Population density
On the territory of 42 100 VC. km is home to more than 1.5 people. At the same time, the population density is 36.06 people per 1 sq. km. km.
The population in Udmurtia is distributed unevenly. The central and southern parts of the republic are densely populated, there are 4 cities here: Izhevsk, Votkinsk, Sarapul, Mozhga and the city of district significance Kambarka. In the northern part of the republic there is only one city - Glazov.
Share of urban and rural population
In Udmurtia urban population is 70%, rural - 30%.
National composition: peoples
About 70 nationalities live on the territory of Udmurtia. For a long time, the territory of the republic was developed and settled by the indigenous inhabitants of the western Urals - the Udmurts, and Russians, Tatars, Mari, Chuvashs and others lived with them.
Now 60% live in Udmurtia, they occupy the first place in terms of numbers, in second place - 29%, in third - 7%, and the remaining 3.5% are Ukrainians, Mari, Chuvashs, Germans, Moldovans, Armenians, Jews, Bashkirs and other. Udmurt settlements are found in the neighboring Kirov region, Perm region, in Tataria and Bashkiria. Most Udmurts live in the northern, central and southern regions of the republic. Tatars live mainly in the cities of Izhevsk, Mozhga; Yukamensky, Karakulinsky districts. The Kryashens live in the Grakhovsky district - baptized Tatars, who consider themselves to be a separate nation. Mari villages are found in the south of the republic. A large proportion of Udmurts live in countryside. Russians settled in all regions of modern Udmurtia, but their share is especially large in the cities of Izhevsk, Votkinsk, Sarapul and Kambarka, which were founded by Russians, as well as in the central and southeastern regions of the republic.
The indigenous people of the republic are the Udmurts. The Udmurt language belongs to the Permian group of Finno-Ugric languages. Among the Finno-Ugric peoples of Russia, the Udmurts occupy the second place in terms of numbers after the Mordovians. The self-name of the people is associated with the name of the Vyatka River. Vatmurt - Udmurt - means "man from the Vyatka River."
Many researchers consider modesty, reticence, and restraint in expressing feelings to be typical features of the Udmurt character.
The Udmurts, like other peoples, have a reverent attitude towards bread. One of the strongest oaths is the oath of bread. Starting building a house, the Udmurts collected "veme" - to help. All the villagers participated in this and brought the house under the roof in a day.
Udmurt women mastered patterned weaving. Later, war weaving was also adopted from the Russians. They had ancient ways of dyeing yarn. The Udmurt costume is one of the brightest and most complex in the Volga region. A characteristic combination of colors among the Udmurts was considered the classic three-color: white, red, black; then added green, yellow, purple.
The main commandment of the Udmurt people: a person comes to earth to work. Live and work in such a way that the sun wakes up, so that you rejoice looking at your work. The food of the Udmurts combined ancient agricultural and cattle-breeding traditions. In the past, as now, various soups and cereals were cooked. From boiled crushed peas, make koloboks. Flour puddings were brewed from flour. They baked a variety of bread products: sourdough cakes (taban), potato shangi, perepechi - unleavened cheesecakes with various fillings, dumplings ("dumplings" from the Udmurt language - bread ear) and so on. Among the sweets, honey was in the first place.
In Soviet times, the Udmurt National Theater appeared, a national opera, ballet, Museum fine arts. The State Song and Dance Ensemble of the Udmurt Republic "Italmas", the Folklore Song Theater "Aikai" are very popular in the republic.
In Udmurtia and beyond its borders, the work of Udmurt poets is known,
Udmurtia- one of the autonomous republics of the Russian Federation, located in the eastern part of the Russian Plain, the European Urals. The closest neighbors of Udmurtia are the republics of Tatarstan and Bashkortostan.
A little over one and a half million people live in the republic, 70% of which live in cities located mainly in the south of the country.
The indigenous population of Udmurtia is the Udmurts or the so-called Votyaks. Their number worldwide reaches 700,000 people. Votyaks belong to the branch of the Finno-Ugric people, the northwestern Urals. They are considered related peoples with Komi, Saami, Khanty and Mansi, Hungarians and Estonians. The Udmurts are the second largest Finno-Ugric people after the Mordovians.
Until the middle of the 18th century, the Votyaks were shamanists and pagans, but since 1740 missionary activity began to spread Orthodoxy among northern peoples Russia. But even now, according to their beliefs, the Udmurts are considered adherents of the syncretic religion.
The fundamental character traits of the Udmurts are restraint, modesty, diligence, the ability to endure and wait, as well as goodwill and tolerance.
The influence of the Slavs is felt in the culture of the northern Udmurts, and the influence of the Turkic peoples (Turks, Kimaks, Karluks) is felt in the culture of the southern ones.
According to the latest census, the composition of the indigenous population in the republic reaches 30%.
The first in terms of population in Udmurtia are Russians, their composition is 67%. Their appearance in this region is associated with joining Russian Empire lands in Central Asia and the development of the Volga region, starting from the reign of Ivan the Terrible.
The third place in terms of population is occupied by the Tatars, they are 7% in the republic. Kryashchens (Tatars baptized in the Orthodox faith) live in separate communities, they consider themselves a separate ethnic group, although they are ethnically related Crimean Tatars. Tatars mainly moved to Udmurtia from neighboring Tatarstan as a result of assimilation (interethnic marriages).
The remaining 3-3.5% of the population remain in the share of almost seventy nations: Mari, Komi, Chuvash, Ukrainians, Germans, Cheremis, Bashkirs, etc. live in the hospitable lands of this country.
The main place among these peoples is occupied by the Mari or Cheremis, who moved here two hundred years ago from the Kazan Khanate, because they did not want to accept Christianity.
Today, the Mari settled mainly in the cities of Udmurtia, most of them call Russian their native language.
The small Republic of Udmurtia fully demonstrates a tolerant attitude towards every nation for which it is the Motherland. People who moved here: some of their own desire, and some of them by the will of a not always good fate, found here shelter, bread and an outstretched helping hand.
Udmurtia map
Brief information about the peoples of Udmurtia.
In the Urals there is a unique region with a distinctive culture and history - Udmurtia. The population of the region is declining today, which means that there is a threat of losing such an unusual anthropological phenomenon as the Udmurts. Let's talk about the conditions in which the population of the region lives, what are its features and what are the demographic indicators of the republic.
Geographical position
The region borders on Bashkiria, Tatarstan, Kirov region And Perm region. The area of the republic is 42 thousand square meters. km, this is the 57th place in Russia in terms of the size of the region. Udmurtia is located on the East European Plain, and this determines its relief, mostly flat with a slight hilliness. The region is very rich water resources, about 30 thousand kilometers of rivers of the Kama and Vyatka basins flow here. The republic is dominated by which, due to the washing out of the fertile layer, they need fertilizers for productive agricultural use. The population of Udmurtia for centuries adapted to its geographic location and learned how to get the most out of it. Being almost in the center of Russia allowed the republic to find its place in the trade and transport relations of the regions.
Climate
It is located in the center of the continent, at a great distance from the seas and oceans, and this determined its climate - temperate continental. The average annual temperature in the region is 1.5 degrees Celsius. Here, seasonality is classic for central Russia. WITH cold winter, which lasts about 5 months, and with a non-hot three-month summer. The warmest month is July, when the thermometer rises to an average of 19 degrees Celsius. Winter sets in in mid-November, when the snow cover sets in. In winter, minus temperatures are constantly maintained, the thermometer at night can show minus 25. Summer begins at the end of May and ends at the beginning of September. In July, the air can warm up to 23 degrees. A lot of precipitation will fall in the republic - about 600 mm per year. The wettest periods are summer and autumn. The population of Udmurtia believes that the climate here is excellent - there are no severe frosts and sweltering heat, the duration of the summer allows you to grow crops necessary for subsistence.
Administrative division
The population of Udmurtia lives in 25 administrative districts and 5 cities of republican subordination. The capital of the republic is Izhevsk. In the regions of the republic 310 rural settlements and one city - Kambarka. Each subject of the region has its own manager, who reports to the head of the republic.
The population of Udmurtia and its dynamics
Since 1926, constant monitoring of the number of inhabitants has been carried out. Then 756 thousand people lived in Udmurtia. IN Soviet times The republic developed steadily, which led to a positive dynamics in the number of inhabitants. In 1941, 1.1 million people lived here. Years of war brought the population down to one million. But in subsequent years, Udmurtia is actively growing with new residents. In 1993, the region had 1.624 million inhabitants. The years of change and perestroika have brought many difficulties, and Udmurtia is beginning to lose population. So far, the republic has not been able to change the trend towards a decrease in the number of inhabitants. IN currently Udmurtia has 1.5 million people.
Population features
Udmurtia is a rare region for Russia, where the percentage of residents who consider themselves Russians is lower than in other subjects. The number of Russians here is 62%, Udmurts - 28%, Tatars - about 7% (as of 2010). The remaining nationalities are represented by groups of less than 1%.
The population of Udmurtia differs from many regions in their religion. The original inhabitants of the region were pagans. In the 13th-14th centuries, they had strong influence Islam. Since the 16th century, the first attempts to spread Christianity in these lands began. In the 18th and 19th centuries, Orthodoxy was enforced literally by police measures. The population did not show visible resistance, but still continued to profess paganism. With coming Soviet power the persecution of all forms of religion begins, which leads to the departure of religion to the periphery of the inhabitants of the region. With the beginning of perestroika, a wave of national self-consciousness rises, and with it begins a difficult era of religious search. Today, 33% of the population of the republic speak of themselves as Orthodox, 29% consider themselves believers, but cannot decide on a religion, 19% do not believe in God at all.
The figures tell a good story about the stability of the region's development prospects. The first is birth and death. In Udmurtia, the birth rate is slowly but growing, while the death rate remains almost unchanged. Life expectancy is growing slightly and averages 70 years. The region is experiencing negative migration, that is, it is gradually losing its inhabitants.
Native people
The ancient people of the Udmurts - the indigenous population of Udmurtia - was first mentioned in the annals of the 5th century BC. The tribes living in the territory between the Volga and the Kama spoke the Finno-Ugric language. language family and combined the genes of many peoples. But the Ares became the basis for the formation of the ethnic group, other nationalities supplemented the genotype and culture of the Udmurts. Today, a lot of work is being done in the republic to maintain and preserve the traditional national culture. The people had to endure many hardships of attacks, this helped to form a national character, the main features of which are diligence, modesty, patience, hospitality. The Udmurts have preserved their language, unique traditions and folklore. Udmurts are a singing nation. The baggage of folk songs is huge, they reflect the history and worldview of this ethnic group.
Population Density and Distribution
The region has an area of 42 thousand square meters. km, and the population density of Udmurtia is 36 people per sq. km. km. Most of the Udmurts live in cities - 68%. The largest city is the capital Izhevsk, more than 700 thousand people live in its agglomeration, which is more than 40% of the total population of the region. In the republic, there is a tendency to reduce the number of rural residents, which is an alarming signal for the economy.
refer to Finno-Ugric group of peoples Russia. On the territory of our country, there are about 640 thousand residents. Most of them live in their historical homeland - in Udmurtia. Part of the Udmurts live in the states former Union: in Uzbekistan, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Ukraine.
Historical roots
Numerous Volga-Kama tribes served as the historical basis for the formation of the ancestors of the Udmurts. Mixing with representatives of other tribes - with the Ugrians and Slavs, Indo-Iranians and late Turks - was reflected in the culture of the ethnos. Noticeable changes in the structure of the Udmurt ethnic group occurred under the influence of the Russian people. Vyatka lands were developed by Russian settlers. Already in the 15th century, the Udmurts were part of the Russian state. The Udmurts living in the southern territories became dependent on the Volga Bulgaria, and only after the fall of the Kazan Khanate did they become part of Russian state. In history, this event dates back to 1558. From a brief historical background the conclusion easily suggests itself: the Udmurts fell under the rule of other states several times. Being under the rule of foreign citizenship, the Udmurts inevitably assimilated, i.e. "mixed": the southern tribes with the Russians, and the northern Udmurts with the Tatars. However, thanks to Russian patronage, the Udmurts survived as a nation.
Where did the word "Udmurt" come from?
The Russians gave the nickname to the Udmurts - " votyaks”, by the name of the place of their settlement. Historians still cannot determine exactly where the word "Udmurts" came from then. Some scientists have suggested that "oud" is green seedlings in the meadows, translated from the Mari dialect. " Murt” in translation from Indo-Iranian - a man, a man.
National character of the Udmurts
The ancestors of the Udmurts led a traditional way of life: men worked in the fields and in the forests, and women followed the family life, knitted, spun, embroidered. An interesting version was put forward by researchers about the psychotype of the Udmurts. In their opinion, the Udmurt is a calm, balanced person with an unflappable temperament. On national character influenced by the historical way of occupation of the Udmurt settlements. For a long time I had to spend in the forest harvesting wood. The work required responsibility, a measured approach, and excluded fuss.
Holidays and rituals
Family affairs were especially revered by the Udmurts, so many customs are associated with the most significant episodes: the birth of the first child, a wedding celebration, and the commemoration of the dead. Calendar and ceremonial rituals were carried out in order to appease nature in order to subsequently receive a rich harvest. Pagan roots can be traced in many customs: spells, sacrifices, magical rites. Holiday Tolsur- This is the Udmurt Harvest Day. Funny games, songs and dances, a rich festive table with treats are in every home. Maslenitsa is popularly called howl of holes. In addition to traditional pancakes, costumed dressing up, “bear dances”, horseback riding, fortune telling are arranged here. The ritual of expelling Shaitan means fighting an evil spirit that can harm loved ones. On holiday Akayashka, which lasts three days, they try to free the dwelling from evil spirits.
Treats of the Udmurts
In the Udmurt kitchen, the hostess lovingly prepares treats for guests. Feeding a guest is a tradition of the people. The aroma of fresh bread, crispy national pancakes shanezhki”, pies with different fillings will make you hungry as soon as you cross the threshold of the Udmurt house. Pork is not popular in these places, beef, lamb, duck meat are more valued. And the story of everyone's favorite dumplings began, by the way, right here. People called them " bear's ear”, and in the capital of Udmurtia there is even a monument dedicated to this dish. In addition to the traditional minced meat, the Udmurts use various fillings for dumplings in cooking: minced mushrooms, vegetable mixture, fish pate. But there are not enough desserts and sweet treats in the national cuisine. The abundance of fragrant berries, fragrant honey, pastries filled this niche. Kvass, honey drinks were made from honey, added to flour products.
