Special Method psychological help in a crisis, called crisis intervention, is working with intense feelings and topical issues. Crisis intervention is:

Work aimed at expression strong emotions;

Reducing confusion through the process of repetition;

Open access to the study of acute problems;

Formation of understanding current problems for customer support;

Creating a foundation for people to accept the experience they have experienced.

As Glenys Perry points out, “The best crisis managers, when helping others, never follow hard and fast rules. Relief in a crisis is always like wandering into unfamiliar territory, each time you find yourself moving on a new path. Therefore, it makes sense to talk not about a certain algorithm of action, but about the basic principles and approaches that will allow you to choose the course of action in a particular situation.”

The actions of a consultant in crisis situations are not very specific and practically do not depend on the nature of the situation. On the contrary, in any crisis situation there are similar features - stress, confusion, various negative feelings: fear, guilt, despair, etc.

The regularities of the dynamics of any crisis lead to the assertion of certain general rules on which a counseling psychologist can act. Most crises require the consultant to seek three goals:

1. Establishing a relationship of trust.

2. Definition of the essence of the crisis situation.

3. Providing the applicant with the opportunity to act.

First target- establishing a relationship of trust - is achieved by empathic listening and reflection of the client's feelings. At the same time, it is important not only to sympathize, but also to express this sympathy (empathy) in well-chosen words. The client must know that the consultant understands him and is ready to work with him in search of a solution to the crisis.

Second goal- Establishing the nature and details of the crisis. The client must be given the opportunity to express clearly and in detail what happened, what caused the crisis. It is necessary to focus the client's story so that ultimately the crisis situation can be described in one sentence.

In the process of dialogue, it is necessary to separate those aspects of the problems that can be changed from those that cannot be changed. It is also worth asking the client to describe any previous attempts to find a solution, and then explore others. possible solutions. For example, you can ask: “What will happen if you ...”, “How will you feel about this?”. That is, help the client to think about the various possible consequences of his possible decisions, as well as the ways in which he can carry out his decision. It is necessary to try to connect the inner, spiritual forces of the personality and, perhaps, to find some external forces that can help get out of the crisis.

The third goal of crisis counseling- enable the client to act: help outline a specific plan of action and make sure that it is realistic and achievable. If this is the case, and the client has accepted responsibility for implementing the plan, then the consultant should encourage and support the decision. Whatever the decision, the client will feel better after making it and taking action.

G. Hamblin calls this approach "counseling of hope and action", calling on the consultant in the event of a crisis to generate hope and call the client to action.

It is possible to describe crisis counseling, intervention in a crisis (intervention) in more detail and in detail.

Eight Basic Principles crisis intervention. These include:

Immediate intervention. Necessary if the crisis is fraught with dangers, limits opportunities for development, so intervention cannot be delayed.

Self-determination. A person who turns to a psychologist at the moment of crisis is quite competent and able to choose his own course of life.

Action. In crisis intervention, the specialist is very actively involved in everything that happens with the client in order to assess the situation and formulate a plan of action.

Goal limitation. The minimum goal of crisis intervention is to prevent a catastrophe. In a broader sense, the underlying goal is to restore balance. The end goal may be to do both, together with elements of development.

Support. In his work, the specialist must provide support to the client, namely to be "with him", that is, to help him go through the process of overcoming the crisis.

Focusing on solving the main problem of the crisis. As a rule, a crisis is a state that leads to uncertainty in all aspects of an individual's life. In this case, the intervention should be structured enough to focus on the underlying problem or the problem that led to the crisis.

Image (image of a crisis situation). To mobilize the energy of the client, support must be provided in such a way as to appreciate and understand the image (image of the crisis) that the client has created for himself.

Self confidence. Initially, a client in crisis should be seen as a person who is focused on gaining self-confidence and struggling with addiction. This requires a balanced balance of client independence and the need for support.

Besides, principles Crisis intervention is singled out by A. Badkhen and A. Rodina.

1. Crisis intervention is problem-centered, not person-centered.

2. Crisis intervention is not counseling or psychotherapy; crisis intervention does not require opening old wounds, because a person does not have the strength to cope with them.

3. Crisis intervention focuses on the current situation.

4. Unresolved "historical" problems are woven into a crisis situation, emotional experiences of the past fuel the current conflict. Sometimes the client is aware of this, sometimes not. It is important to identify these "historical" issues, place them in the current situation, and then focus on the current issue.

5. For effective crisis intervention, it is important to clearly define the problem.

6. Skills active listening(paraphrasing, reflecting feelings, clarifying, attaching feelings to content) can reduce chaos and make it easier to regain control.

The following Crisis problem solving model:

What is the problem (crisis)?

Listen to what the client presents as a problem (crisis). If there are any ambiguities, you should ask directly, but calmly, gently, why he (she) thinks so. Do not forget that the starting points of customers can differ significantly from the value system, life experience but the consultant, and therefore what clients perceive as a problem may seem ridiculous or difficult for the consultant to understand. If customers think that this is a problem (crisis) - so be it. It is often useful to know why something appears to be a problem (crisis) at a given time. This can be understood by asking questions like: “What has changed today compared to yesterday?” or "What's new in last days(weeks)? The development of a problem (crisis) almost always involves a change in circumstances and our ability to deal with it. It is equally important to be aware of other actors - their presence can either be a source of stress or a resource to help resolve a crisis.

What has been done so far?

You need to focus and try to understand the situation. It is important to know what the client has done in order to try to resolve the problem (crisis). This line of conversation-exploration reflects the consultant's confidence that the person is capable of finding a solution. By identifying with what has already been tried, the counselor helps the client feel the realism and feasibility of his possibilities. It also requires a person to rethink what has happened to him so far. It is not uncommon for clients to be frightened or embarrassed, and this prevents them from thinking clearly. Part of the goal is to restore the person: this ability, to restore peace and the ability to think rationally.

You can also talk to the client about the different starting points in dealing with a crisis:

/) advise him to do what he can do on his own, for example, go for a walk, meditate, read, clean the apartment;

3) prompt him to use public resources - support groups, clergymen, a doctor, a consultant.

You can only think about something, but do not try to apply it. It may happen that some options will turn the client away, most likely due to inaccurate or insufficient information. In some cases, he will not understand that these services can be useful to him. Perhaps he just needs to be encouraged so that he, feeling confident enough, takes the first step and asks for help. In some cases, a person has behind him a negative life experience that caused him suffering or trouble, and the desire to experience the same thing again is small. Encouraged or inspired by new information for him, the client may “feel the difference” and want to try again.

Russia is not only a country of unheeded people. Psychologists observe that Russia is also a country of people who are not accustomed to turning to any social services and other elements of the support network for help, with the exception of close relatives or friends. Referring to a psychologist-psychotherapist is still scary for many. But social protection is considered ineffective, they do not believe it.

What to choose?

What is the most suitable for a particular person? Sometimes fear or a feeling that they can't do something in a certain way pushes people into making decisions that are out of character for them, as if this is their last opportunity to succeed. The consultant must help the client feel that he owns his own destiny; the client must understand that action is a possible path to success.

At the same time, Metro Crisis Line experts repeat: “Remember: we do not solve customer problems, we help find a solution that they consider their own” (Guidelines for telephone counseling, 1996).

The counseling psychologist should also pay attention to two more recommendations of the same service, which allow concretizing and making the client's decision more effective.

Rule I Minimal changes leading to overcoming the crisis.

Too grandiose and global task cannot be completed to the end. It is important to set realistic, achievable goals. Use small tasks - those, the solution of which is more likely to lead to success. This approach inspires people and they are more likely to renew their attempts to get out of the crisis. Don't overdo it, urging them to do more than they can - this can lead to failure.

Rule 2 Consideration of a specific plan.

In conclusion, you need to give the person the opportunity to say what he intends to do to get out of the crisis. “When you hang up the phone (close my office door), what will you do?” or “Tomorrow you wanted to call someone; What is his phone number?". Thus, the psychologist will support the person.

It must also be remembered that there are other elements of the social network besides crisis services. And the action of these networks should not be limited. Relatives and friends of crisis clients can help. Where possible, interact with social network stimulated. No consultant will be with the client 24 hours a day. Even in crisis hospitals, this time is limited. Therefore, the real environment of a person that can provide assistance is important.

Another option for working with a crisis is the so-called self-help groups, such as Depression Anonymous, loss groups, etc.

A. Badchen and A. Rodina describe three stages of dealing with a crisis.

Crisis intervention aims to make it possible to work on a problem, not necessarily to solve it. Many of the problems that give rise to and sustain the crisis cannot be solved quickly.

First stage:Collection of information

1. Help the client identify and express feelings and relate them to the content. This allows you to reduce emotional stress and, in addition, makes it possible to define the crisis through individual events and problems. Figuratively speaking, the mountain, which the client tried in vain to move, breaks up into separate pieces of rock that can be approached.

2. Take the time to explore the issue as fully as possible with the client. A person in crisis yearns for immediate relief. The crisis counselor may be tempted to jump quickly from problem solving to problem solving in order to reduce the intensity of the client's distress. With such premature attempts to resolve important information can be missed, and you risk pushing the client to repeat his own mistakes.

3. Identify the event that triggered the crisis and try to separate "historical" issues from current ones

situations.

Second stage:Formulating and reformulating the problem

1. The result of the study of the situation may be a reformulation of the problem, because:

In formulating his problem, the client could not take into account important aspects of it. A classic example would be the denial of alcoholism. Recognition of the fact of addiction can completely change the formulation of a family problem;

The problem may be too big, and in order to cope with it, it will need to be divided into smaller ones;

In formulating the problem, the client may mix current and "historical" problems.

2. Clarify what the client has already done to solve the problem. The repetition of inefficient solutions can become part of the picture of the crisis. By separating the problem from the ineffective ways to solve it, you can reformulate the problem and approach it in a new way.

3. Ask the client what helped them deal with the problem in the past. With your help, the client may find that they have many useful skills. In addition, it helps to reformulate the problem - it no longer looks completely inaccessible to control, the client understands that he can cope with it at least partially.

4. What to do if problem definition stalls:

Move from a more generalized definition to a more specific, particular one;

Move from a particular, specific definition to a more generalized one;

Check if any is missing actor when defining a problem;

Explore if there are any underlying, hidden problems.

Third stage:Alternatives and Solutions

1. Stop trying to solve the problem. This is often the key point of the work, because sometimes bad decisions make a significant contribution to the development of the crisis. Get to work on the problem. This technique makes sense to apply in the following cases:

When the client tries to control events that he cannot control in principle;

When the solution exacerbates the problem.

2. Give up the goal. It is useful to do this when the goals that the client sets for himself are unrealistic or unattainable at the moment.

3. Find out if there is anything the client could do to improve the situation, if not completely possible.

fix her.

4. Ask what has helped in the past in a similar situation.

5. Identify the misdirected need for control and redirect the client's attention to dealing with the problem.

6. Avoid falling into the trap of making premature decisions.

Social advisory assistance to disabled people is aimed at their adaptation in society, weakening social tension, the creation of favorable relations in the family, as well as to ensure the interaction of the individual, family, society and the state. Social advisory assistance to disabled people is focused on their psychological support, intensification of efforts in solving their own problems and provides for:

• identification of persons in need of social and advisory assistance;
• prevention of various kinds of socio-psychological deviations;
• work with families in which disabled people live, organization of their leisure;
• advisory assistance in training, vocational guidance and employment of disabled people;
• ensuring coordination of activities public institutions and public associations to solve the problems of the disabled;
• legal assistance within the competence of social service bodies;
• other measures to form healthy relationships and create a favorable social environment for people with disabilities.

Advisory Center. The institution of social services for the disabled, providing social and advisory assistance is advisory center- an institution designed to protect the rights and interests of citizens, their adaptation in society by assisting in solving social, psychological and legal problems.

Terms of use and repair technical means rehabilitation, prostheses and prosthetic and orthopedic products.

Terms of use of technical means of rehabilitation, prostheses and prosthetic and orthopedic products before their replacement

The terms for the use of technical means of rehabilitation, prostheses and prosthetic and orthopedic products before their replacement are approved by Order of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation of December 27, 2011 N 1666n "On approval of the terms for the use of technical means of rehabilitation, prostheses and prosthetic and orthopedic products before their replacement". Appendix N 1 to the Order of the Ministry of Health and social development Russian Federation dated August 21, 2008 N 438n The procedure for the implementation by the executive body of the social insurance fund of the Russian Federation of medical and technical expertise to establish the need for repair or early replacement of technical means of rehabilitation, prostheses, prosthetic and orthopedic products

1. Carrying out a medical and technical examination to establish the need for repair or early replacement of technical means of rehabilitation provided for by the federal list of rehabilitation measures, technical means of rehabilitation and services provided to a disabled person, approved by order of the Government of the Russian Federation of December 30, 2005 N 2347-r (hereinafter referred to as technical means) provided to persons recognized as disabled (with the exception of persons recognized as disabled due to accidents at work and occupational diseases), and to persons under the age of 18 who have the category of "disabled child" (hereinafter - disabled), as well as prostheses (except for dentures) and prosthetic and orthopedic products (hereinafter - products) provided to certain categories of citizens from among veterans who are not disabled (hereinafter - veterans), is produced by the executive body of the Social Insurance Fund of the Russian Federation (hereinafter - the authorized body).
2. Medical and technical examination is carried out on the basis of an application of a disabled person (veteran) or a person representing his interests. An application for a medical and technical examination is submitted to the authorized body at the place of residence of a disabled person (veteran) in writing. Simultaneously with an application for a medical and technical examination, a disabled person (veteran) presents a technical device (product), the need for repair or early replacement of which must be established. If it is impossible to provide a technical means (product) due to difficulties in its transportation or the state of health of a disabled person (veteran), confirmed by the conclusion of a medical organization providing medical and preventive care, the authorized body, at the request of a disabled person (veteran) to conduct a medical and technical examination, may decide on conducting a medical and technical examination with a visit to the home of a disabled person (veteran).
3. The authorized body informs the disabled person (veteran) of the date and place of the medical and technical examination, in which the disabled person (veteran) has the right to participate at his request. The disabled person (veteran) shall inform about the desire to take (or not to take) part in the medical and technical examination in the application for the medical and technical examination.
4. The authorized body, within 15 days from the date of receipt of an application for a medical and technical examination, makes an expert assessment of the state of operability of a technical device (product), its compliance with the required functional parameters, medical purpose and clinical and functional requirements. The documents necessary for the authorized body to conduct an expert assessment cannot be requested from a disabled person (veteran).
5. Based on the results of the medical and technical examination, the authorized body establishes the feasibility of repairing the technical device (product) and prepares the conclusion of the medical and technical examination in the form provided for in Appendix No. 2, in 2 copies, one of which is issued to the disabled person (veteran).
6. In the conclusion of the medical and technical expertise, the reasons for the malfunction of the technical means (product), as well as the types of repair, are indicated. When establishing the impossibility of repairing a technical device (product), the authorized body in the conclusion of the medical and technical examination concludes that it is necessary to replace the technical device (product) ahead of schedule and indicates the reasons for its early replacement. In the conclusion of the medical and technical expertise, recommendations are given on the organization that carries out repairs and provides a new technical tool (product).
7. Disputes that have arisen in the course of medical and technical expertise shall be settled in the manner prescribed by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

Repair of technical means of rehabilitation.

Disabled persons are provided with services for the repair of technical means of rehabilitation. Within the framework of social services, disabled people are provided with:

• necessary means of telecommunication service;
• special telephones (including for subscribers with hearing impairments);
• public call centers for collective use;
• household appliances;
• tiflo-, surdo- and other means necessary for social adaptation.

A disabled person has the right not only to receive the specified special means for self-care and care, as well as other means of rehabilitation, free of charge, but also to receive services for their repair. Maintenance and repair of technical means of rehabilitation of the disabled. - produced out of turn with exemption from payment or on preferential terms. Order of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation of August 21, 2008 N 438n "On approval of the procedure for the implementation and form of the conclusion of a medical and technical examination to establish the need for repair or early replacement of technical means of rehabilitation, prostheses, prosthetic and orthopedic products" (Registered in the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation on September 16, 2008 N 12293) approved the procedure for the implementation and forms of the conclusion of the medical and technical expertise to establish the need for repair or early replacement of technical means of rehabilitation, prostheses, prosthetic and orthopedic products.

The procedure for maintenance and repair of rehabilitation facilities for the disabled.

1. If a technical device or a prosthetic and orthopedic product is faulty, the disabled person needs to submit an application to the body of the Social Insurance Fund of the Russian Federation at the place of residence for a medical and technical examination of this device or product.
2. The application is submitted by the disabled person or his representative in writing. Together with the application, a means or product is presented that needs to be checked for repair or early replacement.
3. Sometimes it is not possible to provide a tool or product, for example, due to the complexity of transportation or the state of health of a disabled person. In this case, the disabled person needs to first obtain the conclusion of a medical institution before contacting the body of the Social Insurance Fund of the Russian Federation (for example, about the impossibility of removing the prosthesis before receiving a new one).
4. At the request of the disabled person, the body of the Social Insurance Fund of the Russian Federation may decide to conduct a medical and technical examination with the departure of a specialist expert to the home of the disabled person. For example, this is useful when a wheelchair is out of order.
5. The body of the Social Insurance Fund of the Russian Federation, which received an application from a disabled person, must set a date for the medical and technical examination and notify the disabled person of the exact time and place of its conduct. The disabled person has the right to take part in this examination at will. The disabled person must indicate his desire or unwillingness to take part in the examination in the application.

The maximum period during which an application is considered and an examination is carried out is 15 days from the date of receipt of the application.

1. The expert draws up a conclusion, which assesses the state of operability of a technical device or product, its compliance with the required functional parameters, medical purpose and clinical and functional requirements, the cause of a breakdown or malfunction.
2. In the final part of the conclusion, the expert indicates whether the repair of the technical means or product is appropriate. If the repair is impractical (that is, too expensive compared to the cost of a similar new product) or impossible, then a conclusion is made about the need for early replacement of the technical tool or product.
3. The conclusion indicates the organization that can repair or manufacture a new tool or product. One copy of the conclusion of the medical and technical examination under the signature is handed over to the disabled person.

Urgent Social Services

One of the new forms of social service for the elderly and disabled is emergency social service. It consists in providing emergency assistance of a one-time nature to elderly citizens and the disabled who are in dire need of social support. The volume of social services for this category of citizens is established by the federal list of state-guaranteed social services. It provides, in particular, one-time provision of free hot meals or food packages to those in dire need; one-time provision financial assistance; providing those in dire need with clothing, footwear and other essentials Municipal centers of social services that provide urgent social services (or departments created under the bodies of social protection of the population) organize emergency medical and psychological assistance for people in need of social support, assist in finding employment , in the provision of temporary housing (if necessary), organize legal consultations.

So, based on the interests of citizens, social services can be not only permanent or temporary, but under certain conditions - a one-time nature, taking into account the real needs of the elderly and the disabled.

In social service institutions, clients of the social service are provided with consultations on issues of social and cultural support for life, psychological and pedagogical assistance, and social and legal protection.

The organization of social advisory assistance is entrusted by law to municipal centers social services, as well as the bodies of social protection of the population, which create the relevant units.

Social advisory assistance to elderly citizens and the disabled is aimed at their adaptation in society, easing social tension, creating favorable relationships in the family, as well as ensuring interaction between the individual, family, society and the state.

Social advisory assistance provides for:

1) identification of persons in need of social advisory assistance;

2) prevention of various kinds of socio-psychological

deviations;

3) work with families in which elderly citizens and disabled people live, organizing their leisure time;

4) advisory assistance in training, vocational guidance and employment of disabled people;

5) ensuring the coordination of the activities of state institutions and public associations to solve the problems of elderly citizens and the disabled;

6) other measures to form healthy relationships and create a favorable social environment for the elderly and the disabled.

In general, social advisory assistance is aimed at psychological support for the elderly and the disabled.

Sometimes we can best help our clients by referring them for advice to specialists whose qualifications, knowledge and proximity can be of particular importance. Seeking counseling does not necessarily indicate that the counselor himself is ignorant of these issues or is trying to get rid of the ward. No one person can know and be able to do everything to engage in general, universal counseling, so a referral to specialist counseling often indicates to the ward that you want to give him the opportunity to find the best help possible.

The counselor is obliged to refer the wards to specialists in the case when, after a series of counseling sessions, the wards do not show signs of improvement; when they have serious financial difficulties; when they should seek legal advice; when symptoms of depressive disorders and suicidal tendencies are detected; when they act strangely, eccentrically, or overly aggressive; when they are in a state of extreme emotional arousal; when they cause strong antipathy or sexual attraction to themselves; or exhibit issues that are outside of your area of ​​expertise. People with obvious signs of bulimia, drug addiction, bodily deformities, persistent manic-depressive disorders, fear of conception or HIV infection and other diseases - all need medical advice in addition to, and sometimes even instead of, your counseling.

Counselors need to know about all public organizations and institutions that provide appropriate assistance, and about professionals who can provide advice to their beneficiaries. These are professionals with private practice such as doctors, lawyers, psychiatrists, psychologists and other counselors; pastoral caregivers and other church leaders; as well as private and public clinics and hospitals; about services such as the Society for Aiding Children with Developmental Delays and the Society for the Blind; O public services, including organs social security and the employment office at the place of residence; about departments of school counseling and about local institutions of public education; private employment offices; suicidological and narcological dispensaries and departments; voluntary organizations such as the Red Cross and Hot Meals Home Delivery for the Elderly and the Disabled; and self-help groups such as Alcoholics Anonymous. Most of them are listed in telephone directories; they can be reported by other counselors, colleagues who are familiar with the real state of affairs in your area. When deciding to send your ward for a consultation, do not lose sight of the church communities, which often (as needed) provide support and practical assistance to those in need.

Ideally, it would be best to refer your clients only to counselors who are both competent and Christian. Unfortunately, in many societies there are no professional Christian counselors, and those few Christians - specialists in medicine, psychotherapy, psychology, pedagogy and other fields of knowledge - cannot be called highly qualified. To solve many problems (say, school failure, neuropsychiatric and other diseases) it is not necessary to involve specialists from among believing Christians. Some psychological problems lie in planes that do not intersect with Christian ideals, and unbelieving people successfully cope with them. And even in the case when your wards are struggling with deep, purely personal issues, many non-Christians, from among those favorably disposed towards the religious values ​​of your wards, do not at all want to shake their faith. If the help of specialists from among believing Christians is not available in your environment, you still have to make a decision (for each of your wards, such a decision must be made on an individual basis) to refer your ward for a consultation with a non-Christian specialist or continue to observe him yourself, although you I would like to have such a consultation.

Before inviting a ward to consult with a specialist, you need to find out about the available and nearest sources of help. First, deal with public and private consultants, find out if they can really provide your ward with the necessary assistance. (By reaching out to those who you think can help and not receiving it, the wards can experience extremely negative experiences.) When offering the wards a consultation with specialists, be sure of the absolute necessity of this procedure. Make it clear to the ward that this is done in order to provide him with the best assistance. Someone will resist the idea of ​​a consultation, deciding that you find him insane or that his problem is too difficult for you. As you deal with these fears as they arise, try to involve mentees in making the decision to turn to another source of help when needed.

Advisory assistance can be provided in various forms and types. There is a wide variety of forms of advisory practices and classifications of these forms.

So, according to the criterion of the object of assistance, individual (“one on one” or “face to face”), group and family counseling are distinguished.

According to the criterion of age, work with children and adults is differentiated.

The spatial organization of counseling can be carried out in the formats of contact (full-time) or distant (correspondence) interaction. The latter can be carried out within the framework of telephone counseling (although this is to some extent also contact counseling), written counseling, as well as through printed materials (popular science publications and self-help guides).

According to the criterion of duration, counseling can be emergency, short-term and long-term.

There are also several typologies of advisory assistance, guided by the content of the client's request and the nature problem situation. So, there are intimate-personal, family, psychological-pedagogical and business consulting. Counseling can be a response to the client's situation - "crisis counseling" or a stimulus for the growth and development of the client - "developmental counseling". Traditionally, counseling is spoken of in relation to the situation during or after a crisis, but one should also help people to anticipate possible problems in the future, teach them to recognize the signs of an impending crisis and equip them with the skills to nip crises in the bud. Any successful counseling personal growth However, in a crisis situation, a person is in its grip, under the pressure of circumstances, and since counseling is limited to the existing problem, the client's conceptual and behavioral arsenal can be replenished to a very small extent.

Heron (1993) distinguishes six categories of advisory influences depending on their goals and content: authoritarian: prescriptive, informing, confrontational - and facilitating: cathartic, catalytic, supportive.

Prescriptive influence focuses on the behavior of the client outside of the consultative interaction.

Informative influence provides the client with knowledge, information and meanings.

The confrontational impact is aimed at the client's awareness of any restrictive attitudes or behavior.

The cathartic effect is used to help the client discharge, to release repressed painful emotions (abreaction), mainly such as grief, fear or anger.

The catalytic impact is focused on stimulating self-knowledge, self-managed being, learning and problem solving.

Supportive influence is focused on confirming the significance and value of the client's personality, his qualities, attitudes or actions.

Facilitating interventions are focused on greater autonomy of clients and taking responsibility for themselves (helping in alleviating mental suffering and pain that reduces the power of the Self, promoting self-learning, confirming their significance as unique beings).

The choice of one or another type and type of influence depends on the type of personality of the client (as well as the type of personality of the consultant) and the specifics of his situation. The ratio of authoritarian and facilitating types of influence is mainly related to the theme of power and control: the consultant completely controls the client, control is divided between the consultant and the client, the client is completely autonomous.