Function volitional regulation is to increase the efficiency of the relevant activities, and volitional action It appears as a conscious, purposeful action of a person to overcome external and internal obstacles with the help of volitional efforts.
On personal level will manifests itself in such properties as willpower, energy, perseverance, endurance, etc. They can be considered as primary, or basic, volitional qualities of a person. Such qualities define behavior that is characterized by all or most of the properties described above.
A strong-willed person is distinguished determination, courage, self-control, self-confidence. Such qualities usually develop in ontogenesis (development) somewhat later than the above group of properties. In life, they manifest themselves in unity with the character, so they can be considered not only as volitional, but also as characterological. Let's call these qualities secondary.
Finally, there is a third group of qualities, which, reflecting the will of a person, are connected at the same time with his moral and value orientations. This is responsibility, discipline, adherence to principles, commitment. The same group, designated as tertiary qualities, can include those in which the will of a person and his attitude to work simultaneously act: efficiency, initiative. Such personality traits are usually formed only by adolescence.
According to V.A. And Vannikova, the main psychological function of the will is to increase motivation and improve on this basis the conscious regulation of actions. The real mechanism for generating an additional motivation for action is a conscious change in the meaning of the action by the person performing it. The meaning of the action is usually associated with the struggle of motives and changes with certain, deliberate mental efforts.
Volitional action, the need for it, arises when an obstacle appears on the way to the implementation of motivated activity. The act of will is connected with its overcoming. Beforehand, however, it is necessary to realize, comprehend the essence of the problem that has arisen.
The inclusion of will in the composition of activity begins with a person asking himself the question: “What happened?” Already a character in itself this issue indicates that the will is closely connected with the awareness of the action, the course of activity and the situation. The primary act of including the will in action actually consists in the arbitrary involvement of consciousness in the process of carrying out the activity.
Volitional regulation is necessary in order to keep in the field of consciousness the object that a person is thinking about for a long time, to maintain attention concentrated on it. The will is involved in the regulation of almost all basic mental functions: sensations, perception, imagination, memory, thinking and speech. The development of these cognitive processes from the lowest to the highest means the acquisition by a person of volitional control over them.
A volitional action is always associated with the consciousness of the purpose of the activity, its significance, with the subordination of the actions performed to this purpose. Sometimes it becomes necessary to give a special meaning to any goal, and in this case, the participation of the will in the regulation of activity comes down to finding the appropriate meaning, the increased value of this activity. Otherwise, it may be necessary to find additional stimuli for carrying out, bringing to the end an activity that has already begun, and then the volitional meaning-forming function is associated with the process of performing the activity. In the third case, the goal may be learning something, and actions related to learning acquire a volitional character.
The energy and source of volitional actions are always connected in one way or another with the actual needs of a person. Based on them, a person gives a conscious meaning to his arbitrary actions. In this regard, volitional actions are no less determined than any others, only they are associated with consciousness, hard work of thinking and overcoming difficulties.
Volitional regulation can be included in the activity at any of the stages of its implementation: the initiation of the activity, the choice of means and methods for its implementation, following the planned plan or deviating from it, monitoring the execution. The peculiarity of the inclusion of volitional regulation at the initial moment of the implementation of activity is that a person, consciously refusing some drives, motives and goals, prefers others and implements them in spite of momentary, immediate impulses. The will in choosing an action is manifested in the fact that, having consciously abandoned the usual way of solving a problem, the individual chooses a different, sometimes more difficult one, and tries not to deviate from it. Finally, the volitional regulation of control over the execution of an action consists in the fact that a person consciously forces himself to carefully check the correctness of the actions performed when there is almost no strength and desire to do this. Particular difficulties in terms of volitional regulation are presented for a person by such an activity, where problems of volitional control arise along the entire path of the activity, from the very beginning to the end.
A typical case of the inclusion of the will in the management of activity is the situation associated with the struggle of incompatible motives, each of which requires the performance of different actions at the same time. Then the consciousness and thinking of a person, being included in the volitional regulation of his behavior, are looking for additional incentives in order to make one of the drives stronger, to give it more meaning in the current situation. Psychologically, this means an active search for connections between the goal and the ongoing activity with the highest spiritual values of a person, consciously attaching much more importance to them than they had at the beginning.
With volitional regulation of behavior generated by actual needs, a special relationship develops between these needs and human consciousness. S.L. Rubinstein described them as follows: “Will in the proper sense arises when a person is capable of reflecting on his drives, can relate to them in one way or another. For this, the individual must be able to rise above his drives and, being distracted from them, realize himself ... as a subject ... who ... rising above them, is able to make a choice between them.
Organizational aspect mental activity and conscious regulation of human behavior and activities are provided volitional processes. The main purpose of the will is to consciously program one's own behavior, which is characteristic only of a person. Volitional acts are characterized by overcoming not only external difficulties and obstacles that arise in activity, but primarily with overcoming a person himself, his own immediate desires and aspirations. Volitional behavior differs significantly from "field" behavior, which is determined by the situation and various external stimuli.
IN act of will there is always a struggle of multidirectional motives. Volitional behavior involves a conscious choice by a person of motivation that meets the goal, and its strengthening. However, the direct impulses of a person can also gain the upper hand, and then the activity loses the character of volitional regulation. The volitional act always involves cognitive processes - thinking and imagination, which allow us to imagine the development of the situation and consciously approach the prediction of the consequences of choosing a course of action, as well as assess the "costs" of actions that can be performed under the influence of impulsive immediate desires. The image of the desired result acquires additional motivating power if it is associated in the mind with positive emotions, the expectation of a favorable result of the chosen behavior. Thus, volitional regulation is built as a meaningful choice of the “direction of movement” and methods of action in accordance with the goals set. The semantic choice in favor of one of the motives means that the struggle of motives is over. Making a decision, developing a plan to achieve the goal, ensure the integrity of the behavior of a person who has an intention.
Let's list Main characteristics deliberate volitional behavior person:
- 1) a volitional decision is always made in the conditions of competing multidirectional motives, the struggle of multidirectional motives. Will allows you to resolve this situation, that is, to make an internal choice in favor of a priority motive;
- 2) volitional action is carried out according to a predetermined plan, built as deliberate;
- 3) successful performance of a volitional action is associated with moral satisfaction;
- 4) volitional action is associated not so much with the victory over circumstances, but first of all with overcoming oneself, one's immediate motives.
Volitional regulation necessary for a person to be able to keep the object with which he interacts in the field of consciousness for a long time. The will participates in the regulation of all mental processes: sensations, perception, memory, thinking, attention, imagination. During mental development, in the process of formation of higher mental functions, a person acquires the ability of volitional control over his motives, as a result of which he motivational sphere takes the form of a hierarchy, and the behavior is constructed as internally determined. The voluntariness of movements provides the possibility of developing various motor skills and actions. In addition, the development of the will is associated with the formation of the volitional qualities of the personality, which form the basis of character.
Education of the will in children is a complex process associated with their general intellectual and personal development. Of particular importance in the development of the arbitrariness of mental processes and behavior are various types of activities (constructive subject, game, educational), which rebuild the mechanisms of the child's mental regulation, form his ability to voluntarily regulate mental processes and behavior.
Volitional structure includes several levels. Any volitional action begins with the realization of the purpose of the action and the motive associated with it, as a result of which a person either first vaguely feels his drives, or already begins to understand his desires. “Active” motives can come into conflict with opposite motivational and value formations, as a result of which a person will need to evaluate all the pros and cons in the current situation and make a final decision about the purpose and methods of future action. The decision-making situation requires a person to be decisive and understand the responsibility for the consequences of his choice. This level can be considered as the core, the central link of volitional action. In the future, volitional regulation ensures the execution of the decision - either immediately or with a temporary delay. The result of a volitional effort is an external action or, conversely, its "inhibition", if such was the decision made.
The concept of the system of regulation of behavior and activity of the individual. Members of an organization are not tools, cogs, or machines. They have goals, feelings, hopes, fears. They feel malaise, anger, hopelessness, rudeness, happiness. Each of them is a person with individual traits and qualities inherent in her and only her.
The behavior of a subordinate in an organization is the result of a complex combination of various influences. Some influences are recognized, while others are not; some are rational and some are irrational; some are consistent with the goals of the organization, while others are not. That is why, in order to predict and successfully regulate the behavior and activities of subordinates, the leader must know what the personality of an individual member of the organization is, why he acts in typical situations exactly how (through which) it is advisable to regulate his behavior and activities.
In the science of management, the question is eternal: who or what should the manager manage? On whom does he direct his influence - on the individual or on the organization? Until recently, most scientists decided this issue in favor of the organization. The new approach to management is increasingly based on the recognition of the priority of the individual over production, profit, and the organization as a whole. It is this formulation of the question that constitutes the culture of modern management.
The subordinate, as a rule, is a fully formed personality, bound by the prevailing social norms, possessing his own individual traits, who has experienced a significant influence of many previous groups (and not always a positive influence).
The behavior of a subordinate in certain situations is formed on the basis of the experience of the entire previous life. The attitude of a person to certain people, phenomena, situations, processes leads to the emergence of appropriate behavior. In general the nature of our behavior is subject to constant influence of various internal and external factors.
TO main internal factors can be attributed:
* performance of a certain social role;
* appropriate status in the organization;
* the degree of emotional closeness with others;
* previous life and professional experience;
* belonging to a particular culture and subculture;
* specific situation and topic of conversation;
* mood in this moment.
Along with internal factors, a number of factors have a significant impact on employee behavior. external factors:
* the social environment represented by specific employees both vertically and horizontally;
* expecting certain behavior from the employee;
* Orientation to certain stereotypes of behavior approved in the organization.
The socialization of the individual, the regulation of his social behavior is carried out through systems of social regulation of behavior and activity. It includes the following main components: regulators:
*social position;
*social role;
*social norms;
*social expectations (expectations);
*social values expressed in the value orientations of the individual;
*social attitudes;
tricks and methods:
*direct or immediate(persuasion, coercion, suggestion, requirement of behavior based on imitation, that is, the implementation of the principle “Do as ...”);
*indirect or indirect(“personal example”, “orienting situation”, “changing or maintaining role elements”, “use of symbols and rituals”, “stimulation”).
Let's take a closer look at the elements of the system of social regulation. A serious influence on the formation of certain regulators is inherent in a given social group. mentality. The concept of "mentality" is a set of basic and fairly stable psychological guidelines, traditions, habits, attitudes, behaviors that are inherited from past generations and are inherent in a given society, group, nation and a certain cultural tradition; this is a certain stereotype of perception and assessment of reality and a behavioral self-regulator. On the basis of the group mentality, an individual mentality is formed. In fact, the individual mentality includes the main regulators social behavior and is their integrated expression.
Let us now consider the regulators themselves in more detail. An important regulator of an individual's behavior is the space he occupies. social position, that is, the social position of the individual, with which his certain rights and obligations are associated, which in general do not depend on individual qualities. Positions placed in a hierarchy on any basis (property, power, competence) have different status and prestige in public opinion. Each position prescribes a number of objective requirements for the persons holding them, and requires their observance. In other words, through its requirements, the position regulates the behavior of everyone who occupies it.
The requirements of the position determine a peculiar model of behavior. It receives its final expression in the concept "social role" that is, a social function, a model of behavior, objectively given by the social position of the individual. The word "role" is borrowed from the theatre, and just like there, it means the prescribed actions for those who occupy a certain social position.
When we climb a new rung on the corporate ladder, we are forced to behave in accordance with the new position, even if we feel out of place. And then, one day, something amazing happens. We notice that the new behavior is not difficult for us. Thus, we entered the role, and it became as familiar to us as slippers.
Approximately the same thing happens with our subordinate. When he comes to the organization, he is included in the system of complex relationships, occupying several positions in it. Each position corresponds to a set of requirements, norms, rules and behaviors that determine the social role in a given organization as a subordinate, partner, participant in various events, etc. From a member of the organization, occupying each of these positions, is expected to behave appropriately. The process of adaptation will be the more successful, the more the norms and values of the organization are or become the norms or values of its individual member, the faster and more successfully it accepts, assimilates its social roles In the organisation.
The social role regulates the behavior of the individual in the main, fundamental issues, determines the model of behavior in general. This, however, does not negate the personal, subjective coloring of the role, which manifests itself in the styles of role behavior, the level of activity of performance.
The concept of "social role" is changeable. It is enough to compare the content of the concept of "entrepreneur" in the pre-October period and at the present time. The greatest changes occur during intensive social development. The performance of a social role must comply with accepted social norms and the expectations of others, regardless of the individual characteristics of the individual.
Every culture has its own ideas about accepted behavior. Most often, these ideas are combined with the concept "social norm". Norms govern our behavior so subtly that we hardly recognize their existence. Norms as representations of members of society about the proper, permissible, possible, desirable or unacceptable, impossible, undesirable, etc. are an important tool social regulation of the behavior of individuals and groups.
Norms play the role of integration, ordering, ensuring the life of society as a system. With the help of norms, the requirements and attitudes of society, social groups are translated into standards, models, standards of behavior for representatives of these groups, and in this form they are addressed to individuals. The assimilation and use of norms is a condition for the formation of a person as a representative of one or another social group. Through their observance, a person is included in a group, in society.
At the same time, the behavior of the individual is also regulated by the attitude of those around us, their expectation from us of certain actions appropriate to the given situation. Social, role expectations (expectations) - these are usually informal requirements, prescriptions for models of social behavior, relationships, etc., and taking the form of expectations of certain behavior (for example, an employee must work well, a specialist must know his job well). Expectations reflect the degree of obligation, the need for members of the group, the society of the prescribed model of behavior, relations, without which the group cannot function. Among the main functions of expectations, one can single out the streamlining of interaction, increasing the reliability of the system of social ties, the consistency of actions and relationships, and increasing the efficiency of the adaptation process (primarily regulation and forecasting).
significant influence on individual behavior social values that is, significant phenomena and objects of reality that correspond to the needs of society, a social group and an individual.
The values of society and the group, refracted through the perception and experience of each individual, become value orientations of the individual (TSOL), that is, values from purely “public” become “mine”. Thus, the value orientations of a person are the social values shared by this person, which act as the goals of life and the main means of achieving these goals. Being a reflection of the fundamental social interests of the individual, the COL express the subjective social position of individuals, their worldview and moral principles.
Highest value for the regulation of social behavior have formed social attitudes of a given individual, that is, the general orientation of a person to a certain social object, phenomenon, a predisposition to act in a certain way with respect to this object, phenomenon. Social attitudes include a number of phases: cognitive, that is, the perception and awareness of the object (goal); emotional that is, the emotional assessment of the object (disposition and internal mobilization); and finally behavioral that is, the readiness to carry out a series of sequential actions in relation to the object (behavioral readiness).
These are the main regulators of the social behavior of the individual. The first four (position, role, norms, and expectations) are relatively static and are the simplest. Sometimes in the psychological literature they are united by the concept of "external motivation of the subordinate."
COL and social attitude are the most complex regulators and provide for the active interaction of the individual with objective reality. They are united by the concept of “intrinsic motivation of subordinates”. Intrinsic motivation is decisive for the success of a person's activity, it reveals the reason for a person's desire to do his job efficiently. Let's remember the well-known rule: in order to get a person to do something, he must want to do it. The value orientations of the individual and the social attitudes of the subordinate form this "want".
Of particular interest is the question of techniques and methods of influence , allowing to transfer the requirements of the external environment to the level of internal regulators.
Orienting situation. The essence of this method lies in the fact that conditions are created under which subordinates themselves, without coercion and reminder, act according to the logic of the designed circumstances. In other words, a person himself chooses a way of behavior, but his choice is consciously directed by the leader who organizes the appropriate conditions.
What are the advantages of this method? First, a person included in the orienting situation, although he acts according to the logic of circumstances and conditions, however, chooses specific methods of action and behavior himself. This increases independence and responsibility. Secondly, there is always an opportunity for creativity of the individual and the team. The situation directs actions, but does not dictate how to perform them. Thirdly, the method allows everyone to take the place of another, that is, to change roles.
Changing role characteristics. This method is based on the use of the role and the expectations associated with it as factors that regulate the activity and behavior of a person. Changing some elements of the role causes a change in the behavior of the individual and entire groups. For example, it is possible to assign the duties of a temporarily absent immediate supervisor to a subordinate. In most cases, this stimulates a different attitude to the matter, increases responsibility and diligence in their area of work. In another case, a subordinate is entrusted with a responsible task. Moreover, it is emphasized that the result of this task is very important for the organization, for each of its members. Thanks to the use of this method, the subordinate, in addition to the qualitative performance of the task, begins to more responsibly perform his official duties.
Stimulation. The main rule when using this method is that it must be deserved and at the same time some "advance". When summing up, it is advisable to first talk about the positive, and then about the shortcomings. Stimulation should be built in such a way that the individual is aware of the prospects for service and professional growth. To the number key incentives subordinate activities include:
* financial incentives;
* creating opportunities for distinction, gaining prestige and personal influence;
* maintaining good working conditions (cleanliness, calm, friendly atmosphere or the presence of a separate office, computer, etc.);
* pride in the profession, for belonging to this organization, for the status place occupied in this organization;
* Satisfaction with relationships with colleagues in the organization;
* a sense of belonging to the big and important affairs of the organization.
Based on a number of psychological studies, we point out that a monetary reward will achieve its goal if its amount is in no way less than 15-20% from the salary. Otherwise, the reward will be taken indifferently, as a matter of course. Well, if the amount of remuneration does not exceed 5% of the salary, it is perceived negatively (“It would be better if there were no such remuneration”).
Use of rituals and symbols. Time-tested forms of work include the ritual of introducing young employees into the specialty, initiating them into members of the organization, the ritual of rewarding advanced employees, congratulations on their birthday, joint holding of sports events and recreation, etc. More about this we will talk in the next paragraph.
So, the leader in managing the regulation of social behavior and activities of the personality of the subordinate must:
* treat him not only as an object of guidance, but as a person, a partner in interaction;
* constantly focus on the best features, qualities, dignity of the people he leads;
* organically combine direct and indirect management methods;
* make full use of the capabilities of the team.
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1. Normative regulation of behavior and its influence on the behavior of the individual.
2. Psychological aspects legal behaviour.
3. Psychological characteristic deviant behaviour.
A person as a person is formed under the influence of the system of social relations in which he is included. A personality is a carrier of consciousness with an individual-typical structure of psychological properties and qualities, selectively relates to the surrounding reality and performs certain social roles. The behavior of an individual in society is determined by a set of social norms.
Social norms are conditioned by social being and historical development society (state), defining the goals, boundaries, conditions and forms of behavior of people in areas significant for the life of society or social groups, as well as in specific situations when a conscious decision is made to act one way or another.
social a norm is defined as “a rule, a requirement of society for an individual, in which the volume, nature, and also the limits of the possible and permissible in his behavior are defined more or less accurately” (E.M. Penkov). These rules and requirements can be fixed in written sources (laws, statutes, documents, etc.) reflected in the political and fiction. However, fixing in written sources of existence social norm is not exhausted. Most of the norms are objectified, expressed outwardly and brought to the community of people through the views and beliefs, patterns of behavior that are repeated from generation to generation (morality, customs, traditions) and are reproduced quite regularly and on a massive scale.
Social norms, a product of cognition and processing in the minds of people of information about the past and present, about the most rational forms of behavior and activity, have justified themselves in practice and lead the shortest way to a useful result. "Acting as powerful means of social regulation of behavior, social norms are a" bridge "that links together all manifestations of a person's personality, his behavior with the most important institutions of modern society, its structure, its requirements" (M. Bobneva).
Normative regulation of behavior and its influence on the behavior of the individual
The regulation of people's life in society, the so-called normative behavior, is ensured by a number of versatile requirements that are systemic in nature, socially oriented and are called social norms.
Social norms are an integral element of public administration, a means of orienting the behavior of an individual (social group) in specific social conditions and, at the same time, a means of control by society over their behavior. With the help of social norms, the normative regulation of the behavior of an individual or a social group (collective) is carried out. The norms reflecting the interests of social groups are set (offered, allowed, prohibited), forms of behavior, the nature of relations, the goal and means of achieving it are defined. It follows from this that social norms are historically changeable and all the contradictions of society appear in them.
Social norms regulate only such behavior that is of a public nature, that is, related to the relationship between individuals, groups, collectives, society as a whole. This social norm (legal, moral, political, etc.) differs from the technical, medical or biological norm, which establish the nature of interaction with natural or man-made objects.
Social norms can be considered as samples, models of people's real behavior, a program of human practical activity in connection with a particular social situation. They reinforce such behavior that expresses typical social ties and relationships characteristic of the majority of representatives of society (a particular social group), is welcomed and carried out by them.
The personal aspect of the social regulation of behavior can be defined as socialization - the process and result of the assimilation and active reproduction of social experience by an individual, carried out in communication and activity. It can occur both spontaneously, when the personality is affected by various circumstances of life in society, which sometimes have the character of multidirectional factors, and due to purposeful formation personality. IN domestic psychology The problem of socialization is developed within the framework of the dispositional concept of regulation of behavior, that is, a system of hierarchies depending on the inclusion of the individual in various social relations(formal and informal).
The main properties of a social norm are its usefulness, obligation and actual implementation in people's behavior.
Of these three properties of the norm, the initial one is its social utility, due to objective social processes in the life of society. Economic and other patterns of social life are perceived by people, take the form of interests, goals, motives for their actions, expressing the aspirations of the relevant social groups, turn into rules of conduct and become social norms.
The usefulness of a social norm is, firstly, relative, since a norm that is useful for the interests of one social group may be neutral or even harmful for another; secondly, the usefulness of the norm is variable in space and time, it changes in accordance with changes in the social conditions of people's lives. If the norm, for one reason or another, loses its social utility (for example, socio-economic conditions have changed), although it remains mandatory through existing prescriptions and is actually implemented by citizens, its social consequences of action will be harmful, at least neutral. And at the same time. when the norm is no longer binding (for example, the prohibition of extramarital relations), even objectively useful rules of conduct will not be followed by everyone they concern. This will lead to a decrease in the degree of effectiveness of the norm and to its gradual displacement by other rules. Finally, the norm completely loses its significance if, in the presence of the first two properties, there is no third - its actual implementation, implementation in people's behavior.
Any social norm is characterized by concrete content and abstractness (non-personification) of the addressee, which allows it to be a regulator for various individuals and in different situations, stabilizing and developing social relations in the direction that meets the interests of not only a particular social group, but society as a whole.
Despite the presence of a number of common properties, social norms differ from each other, sometimes very significantly. As common among all of them, so 1 differences in their properties, structure and regulatory capabilities should be taken into account if we strive to better understand the causes, nature and mechanism of various social deviations.
The main types of regulatory systems in modern society: law, morality, customs and traditions.
Law - the only (non-alternative) set of norms for a particular society, fixes already established relations, including universal ones, or recognizes as acceptable (mandatory) socially useful behaviors that were not mass-produced. Legal norms are characterized by: textual consolidation; publication and cancellation in the official, statutory order by the competent authorities of the state; a clear and unambiguous description of the behavioral option or its boundaries; the presence of sanctions for their violation; enforcement by the power of the state.
The features of legal norms include the following;
Each legal norm contains a description of the main features of behavior (an act or activity of an individual / group);
The model of behavior provided for in the rule of law indicates the attitude of the state to this model (prescribes, permits or prohibits)
Each legal norm fixes not one, but several models of behavior - at least two participants in the interaction. Taking into account the presence of state-defined sanctions, it should be noted that the rule of law establishes a model not so much of an individual act as of the interaction of individuals and social groups. Law is a system of prescriptions external to a person that governs his behavior, and the legal requirements themselves are always associated with an external authority (law, power). When an individual voluntarily and consciously fulfills legal requirements, they become his convictions, that is, they pass into the structure of morality.
Morality is an alternative (heterogeneous) system, represented by the norms generally accepted in society and the norms of certain strata and groups of the population. They also consolidate the already established rules and values of society (group), but mainly in the form of value judgments (decent - dishonorable, honest - dishonest, fair - unfair). Moral norms are characterized by: the insignificance of textual consolidation, enforcement by the authority of the community, a sanction for violation in the form of public censure. At the same time, morality regulates behavior mainly through the moral principles (internal imperatives) of a person, although external approval or condemnation of an act is also of great importance.
Some moral norms allow some differences in their literal interpretation, since they differ significantly in territorial and temporal dimensions. The external "similarity" of actions is not essential for morality: it is important that the motives and goals of a person meet moral criteria, are approved by this social group.
Customs and traditions - fix historically established, convenient and habitual patterns of behavior, mainly the rules of the hostel and the interaction of people. The strength of their influence on a person is based on everyday and psychological usefulness (everyday holidays, rituals, etc.). As a rule, customs and traditions are followed quite consistently: there is little reason to deviate from them, because they become a habitual feature of the way of life, convenient within a given social group not only for the majority, but also for "everyone and everyone." This is their important difference from other normative systems.
Each of these normative systems is distinguished by its original content and methods of influencing people's behavior. Together, the norms various kinds form an extremely effective regulator of human actions, uses a wide range of means: encouragement and punishment, encouragement and the threat of coercion, appeals to a sense of conscience and duty and public censure, etc. At the same time, it should not be assumed that unofficial norms are violated less often than official (legal) : such violations are not as noticeable and do not cause such social resonance as an offense. It is also important that the legal norm from a psychological point of view is forbidden, that is, it does not contain a positive program, does not indicate How people and behave in a given situation. On the contrary, moral norms, customs and traditions - according to their content direct or prescribe, determine how to act, what behavior is socially approved.
Normative systems often intersect and complement each other (for example, a moral norm determines the content of a legal one). Sanctions of norms of various types interact, or a norm of one type can be supported by a sanction of a norm of another type (for example, a crime may also lead to moral condemnation and personnel measures). In general, almost every deviation from the norm of one kind, in one way or another, also concerns the norms of another kind, falls within the scope of their action.
It should be borne in mind that the systems of social norms are heterogeneous and not all of them reflect the interests of society as a whole or the majority of the population. Only the system of legal norms is the only one, but next to it there is a significant number of systems of morality. In addition, it is possible to single out systems of norms that are specific, that is, characteristic of the lifestyle of various strata and groups of the population: the traditions of the working family, the rules of professional ethics, the customs of the older generation, the features of youth fashion, the habits of adolescents, etc. The ambiguity of norms explains the coexistence of the morality of the majority criminal population and morality, progressive and conservative customs, traditions of representatives of various nationalities living in the same territory.
Social norms do not remain unchanged, but the degree of their dynamic-static nature is different. Since they reflect the interests of the relevant social community, consolidate its external and internal connections and relations, they change along with them - otherwise, due to a change in lifestyle, they will become obsolete and lose their regulatory significance. Thus, the main part of the normative system is made up of the social norms that are currently in force, adequately reflect the existing social needs; it is supplemented by norms that have already lost their significance and objectively interfere with social progress, as well as norms that have not fully developed and are not accepted by everyone, that is, they are ahead of existing regulatory requirements.
If the subject knows the requirements of the norm and agrees with them, he assimilates them as his own principles. "Normative standards of behavior are fixed both in the mass and individual psyche, skills and consciousness of people, and in their mutual relations" (PO. Drobnitsky). The norm is perceived by a person as expedient, beneficial, desirable behavior and is carried out. Deviation from the social norm - non-compliance with its requirements, the choice of another (abnormal) behavior.
