one shore, in fact, remains”). The clay bottom of Racetrack Playa is dry almost all the time, and nothing grows on it. It is covered with an almost uniform pattern of cracks forming irregular hexagonal cells. Stones are lying at the bottom - weighty blocks weighing up to thirty kilograms, and at times they move on their own, leaving behind shallow (no more than a couple of centimeters), but very long (up to several tens of meters) furrows on the ground. The most amazing thing is that no one, with the current development of technology, has so far been able to capture on camera exactly how they “crawl”.
In Romania, the phenomenon of "trovants" - "growing" or "living stones" is known. The largest accumulation of growing stones was recorded in the Romanian county (region) of Valcea. On its territory there are trovants of various shapes, sizes and colors. In connection with the great interest of tourists, in 2006 the authorities of Valčina created the only open-air museum of Trovantes in the whole country in the village of Costesti. Its area is 1.1 hectares. The most unusual-looking growing stones from all over the area are collected on the territory of the museum. For a small fee, those who wish can view the exposition and purchase small samples as souvenirs. Many owners of souvenir stones claim that trovant memorabilia, when wet, begin to grow, and sometimes they move around the house without permission, which makes a rather creepy impression. They grow especially rapidly after rain: the stones increase in size due to the high content of various mineral salts under their shell, and when the surface gets wet, these chemical compounds begin to expand and press on the sand, causing the stone to “grow”. Over time, growth slows down and eventually stops altogether. There are cases when trovants grew from small "buttons" of a few grams to megaliths weighing tons. On the saw cut, annual rings can be observed, like in trees. These stones can not only grow, but also multiply by "budding". It happens like this: after the surface of the stone gets wet, a slight bulge appears on it. Over time, it grows, but when the weight of the new stone becomes large enough, it breaks off from the mother. The structure of the new trovants is the same as that of other, older stones. There is also a core inside, which is the main mystery for scientists. If the growth of the stone can somehow be explained from a scientific point of view, then the process of dividing the stone core defies any logic. In general, the process of reproduction of trovants resembles budding, which is why some experts seriously thought about the question of whether they are a hitherto unknown inorganic life form.
There is something similar in Russia, on the territory of the Kolpnyansky district of the Oryol region in the village of Andreevka and its environs, rounded stone blocks appear from underground, as if by magic, on the surface. They can be seen in fields, gardens, near houses and in household plots.
Oryol growing stones look like sticky sand, but this is a deceptive fragility. In fact, these stones are very durable, and in order to break off even a small fragment from them, great efforts must be made. The sizes of the stones vary greatly. There are both small growing stones and huge blocks several meters long, resembling building slabs, in the vicinity of Andreevka. Growing stones are very popular with local residents. They are endowed with mystical properties, it is believed that boulders growing from underground are rich in the life-giving power of mother earth. Some even transported a few stones and decorated the road to the local holy springs with them. Others build decorative rockeries from stones in their backyards and use them as finishing materials for houses.
In Xilian Village, Pingquan County, Hebei Province, there is a place that the locals call "egg hill." There is a pile of stone eggs of the same shape, there is also a stone eggshell, and a stone yolk, everything is like a real one. It is reported that this low slope is located near locality. There is practically no vegetation cover on the slope of the mountain, it is littered with oval-shaped broken stone eggs and stone eggshells. These stone eggs are of various sizes, some are over 20 cm in diameter, some are less than 10 cm. Locals say that they resemble dinosaur eggs. This is not the first discovery of stone eggs in China, in 2006 in the southwestern province of Guizhou, an “egg-bearing” rock was discovered, which “lays” stone eggs every 30 years. In the vicinity of Gulu Village, Sandu County, Guizhou Province, in the Denggan Mountains, which are completely overgrown with trees and grasses, there is a bare spot in the middle of the mountainside. There is a rock that “lays” stone eggs every three decades, so the locals used to call it “egg rock”. This rock is 20 meters long, 6 meters high, and its surface is quite flat. Some stone eggs protrude only slightly on the surface of the rock, others are halfway, and there are almost detached from the rock. The stone eggs of the egg-bearing rock, on average, are 30 cm in diameter, there are large and small ones, the vast majority of them are round, oval, some are yellowish in color. Gulu village is reported to have about 20 families, all have stone eggs, 68 eggs in total. It is believed that if there is a stone egg in the house, then people will prosper and live comfortably, so they go there to get this treasure. Who gave these mountains a mysterious power, what thousand-year-old secrets are hidden in high rocks? Egg-laying rocks are a mysterious phenomenon that goes beyond human logic.
Also known are the so-called. giant boulders of Moeraki (Costa Rica), which are stone and iron balls of spherical shape. Their diameter varies from a few centimeters to 3 meters. They are located both singly and in groups of up to 50 pieces. The age of most boulders is, according to some estimates, at least 60 million years.
The unusualness of trovants and similar stones sometimes leads to the emergence of very bold and, at first glance, implausible opinions and hypotheses, to recognize the reliability of which official science not in a hurry. A number of researchers, as already mentioned, believe that trovants are representatives of an inorganic life form. The principle of their existence and structure have nothing to do with the same characteristics of already studied species of flora and fauna. At the same time, growing stones can turn out to be both the indigenous inhabitants of our planet, who have quietly existed side by side with humans for thousands of years, and representatives of unearthly life forms that have fallen to earth with meteorites or introduced by aliens.
Mystically inclined people (and many folklore data - bylichki, tales, proverbs) say that otherworldly entities live in "wandering" or "magic" stones.
“... The famous Russian traveler S. Krasheninnikov tells how a certain Koryak got himself a fetish wife. He found a stone on the river, and when he took it in his hands, "then the stone blew on him, as if a man." He got scared and threw a stone. After that, he fell ill and, deciding that the illness was connected with his act, began to look for a stone. Soon he found it, but in a different place. He took a stone to his house, made him a dress and considered him his wife ”[Men A. Magic, occultism, Christianity //
The veneration of powerful unearthly beings (“gods”) as ordinary stones, rocks and idols and altars hewn from them is a common place in religious studies. In general, we can agree with the following statement: “... we almost certainly meet not with the primitive deification of a stone block, not with litholatry, but with a deeply thought out, more precisely, deeply experienced image of divine ugliness. Stone, the hardest and most indestructible of all earthly materials, spoke ancient man about one more, extremely important property of God - about His eternity and inviolability. A mortal, easily destroyed man, wished to unite himself with the Being, over which death and decay have no power. And, apparently, this is why the stone became for the people of the Neolithic an “icon” of the incomprehensible God, an “icon” that later passed to Egypt (“the navel” of Amon in the Oasis of Siva), to Hellas (the stone of Aphrodite in Paphos) and even to the famous Meccan Kaaba Muslims." In addition, uncut stones, presumably symbolizing a deity, are found in the home sanctuaries of pre-ceramic Jericho…” [Pikalov D.V. Myth and ritual of the Neolithic: a monograph. - Stavropol: Publishing house of NCFU, 2015. - P. 88].
There is a hypothesis that crystal cell minerals can accumulate information and operate with it, i.e. they are "thinking stones". The goal of the alchemists was to search for the "Philosopher's Stone". In the Masonic tradition, the “rough stone” symbolizes the profane state of a person; members of the Masonic lodges call themselves “freemasons”, likening their declared goal - the correction of human nature - to stone processing. Astrologers established correspondences between stones and signs of the Zodiac, stones and planets ...
There is even a theory that all biological life, including humanity, are just incubators, the essence of which is the birth of “stones” (like mollusks give birth to pearls).
It is known that after cremation, a diamond can be made from the ashes - this service is popular in the United States. For example, from 500 g of dust under pressure and at high temperature, a blue diamond weighing a carat and 5 mm in diameter grows in two months. It can be used as decoration.
The same thing happens with the organic remains of ancient plants. The tree trunk turns into stone, keeping internal structure once living tree.. In Argentina, found cones of araucaria (giant coniferous trees that grew during the time of the dinosaurs). Agate so carefully repeated all the details of the structure of the cones, as if they had just fallen from a tree.
“... Penetration of the stone into the body occurs in at least two ways. In one case organic matter completely replaced by minerals. In this case, the fossil retains the original shape of the object, but loses its internal structure. In another case, the mineral penetrates into the cells and voids of the body, repeating the details of the structure of tissues and organs. Silicon actively penetrates and accumulates in the cells of many plants, from which they literally turn to stone during their lifetime. Most often, the forms of animals and plants are occupied by quartz, or rather its various varieties - agate, carnelian, chalcedony, jasper. The rarest case is petrified trees from the Virgin Valley in the US state of Nevada, where plant tissues are replaced by noble opal. Copper was an active element in sulfide sedimentary rocks near Perm, so pseudomorphs from azurite, malachite and chalcopyrite appeared there, and in the neighborhood there are fossils from goethite and hematite - ferruginous minerals" [Earth. Chronicles of life: Living stones among us // http://earth-chronicles.ru/news/2012-10-04-31916].
Researchers from the University of California at San Diego reported at a meeting of the American Chemical Society that for the first time they managed to get bacteria to evolve in such a way that their enzymes began to effectively incorporate silicon into simple hydrocarbons, the fundamental principle of life. As you know, silicon is widespread on Earth and makes up 28% of the planet's crust (for comparison, carbon in it is only 0.03%), this element is almost completely absent in the chemistry of life. To help living organisms absorb silicon, chemist Frances Arnold of California Institute of Technology in Pasadena and her colleagues isolated the thermophilic bacteria that thrive in hot springs. Like many other organisms, such bacteria contain cytochrome enzymes whose role is to transport electrons between proteins. In some cases, however, the enzymes of thermophilic bacteria expand their functions and become responsible for other reactions. After testing on bacteria, the scientists found that, in rare cases, cytochromes could also be responsible for adding silicon to simple hydrocarbon chains. In nature, as Arnold noted, the ability of silicon to add cytochrome is so weak that it can all be a by-product of the enzyme's function. To enhance the effect, the team of scientists surrounded the bacteria with silicon and carbon compounds. The scientists then selected the organisms that produced the largest amount of hydrocarbons containing silicon. Only after three stages of this artificial selection did the enzymes “evolve” and the bacteria began to produce silicon-containing hydrocarbons in large quantities (2000 times more than their natural counterparts). "The power of evolution really manifests itself with the emergence of new functions, and then adaptation occurs with the help of directed evolution," sums up F. Arnold. At present, silicon-hydrocarbon compounds, called organosilanes, cannot bring any benefit to the industry. They are short, unlike those long silicones that chemical companies use to make adhesives, caulks, and sealants. In the future, it is planned that organisms capable of incorporating silicon into their cells will be the first step towards the creation of "silicon" creatures - similar to Horta from the Star Trek series.
Back in the 18th century Professor Girolamo Segato of Florence (Italy) invented the process of mineralization of human remains, but paranoia and fear of persecution by ignorant contemporaries destroyed his research, leaving only a small number of grim relics as proof of the existence of his amazing technology. Located in the anatomical museum of the University of Florence, Segato's works are presented in the form of such separate parts of the body as the severed head of a woman and a separate female breast, turned into an eternal stone. There is also the "Segato Table", which is a large wooden oval inlaid with tiles that are actually fossilized pieces of bones, muscles, and intestines. Born in 1792, J. Segato showed an early interest in science in general and chemistry in particular, which inspired and determined his entire life. His specialization in the process of petrification began after he traveled to Egypt at the age of 26 and was fascinated by the mummies of this ancient country. Upon returning to Europe, J. Segato began to develop new methods of mummification. After testing the developed method on animal corpses, the scientist-inventor soon created his own unique method of preserving human tissues with a mysterious mineralization process at that time, turning the remains into a kind of marble. Reaction to his work has been mixed. Although some marveled at the special transformation of corpses by the “Segato method”, others considered his work to be connected with unnatural Egyptian mysticism. After someone broke into his lab and turned out to be rummaging through his papers, Segato became wary of having his work stolen, and eventually destroyed all of his research and notes. When Segato died in 1836, he took the secret of his process with him to his grave. He was buried in the cemetery of Florence with the epitaph: "Here lies Girolamo Segato - the one who will be incorruptible if the secret of his art did not die with him." Modern researchers have developed alternative methods for mineralization of human remains, but even after several laboratory studies of Segato samples various methods, no one is able to explain his process ; “... Now we live in a rune that can be called mineral. And our task in it is to permeate the entire mineral world with our own spirit. Try to understand it. You are building a house. You take stones from any quarry. You process them in such a way that they are invested in the building, etc. What do you associate with the raw material that you take from the mineral kingdom? You connect the raw material with the human spirit. When you build a car, you put your spirit into the car. A separate machine, collapsing, turns into dust. There is no trace left of her. However, what she did does not disappear without a trace, but penetrates down to the atoms. Each atom bears the trace of your spirit and will continue to bear this trace. It is not indifferent whether a certain atom was in any machine or not. By the fact that the atom has been in the machine, the atom has changed. And this change that you have made to the atom in this way is never lost to it. Further, by changing the atom, by linking your spirit with the mineral world, you imprinted an enduring stamp on the universal consciousness... What is today the mineral kingdom, you will draw it into yourself, and it will become your inner one. With what surrounds you in nature, you will appear as with your inner ... This is what the Masons knew. The Mason knew that when he built together with others for the spiritualization of the mineral – and “build” means nothing more than to spiritualize the mineral world – then someday this will become the content of his soul ... ”[Steiner R. Thought on evolution and involution underlying secret societies : Berlin, December 23, 1904 // http://philologist.livejournal.com/6536814.html]; “... Our humanity has the task of transforming the entire mineral world into a work of art. Electricity already points us to the occult depths of matter. When man builds the mineral world anew, proceeding from his inner being, then the end of our Earth will come; then the Earth will come to the end of physical development. A special plan, according to which the mineral world is being transformed, lives in the Lodge of the Masters. Today this plan has already been completed, so if you delve into it, you can see what wonderful buildings, wonderful machines, etc. will arise from this mineral world. When the Earth reaches the end of the physical globe, all of it will have an internal structure, an internal construction that man himself gave her, so that she will become a work of art according to the plan of the masters of the White Lodge ... When the Earth has already passed into the state of arup, then in it, in a completely condensed form, there is an imprint of the entire physical development, from what was built according to the plan of the masters, as if the smallest miniature edition of what the mineral Earth once was ... At one end of the world there is an atom. He is a reflection of the spirit of the masters of the plan that has come out of the depths, which is the Logos. When we seek the transformation of humanity itself in the course of a great world period, we are reintroduced into the world. Just as man descended, plunged down to the physical plane, so it is with the whole world. That which moves the human Self forward is around the person in the world. And then we come to the lower planes, which, however, themselves contain higher planes ... The Spirit of the Earth now lives with the masters, and this Spirit of the Earth will become the physical garment of the next planet. The smallest thing we do will have an impact in the smallest atom of the next planet. It is only by having this feeling that we get a connection with the Lodge of the Masters. This should be the focus of the Theosophical Society, for we know what those who know know. When Goethe speaks of the Spirit of the Earth, he speaks the truth. The Spirit of the Earth weaves the garment of the next planet. “In the currents of life – in the storm of deeds” the Spirit (of the Earth) weaves the dress of the next planetary deity… So it was on the Moon: there was a plan of earthly development infinitely multiplied and reduced. And do you know what this reduced plan is, which was then developed in the spiritual? These are the current atoms that underlie the Earth. And the atoms that will form the basis of Jupiter will again be a reduced plan, which is now being developed in the leading White Lodge. Only those who are familiar with this plan can know what an atom is ... So it was on the Moon: there was a plan of earthly development infinitely multiplied and reduced ... These are the current atoms that underlie the Earth. And the atoms that will become the basis of Jupiter will again be a reduced plan, which is now being developed in the leading White Lodge (Earth) ... If you want to gradually know the atom underlying the Earth, then when you know this atom, those beings will come forward to meet you come from the great magicians of the world. Now we can talk about these things, of course, only in hints, but we can at least give at least something that will allow us to get an idea of \u200b\u200bwhat we are dealing with here ”[Steiner R. Logos and atoms in light of the occult: Berlin, October 21, 1905 // http://skurlatov.livejournal.com/3069753.html]. This is an inapplicable law of the development of mankind in the Cosmos: “... cosmologically our earthly development was preceded by the lunar development. Even more distant ancestor of our Earth was the Sun, and even more distant - Saturn. Man has gone through these three phases of development: Saturn, Sun, Moon. Our Earth has so far gone through three cycles, of which in the first round it repeated the development of Saturn, in the second - the development of the Sun and in the third - the Moon ... So, our Earth once again passed through the early material states, before it reached the modern physical density ... The Earth from extremely thin, but already physical, matter condensed to more and more dense ... Then the Earth surrounded itself from the outside with an ethereal body and crystallized, organized earthly matter ”[Steiner R. About the lost Temple, which must be restored. Fourth lecture // http://philologist.livejournal.com/6553970.html].
And not only R. Steiner, but “… thanks to Freud, we know that a force operates in us that makes us petrify” [Groys B. Under the gaze of theory // https://theoryandpractice.ru/posts/7146-groys].
And even serious science proposes to see the meaning of the emergence of human civilization only in the participation of the cycle in nature:
“... As long as man was a hunter and gatherer, he was simply a member of natural biocenoses. But civilization is completely different, - says V.V. Malakhov, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Head of the Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Moscow State University. – A person extracts from the earth what has left the biological cycle, such as oil, gas and coal, and returns carbon to it in the most accessible form for plants in the form of CO2. Man extracts metals from the earth, saturates them with industrial effluents and releases all this into the oceans, making it available to living organisms. This is the biospheric function of mankind - to return the carbon and other biogenic elements that have left it to the biological cycle. And when this task is completed, I think that civilization will have a quiet natural end as a result of the exhaustion of available resources. No, it is not an atomic war that awaits us, but a slow natural extinction due to the exhaustion of accumulated energy and material resources. But the biosphere will flourish at a new level. Of course, the activity of civilization, the saturation of the atmosphere with carbon dioxide, the possible greenhouse effect, the relative enrichment of the ocean with heavy metals will lead to the death of thousands of species, possibly hundreds of thousands of species. This will be one of the biospheric crises (there have been many of them over 4 billion years of the history of life), but how life will flourish at a new stage, when all this carbon will be in the bodies of plants and animals, when new enzyme systems with unusual metals will appear. It will be life without human civilization... Of course, the dying of civilization does not mean the disappearance of man. Long after the extinction of civilization, communities of hunters, primitive farmers and pastoralists, and gatherers will live on Earth. The history of mankind goes back hundreds of thousands of years before civilization, and will probably last hundreds of thousands of years after civilization. But this will be the existence of one of species as part of natural biocenoses” [Malakhov V.V. Biotic cycle. How inevitable is the death of our civilization? // http://diglador.tumblr.com/post/79960175464/].
In other words, the essence of human existence does not consist in anthropocentrism, but in service to the Other: “... No, Veda, I was thinking about one position of ancient Indian philosophy. It says that the world was not created for man, and man himself becomes great only when he understands the full value and beauty of another life - the life of nature ... ”(Ivan Efremov,“ Andromeda Nebula ”).
And, as it turns out, "this Other" can also be defined (considering "stone" as one of its manifestations). Namely: the Universe itself should be considered a different form of life, it is literally “woven” into its fabric, “matter”. Scientists wonder what if the physical equations themselves are a particular form of life? According to them, the organic life familiar to people is one of the many forms of existence of matter. Columbia University astrophysicist Caleb Scharf believes that aliens, as "higher intelligence" have a different body structure, their organs are built from different life blocks from human ones. That is why they can exist outside the laws of physics familiar to our consciousness - without a physical shell, that is, not on a particular planet, but in the entire Universe.
Some researchers believe that one of the forms of life may be the so-called "dark matter". Scientists call this term a hypothetical substance that fills about a quarter (27%) of the Universe. Physicists invented this matter in order to explain some of the contradictions in their theories. According to experts, dark matter can be intelligent and interact with people. But its intelligent tissue is at the quantum level, and this explains the fact that many years of space exploration have not shown scientists any evidence of the presence of other life on the planets. But the method of the singularity as a fusion of technology and humanity will allow us to see the previously unimaginable. Technology will be able to decipher the dark matter of the universe. The principle of operation of such devices lies in the technology of the 3D printer.
One of the theories of radical researchers is that any civilization wants to leave life behind. And in this she can be helped by a certain backup copy of herself in a parallel reality. Perhaps the higher mind wants to create it with the help of photons. The life of aliens may remain a mystery to mankind, because ignorance also has its own meaning, says Caleb Scharf.
