Purpose of the study: determine the level of development volitional self-regulation.

Research procedure

The study of volitional self-regulation using a test questionnaire is carried out either with one subject or with a group. To ensure the independence of the answers of the subjects, everyone receives the text of the questionnaire, the answer sheet, on which the question numbers are printed and next to them is the column for the answer.

Instruction to the subject. You are offered a test containing 30 statements. Read each one carefully and decide whether the statement is true or false for you. If it is true, then in the answer sheet against the number of this statement, put a plus sign (+), and if you think that it is not true for you, then a minus sign (-).

Test

If something does not stick, I often have a desire to quit this business.
I do not give up my plans and deeds, even if I have to choose between them and a pleasant company.
When necessary, it is not difficult for me to contain a flash of anger.
I usually keep calm in anticipation of a friend who is late for the appointed time.
It is difficult to distract me from the work I have begun.
The physical pain really pisses me off.
I always try to listen to the interlocutor without interrupting, even if I can not wait to object to him.
I always bend my line.
If necessary, I can stay up all night (eg, work, on duty) and be in "good shape" all the next day.
My plans are too often crossed out by external circumstances.
I consider myself a patient person.
It is not so easy for me to force myself to coolly observe an exciting spectacle.
I rarely manage to force myself to continue after a series of embarrassing failures.
If I treat someone badly, it is difficult for me to hide my dislike for him.
If necessary, I can do my job in an uncomfortable and inappropriate environment.
The realization that it must be done at all costs by a certain date greatly complicates my work.
I consider myself a determined person.
I deal with physical fatigue more easily than others.
It is better to wait for the elevator that has just left than to climb the stairs.
It's not easy to ruin my mood.
Sometimes some trifle takes possession of my thoughts, does not give rest, and I cannot get rid of it.
I find it harder to focus on a task or work than others.
It's hard to get over me.
I always try to finish what I start.
I'm easily distracted from work.
I notice sometimes that I am trying to achieve my goal in defiance of objective circumstances.
People sometimes envy my patience and meticulousness.
I find it difficult to remain calm in a stressful situation.
I notice that during monotonous work I involuntarily begin to change the way I act, even if this sometimes leads to worse results.
I am usually very annoyed when the doors of an outgoing transport or elevator slam shut in front of my nose.

Results processing

The purpose of processing the results is to determine the values of the indices of volitional self-regulation on the points of the general scale (B) and the indices on the subscales "perseverance" (N) and "self-control" (C).

Each index is the sum of the points obtained by counting the matches of the subject's answers with the key of the general scale or subscale.

In the questionnaire b masking statements. Therefore, the overall total score on the "B" scale should be in the range from 0 to 24, on the "perseverance" subscale - from 0 to 16, and on the "self-control" subscale - from 0 to 13:

The key for calculating the indices of volitional self-regulation.

Analysis of results

In its most general form, the level of volitional self-regulation is understood as a measure of mastery of one's own behavior in different situations, the ability to consciously control one's actions, states and impulses.

The level of development of volitional self-regulation can be characterized as a whole and separately by such character traits as perseverance and self-control.

The levels of volitional self-regulation are determined in comparison with the average values of each of the scales. If they are more than half of the maximum possible sum of matches, then this indicator reflects a high level of development of general self-regulation, perseverance or self-control. For the "B" scale, this value is 12, for the "H" scale - 8, for the "C" scale - 6.

high score on the “B” scale, it is typical for persons who are emotionally mature, active, independent, self-sufficient. They are distinguished by calmness, self-confidence, stability of intentions, realistic views, a developed sense of duty. As a rule, they reflect well on personal motives, systematically implement the intentions that have arisen, are able to distribute efforts and are able to control their actions, and have a pronounced socially positive orientation. In extreme cases, they may experience an increase in internal tension associated with the desire to control every nuance of their own behavior and anxiety about its slightest spontaneity.

A low score is observed in people who are sensitive, emotionally unstable, vulnerable, insecure. Their reflexivity is low, and the general background of activity, as a rule, is reduced. They are characterized by impulsiveness and instability of intentions. This may be due to both immaturity and a pronounced refinement of nature, not supported by the ability to reflect and self-control.

The subscale "perseverance" characterizes the strength of a person's intentions - his desire to complete the work begun. On the positive pole - active, hard-working people, actively striving to fulfill what was planned, they are mobilized by obstacles on the way to the goal, but they are distracted by alternatives and temptations, their main value is the work they have begun. These people are respectful. social norms, the desire to completely subordinate their behavior to them. In extreme terms, there may be a loss of flexibility in behavior, the appearance of manic tendencies. Low values on this scale indicate increased lability, uncertainty, impulsiveness. which can lead to inconsistent and even scattered behaviour. The reduced background of activity and working capacity, as a rule, is compensated for in such persons. hypersensitivity, flexibility, ingenuity, as well as a tendency to freely interpret social norms.

The subscale "self-control" reflects the level of voluntary control of emotional reactions and states. A high score on the subscale is scored by people who are emotionally stable, who control themselves well in various situations. Their inherent inner calmness, self-confidence frees them from fear of the unknown, increases their readiness to perceive the new, the unexpected, and, as a rule, is combined with freedom of views, a tendency to innovation and radicalism. At the same time, the desire for constant self-control, excessive conscious limitation of spontaneity can lead to an increase in internal tension, the predominance of constant concern and fatigue.

At the other extreme of this subscale, spontaneity and impulsiveness, combined with resentment and preference for traditional views, protect a person from intense feelings and internal conflicts, and contribute to an unflappable background of mood.

Conclusions for chapter 1:

1. Volitional self-control in the process of human activity can act as a certain marker that characterizes a person, reflects the ability to perform the tasks assigned to him under stress. This is facilitated by such a defining character trait as self-control. With its greater severity, it contributes to the balanced work of two psychological mechanisms: self-control and correction.

2. Adaptive capabilities reflect a person's readiness to work in difficult conditions. They reflect the quality of the flow of regulatory processes (degree of tension) that provide dynamic balance (homeostasis) of the body as a whole in the external environment.

3. A person whose type of activity is associated with work in extreme conditions faces a number of psychogenic factors: monotony (altered afferentation), desynchronosis, altered spatial structure, lack of information, loneliness, group isolation and threat to life.

All of the above factors can contribute to the manifestation of a number of extreme conditions that disrupt human activity (for example, stress, affect, fear, panic and psychological crisis).

To reveal the mechanisms of mental disorders, we need to identify the specific features of the impact of each of them.

4. Correspondence of the image of the Self and the ideas of the individual about its possibilities of working in extreme conditions reflects the degree of adequacy (harmony of the personality).

5. An analysis of the theoretical literature on this topic indicates that this problem is not sufficiently illuminated, which in turn implies the need for further research.

psychological adaptation self-control special contingent

Empirical study of the influence of volitional self-control on behavior in extreme conditions

The concept and course of an empirical study on the assessment of volitional self-control on behavior in extreme conditions

The object of research is the behavior of a person in extreme conditions.

The subject of the study is the psychological mechanisms of the influence of volitional self-control on behavior in extreme conditions.

The purpose of the study: to identify professional differences in psychological mechanisms volitional self-control on behavior in extreme conditions.

Hypothesis: It is assumed that volitional self-control is the leading factor in the success of activities in extreme conditions. The leading processes in this case are adaptation to certain conditions, and self-regulation of behavior in solving problems.

Tasks:

1. Conduct a theoretical analysis of research on the volitional sphere, adaptation and self-regulation in extreme conditions.

2. Develop an empirical research program and ensure the implementation of its procedures.

3. To substantiate the ways and conditions for the formation of volitional self-control among representatives of the special contingent.

Research apparatus

The study involved two groups of subjects - a total of 20 people: participants in the deaf chamber studies conducted on the initiative of the RGNII TsPK them. Yu.A. Gagarin (7 people) and fighters of the special forces of the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation (13 people), men aged 23-40 years.

The purpose, tasks and conditions of a multi-day study of the neuropsychic stability of the special contingent in the isolation chamber:

The purpose of the study: to assess the tolerance of difficult conditions of existence by a special contingent in a regulated information ecological environment.

The main objectives of the study:

Determination of the neuropsychic stability of the special contingent;

study of individual psychological characteristics and originality of the individual adaptation of the special contingent to the conditions of testing;

· acquisition of experience in ecologically closed systems;

training of psychological functions, qualities, emotional-volitional sphere;

Increase in the level of self-confidence;

obtaining psychophysiological information for the formation individual program improvement of the psycho-physiological qualities of the special contingent in the course of preparation for extreme conditions of activity.

Factors environment affecting the special contingent:

1. stay for five days under constant supervision during 64 hours (without sleep)

2. Continuous activity during 64 hours (no sleep)

3. social isolation (loneliness, feedback limitation)

4. enclosed space

5. biological isolation (no extraneous sounds and sunlight)

6. imposed mode of activity during five days

7. periodic medical examination

Research methods

1. Observation.

2. Psychological testing using the following methods:

Questionnaire NPN

· MLO-Adaptiveness A.G. Maklakova, S.V. Chermyanina

Methodology for determining neuropsychic stability,

risk of maladjustment in stress "Forecast"

Research of volitional self-regulation by A V Zverkov, E V Eidman

Schubert's Risk Readiness Diagnosis Technique

3. Methods of descriptive and inductive statistics.

1. NNP questionnaire

The questionnaire was proposed by T.A. Nemchin. Designed to detect signs of neuropsychic stress. It is a list of signs of neuropsychic tension, compiled according to the data of clinical and psychological observation and contains 30 main characteristics of this condition, divided into three degrees of severity

Points are calculated by summing them up, while for the mark (+) placed against item "a", 1 point is awarded, against item "b" - 2 points and against item "c" - 3 points. The minimum number of points that can be scored is 30, and the maximum is 90. The range of weak, or "detensive", neuropsychic tension is in the range from 30 to 50 points, moderate, or "intense", - from 51 to 70 points and excessive or "extensive", from 71 to 90 points.

The test form is given in Appendix 1.

2. MLO-Adaptivity A.G. Maklakova, S.V. Chermyanina

Multilevel Personality Questionnaire (MLO) "Adaptiveness" was developed by A.G. Maklakov and S.V. Chermyanin (1993). Designed to study the adaptive capabilities of the individual based on the assessment of some psycho-physiological and socio-psychological characteristics that reflect the integral features of the mental and social development. The questionnaire was accepted as a standardized methodology and is recommended for use in solving the problems of professional psychological selection, psychological support of educational and professional activity.

The results of MLO testing can be interpreted from the simplest judgments ("good - not good") to a detailed personal characteristic.

The theoretical basis of the test is the concept of adaptation as a constant process of active adaptation of the individual to the conditions of the social environment, affecting all levels of human functioning. The effectiveness of adaptation largely depends on both genetically determined properties nervous system, and on the conditions of education, learned stereotypes of behavior, the adequacy of the self-esteem of the individual. A distorted or underdeveloped self-image leads to a violation of adaptation, which may be accompanied by increased conflict, misunderstanding of one's social role, and deterioration in health. Cases of profound impairment of adaptation can lead to the development of diseases, disruptions in educational and professional activities, and antisocial behavior. The adaptation process is extremely dynamic. Its success largely depends on a number of objective and subjective conditions, functional state, social experience, life attitude, etc. Each person has a different attitude to the same events, and the same influencing stimulus different people can elicit different responses. It is possible to single out a certain interval of responses of an individual, which will correspond to the idea of a mental norm, and it is also possible to determine a certain “interval” of a person’s attitudes to a particular phenomenon, relating primarily to the categories of universal human values, which does not go beyond the generally accepted moral norms. The degree of compliance with this "interval" of mental and socio-moral normativity and ensures the effectiveness of the process of socio-psychological adaptation, determines the personal adaptive potential (PAP), which is the most important integrative characteristic of mental development. Characteristics of the personal adaptation potential can be obtained by evaluating behavioral regulation, communication skills and the level of moral normativity.

Behavioral regulation (PR) is a concept that characterizes a person's ability to regulate his interaction with the environment of activity. The main elements of behavioral regulation are: self-esteem, the level of neuropsychic stability, as well as the presence of social approval (social support) from the surrounding people. All the identified structural elements are not the primary basis for the regulation of behavior. They only reflect the correlation of needs, motives, the emotional background of mood, self-awareness, "I concept", etc. The regulation system is a complex, hierarchical formation, and the integration of all its levels into a single complex ensures the stability of the behavior regulation process.

Communicative qualities (communicative potential - CP) is the next component of personal adaptive potential (PAP). Since a person is almost always in a social environment, his activity is associated with the ability to build relationships with other people. Communication capabilities (or the ability to achieve contact and understanding with others) are different for each person. They are determined by the presence of experience and the need for communication, as well as the level of conflict.

Moral normativity (MN) provides the ability to adequately perceive the individual offered for him a certain social role. In this test, questions that characterize the level of moral normativity of an individual reflect two main components of the socialization process: the perception of moral norms of conduct and attitude to the requirements of the immediate social environment.

The multilevel personality questionnaire (MLO) "Adaptiveness" consists of 165 questions (Appendix 11) and has 4 structural levels, which allows obtaining information of various volumes and nature.

Scales of the 1st level are independent and correspond to the basic scales of SMIL (MMPI), allow you to get typological characteristics of a person, determine character accentuations.

Scales of the 2nd level correspond to the scales of the DAN questionnaire ("Disadaptation disorders"), designed to identify maladjustment disorders, mainly asthenic and psychotic reactions and conditions.

Scales of the 3rd level: behavioral regulation (PR), communicative potential (CP) and moral normativity (MN).

The scale of the 4th level is personal adaptive potential (PAP).

Instructions: Answer “Yes” or “No” to the statements below.

The test form is shown in Appendix 2

3. Method for diagnosing the degree of willingness to risk Schubert

The technique allows assessing the degree of readiness for risk. Risk is understood as an action at random in the hope of a happy outcome, or as a possible danger, as an action performed under conditions of uncertainty.

A high willingness to take risks is accompanied by a low motivation to avoid failure (protection). The willingness to take risks is directly proportional to the number of mistakes made. Research has also shown that:

risk appetite decreases with age;

More experienced workers have a lower willingness to take risks than inexperienced ones;

Women's willingness to take risks is realized under more specific conditions than men's;

· military commanders and heads of enterprises are more willing to take risks than students;

With the growth of the rejection of the individual in a situation of internal conflict, the readiness for risk increases;

· in a group environment, the willingness to take risks is stronger than when acting alone, and depends on group expectations.

· “totally agree”, “unconditionally yes”: + 2 points;

“More yes than no”: +1 point;

· “neither yes nor no”, “something in between”: 0 points;

· “no more than yes”: - 1 point;

“strongly disagree”: - 2

Processing and interpretation of test results

Calculate the amount of points you have scored in accordance with the instructions and evaluate your result. Overall score given on a continuous scale as a deviation from the mean.

Positive responses indicate a propensity to take risks.

Risk readiness indicators:

Less than -30 points - low.

· -10…+10 points - average.

· Over 4-20 points - high.

The test form is given in Appendix 3.

4. Methodology for determining neuropsychic stability, the risk of maladjustment in stress "Forecast"

The express method "Forecast" was developed in 1986 in V-MedA named after. CM. Kirova Yu.A. Baranov, is intended for the initial tentative identification of persons with signs of neuropsychic instability. It allows you to identify individual pre-morbid signs of personality disorders, as well as to assess the likelihood of their development and manifestations in human behavior and activities. The technique is widely used in the interests of professional consultation and professional selection.

The methodology contains 84 questions (statements), for each of which it is proposed to answer “yes” or “no”. The results of the survey are expressed as quantitative indicators in points, on the basis of which a conclusion is made about the level of neuropsychic stability. Data processing is carried out with the help of "keys", starting with a scale of sincerity, which is used to assess the reliability of the answers. The number of minuses corresponding to this scale is counted. If more than 10 points are noted on the sincerity scale, then it is not recommended to use the data obtained in the analysis, and the reasons for insincerity should be clarified during the conversation

"Keys" for processing the data of the "Forecast" questionnaire

Indicators on a scale of neuropsychic instability are obtained by summing the number of pluses for positive answers and the number of minuses for negative answers. Further, the obtained "raw" values are translated into walls, and the level of neuropsychic instability is determined according to the data of the "Forecast" questionnaire. Analysis of individual responses allows you to clarify the features of behavior and state mental activity person in different situations.

Persons whose NPU level is 1-2 walls are shown a consultation with a psychoneurologist (psychiatrist).

With persons whose level of NPU is equal to 3-4 walls, it is necessary to carry out medical and psychological correction measures

The test form is given in Appendix 4.

5. The study of volitional self-regulation by A.V. Zverkova, E.V. Aidman

Test subject instructions. "You are offered a test containing 30 statements. Read each carefully and decide whether this statement is true or false in relation to you. If it is true, then put a plus sign (+) in the answer sheet against the number of this statement, and if you think that it is wrong with respect to you, then "minus" (-).

In its most general form, the level of volitional self-regulation is understood as a measure of mastering one's own behavior in various situations, the ability to consciously control one's actions, states, and impulses.

The level of development of volitional self-regulation can be characterized as a whole and separately by such character traits as perseverance and self-control.

The levels of volitional self-regulation are determined in comparison with the average values of each of the scales. If they make up more than half of the maximum possible sum of matches, then this indicator reflects a high level of development of general self-regulation, perseverance or self-control. For the "B" scale, this value is 12, for the "H" scale - 8, for the "C" scale - 6.

A high score on the "B" scale is typical for persons who are emotionally mature, active, independent, independent. They are distinguished by calmness, self-confidence, stability of intentions, realistic views, a developed sense of duty. As a rule, they reflect well on personal motives, systematically implement the intentions that have arisen, are able to distribute efforts and are able to control their actions, and have a pronounced socially positive orientation. In extreme cases, they may experience an increase in internal tension associated with the desire to control every nuance of their own behavior and anxiety about its slightest spontaneity.

The subscale "perseverance" characterizes the strength of a person's intentions - his desire to complete the work begun. On the positive pole - active, hard-working people, actively striving to fulfill what was planned, they are mobilized by obstacles on the way to the goal, but are distracted by alternatives and temptations, their main value is the work they have begun. Such people tend to respect social norms, the desire to completely subordinate their behavior to them. In extreme terms, there may be a loss of flexibility in behavior, the appearance of manic tendencies. Low values on this scale indicate increased lability, uncertainty, impulsiveness. which can lead to inconsistent and even scattered behaviour. The reduced background of activity and efficiency, as a rule, is compensated in such persons by increased sensitivity, flexibility, ingenuity, as well as a tendency to a free interpretation of social norms.

At the other pole of this subscale, spontaneity and impulsiveness, combined with resentment and preference for traditional views, protect a person from intense experiences and internal conflicts, and contribute to a calm background of mood.

The social desirability of high scores on the scale is ambiguous. high levels development of volitional self-regulation may be associated with problems in the organization of life and relationships with people. Often they reflect the appearance of maladaptive traits and behaviors, unlike them low levels perseverance and self-control in some cases perform compensatory functions. But they also indicate violations in the development of personality traits and its ability to build relationships with other people and adequately respond to certain situations.

The test form is given in Appendix 5.

Research results

Rice. 1.


1st group








2nd group

In the course of our study, we used the NNP questionnaire

The results obtained by us are listed in Table 1 and are reflected in Figure 1


1st group







2nd group

In the course of our study, we used the MLO-Adaptiveness method. Our results are listed in Table 2 and are shown in Figure 2.

Rice. 2.

3. The results of the study of Schubert's methodology "Readiness for risk"Readiness for risk

1st group		Goth. risk








2nd group

In the course of our study, the “Risk Readiness” methodology was used.

Our results are listed in Table 3 and are shown in Figure 3.

4. Results of the study of the methodology "Forecast"

In the course of our study, we used the "Forecast" technique

Our results are listed in Table 4 and shown in Figure 4.

Table 4


1st group








2nd group

5. Results of the study of volitional self-regulation

Table 5


1st group







2nd group

In the course of our study, we used a methodology for studying volitional self-regulation. The results obtained are listed in Table 5 and are shown in Figure 5. To test the significance of differences in groups 1 and 2, we used Student's parametric test for independent samples.

T-test for MLO-Adaptiveness

T-test for prediction

Analysis and interpretation of research results

1. The results of the study of neuropsychic stress are summarized in Table N1. As can be seen from Table 1 and Figure 1, Group 1 far outnumbers Group 2. This is because the representatives of the 1st group have no neuropsychic stress.

2. The results of the examination of the test MLO-Adaptiveness - 1 and 2 groups were summarized in table N2.

As can be seen from Table 2 and Figure 2, group 1 is slightly superior to the control one on the AS, NPU, and CP scales, slightly inferior on the MN scales, and many times superior on the main LAP scale. This is because the people of this group easily adapt to new conditions of activity, quite easily and adequately orient themselves in situations, and quickly develop a strategy for their behavior.

3. The results of the study of the "Risk Readiness" methodology were summarized in Table N3. As can be seen from Table 3 and Figure 3, group 1 is slightly superior to the control group. This is because individuals in this group have low motivation to avoid failure.

4. The results of the study of the methodology "Forecast" were summarized in table N4. As can be seen from Table 4 and Figure 4, group 1 slightly outperforms the control group. This is because people in this group have more neuropsychic stability and less risk of maladjustment in stress.

5. The results of the study of volitional self-regulation of groups 1 and 2 were summarized in table N5. From table 5 and figure 5 it can be seen that group 1 slightly exceeds group 2 on the H and C scales and slightly inferior to group 2 on the B scale. This is because people in this group there is a desire to complete the work begun, a higher level of arbitrary control of emotional reactions and states.

As shown by the data in Table N1 and Table N2, significant statistical differences were identified according to the T-test of the NPN test and the LAP scale of the MLO-Adaptiveness test.

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Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation

Volgograd State Technical University

Department "Theory and History of Culture"

Semester work

in the discipline "Psychology"

on the topic: "Research of volitional self-regulation"

Volgograd 2014

Introduction

Will is a specific reflective function of the brain, expressed in the fact that a person consciously sets goals, regulates activity in the direction of these goals, and deliberately overcomes obstacles that stand in the way of achieving the goal. The concept of "will" corresponds to the arbitrary control of behavior and activity.

Will is a person's conscious regulation of his behavior and activities, expressed in the ability to overcome internal and external difficulties in the performance of purposeful actions and deeds.

The formation of personal behavior is the emergence of arbitrary actions and deeds.

A volitional action is a conscious, purposeful action by means of which a person carries out a planned goal, subordinating his impulses to conscious control and changing the surrounding reality in accordance with his plan. Volitional action is a specifically human action by which a person consciously changes the world.

The concept of self-regulation remains quite generalized, ambiguous, often "intuitively obvious", despite the development of other concepts with the prefix "self" - self-esteem, self-relationship, self-knowledge.

Volitional self-regulation is integral part arbitrary control and is realized through the manifestation of volitional efforts.

will mental self-regulation

1. Volitional self-regulation

1.1 Self-regulation of volitional acts

Like all mental processes, the will develops not by itself, but in connection with common development person's personality. Even at an early age one can meet high development will. At the same time, the level of development of the will is higher where creative skills are developed. For example, in children who are addicted to some creative work, in children with artistic or musical inclinations, who are able to do their favorite thing for hours on their own. This is because the enthusiasm for any occupation, accompanied by concentration of attention, perseverance in achieving results, systematic work (drawing, dancing, music or sports), contributes to the formation of volitional characteristics that manifest themselves and spread to other areas of life.

What are the main ways of forming the will? This is, first of all, the purposefulness of parents who are ready to give the child a comprehensive development, but at the same time making rather high demands on him. Studies show that in such families the child will not serious problems with volitional regulation of activity. Such shortcomings in the willful behavior of children, such as whims and stubbornness, observed in early childhood, are due to mistakes made by parents in educating the will of the child. An important point in raising a child in a family is the formation of conscious discipline in him. . The role of parents here is very high, since the development of volitional qualities in a child is a prerequisite for the formation of discipline in him, which not only helps to understand the need to comply with certain rules of behavior in society, but also forms his internal discipline, expressed in the ability to restrain and control desires, compare them with the possibility of real implementation in activities.

On the other hand, despite all the efforts of parents to bring up strong-willed qualities in a child, a problem may appear, described Rollo May- the problem of lack of will. In his opinion, this problem is much more than just an ethical problem: modern man too often convinced that even if he really tries his will - or what he means by it - his actions will still not lead to anything good. It is the inner feeling of impotence, discord in the will itself that makes up our dangerous problem. Rollo May speaks of a crisis of will and her reverse side- protest. The ability of a child of two or three years of age to take a negative position relative to his parents is known, and this is an important indicator of the beginning of the formation of will. But if the will remains purely protesting, it retains its dependence on what it protests against. Therefore, one should carefully approach the education of volitional qualities in a child in the family, carefully observe the reaction of the child.

With age, the formation of volitional characteristics does not stop; they develop on their own labor activity. Thus, the whole process of educating a person determines the success of the formation of volitional qualities of a person. Therefore, it is no coincidence that will is very often considered as one of the central and most informative characteristics of a person. And it can be argued that the formation of the will is the formation of a subject capable of self-determination.

A self-sufficient person who, among other personal characteristics, possesses developed will, this is an organism that can control itself and its actions, because “the will at its highest levels is not a simple set of desires, but a certain organization of them. It presupposes, further, the ability to regulate one's behavior on the basis of general principles, beliefs, ideas.

1.2 Volitional qualities of a person

How to achieve the ability to control yourself, your emotions and desires and do right choice? Before every action, a person needs to make a decision. This decision means further changes in the events around. Awareness that from the consequences of his act the world may change, as well as the understanding of the dependence of what can happen on one's own decision, generates a specific for act of will sense of responsibility. Willpower is a generalized ability to overcome significant difficulties that arise on the way to achieving the goal.

Volitional qualities are features volitional regulation, manifested in specific specific conditions, due to the nature of the difficulty being overcome.

Since will is only a generalized concept, behind which many different psychological qualities are hidden, then, speaking of self-regulation by volitional acts, an individual needs to develop these qualities in combination. Most often, next to the will are such personality traits as purposefulness, determination, perseverance, endurance, independence, courage, stamina, self-control and initiative. Here you can also add criticality, diligence and confidence.

The development of each quality individually and as a whole depends on a single individual, his psychophysiological characteristics, temperament, upbringing, etc.

One of the important qualities for developing the ability to control one's feelings and will is initiative. . It is often said that "the first step is difficult." The ability to get down to business well and easily at one's own will, without waiting for instructions from outside, is a valuable property of the will. An essential role in initiative is played by the intensity and brightness of motives; but also personal intellectual data are of great importance.

On the other side , inert nature. Such a person will hardly take the first step. Although inert people are also sometimes able, not without perseverance, to continue the work they have begun. They are not able to start something themselves, to undertake on their own initiative.

Following the initiative that characterizes a person by how he accomplishes the most First stage volitional action, it is necessary to note independence, independence as an essential feature of the will. Independence is manifested in the ability to consciously make decisions, in the ability not to succumb to the influence of obstacles that arise in achieving the goal. An independent person is able, critically evaluating the advice and suggestions of other people, to act on the basis of his views and beliefs and at the same time make adjustments to his actions based on the advice of more experienced people.

Decisiveness must be distinguished from independence and motivation of a decision. - quality that manifests itself in decision making. Decisiveness is expressed in confidence, and a fast pace, "in the absence of unnecessary hesitation and doubt in the struggle of motives" with which a decision is made. Here it is also important to note the presence of firmness in the implementation of the decision. In an indecisive person, making a decision is like swinging a pendulum in one direction or the other. Indecision can manifest itself both in long-term hesitation before making a decision, and in the instability of the decision itself.

1.3 Self-education of the will

Will, as well as the above qualities, are formed in the course of human development. In a newborn child, reflex movements predominate, as well as some instinctive actions. Much later, volitional, conscious actions begin to form. It should be noted that the first desires of the child are very unstable, they spontaneously replace each other and are often indefinite. Therefore, it is so easy to switch the attention of a small child from one object to another without fear that the child will show some volitional actions. Only in the fourth year of life do desires acquire a more or less stable character. At the same age, the emergence of a struggle of motives is first noted in children. For example, children of two years of age, after some hesitation, may choose between several possible actions. However, the choice, which is based on a moral principle, becomes possible for children of the third year of life, when the child can already control his behavior. Of course, this requires, on the one hand, a sufficiently high level of development, and, on the other hand, at least a slight formation of moral attitudes. Both are formed under the influence of training and education, in the process of constant play, communication and interaction with adults. Undoubtedly, what moral principles will be laid down in a particular child depends to a large extent on the moral attitudes of an adult.

In the development of will in a preschooler, there are 3 main areas: the development of purposeful actions, the formation of moral goals and motives for actions, and an increase in the regulatory role of speech in the performance of actions. The child should be praised for his willpower, help in case of difficulty, and in case of failure, express confidence in the final success, help to achieve it. The main thing is to make the child believe in himself: If everyone can, then I can too. I contribute to the development of the will different kinds activities of a preschooler and, above all, play. According to Svetlana Peunova, a child should be given what we want to receive from him. It is very difficult to force any person to do what we want. Even a small person has a feeling of resistance, aggression. An alternative in this situation can be such an approach to the child, when he himself understands and wants to do what is asked of him.

In adolescence, certain difficulties may arise for volitional regulation of behavior. The appearance of new drives during puberty makes new increased demands on the will. He is no longer a child, but not yet an adult. The teenager himself vividly feels the first, but adults in their attitude towards him sometimes especially emphasize the second. The adolescent has a tendency to release his will from the restrictions imposed on him by his immediate environment. He seeks to find his own will and begin to live according to it; control must pass from the hands of others to the teenager's own hands. At this stage, it is important to help the adolescent realize that his own mixture of impulses and drives will not run into the authoritarian and unquestioning despotism of adult principles; that it is possible and necessary to fruitfully cooperate with mutual principles in order to create acceptable, both by the individual and by society, principles expressed in convictions. The role of adults, parents, schools is not to convince a teenager in words, but on own example show how to act and what principles to follow.

The development of the will of adolescents is closely correlated with the enrichment of their motivational and moral spheres. The motivation of an act, in which there is volitional regulation, becomes conscious, and the act itself becomes arbitrary. good example such activities can be served by a consciously set, difficult to achieve goal, associated with the highest moral values, performed on a voluntary basis and aimed at benefiting people.

2. Practical part

The purpose of the study: to determine the level of development of volitional self-regulation.

Material and equipment: a test questionnaire by A. V. Zverkov and E. V. Eidman, an answer sheet and a pen.

Research procedure: The study of volitional self-regulation using a test questionnaire is carried out either with one subject or with a group. To ensure the independence of the answers of the subjects, everyone receives the text of the questionnaire, the answer sheet, on which the question numbers are printed and next to them is the column for the answer.

Test subject instructions:

"You are offered a test containing 30 statements. Read each carefully and decide whether this statement is true or false in relation to you. If it is true, then in the answer sheet against the number of this statement, put a plus sign (+), and if you think, that it is incorrect in relation to you, then "minus" (-).

1. If something does not stick, I often have a desire to quit this business.

2. I do not give up my plans and deeds, even if I have to choose between them and a pleasant company.

3. When necessary, it is not difficult for me to restrain an outburst of anger.

4. I usually keep calm in anticipation of a friend who is late for the appointed time.

5. It is difficult to distract me from the work I have begun.

6. I am very unsettled by physical pain.

7. I always try to listen to the interlocutor without interrupting, even if I can not wait to object to him.

8. I always "wild" my line.

9. If necessary, I can stay up all night (eg, work, on duty) and be in "good shape" all the next day.

10. My plans are too often crossed out by external circumstances.

11. I consider myself a patient person.

12. It is not so easy for me to force myself to coolly observe an exciting spectacle.

13. I rarely manage to force myself to continue working after a series of offensive failures.

14. If I treat someone badly, it is difficult for me to hide my dislike for him.

15. If necessary, I can do my job in an uncomfortable and inappropriate environment.

16. The realization that it must be done at all costs by a certain date greatly complicates my work.

17. I consider myself a decisive person.

18. I deal with physical fatigue more easily than others.

19. It is better to wait for the elevator that has just left than to climb the stairs.

20. It's not so easy to ruin my mood.

21. Sometimes some trifle takes possession of my thoughts, does not give rest, and I can’t get rid of it in any way.

22. I find it harder to focus on a task or work than others.

23. It's hard to argue with me.

24. I always strive to finish what I started.

25. I am easily distracted from business.

26. I sometimes notice that I am trying to achieve my goal in defiance of objective circumstances.

27. People sometimes envy my patience and meticulousness.

29. I notice that during monotonous work I involuntarily begin to change the way I act, even if this sometimes leads to worse results.

30. I am usually very annoyed when the doors of an outgoing transport or elevator slam shut in front of my nose.

Results processing:

Each index is the sum of the scores obtained by counting the matches of the subject's answers with the key of the general scale or subscale.

In the questionnaire b masking statements. Therefore, the overall total score on the "B" scale should be in the range from 0 to 24, on the "persistence" subscale - from 0 to 16, and on the "self-control" subscale - from 0 to 13:

The key for calculating the indices of volitional self-regulation

Evdokimov

Kovalenko

Holmuminov

Solodunova

Makarchuk

Sulemenov

Ovechkin

Kharitonov

Kopalkin

About. scale

self-control

Results processing:

Calculation of the average value:

"Total scale" = 13-above average

"Perseverance" = 8.25 - above average

"Self-control" = 7.25 - above average

Analysis of results.

The level of development of volitional self-regulation can be characterized as a whole and separately by such character traits as perseverance and self-control.

The subscale "perseverance" characterizes the strength of a person's intentions - his desire to complete the work begun. On the positive pole - active, hard-working people, actively striving to fulfill what was planned, they are mobilized by obstacles on the way to the goal, but are distracted by alternatives and temptations, their main value is the work they have begun. Such people tend to respect social norms, the desire to completely subordinate their behavior to them. In extreme terms, there may be a loss of flexibility in behavior, the appearance of manic tendencies. Low values on this scale indicate increased lability, uncertainty, impulsiveness. which can lead to inconsistent and even scattered behaviour. The reduced background of activity and efficiency, as a rule, is compensated in such persons by increased sensitivity, flexibility, ingenuity, as well as a tendency to a free interpretation of social norms.

The social desirability of high scores on the scale is ambiguous. High levels of development of volitional self-regulation may be associated with problems in the organization of life and relationships with people. Often they reflect the emergence of maladaptive traits and behaviors. unlike them, low levels of perseverance and self-control in some cases perform compensatory functions. But they also indicate violations in the development of personality traits and its ability to build relationships with other people and adequately respond to certain situations.

Conclusion

None more or less complex life problem man is not solved without the participation of the will. All the successes made on Earth were the result of the great will of their creators, inventors, scientists. Man, first of all, differs from all other living beings in that, in addition to consciousness and intellect, he also has a will, without which other abilities would remain an empty sound.

Will is understood as a complex mental process that causes the activity of a person and awakens him to act in a directed way. Willpower is the ability to overcome significant difficulties that arise on the way to achieving the goal. The more serious the obstacle that a person has overcome on the way to the goal, the stronger his will. Will arises as a result of life practice, education and self-education of the individual. It is necessary to educate it in a child already from early age when, with sufficient mastery of the motor skills of the arms and legs, the child learns to fulfill the requirements of adults based on understanding their speech.

Volitional regulation is necessary in order to keep in the field of consciousness the object that a person is thinking about for a long time, to maintain attention concentrated on it. The will is involved in the regulation of almost all basic mental functions: sensations, perception, memory, thinking, speech. The development of these processes from the lowest to the highest means the recognition by a person of volitional control over them.

The development of the will in a person is associated with such actions as: a) the transformation of involuntary mental processes in arbitrary; b) the acquisition by a person of control over his behavior; c) development of volitional qualities of a person; d) conscious setting in front of a person more and more difficult task and achieving a more distant goal, which requires significant volitional efforts over time.

The will of a person is manifested in the totality of such character traits as purposefulness, determination, perseverance, initiative, endurance, self-control. These character traits can contribute to the achievement of both socially useful and anti-social goals.

The will must be developed and perfected. Through the formation of positive habits of the family and society, it can be expected that the child, having matured, will choose a healthy and perfect life, make it pleasant and happy. Not a single complex problem in a person's life can be solved without the participation of his will, without self-regulation and free choice. Self-regulation, in contrast to spontaneous activity and activity, the management of which is determined by other people or circumstances, involves the activity of the individual himself, awareness of his own skills and capabilities, the reasons for their occurrence and ways to change in the future. To do this, an individual needs motivation, setting a goal, thinking through a plan of action and implementing the decision he has set.

Since the development of the will of each person takes place individually, the possibilities of self-regulation of the personality and its adequate response to various kinds of external influences are of increasing interest to researchers.

List of used literature

1. Bodalev A.A. Personality and communication. - M., 1983, p. 271

2. Vygotsky L.S. Sobr. cit.: In 6 vols. - Vol. 4. - M., 1983, p. 225

3. Vysotsky A. I. Volitional activity of schoolchildren and methods of its study: Tutorial. - Chelyabinsk, 1979, p. 69

4. Wild L. G. Mental self-regulation of the functional state of a person (system-activity approach). M.: Publishing House of IP RAS, 2003, p.318

5. James W. Will // James W. Psychology. - M.: Pedagogy, 1991. - S. 313-332, 351-354

6. James W. Scientific foundations of psychology. - SPb., 1902, p.363

7. Ilyin E.P. Psychology of will. - St. Petersburg, 2000, p.114-254

8. Kalin V.K. On the Ways of Building a Theory of Will // Psychological Journal - Vol. 10 - 1989 - No. 2.

9. Kornilov A.P. Human self-regulation in conditions of social change. - Questions of psychology. - 1995 - No. 5

10. Kotyrlo V.K. The development of volitional behavior in preschoolers. - Kyiv, 1971

11. Krutetsky V.A. Psychology. - M., 1999, p. 383

12. Levitov N.D. General psychology. - M., 1986 (Will: 385 - 400)

13. Maklakov A. G. General psychology. -- St. Petersburg: Peter, 2001, p. 592

14. Pavlov I.P. Full coll. soch., v. 3, book. 1, 1951, p. 343

15. Peunova S.M. Textbook of life truths. Part 1. - Samara, 2007, p. 256

16. Plato. Dialogues. M.: "Thought", 1986, p. 42-48

17. http://www.psyoffice.ru/

18. http://nauka-pedagogika.com/

19. Rubinstein S.L. Basics general psychology: In 2 volumes. - St. Petersburg: Peter Kom, 2000 (The concept of will: c.182 - 211).

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Methodology for the study of volitional self-regulation. An empirical study of the influence of volitional self-control on behavior in extreme conditions. Methodology "Study of the level of empathic tendencies"

Research procedure

Test

Results processing

Analysis of results

Conclusions for chapter 1:

Empirical study of the influence of volitional self-control on behavior in extreme conditions

The concept and course of an empirical study on the assessment of volitional self-control on behavior in extreme conditions

Analysis and interpretation of research results

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