The Urals stretched in the meridional direction for 2000 km from north to south - from the Arctic islands of Novaya Zemlya to the sun-scorched deserts of the Turan Plain. A conditional geographical boundary between Europe and Asia. The Ural Mountains are located in the inland boundary zone of the earth's crust between the ancient Russian platform and the young West Siberian plate. The folds of the earth's crust lying in the bases of the Ural Mountains were formed during the Hercynian orogeny. Mountain building was accompanied by intensive processes of volcanism and metamorphism of rocks, therefore, numerous minerals were formed in the depths of the Urals - ores of iron, polymetals, aluminum, gold, platinum. Then for a long time - in the Mesozoic and Paleogene - there were processes of destruction and alignment of the Hercynian mountains. Gradually, the mountains fell and turned into a hilly hill. In the Neogene-Quaternary time, the ancient folded structures lying at its base split into blocks that rose to different heights. Thus, the former folded mountains turned into folded-blocky ones. There was a rejuvenation of the ancient destroyed mountains. Nevertheless, the modern ranges of the Urals are predominantly low. In the north and south, they rise to 800-1000 m. The highest peak of the Urals is Mount Narodnaya (1894 m). In the middle part, the height of the ridges does not exceed 400-500 m. Railways pass through the low passes of this part of the Urals, along which trains move between the European and Asian parts of Russia.
The uneven uplift of blocks of the earth's crust led to differences in the height of mountain ranges, their external forms. According to the features of the relief, the Urals is divided into several parts. The Polar Urals are stretched by four ridges, gradually rising from the Pai-Khoi hills to 1500 m. The ridges of the Subpolar Urals have many sharp peaks. The Northern Urals consists of two elongated parallel ridges that rise up to 800-1000 m. The western of these two ridges has flat tops. The eastern slope of the Urals abruptly breaks off towards the West Siberian lowland. The Middle Urals is the lowest part of the entire Urals: heights of about 500 m dominate. However, individual peaks rise up to 800 m here too. The Southern Urals is the widest, with predominance of foothill plateaus. Mountain tops are often flat.
The distribution of minerals in the Urals is determined by the peculiarities of its geological structure. In the west, in the Cis-Ural trough, sedimentary strata of limestone, gypsum, and clay accumulated, which are associated with significant deposits of oil, potassium salts, and coal. In the central part of the Urals, metamorphic rocks of the inner folds of the mountains appeared on the surface - gneisses, quartzites and shales, broken by tectonic faults. Igneous rocks intruded along the faults led to the formation of ore minerals. Among them, the most important role belongs to the ores of iron, polymetals, and aluminum. During the years of the first five-year plans, a large iron ore plant and the city of Magnitogorsk were built on the basis of iron ore deposits. The eastern slope of the Urals is composed of various geological rocks - sedimentary, metamorphic and volcanic, and therefore the minerals are very diverse. These are ores of iron, non-ferrous metals, aluminum, deposits of gold and silver, precious and semi-precious stones, asbestos.
Ural - climate divide between the temperate continental climate of the East European Plain and the continental climate Western Siberia. Despite their relatively low height, the Ural Mountains have an impact on the climate of our country. Throughout the year, moist air masses penetrate the Urals, brought by cyclones from Atlantic Ocean. When air rises along the western slope, the amount of precipitation increases. The lowering of air along the eastern slope is accompanied by its drying. Therefore, 1.5-2 times less precipitation falls on the eastern slopes of the Ural Mountains than on the western ones. The western and eastern slopes differ both in temperature and in the nature of the weather. Average January temperatures vary from -22° in the north to -16° C in the south. On the western slope, winters are relatively mild and snowy. Little snow falls on the eastern slope, and frosts can reach -45 ° C. Summer is cool and rainy in the north, warm in most of the Urals, and hot and dry in the south.
Many rivers originate in the Urals. The largest among them flow to the west. These are Pechora, Kama, Belaya, Ufa. The Ishim flows to the east, the Urals to the south. On the meridional sections, the rivers flow calmly along wide valleys in the basins between the ridges. On latitudinal segments, they swiftly rush across the ridges along tectonic faults along narrow rocky gorges with many rapids. The alternation of narrow gorges and wide sections of valleys gives the rivers an amazing variety and beauty, favors the construction of reservoirs. In the Urals, there is a very high demand for water, which is needed in in large numbers for numerous industrial enterprises and cities. However, many rivers are heavily polluted sewage industries and cities and need to be cleaned up. The economic importance of the Ural and Cis-Urals rivers is great and varied, although their role in shipping and energy is not so great. Hydropower reserves of the Ural rivers are below the national average. The average annual capacity of the middle rivers of the Urals is about 3.5 million kW. The Kama basin is richest in hydropower. A number of large hydroelectric power plants have been built here. Among them are Kamskaya and Votkinskaya HPPs. The largest reservoir of the Kamskaya HPP stretches for 220 km. A hydroelectric power station of significant capacity was built on the river. Ufa. Despite the abundance of Ural rivers, only a few of them are suitable for navigation. This is primarily Kama, Belaya, Ufa. In the Trans-Urals, ships sail along the Tobol, Tavda, and in the high waters along Sosva, Lozva and Tura. For shallow-draft vessels, the Urals are also navigable below the city of Orenburg.
To improve water supply, ponds and reservoirs have long been built on the rivers of the Urals. These are Verkhne-Isetsky and city ponds in Yekaterinburg, Nizhne-Tagilsky and others. Reservoirs have also been created: Volchikhinsky on Chusovaya, Magnitogorsky and Iriklinsky in the Urals.
For industrial, agricultural purposes, recreation and tourism, numerous lakes are used, of which there are more than 6 thousand lakes.
Ural crosses several natural areas. Along its peaks and upper parts of the slopes, they are shifted to the south. Mountain tundras are common in the Polar Urals. To the south, on the western slopes, under conditions of high moisture, dark coniferous spruce-fir forests dominate, along the eastern slopes - pine and cedar forests. In the Southern Urals on the western slope there are coniferous-broad-leaved forests, to the south they are replaced by linden and oak forest-steppe. On the eastern slope of the Southern Urals there is a birch-aspen forest-steppe. In the extreme south of the Urals and in the low mountains of Mugodzhary, there are dry steppes and semi-deserts.
Cis-Ural marginal foredeep with relatively gentle sedimentation in the western side and more complex in the eastern side;
The zone of the western slope of the Urals with the development of intensely crumpled and thrust-disturbed sedimentary strata of the Lower and Middle Paleozoic;
the Central Ural uplift, where among the sedimentary strata of the Paleozoic and Upper Precambrian, older crystalline rocks of the edge of the East European Platform outcrop in places;
The system of troughs-synclinories of the eastern slope (the largest are Magnitogorsk and Tagil), made mainly by Middle Paleozoic volcanic strata and marine, often deep-sea sediments, as well as deep-seated igneous rocks (gabbroids, granitoids, less often alkaline intrusions) that break through them - the so-called. greenstone belt of the Urals;
Ural-Tobolsk anticlinorium with outcrops of older metamorphic rocks and wide development of granitoids;
East Ural synclinorium, in many respects similar to Tagil-Magnitogorsk.
At the base of the first three zones, according to geophysical data, an ancient, Early Precambrian, basement is confidently traced, composed mainly of metamorphic and igneous rocks and formed as a result of several epochs of folding. The oldest, presumably Archean, rocks come to the surface in the Taratash ledge on the western slope of the Southern Urals. Pre-Ordovician rocks in the basement of the synclinories of the eastern slope of the Urals are unknown. It is assumed that the Paleozoic volcanic strata of synclinoria are based on thick plates of hypermafic and gabbroids, which in some places come to the surface in the massifs of the Platinum-bearing belt and other related belts; these plates, possibly, are outcasts of the ancient oceanic bed of the Ural geosyncline. In the east, in the Ural-Tobolsk anticlinorium, outcrops of Precambrian rocks are rather problematic.
The Paleozoic deposits of the western slope of the Urals are represented by limestones, dolomites, sandstones, formed in conditions of predominantly shallow seas. To the east, deeper sediments of the continental slope are traced in a discontinuous band. Even further east, within the eastern slope of the Urals, the Paleozoic (Ordovician, Silurian) section begins with altered volcanic rocks of basalt composition and jasper, comparable to the rocks of the bottom of modern oceans. In places above the section, there are thick, also altered spilite-natro-liparitic strata with deposits of copper pyrite ores. Younger deposits of the Devonian and partly Silurian are mainly represented by andesite-basalt, andesite-dacitic volcanics and greywackes, corresponding to the stage in the development of the eastern slope of the Urals, when the oceanic crust was replaced by a transitional type crust. Carboniferous deposits (limestones, grey-wackes, acidic and alkaline volcanics) are associated with the latest, continental stage of development of the eastern slope of the Urals. At the same stage, the main mass of Paleozoic, essentially potassium, granites of the Urals, which formed pegmatite veins with rare valuable minerals, also intruded.
In the Late Carboniferous-Permian, sedimentation on the eastern slope of the Urals almost stopped and a folded mountain structure formed here; on the western slope at that time, the Cis-Ural marginal foredeep was formed, filled with a thick (up to 4-5 km) strata of detrital rocks that were carried down from the Urals - molasse. Triassic deposits have been preserved in a number of depressions-grabens, the occurrence of which in the north and east of the Urals was preceded by basalt (trap) magmatism. Younger strata of Mesozoic and Cenozoic platform deposits gently overlap folded structures along the periphery of the Urals.
It is assumed that the Paleozoic structure of the Urals was laid down in the Late Cambrian - Ordovician as a result of the splitting of the Late Precambrian continent and the expansion of its fragments, as a result of which a geosynclinal depression was formed with crust and oceanic-type sediments in its inner part. Subsequently, the expansion was replaced by compression, and the oceanic basin began to gradually close and “overgrow” with the newly formed continental crust; the nature of magmatism and sedimentation changed accordingly. The modern structure of the Urals bears traces of the strongest compression, accompanied by a strong transverse contraction of the geosynclinal depression and the formation of gentle scaly overthrusts - ridges.
The Ural is a whole system of mountain ranges, stretched parallel to one another in the meridional direction. As a rule, there are two or three such parallel ranges, but in some places, with the expansion of the mountain system, their number increases to four or more. So, for example, the Southern Urals is orographically very complex between 55 0 and 54 ° N. sh., where there are at least six ridges. Between the ridges lie vast depressions occupied by river valleys.
The orography of the Urals is closely related to its tectonic structure. Most often, ridges and ridges are confined to anticlinal zones, and depressions are confined to synclinal ones. Inverted relief is less common, associated with the presence of rocks more resistant to destruction in synclinal zones than in adjacent anticlinal zones. Such a character has, for example, the Zilair plateau, or the South Ural plateau, within the Zilair synclinorium.
Lower areas are replaced in the Urals by elevated ones - a kind of mountain nodes, in which the mountains reach not only their maximum heights, but also their greatest width. It is remarkable that such knots coincide with the places where the strike of the Ural mountain system changes. The main ones are Subpolar, Middle Ural and South Ural. In the Subpolar node, lying at 65 ° N. sh., Ural deviates from the south-western direction to the south. Here rises the highest peak of the Ural Mountains - Mount Narodnaya (1894 m). The Middle Urals junction is located at about 60°N. sh., where the strike of the Urals changes from south to southeast. Among the peaks of this knot, Mount Konzhakovsky Kamen (1569 m) stands out. The South Ural node is located between 55 0 and 54 0 s. sh. Here, the direction of the Ural ranges becomes south-western instead of south-western, and Iremel (1582 m) and Yamantau (1640 m) attract attention from the peaks.
common feature relief of the Urals is the asymmetry of its western and eastern slopes. The western slope is gentle, passes into the Russian Plain more gradually than the eastern one, which steeply descends towards the West Siberian Plain. The asymmetry of the Urals is due to tectonics, the history of its geological development.
Another orographic feature of the Urals is associated with asymmetry - the displacement of the main watershed ridge separating the rivers of the Russian Plain from the rivers of Western Siberia to the east, closer to the West Siberian Plain. This ridge in different parts of the Urals has different names: Uraltau in the Southern Urals, Belt Stone in the Northern Urals. At the same time, it is not the highest almost everywhere; the largest peaks, as a rule, lie to the west of it. Such a hydrographic asymmetry of the Urals is the result of an increased "aggressiveness" of the rivers of the western slope, caused by a sharper and faster uplift of the Cis-Urals in the Neogene compared to the Trans-Urals.
Even with a cursory glance at the hydrographic pattern of the Urals, the presence of sharp, elbow turns in most rivers on the western slope is striking. In the upper reaches of the river flow in the meridional direction, following the longitudinal intermountain depressions. Then they turn sharply to the west, sawing often high ridges, after which they again flow in the meridional direction or retain the old latitudinal direction. Such sharp turns are well expressed in Pechora, Shchugor, Ilych, Belaya, Aya, Sakmara and many others. It has been established that the rivers saw through the ridges in places where the axes of the folds are lowered. In addition, many of them, apparently, are older than mountain ranges, and their incision proceeded simultaneously with the uplift of the mountains.
A small absolute height determines the predominance of low-mountain and mid-mountain geomorphological landscapes in the Urals. The peaks of many ranges are flat, while some mountains are domed with more or less soft outlines of the slopes. In the Northern and Polar Urals, near the upper border of the forest and above it, where frosty weathering is vigorously manifested, stone seas (turmeric) are widespread. These places are also characterized by upland terraces resulting from solifluction processes and frost weathering.
Alpine landforms are extremely rare in the Ural Mountains. They are known only in the most elevated parts of the Polar and Subpolar Urals. The bulk of modern glaciers of the Urals are connected with the same mountain ranges.
"Lednichki" is not an accidental expression in relation to the glaciers of the Urals. Compared to the glaciers of the Alps and the Caucasus, the Urals look like dwarfs. All of them belong to the cirque and cirque-valley type and are located below the climatic snow boundary. The total number of glaciers in the Urals is 122, and the entire area of glaciation is only slightly more than 25 km2. Most of them are in the polar watershed part of the Urals between 67 0 -68 0 s. sh. Caro-valley glaciers up to 1.5-2.2 km long have been found here. The second glacial region is located in the Subpolar Urals between 64 0 and 65 ° N. sh.
The main part of the glaciers is concentrated on the more humid western slope of the Urals. It is noteworthy that all Ural glaciers lie in cirques of eastern, southeastern, and northeastern exposures. This is explained by the fact that they are inspired, that is, they were formed as a result of the deposition of snowstorm snow in the wind shadow of mountain slopes.
Basic moments
This mountain system itself, which not only separates both continents, but is also an officially delineated cordon between them, belongs to Europe: the border is usually drawn along the eastern foot of the mountains. Formed as a result of the collision of the Eurasian and African lithospheric plates, the Ural Mountains cover a vast territory. It includes the expanses of the Sverdlovsk, Orenburg and Tyumen regions, Perm Territory, Bashkortostan and the Komi Republic, as well as the Aktobe and Kustanai regions of Kazakhstan.
In terms of its height, which does not exceed 1895 meters, the mountain system is significantly inferior to such giants as the Himalayas and the Pamirs. For example, the peaks of the polar Urals are average in terms of level - 600-800 meters, not to mention the fact that they are also the narrowest in terms of the width of the ridge. However, there is a definite plus in such geological characteristics: they remain accessible to humans. And it's not just about scientific research, how much about the tourist attractiveness of the places through which they run. The landscape of the Ural Mountains is truly unique. Here, crystal clear mountain streams and rivers begin their run, growing into larger reservoirs. Such large rivers as the Ural, Kama, Pechora, Chusovaya and Belaya also flow here.
For tourists, a wide variety of recreational opportunities open up here: both for real extreme sportsmen and for beginners. And the Ural Mountains are a true treasure trove of minerals. In addition to deposits of coal, natural gas and oil, mines are being developed here, in which copper, nickel, chromium, titanium, gold, silver, and platinum are mined. If we recall the tales of Pavel Bazhov, the Ural zone is also rich in malachite. And also - emerald, diamond, crystal, amethyst, jasper and other precious stones.
The atmosphere of the Ural Mountains, regardless of whether you visit the Northern or Southern Urals, Subpolar or Middle, is indescribable. And their greatness, beauty, harmony and the purest air energize and positive, inspire and, of course, leave vivid impressions for the rest of your life.
History of the Ural Mountains
The Ural Mountains have been known since ancient times. In sources that have survived to this day, they are associated with the Hyperborean and Riphean mountains. So, Ptolemy pointed out that this mountain system consists of the mountains Rhymnus (this is the current Middle Urals), Norosa (Southern Urals) and the northern part - the Hyperborean mountains proper. In the first written sources of the 11th century AD, it was called the “Earth Belt” because of its great length.
In the first Russian chronicle, The Tale of Bygone Years, which dates back to the same 11th century, the Ural Mountains were called by our compatriots Siberian, Belt or Big Stone. Under the name "Big Stone" they were also applied to the first map of the Russian state, also known as the "Big Drawing", published in the second half of the 16th century. Cartographers of those years depicted the Urals as a mountain belt, from where many rivers originate.
There are many versions of the origin of the name of this mountain system. E. K. Hoffman, who developed the so-called Mansi version of this toponym, compares the name "Ural" with the Mansi word "ur", which translates as "mountain". The second point of view, also very common, is the borrowing of the name from the Bashkir language. She, according to many scientists, seems to be the most convincing. After all, if we take the language, legends and traditions of this people - for example, the famous epic "Ural-Batyr" - then it is easy to make sure that this place name has not only existed in them since ancient times, but has been maintained from generation to generation.
Nature and climate
The natural landscape of the Ural Mountains is incredibly beautiful and multifaceted. Here you can not only look at the mountains themselves, but also go down into numerous caves, swim in the waters of local lakes, get a portion of thrills while rafting on turbulent rivers. Moreover, each tourist chooses for himself how to travel. Some people like independent trips with a backpack on their shoulders, others prefer the more comfortable conditions of a sightseeing bus or the interior of a personal car.
The fauna of the "Earth Belt" is no less diverse. The dominant position in the local fauna is occupied by forest animals, the habitat of which is coniferous, broad-leaved or mixed forests. So, squirrels live in coniferous forests, the basis of their diet is spruce seeds, and in winter these pretty animals with a fluffy tail feed on pre-stocked pine nuts and dried mushrooms. The marten is widespread in local forests, the existence of which is difficult to imagine without the already mentioned squirrel, for which this predator hunts.
But the real wealth of these places is the fur trade animal, the fame of which extends far beyond the region, for example, the sable that lives in the forests of the Northern Urals. True, it differs from the dark Siberian sable in a less beautiful reddish skin. Uncontrolled hunting for a valuable furry animal is prohibited at the legislative level. Without this ban, it would certainly have been completely destroyed by now.
The taiga forests of the Ural Mountains are also inhabited by the traditional Russian wolf, bear and elk. Roe deer are found in mixed forests. On the plains adjacent to the mountain ranges, the hare and the fox feel at ease. We did not make a reservation: they live precisely on the flat terrain, and the forest for them is just a shelter. And, of course, the crowns of trees are well inhabited by many species of birds.
As for the climate of the Ural Mountains, the geographical position plays an important role in this regard. In the north, this mountain system goes beyond the Arctic Circle, but most of the mountains are located in the temperate climate zone. If you move from north to south along the perimeter of the mountain system, you can see how the temperature indicators gradually increase, which is especially noticeable in summer period. If in the north during the warm season the thermometer shows from +10 to +12 degrees, then in the south - from 20 to 22 degrees above zero. However, in winter, the temperature difference between north and south is not so sharp. The average monthly temperature in January in the north is 20 degrees with a minus sign, in the south 16-18 degrees below zero.
Air masses moving from the Atlantic Ocean also have a significant impact on the climate of the Urals. And although as atmospheric flows move from the west towards the Urals, the air becomes less humid, you cannot call it 100% dry either. As a result, more precipitation - 600-800 millimeters per year - falls on the western slope, while on the eastern slope this figure varies between 400-500 mm. But the eastern slopes of the Ural Mountains in winter fall under the power of a powerful Siberian anticyclone, while in the south, during the cold season, cloudy and cold weather sets in.
A tangible influence on local climate fluctuations is also exerted by such a factor as the topography of the mountain system. As you climb the mountain, you will feel that the weather is getting harsher. Different temperatures are felt even on different slopes, including those located in the neighborhood. Different areas of the Ural Mountains are also characterized by uneven amounts of precipitation.
Sights of the Ural Mountains
One of the most famous protected areas of the Ural Mountains is the Deer Streams park, located in the Sverdlovsk region. Curious tourists, especially interested in ancient history, make a "pilgrimage" to the Pisanitsa rock located here, on the surface of which drawings made by ancient artists are applied. Of considerable interest are the caves and the Big Failure. Deer Streams has a fairly developed tourist infrastructure: special trails are equipped in the park, there are viewing platforms, not to mention places for recreation. There are also rope crossings.
If you are familiar with the work of the writer Pavel Bazhov, his famous "Malachite Box", then you will certainly be interested in visiting the natural park "Bazhovskie Places". Opportunities for proper rest and relaxation are simply magnificent. You can make walks on foot, as well as cycling and horseback riding. Walking along specially designed and thought-out routes, you will take in picturesque landscapes, climb Mount Markov Stone and visit Lake Talkov Stone. Thrill-seekers usually flock here in the summer to raft down mountain rivers in canoes and kayaks. Travelers come here in winter, enjoying snowmobiling.
If you appreciate the natural beauty of semi-precious stones - it is natural, not subject to processing - be sure to visit the Rezhevskaya reserve, which combines deposits of not only precious, but also semi-precious and ornamental stones. Traveling to the mining sites on your own is prohibited - you must be accompanied by an employee of the reserve, but this in no way affects the impressions of what you see. The Rezh River flows through the territory of Rezhevsky, it was formed as a result of the confluence of the Big Sap and Ayati - rivers originating in the Ural Mountains. Shaitan-stone, popular among travelers, is located on the right bank of the Rezhi. The Urals consider this stone to be the focus of mystical natural forces that help in various life situations. You can believe it or not, but the flow of tourists who come to the stone with various requests to higher powers does not dry out.
Of course, the Urals attract like a magnet fans of extreme tourism who enjoy visiting its caves, of which there are a huge number. The most famous are Shulgan-Tash, or Kapova, and the Kungur Ice Cave. The length of the latter is almost 6 km, of which only one and a half kilometers are accessible to tourists. On the territory of the ice cave Kungura there are 50 grottoes, over 60 lakes and countless stalactites and stalagmites. The temperature in the cave is always sub-zero, so for visits here, dress as you would for a winter walk. The visual effect of the splendor of its interior decoration is enhanced by special lighting. But in the Kapova cave, researchers discovered rock paintings, whose age is estimated at 14 or more thousand years. Approximately 200 works of ancient masters of the brush have become the property of our time, although there must have been more of them. Travelers can also admire the underground lakes and visit the grottoes, galleries and numerous halls located on three levels.
If the caves of the Ural Mountains create a winter atmosphere at any time of the year, then some sights are best visited in winter. One of them is an ice fountain, which is located in national park"Zyuratkul" and arose thanks to the efforts of geologists who drilled a well in this place. Moreover, this is not just a fountain in the usual “urban” sense for us, but a fountain of groundwater. With the onset of winter, it freezes and turns into a voluminous icicle of a bizarre shape, which is also impressive with its 14-meter height.
Many Russians, in order to improve their health, go to foreign thermal springs, for example, to the Czech Karlovy Vary or the Gellert baths in Budapest. But why rush beyond the cordon if our native Ural is also rich in thermal springs? To go through full course healing procedures, it is enough to come to Tyumen. Hot springs here are rich in trace elements useful for human health, and the water temperature in them ranges from +36 to +45 degrees Celsius, depending on the season. We add that modern recreation centers are built on these sources. Mineral waters are also treated in the Ust-Kachka recreation complex, located not far from Perm and unique in the chemical composition of its waters. Summer recreation here can be combined with boating and catamarans.
Despite the fact that waterfalls are not so typical for the Ural Mountains, they are present here and attract the attention of tourists. Among them, one can single out the Plakun waterfall, located on the right bank of the Sylva River. He overthrows fresh water from a height exceeding 7 m. Its other name is Ilyinsky, it was given by local residents and visitors who consider this source to be holy. There is also a waterfall near Yekaterinburg, named for its roaring "temper" Grokhotun. Its peculiarity is that it is man-made. He throws his waters down from more than 5 meters high. When the summer heat sets in, visitors are happy to stand under its jets, cooling off and receiving hydromassage, and completely free of charge.
Video: South Ural
Major cities of the Urals
Millionth Yekaterinburg, the administrative center of the Sverdlovsk region, is called the capital of the Urals. It is also, unofficially, the third capital of Russia after Moscow and St. Petersburg and the third capital of Russian rock. This is a large industrial metropolis, especially charming in winter. He is generously covered with snow, under the cover of which he resembles a giant who has fallen asleep in a deep sleep, and you never know exactly when he will wake up. But when you get enough sleep, then, do not hesitate, it will definitely unfold to its full potential.
Yekaterinburg usually makes a strong impression on its guests - first of all, with many architectural sights. Among them, one can single out the famous Temple-on-the-Blood, erected on the site of the execution of the last Russian emperor and his family, the Sverdlovsk rock club, the building of the former District Court, museums of various subjects and even an unusual monument to ... an ordinary computer keyboard. The capital of the Urals is also famous for its shortest subway in the world, listed in the Guinness Book of Records: 7 stations account for only 9 km.
Chelyabinsk and Nizhny Tagil also gained wide popularity in Russia, and primarily thanks to the popular comedy show Our Russia. The characters of the program, beloved by the audience, are, of course, fictitious, but tourists are still interested in where to find Ivan Dulin, the world's first gay miller, and Vovan and Gena, Russian tourists who are unlucky and drink-loving, constantly getting into frankly tragicomic situations. One of the visiting cards of Chelyabinsk are two monuments: Love, executed in the form of an iron tree, and Lefty with a savvy flea. Impressive in the city is the panorama of local factories located above the Miass River. But in the Nizhny Tagil Museum fine arts you can see a painting by Raphael - the only one in our country that can be found outside the Hermitage.
Another city in the Urals that has become famous thanks to television is Perm. It is here that the “real boys” live, who became the heroes of the series of the same name. Perm claims to be the next cultural capital of Russia, and this idea is actively lobbied by designer Artemy Lebedev, who works on the appearance of the city, and gallery owner Marat Gelman, who specializes in contemporary art.
The real historical treasure of the Urals and all of Russia is also Orenburg, which is called the land of endless steppes. At one time, he survived the siege of the troops of Emelyan Pugachev, its streets and walls remember the visits of Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin, Taras Grigorievich Shevchenko and the wedding of the first cosmonaut of the Earth Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin.
In Ufa, another city in the Urals, there is a symbolic sign "Kilometer Zero". The local post office is the very point from which the distance to other points of our planet is measured. Another well-known attraction of the capital of Bashkortostan is the Ufa bronze sign, which is a disk with a diameter of one and a half meters and weighing a whole ton. And in this city - at least, so the locals assure - there is the highest equestrian statue on the European continent. This is a monument to Salavat Yulaev, who is also called the Bashkir Bronze Horseman. The horse, on which this associate of Emelyan Pugacheva sits, towers over the Belaya River.
Ski resorts in the Urals
The most important ski resorts of the Urals are concentrated in three regions of our country: Sverdlovsk and Chelyabinsk regions, as well as in Bashkortostan. Zavyalikha, Bannoe and Abzakovo are the most famous of them. The first one is located near the city of Trekhgorny, the last two are located near Magnitogorsk. According to the results of the competition, which is held within the framework of the International Congress of the Ski Industry, Abzakovo was recognized as the best ski resort in the Russian Federation in the 2005-2006 season.
A whole scattering of ski resorts is also concentrated in the regions of the Middle and Southern Urals. Thrill-seekers and just curious tourists who want to try their hand at such an “adrenaline” sport as skiing come here almost all year round. Travelers here are waiting for good tracks for skiing, as well as for sledding and snowboarding.
In addition to skiing, descents along mountain rivers are very popular among travelers. Fans of such alloys, which also increase the level of adrenaline, go for thrills to Miass, Magnitogorsk, Asha or Kropchaevo. True, it will not be possible to quickly reach your destination, as you will have to travel by train or by car.
The holiday season in the Urals lasts on average from October-November to April. During this period, snowmobiling and quad biking are another popular pastime. In Zavyalikha, which has become one of the most popular tourist destinations, they even installed a special trampoline. On it, experienced athletes work out complex elements and tricks.
How to get there
Getting to all the major Ural cities will not be difficult, so the region of this majestic mountain system is one of the most convenient for domestic tourists. The flight from Moscow will take only three hours, and if you prefer to travel by train, the journey by rail will take a little over a day.
The main Ural city, as we have already said, is Yekaterinburg, located in the Middle Urals. Due to the fact that the Ural Mountains themselves are low, it was possible to lay several transport routes leading to Siberia from Central Russia. In particular, you can travel through the territory of this region along the famous railway artery - the Trans-Siberian Railway.
A. Stone; B. Earth belt;
V. Riphean; G. Ice.
A. Narodnaya; B. Pay-Er;
V. Yamantau; G. Magnetic.
A. 5000km; B. more than 2000 km;
W. 500km; G. more than 5000 km.
A. on the western slopes; B. on the eastern slopes;
5.Ural is located between:
A. Oil and natural gas; B. metal ores;
A. Kochkanarskoye; B. Berezovskoe;
A. Mica; B. Asbest;
B. Marble; G. Graphite.
A. Polar Urals; B. Middle Urals;
V. Southern Urals;
A. Ufa; B. Chusovaya;
V. Tobol; G. Kama.
A. Chipmunk and brown bear; B. Squirrel and lynx;
B. Arctic fox and snowy owl; G. saiga and viper.
A. Northern Urals; B. Polar Urals;
V. Southern Urals;
A. Belaya; B. Shchuchya;
V. Pechora; G. Chusovaya.
A.D.I. Mendeleev; B.A.P. Karpinsky;
V.V.N. Tatishchev;
A. Snezhnik; B. Kurum;
V. Gorst.
A. in the 14th century; B. in the 16th century;
V. in the 15th century.
A. 60 0 east; B. 60 0 w.d.;
B. 50 0 east; G.65 0 E
A. Belaya; B. Kama;
V. Pechora; G.Ural.
A. Ufa; B. Kama;
V. Sylva; G. Vishera.
Test in grade 8 on the topic "Ural"
1. What was the name of the Ural Mountains among ancient authors?
A. Stone; B. Earth belt;
V. Riphean; G. Ice.
2. What is the highest peak of the Urals:
A. Narodnaya; B. Pay-Er;
V. Yamantau; G. Magnetic.
3. The length of the Urals from north to south:
A. 5000km; B. more than 2000 km;
W. 500km; G. more than 5000 km.
4.More precipitation falls:
A. on the western slopes; B. on the eastern slopes;
5.Ural is located between:
A. Russian Plain and North Caucasus; B. Russian Plain and West Siberian Plain;
V. Russian Plain and Central Siberian Plateau;
6. Most of the deposits are located on the eastern slope:
A. Oil and natural gas; B. metal ores;
B. table and potassium salts;
7. The oldest gold mining site in the Urals:
A. Kochkanarskoye; B. Berezovskoe;
8. What mineral is called "mountain flax"?
A. Mica; B. Asbest;
B. Marble; G. Graphite.
9. The slopes are covered with dark coniferous spruce-fir forests:
A. Polar Urals; B. Middle Urals;
V. Southern Urals;
A. Ufa; B. Chusovaya;
V. Tobol; G. Kama.
11. What are the largest cities in the Urals in terms of population:
A. Orenburg, Zlatoust, Magnitogorsk; B. Chelyabinsk, Yekaterinburg, Ufa;
V. Nizhny Tagil, Pervouralsk, Troitsk, Berezniki, Kungur.
12. In the polar part of the Urals live:
A. Chipmunk and brown bear; B. Squirrel and lynx;
B. Arctic fox and snowy owl; G. saiga and viper.
13. Phenomenal natural formations - obelisks and pillars are found on the territory:
A. Northern Urals; B. Polar Urals;
V. Southern Urals;
14. The left tributary of the Kama River is:
A. Belaya; B. Shchuchya;
V. Pechora; G. Chusovaya.
15. The name "Ural" first appears in the works of a Russian scientist:
A.D.I. Mendeleev; B.A.P. Karpinsky;
V.V.N. Tatishchev;
16. What is the name of a stony placer and a heap of stones on the slopes and flat tops of mountains:
A. Snezhnik; B. Kurum;
V. Gorst.
17. When were the first saltworks established in the village of Sol-Kamskoye by the Kalinnikov merchants?
A. in the 14th century; B. in the 16th century;
V. in the 15th century.
18. Along which meridian do the Ural mountains stretch?
A. 60 0 east; B. 60 0 w.d.;
B. 50 0 east; G.65 0 E
19. Name the river in which the wounded V.I. drowned. Chapaev:
A. Belaya; B. Kama;
V. Pechora; G.Ural.
20. On the right bank of which river is the famous Kungur ice cave located?
A. Ufa; B. Kama;
V. Sylva; G. Vishera.
Answers: 1.A 2.A 3.B 4.5.A 6.B 7.B 8.B 9.B 10.G 11.B12.B 13.A 14.A,G 15.B 16.B 17.V 18.A 19.D 20.V
Test in grade 8 on the topic "Ural"
1. What was the name of the Ural Mountains among ancient authors?
A. Stone; B. Earth belt;
V. Riphean; G. Ice.
2. What is the highest peak of the Urals:
A. Narodnaya; B. Pay-Er;
V. Yamantau; G. Magnetic.
3. The length of the Urals from north to south:
A. 5000km; B. more than 2000 km;
W. 500km; G. more than 5000 km.
4.More precipitation falls:
A. on the western slopes; B. on the eastern slopes;
5.Ural is located between:
A. Russian Plain and North Caucasus; B. Russian Plain and West Siberian Plain;
V. Russian Plain and Central Siberian Plateau;
6. Most of the deposits are located on the eastern slope:
A. Oil and natural gas; B. metal ores;
B. table and potassium salts;
7. The oldest gold mining site in the Urals:
A. Kochkanarskoye; B. Berezovskoe;
8. What mineral is called "mountain flax"?
A. Mica; B. Asbest;
B. Marble; G. Graphite.
9. The slopes are covered with dark coniferous spruce-fir forests:
A. Polar Urals; B. Middle Urals;
V. Southern Urals;
A. Ufa; B. Chusovaya;
V. Tobol; G. Kama.
11. What are the largest cities in the Urals in terms of population:
A. Orenburg, Zlatoust, Magnitogorsk; B. Chelyabinsk, Yekaterinburg, Ufa;
V. Nizhny Tagil, Pervouralsk, Troitsk, Berezniki, Kungur.
12. In the polar part of the Urals live:
A. Chipmunk and brown bear; B. Squirrel and lynx;
B. Arctic fox and snowy owl; G. saiga and viper.
13. Phenomenal natural formations - obelisks and pillars are found on the territory:
A. Northern Urals; B. Polar Urals;
V. Southern Urals;
14. The left tributary of the Kama River is:
A. Belaya; B. Shchuchya;
V. Pechora; G. Chusovaya.
15. The name "Ural" first appears in the works of a Russian scientist:
A.D.I. Mendeleev; B.A.P. Karpinsky;
V.V.N. Tatishchev;
16. What is the name of a stony placer and a heap of stones on the slopes and flat tops of mountains:
A. Snezhnik; B. Kurum;
V. Gorst.
17. When were the first saltworks established in the village of Sol-Kamskoye by the Kalinnikov merchants?
A. in the 14th century; B. in the 16th century;
V. in the 15th century.
18. Along which meridian do the Ural mountains stretch?
A. 60 0 east; B. 60 0 w.d.;
B. 50 0 east; G.65 0 E
19. Name the river in which the wounded V.I. drowned. Chapaev:
A. Belaya; B. Kama;
V. Pechora; G.Ural.
20. On the right bank of which river is the famous Kungur ice cave located?
A. Ufa; B. Kama;
V. Sylva; G. Vishera.
Answers: 1.A 2.A 3.B 4.5.A 6.B 7.B 8.B 9.B 10.G 11.B12.B 13.A 14.A,G 15.B 16.B 17.V 18.A 19.D 20.V
Test in grade 8 on the topic "Ural"
1. What was the name of the Ural Mountains among ancient authors?
A. Stone; B. Earth belt;
V. Riphean; G. Ice.
2. What is the highest peak of the Urals:
A. Narodnaya; B. Pay-Er;
V. Yamantau; G. Magnetic.
3. The length of the Urals from north to south:
A. 5000km; B. more than 2000 km;
W. 500km; G. more than 5000 km.
4.More precipitation falls:
A. on the western slopes; B. on the eastern slopes;
5.Ural is located between:
A. Russian Plain and North Caucasus; B. Russian Plain and West Siberian Plain;
V. Russian Plain and Central Siberian Plateau;
6. Most of the deposits are located on the eastern slope:
A. Oil and natural gas; B. metal ores;
B. table and potassium salts;
7. The oldest gold mining site in the Urals:
A. Kochkanarskoye; B. Berezovskoe;
8. What mineral is called "mountain flax"?
A. Mica; B. Asbest;
B. Marble; G. Graphite.
9. The slopes are covered with dark coniferous spruce-fir forests:
A. Polar Urals; B. Middle Urals;
V. Southern Urals;
A. Ufa; B. Chusovaya;
V. Tobol; G. Kama.
11. What are the largest cities in the Urals in terms of population:
A. Orenburg, Zlatoust, Magnitogorsk; B. Chelyabinsk, Yekaterinburg, Ufa;
V. Nizhny Tagil, Pervouralsk, Troitsk, Berezniki, Kungur.
12. In the polar part of the Urals live:
A. Chipmunk and brown bear; B. Squirrel and lynx;
B. Arctic fox and snowy owl; G. saiga and viper.
13. Phenomenal natural formations - obelisks and pillars are found on the territory:
A. Northern Urals; B. Polar Urals;
V. Southern Urals;
14. The left tributary of the Kama River is:
A. Belaya; B. Shchuchya;
V. Pechora; G. Chusovaya.
15. The name "Ural" first appears in the works of a Russian scientist:
A.D.I. Mendeleev; B.A.P. Karpinsky;
V.V.N. Tatishchev;
16. What is the name of a stony placer and a heap of stones on the slopes and flat tops of mountains:
A. Snezhnik; B. Kurum;
V. Gorst.
17. When were the first saltworks established in the village of Sol-Kamskoye by the Kalinnikov merchants?
A. in the 14th century; B. in the 16th century;
V. in the 15th century.
18. Along which meridian do the Ural mountains stretch?
A. 60 0 east; B. 60 0 w.d.;
B. 50 0 east; G.65 0 E
19. Name the river in which the wounded V.I. drowned. Chapaev:
A. Belaya; B. Kama;
V. Pechora; G.Ural.
20. On the right bank of which river is the famous Kungur ice cave located?
A. Ufa; B. Kama;
V. Sylva; G. Vishera.
Answers: 1.A 2.A 3.B 4.5.A 6.B 7.B 8.B 9.B 10.G 11.B12.B 13.A 14.A,G 15.B 16.B 17.V 18.A 19.D 20.V
Test in grade 8 on the topic "Ural"
1. What was the name of the Ural Mountains among ancient authors?
A. Stone; B. Earth belt;
V. Riphean; G. Ice.
2. What is the highest peak of the Urals:
A. Narodnaya; B. Pay-Er;
V. Yamantau; G. Magnetic.
3. The length of the Urals from north to south:
A. 5000km; B. more than 2000 km;
W. 500km; G. more than 5000 km.
4.More precipitation falls:
A. on the western slopes; B. on the eastern slopes;
5.Ural is located between:
A. Russian Plain and North Caucasus; B. Russian Plain and West Siberian Plain;
V. Russian Plain and Central Siberian Plateau;
6. Most of the deposits are located on the eastern slope:
A. Oil and natural gas; B. metal ores;
B. table and potassium salts;
7. The oldest gold mining site in the Urals:
A. Kochkanarskoye; B. Berezovskoe;
8. What mineral is called "mountain flax"?
A. Mica; B. Asbest;
B. Marble; G. Graphite.
9. The slopes are covered with dark coniferous spruce-fir forests:
A. Polar Urals; B. Middle Urals;
V. Southern Urals;
A. Ufa; B. Chusovaya;
V. Tobol; G. Kama.
11. What are the largest cities in the Urals in terms of population:
A. Orenburg, Zlatoust, Magnitogorsk; B. Chelyabinsk, Yekaterinburg, Ufa;
V. Nizhny Tagil, Pervouralsk, Troitsk, Berezniki, Kungur.
12. In the polar part of the Urals live:
A. Chipmunk and brown bear; B. Squirrel and lynx;
B. Arctic fox and snowy owl; G. saiga and viper.
13. Phenomenal natural formations - obelisks and pillars are found on the territory:
A. Northern Urals; B. Polar Urals;
V. Southern Urals;
14. The left tributary of the Kama River is:
A. Belaya; B. Shchuchya;
V. Pechora; G. Chusovaya.
15. The name "Ural" first appears in the works of a Russian scientist:
A.D.I. Mendeleev; B.A.P. Karpinsky;
V.V.N. Tatishchev;
16. What is the name of a stony placer and a heap of stones on the slopes and flat tops of mountains:
A. Snezhnik; B. Kurum;
V. Gorst.
17. When were the first saltworks established in the village of Sol-Kamskoye by the Kalinnikov merchants?
A. in the 14th century; B. in the 16th century;
V. in the 15th century.
18. Along which meridian do the Ural mountains stretch?
A. 60 0 east; B. 60 0 w.d.;
B. 50 0 east; G.65 0 E
19. Name the river in which the wounded V.I. drowned. Chapaev:
A. Belaya; B. Kama;
V. Pechora; G.Ural.
20. On the right bank of which river is the famous Kungur ice cave located?
A. Ufa; B. Kama;
V. Sylva; G. Vishera.
Answers: 1.A 2.A 3.B 4.5.A 6.B 7.B 8.B 9.B 10.G 11.B12.B 13.A 14.A,G 15.B 16.B 17.V 18.A 19.D 20.V
Test in grade 8 on the topic "Ural"
1. What was the name of the Ural Mountains among ancient authors?
A. Stone; B. Earth belt;
V. Riphean; G. Ice.
2. What is the highest peak of the Urals:
A. Narodnaya; B. Pay-Er;
V. Yamantau; G. Magnetic.
3. The length of the Urals from north to south:
A. 5000km; B. more than 2000 km;
W. 500km; G. more than 5000 km.
4.More precipitation falls:
A. on the western slopes; B. on the eastern slopes;
5.Ural is located between:
A. Russian Plain and North Caucasus; B. Russian Plain and West Siberian Plain;
V. Russian Plain and Central Siberian Plateau;
6. Most of the deposits are located on the eastern slope:
A. Oil and natural gas; B. metal ores;
B. table and potassium salts;
7. The oldest gold mining site in the Urals:
A. Kochkanarskoye; B. Berezovskoe;
8. What mineral is called "mountain flax"?
A. Mica; B. Asbest;
B. Marble; G. Graphite.
9. The slopes are covered with dark coniferous spruce-fir forests:
A. Polar Urals; B. Middle Urals;
V. Southern Urals;
A. Ufa; B. Chusovaya;
V. Tobol; G. Kama.
11. What are the largest cities in the Urals in terms of population:
A. Orenburg, Zlatoust, Magnitogorsk; B. Chelyabinsk, Yekaterinburg, Ufa;
V. Nizhny Tagil, Pervouralsk, Troitsk, Berezniki, Kungur.
12. In the polar part of the Urals live:
A. Chipmunk and brown bear; B. Squirrel and lynx;
B. Arctic fox and snowy owl; G. saiga and viper.
13. Phenomenal natural formations - obelisks and pillars are found on the territory:
A. Northern Urals; B. Polar Urals;
V. Southern Urals;
14. The left tributary of the Kama River is:
A. Belaya; B. Shchuchya;
V. Pechora; G. Chusovaya.
15. The name "Ural" first appears in the works of a Russian scientist:
A.D.I. Mendeleev; B.A.P. Karpinsky;
V.V.N. Tatishchev;
16. What is the name of a stony placer and a heap of stones on the slopes and flat tops of mountains:
A. Snezhnik; B. Kurum;
V. Gorst.
17. When were the first saltworks established in the village of Sol-Kamskoye by the Kalinnikov merchants?
A. in the 14th century; B. in the 16th century;
V. in the 15th century.
18. Along which meridian do the Ural mountains stretch?
A. 60 0 east; B. 60 0 w.d.;
B. 50 0 east; G.65 0 E
19. Name the river in which the wounded V.I. drowned. Chapaev:
A. Belaya; B. Kama;
V. Pechora; G.Ural.
20. On the right bank of which river is the famous Kungur ice cave located?
A. Ufa; B. Kama;
V. Sylva; G. Vishera.
Answers: 1.A 2.A 3.B 4.5.A 6.B 7.B 8.B 9.B 10.G 11.B12.B 13.A 14.A,G 15.B 16.B 17.V 18.A 19.D 20.V
Test in grade 8 on the topic "Ural"
1. What was the name of the Ural Mountains among ancient authors?
A. Stone; B. Earth belt;
V. Riphean; G. Ice.
2. What is the highest peak of the Urals:
A. Narodnaya; B. Pay-Er;
V. Yamantau; G. Magnetic.
3. The length of the Urals from north to south:
A. 5000km; B. more than 2000 km;
W. 500km; G. more than 5000 km.
4.More precipitation falls:
A. on the western slopes; B. on the eastern slopes;
5.Ural is located between:
A. Russian Plain and North Caucasus; B. Russian Plain and West Siberian Plain;
V. Russian Plain and Central Siberian Plateau;
6. Most of the deposits are located on the eastern slope:
A. Oil and natural gas; B. metal ores;
B. table and potassium salts;
7. The oldest gold mining site in the Urals:
A. Kochkanarskoye; B. Berezovskoe;
8. What mineral is called "mountain flax"?
A. Mica; B. Asbest;
B. Marble; G. Graphite.
9. The slopes are covered with dark coniferous spruce-fir forests:
A. Polar Urals; B. Middle Urals;
V. Southern Urals;
A. Ufa; B. Chusovaya;
V. Tobol; G. Kama.
11. What are the largest cities in the Urals in terms of population:
A. Orenburg, Zlatoust, Magnitogorsk; B. Chelyabinsk, Yekaterinburg, Ufa;
V. Nizhny Tagil, Pervouralsk, Troitsk, Berezniki, Kungur.
12. In the polar part of the Urals live:
A. Chipmunk and brown bear; B. Squirrel and lynx;
B. Arctic fox and snowy owl; G. saiga and viper.
13. Phenomenal natural formations - obelisks and pillars are found on the territory:
A. Northern Urals; B. Polar Urals;
V. Southern Urals;
14. The left tributary of the Kama River is:
A. Belaya; B. Shchuchya;
V. Pechora; G. Chusovaya.
15. The name "Ural" first appears in the works of a Russian scientist:
A.D.I. Mendeleev; B.A.P. Karpinsky;
V.V.N. Tatishchev;
16. What is the name of a stony placer and a heap of stones on the slopes and flat tops of mountains:
A. Snezhnik; B. Kurum;
V. Gorst.
17. When were the first saltworks established in the village of Sol-Kamskoye by the Kalinnikov merchants?
A. in the 14th century; B. in the 16th century;
V. in the 15th century.
18. Along which meridian do the Ural mountains stretch?
A. 60 0 east; B. 60 0 w.d.;
B. 50 0 east; G.65 0 E
19. Name the river in which the wounded V.I. drowned. Chapaev:
A. Belaya; B. Kama;
V. Pechora; G.Ural.
20. On the right bank of which river is the famous Kungur ice cave located?
A. Ufa; B. Kama;
V. Sylva; G. Vishera.
Answers: 1.A 2.A 3.B 4.5.A 6.B 7.B 8.B 9.B 10.G 11.B12.B 13.A 14.A,G 15.B 16.B 17.V 18.A 19.D 20.V
Test in grade 8 on the topic "Ural"
1. What was the name of the Ural Mountains among ancient authors?
A. Stone; B. Earth belt;
V. Riphean; G. Ice.
2. What is the highest peak of the Urals:
A. Narodnaya; B. Pay-Er;
V. Yamantau; G. Magnetic.
3. The length of the Urals from north to south:
A. 5000km; B. more than 2000 km;
W. 500km; G. more than 5000 km.
4.More precipitation falls:
A. on the western slopes; B. on the eastern slopes;
5.Ural is located between:
A. Russian Plain and North Caucasus; B. Russian Plain and West Siberian Plain;
V. Russian Plain and Central Siberian Plateau;
6. Most of the deposits are located on the eastern slope:
A. Oil and natural gas; B. metal ores;
B. table and potassium salts;
7. The oldest gold mining site in the Urals:
A. Kochkanarskoye; B. Berezovskoe;
8. What mineral is called "mountain flax"?
A. Mica; B. Asbest;
B. Marble; G. Graphite.
9. The slopes are covered with dark coniferous spruce-fir forests:
A. Polar Urals; B. Middle Urals;
V. Southern Urals;
A. Ufa; B. Chusovaya;
V. Tobol; G. Kama.
11. What are the largest cities in the Urals in terms of population:
A. Orenburg, Zlatoust, Magnitogorsk; B. Chelyabinsk, Yekaterinburg, Ufa;
V. Nizhny Tagil, Pervouralsk, Troitsk, Berezniki, Kungur.
12. In the polar part of the Urals live:
A. Chipmunk and brown bear; B. Squirrel and lynx;
B. Arctic fox and snowy owl; G. saiga and viper.
13. Phenomenal natural formations - obelisks and pillars are found on the territory:
A. Northern Urals; B. Polar Urals;
V. Southern Urals;
14. The left tributary of the Kama River is:
A. Belaya; B. Shchuchya;
V. Pechora; G. Chusovaya.
15. The name "Ural" first appears in the works of a Russian scientist:
A.D.I. Mendeleev; B.A.P. Karpinsky;
V.V.N. Tatishchev;
16. What is the name of a stony placer and a heap of stones on the slopes and flat tops of mountains:
A. Snezhnik; B. Kurum;
V. Gorst.
17. When were the first saltworks established in the village of Sol-Kamskoye by the Kalinnikov merchants?
A. in the 14th century; B. in the 16th century;
V. in the 15th century.
18. Along which meridian do the Ural mountains stretch?
A. 60 0 east; B. 60 0 w.d.;
B. 50 0 east; G.65 0 E
19. Name the river in which the wounded V.I. drowned. Chapaev:
A. Belaya; B. Kama;
V. Pechora; G.Ural.
20. On the right bank of which river is the famous Kungur ice cave located?
A. Ufa; B. Kama;
V. Sylva; G. Vishera.
Answers: 1.A 2.A 3.B 4.5.A 6.B 7.B 8.B 9.B 10.G 11.B12.B 13.A 14.A,G 15.B 16.B 17.V 18.A 19.D 20.V
Test in grade 8 on the topic "Ural"
1. What was the name of the Ural Mountains among ancient authors?
A. Stone; B. Earth belt;
V. Riphean; G. Ice.
2. What is the highest peak of the Urals:
A. Narodnaya; B. Pay-Er;
V. Yamantau; G. Magnetic.
3. The length of the Urals from north to south:
A. 5000km; B. more than 2000 km;
W. 500km; G. more than 5000 km.
4.More precipitation falls:
A. on the western slopes; B. on the eastern slopes;
5.Ural is located between:
A. Russian Plain and North Caucasus; B. Russian Plain and West Siberian Plain;
V. Russian Plain and Central Siberian Plateau;
6. Most of the deposits are located on the eastern slope:
A. Oil and natural gas; B. metal ores;
B. table and potassium salts;
7. The oldest gold mining site in the Urals:
A. Kochkanarskoye; B. Berezovskoe;
8. What mineral is called "mountain flax"?
A. Mica; B. Asbest;
B. Marble; G. Graphite.
9. The slopes are covered with dark coniferous spruce-fir forests:
A. Polar Urals; B. Middle Urals;
V. Southern Urals;
A. Ufa; B. Chusovaya;
V. Tobol; G. Kama.
11. What are the largest cities in the Urals in terms of population:
A. Orenburg, Zlatoust, Magnitogorsk; B. Chelyabinsk, Yekaterinburg, Ufa;
V. Nizhny Tagil, Pervouralsk, Troitsk, Berezniki, Kungur.
12. In the polar part of the Urals live:
A. Chipmunk and brown bear; B. Squirrel and lynx;
B. Arctic fox and snowy owl; G. saiga and viper.
13. Phenomenal natural formations - obelisks and pillars are found on the territory:
A. Northern Urals; B. Polar Urals;
V. Southern Urals;
14. The left tributary of the Kama River is:
A. Belaya; B. Shchuchya;
V. Pechora; G. Chusovaya.
15. The name "Ural" first appears in the works of a Russian scientist:
A.D.I. Mendeleev; B.A.P. Karpinsky;
V.V.N. Tatishchev;
16. What is the name of a stony placer and a heap of stones on the slopes and flat tops of mountains:
A. Snezhnik; B. Kurum;
V. Gorst.
17. When were the first saltworks established in the village of Sol-Kamskoye by the Kalinnikov merchants?
A. in the 14th century; B. in the 16th century;
V. in the 15th century.
18. Along which meridian do the Ural mountains stretch?
A. 60 0 east; B. 60 0 w.d.;
B. 50 0 east; G.65 0 E
19. Name the river in which the wounded V.I. drowned. Chapaev:
A. Belaya; B. Kama;
V. Pechora; G.Ural.
20. On the right bank of which river is the famous Kungur ice cave located?
A. Ufa; B. Kama;
V. Sylva; G. Vishera.
Answers: 1.A 2.A 3.B 4.5.A 6.B 7.B 8.B 9.B 10.G 11.B12.B 13.A 14.A,G 15.B 16.B 17.V 18.A 19.D 20.V
Test in grade 8 on the topic "Ural"
1. What was the name of the Ural Mountains among ancient authors?
A. Stone; B. Earth belt;
V. Riphean; G. Ice.
2. What is the highest peak of the Urals:
A. Narodnaya; B. Pay-Er;
V. Yamantau; G. Magnetic.
3. The length of the Urals from north to south:
A. 5000km; B. more than 2000 km;
W. 500km; G. more than 5000 km.
4.More precipitation falls:
A. on the western slopes; B. on the eastern slopes;
5.Ural is located between:
A. Russian Plain and North Caucasus; B. Russian Plain and West Siberian Plain;
V. Russian Plain and Central Siberian Plateau;
6. Most of the deposits are located on the eastern slope:
A. Oil and natural gas; B. metal ores;
B. table and potassium salts;
7. The oldest gold mining site in the Urals:
A. Kochkanarskoye; B. Berezovskoe;
8. What mineral is called "mountain flax"?
A. Mica; B. Asbest;
B. Marble; G. Graphite.
9. The slopes are covered with dark coniferous spruce-fir forests:
A. Polar Urals; B. Middle Urals;
V. Southern Urals;
A. Ufa; B. Chusovaya;
V. Tobol; G. Kama.
11. What are the largest cities in the Urals in terms of population:
A. Orenburg, Zlatoust, Magnitogorsk; B. Chelyabinsk, Yekaterinburg, Ufa;
V. Nizhny Tagil, Pervouralsk, Troitsk, Berezniki, Kungur.
12. In the polar part of the Urals live:
A. Chipmunk and brown bear; B. Squirrel and lynx;
B. Arctic fox and snowy owl; G. saiga and viper.
13. Phenomenal natural formations - obelisks and pillars are found on the territory:
A. Northern Urals; B. Polar Urals;
V. Southern Urals;
14. The left tributary of the Kama River is:
A. Belaya; B. Shchuchya;
V. Pechora; G. Chusovaya.
15. The name "Ural" first appears in the works of a Russian scientist:
A.D.I. Mendeleev; B.A.P. Karpinsky;
V.V.N. Tatishchev;
16. What is the name of a stony placer and a heap of stones on the slopes and flat tops of mountains:
A. Snezhnik; B. Kurum;
V. Gorst.
17. When were the first saltworks established in the village of Sol-Kamskoye by the Kalinnikov merchants?
A. in the 14th century; B. in the 16th century;
V. in the 15th century.
18. Along which meridian do the Ural mountains stretch?
A. 60 0 east; B. 60 0 w.d.;
B. 50 0 east; G.65 0 E
19. Name the river in which the wounded V.I. drowned. Chapaev:
A. Belaya; B. Kama;
V. Pechora; G.Ural.
20. On the right bank of which river is the famous Kungur ice cave located?
A. Ufa; B. Kama;
V. Sylva; G. Vishera.
Answers: 1.A 2.A 3.B 4.5.A 6.B 7.B 8.B 9.B 10.G 11.B12.B 13.A 14.A,G 15.B 16.B 17.V 18.A 19.D 20.V
Test in grade 8 on the topic "Ural"
1. What was the name of the Ural Mountains among ancient authors?
A. Stone; B. Earth belt;
V. Riphean; G. Ice.
2. What is the highest peak of the Urals:
A. Narodnaya; B. Pay-Er;
V. Yamantau; G. Magnetic.
3. The length of the Urals from north to south:
A. 5000km; B. more than 2000 km;
W. 500km; G. more than 5000 km.
4.More precipitation falls:
A. on the western slopes; B. on the eastern slopes;
5.Ural is located between:
A. Russian Plain and North Caucasus; B. Russian Plain and West Siberian Plain;
V. Russian Plain and Central Siberian Plateau;
6. Most of the deposits are located on the eastern slope:
A. Oil and natural gas; B. metal ores;
B. table and potassium salts;
7. The oldest gold mining site in the Urals:
A. Kochkanarskoye; B. Berezovskoe;
8. What mineral is called "mountain flax"?
A. Mica; B. Asbest;
B. Marble; G. Graphite.
9. The slopes are covered with dark coniferous spruce-fir forests:
A. Polar Urals; B. Middle Urals;
V. Southern Urals;
A. Ufa; B. Chusovaya;
V. Tobol; G. Kama.
11. What are the largest cities in the Urals in terms of population:
A. Orenburg, Zlatoust, Magnitogorsk; B. Chelyabinsk, Yekaterinburg, Ufa;
V. Nizhny Tagil, Pervouralsk, Troitsk, Berezniki, Kungur.
12. In the polar part of the Urals live:
A. Chipmunk and brown bear; B. Squirrel and lynx;
B. Arctic fox and snowy owl; G. saiga and viper.
13. Phenomenal natural formations - obelisks and pillars are found on the territory:
A. Northern Urals; B. Polar Urals;
V. Southern Urals;
14. The left tributary of the Kama River is:
A. Belaya; B. Shchuchya;
V. Pechora; G. Chusovaya.
15. The name "Ural" first appears in the works of a Russian scientist:
A.D.I. Mendeleev; B.A.P. Karpinsky;
V.V.N. Tatishchev;
16. What is the name of a stony placer and a heap of stones on the slopes and flat tops of mountains:
A. Snezhnik; B. Kurum;
V. Gorst.
17. When were the first saltworks established in the village of Sol-Kamskoye by the Kalinnikov merchants?
A. in the 14th century; B. in the 16th century;
V. in the 15th century.
18. Along which meridian do the Ural mountains stretch?
A. 60 0 east; B. 60 0 w.d.;
B. 50 0 east; G.65 0 E
19. Name the river in which the wounded V.I. drowned. Chapaev:
A. Belaya; B. Kama;
V. Pechora; G.Ural.
20. On the right bank of which river is the famous Kungur ice cave located?
A. Ufa; B. Kama;
V. Sylva; G. Vishera.
Answers: 1.A 2.A 3.B 4.5.A 6.B 7.B 8.B 9.B 10.G 11.B12.B 13.A 14.A,G 15.B 16.B 17.V 18.A 19.D 20.V
Test in grade 8 on the topic "Ural"
1. What was the name of the Ural Mountains among ancient authors?
A. Stone; B. Earth belt;
V. Riphean; G. Ice.
2. What is the highest peak of the Urals:
A. Narodnaya; B. Pay-Er;
V. Yamantau; G. Magnetic.
3. The length of the Urals from north to south:
A. 5000km; B. more than 2000 km;
W. 500km; G. more than 5000 km.
4.More precipitation falls:
A. on the western slopes; B. on the eastern slopes;
5.Ural is located between:
A. Russian Plain and North Caucasus; B. Russian Plain and West Siberian Plain;
V. Russian Plain and Central Siberian Plateau;
6. Most of the deposits are located on the eastern slope:
A. Oil and natural gas; B. metal ores;
B. table and potassium salts;
7. The oldest gold mining site in the Urals:
A. Kochkanarskoye; B. Berezovskoe;
8. What mineral is called "mountain flax"?
A. Mica; B. Asbest;
B. Marble; G. Graphite.
9. The slopes are covered with dark coniferous spruce-fir forests:
A. Polar Urals; B. Middle Urals;
V. Southern Urals;
A. Ufa; B. Chusovaya;
V. Tobol; G. Kama.
11. What are the largest cities in the Urals in terms of population:
A. Orenburg, Zlatoust, Magnitogorsk; B. Chelyabinsk, Yekaterinburg, Ufa;
V. Nizhny Tagil, Pervouralsk, Troitsk, Berezniki, Kungur.
12. In the polar part of the Urals live:
A. Chipmunk and brown bear; B. Squirrel and lynx;
B. Arctic fox and snowy owl; G. saiga and viper.
13. Phenomenal natural formations - obelisks and pillars are found on the territory:
A. Northern Urals; B. Polar Urals;
V. Southern Urals;
14. The left tributary of the Kama River is:
A. Belaya; B. Shchuchya;
V. Pechora; G. Chusovaya.
15. The name "Ural" first appears in the works of a Russian scientist:
A.D.I. Mendeleev; B.A.P. Karpinsky;
V.V.N. Tatishchev;
16. What is the name of a stony placer and a heap of stones on the slopes and flat tops of mountains:
A. Snezhnik; B. Kurum;
V. Gorst.
17. When were the first saltworks established in the village of Sol-Kamskoye by the Kalinnikov merchants?
A. in the 14th century; B. in the 16th century;
V. in the 15th century.
18. Along which meridian do the Ural mountains stretch?
A. 60 0 east; B. 60 0 w.d.;
B. 50 0 east; G.65 0 E
19. Name the river in which the wounded V.I. drowned. Chapaev:
A. Belaya; B. Kama;
V. Pechora; G.Ural.
20. On the right bank of which river is the famous Kungur ice cave located?
A. Ufa; B. Kama;
V. Sylva; G. Vishera.
Answers: 1.A 2.A 3.B 4.5.A 6.B 7.B 8.B 9.B 10.G 11.B12.B 13.A 14.A,G 15.B 16.B 17.V 18.A 19.D 20.V
Test in grade 8 on the topic "Ural"
1. What was the name of the Ural Mountains among ancient authors?
A. Stone; B. Earth belt;
V. Riphean; G. Ice.
2. What is the highest peak of the Urals:
A. Narodnaya; B. Pay-Er;
V. Yamantau; G. Magnetic.
3. The length of the Urals from north to south:
A. 5000km; B. more than 2000 km;
W. 500km; G. more than 5000 km.
4.More precipitation falls:
A. on the western slopes; B. on the eastern slopes;
5.Ural is located between:
A. Russian Plain and North Caucasus; B. Russian Plain and West Siberian Plain;
V. Russian Plain and Central Siberian Plateau;
6. Most of the deposits are located on the eastern slope:
A. Oil and natural gas; B. metal ores;
B. table and potassium salts;
7. The oldest gold mining site in the Urals:
A. Kochkanarskoye; B. Berezovskoe;
8. What mineral is called "mountain flax"?
A. Mica; B. Asbest;
B. Marble; G. Graphite.
9. The slopes are covered with dark coniferous spruce-fir forests:
A. Polar Urals; B. Middle Urals;
V. Southern Urals;
A. Ufa; B. Chusovaya;
V. Tobol; G. Kama.
11. What are the largest cities in the Urals in terms of population:
A. Orenburg, Zlatoust, Magnitogorsk; B. Chelyabinsk, Yekaterinburg, Ufa;
V. Nizhny Tagil, Pervouralsk, Troitsk, Berezniki, Kungur.
12. In the polar part of the Urals live:
A. Chipmunk and brown bear; B. Squirrel and lynx;
B. Arctic fox and snowy owl; G. saiga and viper.
13. Phenomenal natural formations - obelisks and pillars are found on the territory:
A. Northern Urals; B. Polar Urals;
V. Southern Urals;
14. The left tributary of the Kama River is:
A. Belaya; B. Shchuchya;
V. Pechora; G. Chusovaya.
15. The name "Ural" first appears in the works of a Russian scientist:
A.D.I. Mendeleev; B.A.P. Karpinsky;
V.V.N. Tatishchev;
16. What is the name of a stony placer and a heap of stones on the slopes and flat tops of mountains:
A. Snezhnik; B. Kurum;
V. Gorst.
17. When were the first saltworks established in the village of Sol-Kamskoye by the Kalinnikov merchants?
A. in the 14th century; B. in the 16th century;
V. in the 15th century.
18. Along which meridian do the Ural mountains stretch?
A. 60 0 east; B. 60 0 w.d.;
B. 50 0 east; G.65 0 E
19. Name the river in which the wounded V.I. drowned. Chapaev:
A. Belaya; B. Kama;
V. Pechora; G.Ural.
20. On the right bank of which river is the famous Kungur ice cave located?
A. Ufa; B. Kama;
V. Sylva; G. Vishera.
Answers: 1.A 2.A 3.B 4.5.A 6.B 7.B 8.B 9.B 10.G 11.B12.B 13.A 14.A,G 15.B 16.B 17.V 18.A 19.D 20.V
Test in grade 8 on the topic "Ural"
1. What was the name of the Ural Mountains among ancient authors?
A. Stone; B. Earth belt;
V. Riphean; G. Ice.
2. What is the highest peak of the Urals:
A. Narodnaya; B. Pay-Er;
V. Yamantau; G. Magnetic.
3. The length of the Urals from north to south:
A. 5000km; B. more than 2000 km;
W. 500km; G. more than 5000 km.
4.More precipitation falls:
A. on the western slopes; B. on the eastern slopes;
5.Ural is located between:
A. Russian Plain and North Caucasus; B. Russian Plain and West Siberian Plain;
V. Russian Plain and Central Siberian Plateau;
6. Most of the deposits are located on the eastern slope:
A. Oil and natural gas; B. metal ores;
B. table and potassium salts;
7. The oldest gold mining site in the Urals:
A. Kochkanarskoye; B. Berezovskoe;
8. What mineral is called "mountain flax"?
A. Mica; B. Asbest;
B. Marble; G. Graphite.
9. The slopes are covered with dark coniferous spruce-fir forests:
A. Polar Urals; B. Middle Urals;
V. Southern Urals;
A. Ufa; B. Chusovaya;
V. Tobol; G. Kama.
11. What are the largest cities in the Urals in terms of population:
A. Orenburg, Zlatoust, Magnitogorsk; B. Chelyabinsk, Yekaterinburg, Ufa;
V. Nizhny Tagil, Pervouralsk, Troitsk, Berezniki, Kungur.
12. In the polar part of the Urals live:
A. Chipmunk and brown bear; B. Squirrel and lynx;
B. Arctic fox and snowy owl; G. saiga and viper.
13. Phenomenal natural formations - obelisks and pillars are found on the territory:
A. Northern Urals; B. Polar Urals;
V. Southern Urals;
14. The left tributary of the Kama River is:
A. Belaya; B. Shchuchya;
V. Pechora; G. Chusovaya.
15. The name "Ural" first appears in the works of a Russian scientist:
A.D.I. Mendeleev; B.A.P. Karpinsky;
V.V.N. Tatishchev;
16. What is the name of a stony placer and a heap of stones on the slopes and flat tops of mountains:
A. Snezhnik; B. Kurum;
V. Gorst.
17. When were the first saltworks established in the village of Sol-Kamskoye by the Kalinnikov merchants?
A. in the 14th century; B. in the 16th century;
V. in the 15th century.
18. Along which meridian do the Ural mountains stretch?
A. 60 0 east; B. 60 0 w.d.;
B. 50 0 east; G.65 0 E
19. Name the river in which the wounded V.I. drowned. Chapaev:
A. Belaya; B. Kama;
V. Pechora; G.Ural.
20. On the right bank of which river is the famous Kungur ice cave located?
A. Ufa; B. Kama;
V. Sylva; G. Vishera.
Answers: 1.A 2.A 3.B 4.5.A 6.B 7.B 8.B 9.B 10.G 11.B12.B 13.A 14.A,G 15.B 16.B 17.V 18.A 19.D 20.V
Test in grade 8 on the topic "Ural"
1. What was the name of the Ural Mountains among ancient authors?
A. Stone; B. Earth belt;
V. Riphean; G. Ice.
2. What is the highest peak of the Urals:
A. Narodnaya; B. Pay-Er;
V. Yamantau; G. Magnetic.
3. The length of the Urals from north to south:
A. 5000km; B. more than 2000 km;
W. 500km; G. more than 5000 km.
4.More precipitation falls:
A. on the western slopes; B. on the eastern slopes;
5.Ural is located between:
A. Russian Plain and North Caucasus; B. Russian Plain and West Siberian Plain;
V. Russian Plain and Central Siberian Plateau;
6. Most of the deposits are located on the eastern slope:
A. Oil and natural gas; B. metal ores;
B. table and potassium salts;
7. The oldest gold mining site in the Urals:
A. Kochkanarskoye; B. Berezovskoe;
8. What mineral is called "mountain flax"?
A. Mica; B. Asbest;
B. Marble; G. Graphite.
9. The slopes are covered with dark coniferous spruce-fir forests:
A. Polar Urals; B. Middle Urals;
V. Southern Urals;
A. Ufa; B. Chusovaya;
V. Tobol; G. Kama.
11. What are the largest cities in the Urals in terms of population:
A. Orenburg, Zlatoust, Magnitogorsk; B. Chelyabinsk, Yekaterinburg, Ufa;
V. Nizhny Tagil, Pervouralsk, Troitsk, Berezniki, Kungur.
12. In the polar part of the Urals live:
A. Chipmunk and brown bear; B. Squirrel and lynx;
B. Arctic fox and snowy owl; G. saiga and viper.
13. Phenomenal natural formations - obelisks and pillars are found on the territory:
A. Northern Urals; B. Polar Urals;
V. Southern Urals;
14. The left tributary of the Kama River is:
A. Belaya; B. Shchuchya;
V. Pechora; G. Chusovaya.
15. The name "Ural" first appears in the works of a Russian scientist:
A.D.I. Mendeleev; B.A.P. Karpinsky;
V.V.N. Tatishchev;
16. What is the name of a stony placer and a heap of stones on the slopes and flat tops of mountains:
A. Snezhnik; B. Kurum;
V. Gorst.
17. When were the first saltworks established in the village of Sol-Kamskoye by the Kalinnikov merchants?
A. in the 14th century; B. in the 16th century;
V. in the 15th century.
18. Along which meridian do the Ural mountains stretch?
A. 60 0 east; B. 60 0 w.d.;
B. 50 0 east; G.65 0 E
19. Name the river in which the wounded V.I. drowned. Chapaev:
A. Belaya; B. Kama;
V. Pechora; G.Ural.
20. On the right bank of which river is the famous Kungur ice cave located?
A. Ufa; B. Kama;
V. Sylva; G. Vishera.
Answers: 1.A 2.A 3.B 4.5.A 6.B 7.B 8.B 9.B 10.G 11.B12.B 13.A 14.A,G 15.B 16.B 17.V 18.A 19.D 20.V
Test in grade 8 on the topic "Ural"
1. What was the name of the Ural Mountains among ancient authors?
A. Stone; B. Earth belt;
V. Riphean; G. Ice.
2. What is the highest peak of the Urals:
A. Narodnaya; B. Pay-Er;
V. Yamantau; G. Magnetic.
3. The length of the Urals from north to south:
A. 5000km; B. more than 2000 km;
W. 500km; G. more than 5000 km.
4.More precipitation falls:
A. on the western slopes; B. on the eastern slopes;
5.Ural is located between:
A. Russian Plain and North Caucasus; B. Russian Plain and West Siberian Plain;
V. Russian Plain and Central Siberian Plateau;
6. Most of the deposits are located on the eastern slope:
A. Oil and natural gas; B. metal ores;
B. table and potassium salts;
7. The oldest gold mining site in the Urals:
A. Kochkanarskoye; B. Berezovskoe;
8. What mineral is called "mountain flax"?
A. Mica; B. Asbest;
B. Marble; G. Graphite.
9. The slopes are covered with dark coniferous spruce-fir forests:
A. Polar Urals; B. Middle Urals;
V. Southern Urals;
A. Ufa; B. Chusovaya;
V. Tobol; G. Kama.
11. What are the largest cities in the Urals in terms of population:
A. Orenburg, Zlatoust, Magnitogorsk; B. Chelyabinsk, Yekaterinburg, Ufa;
V. Nizhny Tagil, Pervouralsk, Troitsk, Berezniki, Kungur.
12. In the polar part of the Urals live:
A. Chipmunk and brown bear; B. Squirrel and lynx;
B. Arctic fox and snowy owl; G. saiga and viper.
13. Phenomenal natural formations - obelisks and pillars are found on the territory:
A. Northern Urals; B. Polar Urals;
V. Southern Urals;
14. The left tributary of the Kama River is:
A. Belaya; B. Shchuchya;
V. Pechora; G. Chusovaya.
15. The name "Ural" first appears in the works of a Russian scientist:
A.D.I. Mendeleev; B.A.P. Karpinsky;
V.V.N. Tatishchev;
16. What is the name of a stony placer and a heap of stones on the slopes and flat tops of mountains:
A. Snezhnik; B. Kurum;
V. Gorst.
17. When were the first saltworks established in the village of Sol-Kamskoye by the Kalinnikov merchants?
A. in the 14th century; B. in the 16th century;
V. in the 15th century.
18. Along which meridian do the Ural mountains stretch?
A. 60 0 east; B. 60 0 w.d.;
B. 50 0 east; G.65 0 E
19. Name the river in which the wounded V.I. drowned. Chapaev:
A. Belaya; B. Kama;
V. Pechora; G.Ural.
20. On the right bank of which river is the famous Kungur ice cave located?
A. Ufa; B. Kama;
V. Sylva; G. Vishera.
Answers: 1.A 2.A 3.B 4.5.A 6.B 7.B 8.B 9.B 10.G 11.B12.B 13.A 14.A,G 15.B 16.B 17.V 18.A 19.D 20.V
Test in grade 8 on the topic "Ural"
1. What was the name of the Ural Mountains among ancient authors?
A. Stone; B. Earth belt;
V. Riphean; G. Ice.
2. What is the highest peak of the Urals:
A. Narodnaya; B. Pay-Er;
V. Yamantau; G. Magnetic.
3. The length of the Urals from north to south:
A. 5000km; B. more than 2000 km;
W. 500km; G. more than 5000 km.
4.More precipitation falls:
A. on the western slopes; B. on the eastern slopes;
5.Ural is located between:
A. Russian Plain and North Caucasus; B. Russian Plain and West Siberian Plain;
V. Russian Plain and Central Siberian Plateau;
6. Most of the deposits are located on the eastern slope:
A. Oil and natural gas; B. metal ores;
B. table and potassium salts;
7. The oldest gold mining site in the Urals:
A. Kochkanarskoye; B. Berezovskoe;
8. What mineral is called "mountain flax"?
A. Mica; B. Asbest;
B. Marble; G. Graphite.
9. The slopes are covered with dark coniferous spruce-fir forests:
A. Polar Urals; B. Middle Urals;
V. Southern Urals;
A. Ufa; B. Chusovaya;
V. Tobol; G. Kama.
11. What are the largest cities in the Urals in terms of population:
A. Orenburg, Zlatoust, Magnitogorsk; B. Chelyabinsk, Yekaterinburg, Ufa;
V. Nizhny Tagil, Pervouralsk, Troitsk, Berezniki, Kungur.
12. In the polar part of the Urals live:
A. Chipmunk and brown bear; B. Squirrel and lynx;
B. Arctic fox and snowy owl; G. saiga and viper.
13. Phenomenal natural formations - obelisks and pillars are found on the territory:
A. Northern Urals; B. Polar Urals;
V. Southern Urals;
14. The left tributary of the Kama River is:
A. Belaya; B. Shchuchya;
V. Pechora; G. Chusovaya.
15. The name "Ural" first appears in the works of a Russian scientist:
A.D.I. Mendeleev; B.A.P. Karpinsky;
V.V.N. Tatishchev;
16. What is the name of a stony placer and a heap of stones on the slopes and flat tops of mountains:
A. Snezhnik; B. Kurum;
V. Gorst.
17. When were the first saltworks established in the village of Sol-Kamskoye by the Kalinnikov merchants?
A. in the 14th century; B. in the 16th century;
V. in the 15th century.
18. Along which meridian do the Ural mountains stretch?
A. 60 0 east; B. 60 0 w.d.;
B. 50 0 east; G.65 0 E
19. Name the river in which the wounded V.I. drowned. Chapaev:
A. Belaya; B. Kama;
V. Pechora; G.Ural.
20. On the right bank of which river is the famous Kungur ice cave located?
A. Ufa; B. Kama;
V. Sylva; G. Vishera.
Answers: 1.A 2.A 3.B 4.5.A 6.B 7.B 8.B 9.B 10.G 11.B12.B 13.A 14.A,G 15.B 16.B 17.V 18.A 19.D 20.V
The Ural Mountains are a range on the border of Europe and Asia, as well as a natural border within Russia, to the east of which are Siberia and Far East, and to the west - the European part of the country.
BELT MOUNTAINS
In the old days, for travelers approaching the Urals from the east or west, these mountains really seemed like a belt that tightly intercepted the plain, dividing it into the Cis-Urals and the Trans-Urals.
The Ural Mountains are a mountain range on the border of Europe and Asia, stretching from north to south. In geography, the division of these mountains according to the nature of the relief is accepted, natural conditions and other features in Pai-Khoi, Polar Urals, Subpolar.
Northern, Middle, Southern Urals and Mugod-zhary. It is necessary to distinguish between the concepts of the Ural Mountains and the Urals: in a broader sense, the territory of the Urals includes the regions adjacent to the mountain system - the Urals, Cis-Urals and Trans-Urals.
The relief of the Ural Mountains is the main watershed range and several side ranges separated by wide depressions. In the Far North - glaciers and snowfields, in the middle part - mountains with smoothed peaks.
The Ural Mountains are old, they are about 300 million years old, they are noticeably eroded. The highest peak - Mount Narodnaya - is about two kilometers high.
The watershed of large rivers runs along the mountain range: the Ural rivers belong mainly to the basin of the Caspian Sea (Kama with Chusovaya and Belaya, Ural). Pechora, Tobol and others belong to the system of one of the largest rivers in Siberia - the Ob. There are many lakes on the eastern slope of the Urals.
The landscapes of the Ural Mountains are predominantly forested, there is a noticeable difference in the nature of vegetation on different sides of the mountains: on the western slope - mainly dark coniferous, spruce-fir forests (in the Southern Urals - mixed and broad-leaved in places), on the eastern slope - light coniferous pine-larch forests. In the south - forest-steppe and steppe (mostly plowed).
The Ural Mountains have long been of interest to geographers, including from the point of view of their unique location. In the era ancient rome these mountains seemed to scientists so distant that they were seriously called Riphean, or Ripean: literally translated from Latin - “coastal”, and in an expanded sense - “mountains at the edge of the earth”. They received the name Hyperborean (from the Greek “extreme northern”) on behalf of the mythical country of Hyperborea, it was used for a thousand years, until in 1459 the Fra Mauro world map appeared, on which the “edge of the world” was already shifted beyond the Urals.
It is believed that the mountains were discovered by the Novgorodians in 1096, during one of the campaigns to Pechora and Ugra by a squad of Novgorod ushkuins engaged in fur trade, trade and collection of yasak. At that time, the mountains did not receive any name. At the beginning of the XV century. Russian settlements appear on the upper Kama - Anfalovsky town and Sol-Kamskaya.
The first known name of these mountains is contained in documents at the turn of the 15th-16th centuries, where they are called Kamen: so in Ancient Rus' called any large rock or cliff. On the "Big Drawing" - the first map of the Russian state, compiled in the second half of the 16th century. - Ural is designated as Big Stone. In the XVI-XVIII centuries. the name Belt appears, reflecting the geographical position of the mountains between two plains. There are such variants of names as Big Stone, Big Belt, Stone Belt, Great Belt Stone.
The name "Ural" was originally used only for the territory of the Southern Urals and was taken from the Bashkir language, which meant "height" or "hill". By the middle of the XVIII century. the name "Ural Mountains" is already applied to the entire mountain system.
ALL MENDELEEV'S TABLE
Such a figurative expression is resorted to whenever it is required to give a short and colorful description of the natural resources of the Ural Mountains.
The antiquity of the Ural Mountains created unique conditions for the development of minerals: as a result of prolonged destruction by erosion, the deposits literally came to the surface. The combination of energy sources and raw materials predetermined the development of the Urals as a mining region.
Iron, copper, chromium and nickel ores, potash salts, asbestos, coal, precious and semi-precious stones - Ural gems have been mined here since ancient times. Since the middle of the XX century. oil and gas fields are being developed.
Russia has long been developing the lands adjacent to the Ural Mountains, occupying the Komi-Permyak towns, annexing the Udmurt and Bashkir territories: in the middle of the 16th century. after the defeat of the Kazan Khanate, most of Bashkiria and the Kama part of Udmurtia voluntarily became part of Russia. A special role in securing Russia in the Urals was played by the Ural Cossacks, who received the highest permission to engage in free arable farming here. The merchants Stroganovs laid the foundation for the purposeful development of the wealth of the Ural Mountains, having received from Tsar Ivan IV a charter on the Ural lands "and what lies in them."
At the beginning of the XVIII century. large-scale factory construction began in the Urals, caused by the needs of both the country's economic development and the needs of the military departments. Under Peter I, copper-smelting and iron foundries were built here, and subsequently large industrial centers were formed around them: Yekaterinburg, Chelyabinsk, Perm, Nizhny Tagil, Zlatoust. Gradually, the Ural Mountains found themselves in the center of the largest mining region in Russia, along with Moscow and St. Petersburg.
In the era of the USSR, the Urals became one of the industrial centers of the country, the most famous enterprises are the Ural Heavy Machine Building Plant (Uralmash), the Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant (ChTZ), the Magnitogorsk steel plant("Magnitogorsk"). During the years of the Great Patriotic War industrial production was exported to the Urals from the territories of the USSR occupied by the Germans.
In recent decades, the industrial significance of the Ural Mountains has noticeably decreased: many deposits are almost exhausted, the level of environmental pollution is quite high.
The bulk of the local population lives on the territory of the Ural economic region and in the Republic of Bashkortostan. In the more northern regions, belonging to the Northwestern and Western Siberian economic regions, the population is extremely rare.
During the industrial development of the Ural Mountains, as well as the plowing of the surrounding lands, hunting and deforestation, the habitats of many animals were destroyed, and many species of animals and birds disappeared, among them - a wild horse, saiga, bustard, little bustard. Herds of deer, which used to graze throughout the Urals, now migrated deep into the tundra. However, the measures taken to protect and reproduce the fauna of the Urals managed to preserve the brown bear, wolf, wolverine, fox, sable, ermine, and lynx in the reserves. Where it has not yet been possible to restore populations of local species, acclimatization of imported individuals is being successfully carried out: for example, in the Ilmensky Reserve - sika deer, beaver, maral, raccoon dog, American mink.
SIGHTS OF THE URAL MOUNTAINS
Natural:
■ Pechoro-Ilychsky, Visimsky, Basegi, South Ural, Shulgan-Tash, Orenburg steppe, Bashkirsky reserves, Ilmensky mineralogical reserve.
■ Divya, Arakaevskaya, Sugomakskaya, Kungurskaya ice and Kapova caves.
■ Rocky outcrops of the Seven Brothers.
■ Chertovo Settlement and Stone Tents.
■ Bashkir national park, Yugyd Va National Park (Komi Republic).
■ Hoffmann Glacier (Saber Ridge).
■ Azov Mountain.
■ Alikaev Stone.
■ Deer Brooks Nature Park.
■ Blue Mountains pass.
■ Revun rapids (Iset river).
■ Zhigalan waterfalls (River Zhigalan).
■ Aleksandrovskaya Sopka.
■ Taganay National Park.
■ Ustinovskiy Canyon.
■ Gumerovskoye gorge.
■ Red Key spring.
■ Sterlitamak shikhans.
■ Krasnaya Krucha.
■ The Sterlitamak shikhans in Bashkiria are ancient coral reefs that have formed on the bottom of the Perm Sea. This amazing place is located near the city of Sterlitamak and consists of several high cone-shaped hills. A unique geological monument, whose age is more than 230 million years.
■ The peoples of the Urals still use the names of the Urals in their languages: Mansi - Ner, Khanty - Kev, Komi - Iz, Nenets - Pe or Igarka Pe. In all languages it means the same thing - "stone". Among the Russians who have long lived in the north of the Urals, a tradition has also been preserved to call these mountains Kamen.
■ The bowls of the St. Petersburg Hermitage were made from Ural malachite and jasper, as well as the interior decoration and the altar of the St. Petersburg Church of the Savior on Spilled Blood.
■ Scientists have not yet found an explanation for the mysterious natural phenomenon: the Ural lakes Uvildy, Bolshoy Kisegach and Turgoyak have unusually clear water. In neighboring lakes, it is completely muddy.
■ The top of Mount Kachkanar is a collection of bizarrely shaped rocks, many of which have proper names. The most famous of them is Camel Rock.
■ In the past, the richest deposits of high-quality iron ore in the mountains of Magnitnaya, Vysoka and Blagodat, known throughout the world and listed in all textbooks on geology, are now either hidden or turned into quarries hundreds of meters deep.
■ The ethnographic appearance of the Urals people was created by three streams of settlers: Russian Old Believers who fled here in the 17th-18th centuries, peasants transferred to the Ural factories from the European part of Russia (mainly from the modern Tula and Ryazan regions) and Ukrainians, attracted as an additional work force at the beginning of the 19th century.
■ In 1996, the Yugyd Va National Park, together with the Pechoro-Ilychsky Reserve, with which the park borders in the south, was included in the list of UNESCO World Natural Heritage Sites under the name “Virgin Komi Forests”.
■ Alikaev Stone - a 50-meter rock on the Ufa River. The second name of the rock is Maryin cliff. Here they filmed the TV movie "Shadows disappear at noon" - about life in the Ural outback. It was from the Alikaev stone, according to the plot of the film, that the Menshikov brothers threw off the chairman of the collective farm, Marya Krasnaya. Since then, the stone has a second name - Maryin cliff.
■ The Zhigalan waterfalls on the Zhigalan River, on the eastern slope of the Kvarkush ridge, form a 550 m long cascade. With a river length of about 8 km, the elevation difference from source to mouth is almost 630 m.
■ Sugomak cave is the only cave in the Ural Mountains, 123 m long, formed in marble rock. There are only a few such caves on the territory of Russia.
■ The Krasny Klyuch spring is the most powerful water source in Russia and the second largest in the world after the Fontaine de Vaucluse spring in France. The water consumption of the Red Key spring is 14.88 m3/sec. Landmark of Bashkiria in the status of a hydrological monument of nature of federal significance.
GENERAL INFORMATION
- Location: between the East European and West Siberian plains.
- Geographical division: Pai-Khoi ridge. Polar Urals (from Konstantinov Kamen to the headwaters of the Khulga River), Subpolar Urals (the section between the Khulga and Shchugor rivers), Northern Urals (Voy) (from the Shchugor River to Kosvinsky Kamen and Mount Oslyanka), Middle Urals (Shor) (from Mt. Oslyanka to the Ufa River) and the Southern Urals (the southern part of the mountains below the city of Orsk), Mugodzhary (Kazakhstan).
- Economic regions: Ural, Volga, North-Western, West Siberian.
- Administrative affiliation: Russian Federation (Perm, Sverdlovsk, Chelyabinsk, Kurgan, Orenburg, Arkhangelsk and Tyumen regions, Udmurt republic, Republic of Bashkortostan, Republic of Komi), Kazakhstan (Aktobe region).
- Big cities: Yekaterinburg - 1,428,262 people (2015), Chelyabinsk - 1,182,221 people. (2015), Ufa - 1,096,702 people. (2014), Perm - 1,036,476 people. (2015), Izhevsk - 642,024 people. (2015), Orenburg-561 279 people (2015), Magnitogorsk - 417,057 people. (2015), Nizhny Tagil - 356,744 people. (2015), Kurgan - 326,405 people. (2015).
- Languages: Russian, Bashkir, Udmurt, Komi-Permyak, Kazakh.
- Ethnic composition: Russians, Bashkirs, Udmurts, Komi, Kazakhs.
- Religions: Orthodoxy, Islam, traditional beliefs. Monetary unit: ruble, tenge.
- Rivers: the Caspian Sea basin (Kama with Chusovaya and Belaya, Ural), the Arctic Ocean basin (Pechora with Usa; Tobol, Iset, Tura belong to the Ob system).
- Lakes: Tavatui, Argazi, Uvildy, Turgoyak, Big Pike.
CLIMATE
- Continental.
- Average January temperature: from -20°C (Polar Urals) to -15°C (Southern Urals).
- Average temperature in July: from + 9°С (Polar Urals) to +20°С (Southern Urals).
- Average annual precipitation: Subpolar and Northern Urals - 1000 mm, Southern Urals - 650-750 mm. Relative humidity: 60-70%.
ECONOMY
- Minerals: iron, copper, chromium, nickel, potassium salts, asbestos, coal, oil.
- Industry: mining, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, heavy engineering, chemical and petrochemical, fertilizers, electrical engineering.
- Hydroelectric power industry: Pavlovskaya, Yuma-guzinskaya, Shirokovskaya, Iriklinskaya HPPs. Forestry.
- Agriculture: crop production (wheat, rye, garden crops), animal husbandry (cattle, pig breeding).
- Traditional crafts: artistic processing of Ural gems, knitting of Orenburg downy shawls.
- Service sector: tourism, transport, trade.
