Municipal state educational institution
Sergeevskaya average comprehensive school
Research on the literature on the topic
"A living image of the sea
in works
Russian poets and writers
Report to the school scientific and practical conference"Water is the precious source of life"
MKOU Sergeevskaya secondary school, grade 11,
Head: Bednyakova Inga Alekseevna,
teacher of Russian language and literature.
year 2014
Not what you think, nature:
Not a cast, not a soulless face, -
It has a soul, it has freedom,
It has love, it has a language...
(F.I. Tyutchev)
slide 2
As an epigraph to our work, we took lines from a poem by the Russian poet F.I. Tyutchev. In them, the poet tells us about “living” nature, that she is “not a cast, not a soulless face”, she is “alive”, « it has a soul, it has freedom, it has love, it has a language...”. And everything that is connected with nature, its integral parts: forest, mountains, river, sky and much more can come to life in the works of Russian poets and writers.
slide 3
Target research work : to reveal and show the image of the sea in fiction as an image alive and animated
slide 4
In our research work, we observed how water comes to life, in
in particular the sea, on the pages of fiction.
For example, in a poem by V.A. Zhukovsky, the sea is depicted as a free element, an endless space that does not obey anyone's laws.
When dark clouds gather
To take away the clear sky from you -
You fight, you howl, you raise waves,
You tear and torment the hostile darkness...
Or pulls you out of earthly bondage
Far bright sky to yourself? ..
Mysterious, sweet full of life,
You are pure in the presence of his pure:
You pour its luminous azure,
You burn with evening and morning light,
You caress his golden clouds
And joyfully shine with its stars.
So, the sea in Zhukovsky's poem appears as a living being. The image of the living sea is embodied with the help of personifications: “you breathe”, “burn”, “caress”, “tremble”, “You fight, you howl, you raise waves, You tear and torment the hostile darkness...”
slide 5
In the poem by A.S. Pushkin, the sea is a symbol of any natural and human element. Pushkin likens the sea to a living creature possessed by rebellious impulses of the spirit:
But you jumped, irresistible,
And a flock of sinking ships.
Like you, mighty, deep and gloomy,
Like you, nothing is indomitable.
So, the sea in Pushkin's poem also appears as a living being.
slide 6
In F.I. Tyutchev’s poem “How good you are, O night sea ...”, the poet also endows the sea with a “living soul”:
***
In the moonlight, as if alive,
It walks and breathes and it shines...
So, in the poem by F.I. Tyutchev, the sea also appears in a living image (“walks”, “breathes”, “shines”, “celebrating”).
Slide 7
In M. Gorky's story "Malva", the sea is brighter, more figuratively embodies the signs of a living being. This is confirmed by the numerous personifications that the writer uses in this story: “the sea laughed”, “shuddered”, “smiled”, “the sea was happy”, “sighing drowsily”.
Slide 8
In one more story by M. Gorky - "Chelkash" a living image of the sea is also revealed to us. When Gorky describes the scene of the theft of "goods" from the ship, the sea is always actor witness and accomplice of what is happening. "The night was dark... the sea was calm, black and thick as butter." The sea also has all the features inherent in a living being: “It [the sea] breathed a wet, salty aroma and sounded affectionately, splashing on the sides of the ships, on the shore, slightly rocking Chelkash’s boat. The sea reflected the lights of the lanterns and was dotted with a mass of yellow spots. They fluttered beautifully on his velvet, soft, matte black. The sea slept with a healthy, sound sleep of a worker who was very tired during the day.
So, in this work by Gorky, the sea is not only a living creature (“breathed”, “sounded”, “splashing”, “swaying”, “slept”), but it also replaced the main character’s house, family, the sea was something for him then big
Slide 9
Conclusion
After spending this study, we found out that the theme of the sea is revealed in different ways in the works of Zhukovsky, Pushkin, Tyutchev and Gorky.
For Zhukovsky, the sea is, first of all, a psychological image, a landscape of the soul of a lyrical hero.
In Pushkin, the image of the sea is understood more broadly: it is both the romantic ideal of absolute freedom, and the element of creativity, and the symbol life path person.
Tyutchev's sea is a living being, which the poet admires, is surprised by his great sea element, which is able to charm and hypnotize a person.
At the Gorky Sea, it is a symbol of something beautiful in people's lives, in which there is a lot of ugly, painful, dirty and even terrible, and it is also a symbol of free and free elements.
Capacious and rich in colors, the image of the sea changes from poet to poet, reflecting the originality of their work. But they all agree that the sea is a living creature that can feel, understand, think, love, rage.
We have proved the supposed hypothesis that the image of the sea in fiction is a living and animated image.
Thank you for your attention.
Akmola region
Zerenda district
Puhal basic school
Masan Rita
2 bClass
"Water is the source of life"
Section : Ecology
Supervisor : Dyusembina Aidana Yesimgalievna, teacher primary school
2014
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT ……………………………………………………………………3
INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………………………..5
RESEARCH PART………………………………………..8
The importance of water in nature………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
The influence of water in human life…………….……………………………9
Water pollution ………………………………………………………….11
Protection of water bodies from pollution ………………………………………..16
Interesting facts about water……………………………………………………18
Memory of water ………………………………………………………………..19
Conducted experiments ……………………………………………………….21
Sociological survey………………………………………………….. 23
CONCLUSION……………………………………………………………..24
LIST OF USED LITERATURE…………………………26
abstract
Purpose of the study - clarify and expand knowledge about water,its propertiesand its significance for living beings, reveal the main factors of water pollution and measures to protect its purity, find interesting facts about water.
Tasks:
Analyze scientific information on the topic;
To study the role of water in the life of plants and humans;
Identify the main water pollutants.
Find interesting facts about water;
Learn how water is purified;
Do experiments with water.
Conduct a sociological survey
Hypothesis research, I put forward the assertion that inode is the main component of life. It is essential for the life of plants and animals.
Object of study : ecology.
Subject of study: water quality and its properties.
During my work, I usedresearch methods :
– collection of information from books, magazines, newspapers, Internet resources;
– experiment;
– observation;
– analysis;
– questioning;
– generalization.
Research novelty
Water is the most familiar and simple substance for us. At the same time, water is fraught with many mysteries. Scientists still continue to explore water, finding more and more interesting facts.Scientists presented the results of studies that document thatwater has memory.Professor Boris Koch from the Institute for Polar Research (Germany), together with a group of other scientists, discovered that water on molecular level keeps in itself the "memory" of all the organic forms of life that existed in it. This discovery was made thanks to a powerful mass spectrometer, with which you can decipher the composition of each molecule with high accuracy. As recent studies show, the molecular structure of water, unlike crystals, is not ordered and is easily amenable to any external influence.
Results of the work and conclusions
First, I remembered what I had studied in the lessons on this topic, looked at the encyclopedia, and used information from the Internet. I was surprised by the huge amount of material provided, this topic
worries a lot of people.
INTRODUCTION
Water is the beauty of everything .
The water is alive, it runs or is blown by the wind,
she moves and gives And
movement around her.
Water is one of the main resources on earth. Water is part of every living organism. It is enough to crush the leaf of the plant in your hands and we will find moisture. In the body of animals, water usually makes up more than half of the mass. There is a lot of water in the human body. Our body is almost 2/3 water. A living organism constantly consumes water and needs to replenish it. Water is drunk by fields and forests. Without it, neither animals, nor birds, nor people can live.
It is hard to imagine what would happen to our planet if fresh water disappeared. But such a threat exists. All living things suffer from polluted water, it is harmful to human life. Therefore, water is our main wealth, we must protect it! This topic is especiallyrelevant in our modern world.
Water is the beauty of nature! We see this beauty everywhere: in a quiet river shrouded in fog, and in the depths of the lake, on which swans sail in white boats, and in the blue sea, where a fast ship cuts the waves.
This beauty is also in the thin stream of water with which we wash ourselves. She is in the clouds running across the boundless ocean of air. And in the mushroom rain, which watered every bush with moisture. What if there was no water?
It's scary to even think about it. There would be no rain, no snow, rivers, seas, lakes would dry up, grasses and trees would burn. This means that there would be no fish, birds, animals and humans. There would be no life on Earth.
Water is not just an ordinary liquid. It is the most common substance in nature and the main component of all living organisms. How much water is on earth? Many or few? Earth is sometimes referred to as the "Blue Planet". It turns out that water covers 70% of the Earth's surface. It's a lot. Scientists have calculated that 97% of all water reserves on planet Earth are in the salt waters of the seas and oceans. And only 3% of water reserves are fresh water. And this is very little.
In nature, it fills the bowls of the oceans, seas, lakes, rivers, swamps. There are also artificial reservoirs - ponds, reservoirs and canals. It is also in the depths of the Earth, and in its atmosphere.
She constantly makes a cycle in nature. When the sun heats the Earth's surface, water turns into vapor and enters the atmosphere. When water in the atmosphere cools, it forms clouds.
There is an extensive literature on this topic. So, for example, Akhmanov M. in his book “The Water We Drink. The quality of drinking water and its purification using household filters” writes about the problem of drinking water quality. Batmanghelidzh F. in the book "Water for Health" argues that the elementary streamlining of the daily diet of water and salt will save you from dozens of diseases. Ershov M.E. in the book "The most common methods of water purification" talks about the most optimal and convenient ways to purify water for drinking, household needs in living conditions in the city, countryside, in the country. Oberbeil K. and his book "Miracle Water" believes that water is the best medicine. In this handbook we will find programs for three courses of healing with the help of water. The author Suslov B. N. in his book “Water” tells that water is the medium in which a huge number of different chemical processes take place. This is what is discussed in the book. Emoto Masaru The Secret Life of Water. The author claims that water has a memory and carries our thoughts and prayers, and in his book “Water Energy for Self-Knowledge and Healing”, Dr. Emoto's new research is presented, which proves that water has powerful healing properties. The book contains many unique photographs that demonstrate the impact of positive and negative human thoughts on the forming ice crystals.
RESEARCH PART
The value of water in nature
Water! You have no taste or smell
you can't be described
enjoy you without knowing
what you need for life:
you are life itself.
You are the greatest wealth in the world.
A. Saint-Exupery.
The human body is permeated with millions of blood vessels. Large arteries and veins connect the main organs of the body with each other, smaller ones braid them from all sides, the thinnest capillaries reach each individual cell. Whether you're digging a hole, sitting in class, or fast asleep, they're constantly bleeding. What is the blood for? Blood connects different parts of the body into a single system, into a harmonious and efficient organism.
Our planet has the same circulatory system (Fig. 1). The blood of the Earth is water, and the blood vessels are rivers, streams, lakes. Water on earth plays the same role as blood in the human body, and, as scientists have recently noticed, the structure of the river network is very similar to the structure of the human circulatory system.Water is constantly making cycles in nature. When the sun heats the Earth's surface, water turns into vapor and enters the atmosphere. When water in the atmosphere cools, it forms clouds.
Then some of this water again falls to Earth in the form of rain.
Fig.1 View of the Earth from a satellite
"The driver of nature" - this is how Leonardo da Vinci called the water. It is she who, passing from soil to plants, from plants to the atmosphere, flowing down rivers from the continents to the oceans and returning with air currents, connects various components of nature with each other, turning them into a single system.
Water does not just pass from one natural component to another. Like blood, it carries with it a huge amount of chemical substances, transporting them from soil to plants, from land to lakes and oceans, from the atmosphere to earth. All plants can consume the nutrients contained in the soil only with water, where they are in a dissolved state. If it were not for the influx of water from the soil into the plants, all herbs, even those growing on the richest soils, would die of hunger, likening a miser who died of starvation on a chest of gold.
Water influence In human life
Water is the most important component of our habitat. After air, water is the second most important component necessary for human life. How important water is is evidenced by the fact that its content in various organs is 70 - 90%. With age, the amount of water in the body changes. A three-month-old fetus contains 90% water, a newborn 80%, an adult - 70%.
Water is present in all tissues of our body, for example:
The brain contains - 75%
Heart - 75%
Lungs - 85%
Liver - 86%
Kidneys - 83%
Muscles - 75%
· Blood - 83%.
Water is indeed the source of life on earth - not a single cell of a living organism can exist without it. Water is involved in the process of respiration, since a person can breathe dry air for a relatively short time. Water removes toxins from the human body. Delivers oxygen and nutrients (mineral salts, vitamins) to cells. Intracellular fluid regulates body temperature and prevents cells from sticking together. In addition, it serves as a lubricant for joints and bones, and protects internal organs from shock. The intracellular fluid is necessary for the restoration and healing of the body in a natural way created by God.
The value of water for a person is so great that for normal life he needs to drink more than 1.5 - 2 liters per day.
Interesting! Since muscle contains more water than fat, the leaner we are, the more water we have in our body.
The lack of water is hard to tolerate by the body. Dehydration contributes to the development of many diseases.
Therefore, if the water content is even slightly below the norm, this will cause the same consequences as insufficient watering for the garden. Of course, many vegetables will continue to grow, but their condition will be far from ideal, and some plants will dry out altogether. You can't see dehydration, but you can feel it.
Water pollution
Water is the basis of life for all living organisms on Earth, one of the main wealth on Earth. From time immemorial, man has settled near the reservoir. Where there is water, there is life. It is hard to imagine what would happen to our planet if fresh water disappeared. A person needs to drink about 2 liters of water per day. And about 20 times more daily is required for each of us for washing, cooking and so on.
IN last years Ecologists of all countries are sounding the alarm. Due to the negligent attitude of man to water resources, great changes are taking place on Earth that are harmful to human health, leading to the death of animals and plants.
Our state is trying to protect water resources. There are laws that prescribe to the citizens of our country the rules for handling water resources and using water for technical purposes in order to keep it pure for future generations of people, plants and animals. But there are lawbreakers who do not think not only about other people, even about their own health.
Water must be clean! Unfortunately, little is being done to prevent factories, factories and farms from polluting them.
Often there are cases when large plants and factories throw their waste directly into a river or lake, when various chemical products, poisons, oil, household waste get into the water (Fig. 2, 3)
Fig.2, 3 Water pollution
River banks often turn into a landfill. All living things die in polluted water: fish, crayfish, plants. The river is sick and its waters cannot be used by man.
In agriculture, people use fertilizers and pesticides. Rain water carries some of them to water bodies. That's dangerous water pollution! Employees Agriculture must always store and use these substances correctly! (fig.4)
Rice. 4. Pollution of the river with insoluble sediment
Now let's imagine such a case. The driver washed his car or motorcycle in a river or lake. Gasoline and lubricating oil got into the water. It will be unpleasant for us to swim in such water. And how will the fish fry and other inhabitants of the reservoir feel in it? Many of them will die. It must be remembered: you can’t wash cars, motorcycles and even bicycles in water bodies (Fig. 5)
Rice. 5. How people pollute water
Very often people throw garbage into water bodies, not realizing that they are committing a terrible evil. Under the water are broken bottles, cans with sharp edges and much, much more. Imagine how dangerous it is for people swimming in a pond, and especially for those who dive. People who are seriously injured are often taken to hospitals.
Scientists have calculated that every year around the world, so many harmful substances that they could fill 10 thousand freight trains (Fig. 6)
Rice. 6. Polluted water
Once scientists examined a section of the river bottom 5 km long and found:
14 large reinforced concrete slabs,
16 big pipes
34 pieces of rails,
9 rolls of barbed wire
27 curved iron sheets,
43 fire extinguishers,
18 saws,
31 ax
112 sledges,
36 frying pans,
108 pots, kettles and pans,
27 irons,
2486 broken bottles
814 broken glass jars
2214 cans and lots of other rubbish. (Fig. 7)
Rice. 7. Water Cleanup Day-2011: figures, finds.
On June 5, 2011, for the ninth time, divers (Diving (eng. "diving" from the English "to dive" - dive) is scuba diving with special equipment) celebrated the annual holiday called "International Water Cleanup Day". This union includes divers from Russia, Ukraine, Belarus and Kazakhstan, as well as Russian-speaking divers from Egypt and Indonesia. On this day, divers collected hundreds of tons of garbage from reservoirs, more than 25 thousand people took part in the action.
Never throw garbage into the water! Do not leave it on the shore either, because it can easily fall into the water from the shore.
It is necessary for each of us - people - to change our attitude to water, otherwise in a few decades we may be left without clean water. fresh water. It is necessary to take care of the existing reservoirs, protect them, keep the banks clean, plant trees to strengthen the banks, build treatment plants. After all, even we, schoolchildren, can participate in this important matter: take part in subbotniks for cleaning, landscaping the coasts, beaches, recreation areas, and use water carefully and economically.
This must be understood and remembered by every person. Conserving water means protecting life, health, and the beauty of the surrounding nature.
Water on Earth is both abundant and scarce at the same time.
If you look at the globe, you can see that there is more blue. And if you quickly spin the globe, it will seem as if it is of the same color - blue. Do you know how deep the seas and oceans are?
If you could go down to the bottom by elevator, you would have to go 5 hours, and from a 10-story building - in just 1 minute!
But it turns out that sea salt water is unsuitable for drinking and for many technical industries and agriculture. And fresh water is scarce.
Many countries in the world lack drinking water. Scientists have calculated that its amount is so small that for every hundred liters of salt water there is only one liter of fresh water.
Imagine immediately 500 liter jars filled with water. They probably wouldn't even fit in this class. This is how much water is wasted if a trickle as thick as a matchstick flows from a poorly closed tap during the day.
Thus, the main liquid of our planet - the water of the World Ocean is polluted and changes its properties. And this means a violation of the water cycle in nature, and a violation of the water cycle leads to the death of life on Earth. Pollution of water bodies is dangerous for all living things. To protect water bodies from pollution, wastewater from enterprises and farms is passed through treatment facilities.
Protection of water bodies from pollution
In rivers and other bodies of water, a natural process of self-purification of water occurs. However, it runs slowly. While industrial and domestic discharges were small, the rivers themselves coped with them. In our industrial age, due to a sharp increase in waste, water bodies can no longer cope with such significant pollution. There was a need to neutralize, purify wastewater and dispose of them.
Wastewater treatment plants are built to treat wastewater. In them, polluted water passes through various filters. They trap harmful impurities, and pass clean water through. Interestingly, in many treatment facilities, special microbes that are not dangerous to people help purify water. These microbes neutralize toxic substances.
Now such enterprises are being built, which do not exist at all. Wastewater. Polluted water there is purified and reused, then again purified and reused. Such an enterprise does not need to take fresh water from a lake or river. It does not drain waste water there. These are the most modern enterprises, and there are more and more of them.
For the treatment of liquid effluents, special systems of treatment facilities are used. For the treatment of domestic wastewater, as well as for each enterprise, their own treatment facilities are designed.
Water protection is a system of measures aimed at preventing and eliminating the consequences of water pollution and depletion, and their rational use. Thanks to special protection measures, environmental well-being is ensured water resources. Water legislation regulates not only water consumption, but also the conditions that must be observed in the territories adjacent to water bodies.
Water conservation rules
Pay attention to whether water is flowing in vain from the faucet at home, at school. If you notice this, turn off the faucet.
Sometimes we waste a lot of water uselessly without noticing it. For example, you wash your hands, wash your face under a strong stream. Turn off the faucet a bit. This will not interfere with washing, and less water will leak.
Learn to brush your teeth in such a way that you do not waste water. To do this, leave the faucet open while brushing your teeth and rinsing your mouth. Immediately pour water into a glass and turn off the faucet. It is very convenient to rinse your mouth out of a cup. How much water will you save?
You want to chill your lemonade and you keep the bottle under cold running water. Wouldn't it be better to put the lemonade in the fridge and save the water.
If water is leaking due to a malfunctioning faucet or column, you must immediately inform an adult.
Do not litter on the banks of rivers, do not wash cars in them.
If we know and follow the rules for economical use of water, we will help save water.
Interesting facts about water
Did you know!
A person in one year consumes about 60 tons of water only in the process of eating.
Water freezes at positive temperatures.
More than 135 isotopic varieties of water are known.
In addition to "live", "dead" there is "heavy", "slippery", "dry" and "rubber" water.
Hot water freezes faster than cold water.
There is a lake of ink in Algiers. The water of this lake can be written on paper.
Approximately 70% of the earth is covered with water. But only 1% of this water is drinkable.
All living animals and plants are made up of water:
Animals at 75%
Fish at 75%
Jellyfish 99%
Potatoes by 76%
Apples 85%
Tomatoes at 90%
Cucumbers 95%
Watermelon 96%
Even man is made of water. 86% of water is contained in the body of a newborn and up to 50% in the elderly.
A person can live without water for no more than 2-3 days.
If all the glaciers melted, then the water level on our planet would rise by 64 m (about the size of a 20-storey building) and, about 1/8 of the land surface, would be flooded with water.
In nature, approximately 1330 types of water can be distinguished. They are distinguished by origin (soil, rain, from fresh or long-lying snow, etc.), by the nature of the substances dissolved in it and their quantity.
water memory
Water has a memory Water is able to absorb, store and transmit human thoughts, emotions, as well as any external information: conversations, music, events. About this amazing property of water
Healers of all times and cultures have knownbut scientists discovered this property of water recently.Scientists have found in the water organic molecules and were even able to determine what living organisms they belonged to and how long they had been in the water. The exact atomic composition of each molecule makes it possible to identify what kind of organisms it belonged to. There are a lot of such “traces of life” in water, so they can be called “molecular memory of water”. Scientists openly say that water is a kind of programmable information carrier. Anything can be written in it, because molecules in clusters can be combined into completely different structures. Experiments have shown that the configuration of molecules changes very easily and quickly depending on the influence that is exerted on it. The most interesting thing is that as soon as the structure of one cluster changes, all the others immediately change accordingly. Information is transmitted almost instantly.
Turns out, good words, thoughts, beauty, and evil, rude words and thoughts, repulsive spectacles, musical cacophony create chaotic shapeless "doodles" with torn edges.
The most positive influence on the structure of water is exerted by words expressing feelings of love and gratitude, and the most negative is hatred and indifference.
The water in the lakes has a beautiful natural structure,rivers, streams, The pattern near the water from holy springs is especially harmonious.
When we drink water, its memory is transferred to us and begins to influence our thoughts, feelings, health. And if good information is imprinted in the water, then our mood and well-being improve. And after drinking negatively charged water, we can feel that the mood has worsened, it would seem, for no apparent reason.And if at the same time it’s still beautiful to set the table, turn on euphonious music, say friend
nice words to a friendread joyful poems, prayers,then the food will be especially tasty and healthy.
But before you put good information into the water, you need to erase the "bad" memory so that the water becomes like a "blank slate" on which you can write anything.You can clear the water memory in the following ways
Freeze water and then thaw. At home, this can be done with a freezer. In nature, water from mountain glaciers is so pure.
To boil water.Such water will not only lose all available memory, but will not be able to absorb new information until it cools to room temperature.
Shake the water vigorously.In nature, these are waterfalls and water passing through many high rapids.At tap water, the structure is also destroyed during the long passage through the pipes.
Evaporate water and then condense. So when water is heated in a saucepan, droplets appear on the lid. They can be collected.In nature, such water occurs in the form of rain, snow, hail,fog,
dew.
Impact the water strong magnetic field. At home, this is difficult to implement, and it is not necessary - because there are simpler ways.When the water is purified, it can be recorded
any information.
Kind words have a powerful force, enough to heal not only a sick body, but also our planet, suffering from various harmful influences.But for the healing of the Earth it is necessary,
so that kind words are repeated by as many people as possible. We all have the ability to influence the memory of water.
May our water be good!
Conducting experiments
Experience #1
a) determine the properties of liquid water, pour water into one glass, and milk into another. Let us compare water and milk with the help of the sense organs, determine the color, taste and smell of water. Water is colorless, tasteless, odorless. Dip one spoon into a glass of water, the other into a glass of milk. Let's talk about transparency. The water is transparent. Drop water on any surface. Let's look at its form. Let's add three or four more drops. What happened? A large drop of water spread out. This property of water is called fluidity. All liquids have it.
c) Pour water into a glass, add a spoonful of granulated sugar and stir. The water will become sweet. Other substances dissolve in water. Minerals can be absorbed by plant roots only by dissolving in water. So water is a solvent.
d) Water has no shape. It takes the form of the vessel it fills.
Experience #2
We put an empty metal ladle on a gas stove. After 10 seconds, it will not be possible to pick it up - it will be red-hot. Pour a glass of water into the same cold ladle and put it on a gas stove. Bring the water to a boil, which will take more time. Reflow hot water from a ladle into a glass, after putting a spoon into it. After ten minutes, the ladle will cool down, and the glass will not be able to be picked up. The water heated both the spoon and the sides of the glass. The ability of water to retain heat for a long time is the heat capacity property. This property helped to originate and develop living organisms in it. They did not experience a sharp overheating in the summer and a sharp hypothermia in the winter.
Water is the only substance on Earth that exists in three different states at once: liquid, gaseous and solid.
Experience #3
1. Pour water into the kettle and bring to a boil. Boiling water turns into transparent water vapor, which we cannot see. This process of changing liquid water into a gaseous state is called evaporation. Invisible water vapor is above the boiling water, at the very base of the spout. Cooling in air, the vapor turns into fog. Mist is tiny droplets of liquid water. This is what we see when it bursts upward from the spout of the kettle with a jet.
2. Put a cold spoon to the teapot spout. She instantly covered tiny droplets water. We take out a spoon with drops in the cold or put it in the freezer - the spoon will be covered with an ice crust. We bring it into a warm room - water will again appear in the spoon. We returned the water to its original state.
Wherever there is water, at any air temperature, the process of evaporation occurs - it turns into water vapor.
3. One of the properties of water completely contradicts all the laws of nature and at the same time is one of its most important laws. We know that when heated, all substances expand, and when cooled, they contract.
Experience No. 4
If you pour water into the bottle up to the neck, close it tightly and put it in the cold. The bottle will burst. So, when the water freezes, it became not less, but more! The distance between the molecules of frozen water increased, and the ice began to take up more space than liquid water. At the same time, he became lighter. Let's check it out. Let's throw a piece of ice into a glass of water. And what will we see? Ice floats on water.
Sociological survey.
In order to find out the level of knowledge of the population and school students about the quality of drinking water and its impact on the human body, I conducted a survey among schoolchildren and adults of the Puhali Basic School
I asked a series of questions:What do you think about the quality of water in our village?
Do you drink raw water? What kind of water do you drink more often? What are your suggestions for improving water quality? How many liters of water do you use daily? What are you using water for?
The result of the survey showed that more than half of the respondents do not consume raw water. When asked what kind of water you drink more often, 10 people out of 27 said that only boiled water.
When asked about water quality, it turned out that 12 people out of 27 think that the quality of water is good, 3 people that the purification system needs to be improved, 12 people think that the quality of water is bad.
Daily use an average of 40-50l daily. Used for food and household needs.
Based on the results of the survey, it was concluded that the majority of the villagers use boiled water, as it is polluted. Many believe that the cleaning system needs to be improved. Water is used for food and domestic needs: eating, washing and washing
CONCLUSION
Nowadays water problem has become one of the most important.
Thanks to water, life originated on our planet and still exists. We are accustomed to water and often forget that water is the greatest treasure on Earth. But water resources are not unlimited. If water disappears, life will also disappear. Our planet will become the same lifeless planet as other planets in the solar system.
The review of the literature, as well as my own observations, allow me to draw the following conclusions:
I have expanded my knowledge on this topic. I learned that it is an indispensable component of all living things. None of the living organisms on our planet can exist without water. In the human body, water: humidifies oxygen for breathing; regulates body temperature; helps the body absorb nutrients; protects vital organs; lubricates the joints; helps convert food into energy; participates in metabolism; removes various waste products from the body.
Describe the causes of water pollution. The main ones include the following:
wastewater from industrial and municipal enterprises;
flushing of pesticides and fertilizers from the fields by rain streams;
pollution of water bodies as a result of natural processes.
I got acquainted with the measures to protect water bodies from pollution and made their own rules for caring for water
From magazines, books, encyclopedias, as well as from Internet resources, I learned many interesting facts about water. I learned that water has a memory: it can remember, store and transmit information.
I conducted a survey about what kind of water is used more, for what purposes it is used, as well as the opinion of the respondents about the quality of water in our village. We got acquainted and analyzed the opinions of children and adults on this issue.
The hypothesis put forward by me that water is the source of life on Earth was confirmed because water is the most important component of our habitat. After air, water is the second most important component necessary for human life.
Everyone should save water!
LIST OF USED LITERATURE
Akhmanov M. The water we drink. The quality of drinking water and its purification using household filters. St. Petersburg: Nevsky Prospekt, 2002, 192 p. ISBN 5-94371-183-X.
Batmanghelidj F. Water for health. Minsk: Potpourri LLC, 2005, 288 p. ISBN 985-483-371-2.
Ershov M.E. The most common water purification methods. Donetsk: Stalker, 2006, 94 p.
Oberbeil K. Miracle water. M .: 000 "TD "Publishing house World of Books", 2005, 128 p.
Suslov B. N. Water. Moscow: State ed. technical and theoretical literature, 1950, 64 p.
Emoto Masaru. The secret life of water. Mn.: Potpourri, 2006, 160 p.
Emoto Masaru. The energy of water for self-knowledge and healing. M.: OOO Publishing house "Sofia", 2006, 96 p.
Big encyclopedia. Cyril and Methodius, 2008
Elementary School. Student's handbook. M.: 1996
1. "Volcanoes": Children's Encyclopedia - 2nd ed., Revised. - Moscow ed., Makhaon, 2007 - 124 pp., ill.
2. "The World of the Sea": Children's Encyclopedia - 2nd ed., Revised. - Moscow ed., Makhaon, 2007 - 123 pp., ill.
3. Drop, river, oceans. Text by A. Efremov St. Petersburg. Publishing House "Modern Pedagogy", 2004. -519, p.: ill.
4. Book for reading on conservation: For students of environments. school / Compiled by A.N. Zakhlebny. - M.: Enlightenment, 1986. - 175 p., ill.
5. What is. Who is: Children's Encyclopedia: In 3 volumes Ch-80 V.1. A - Compiled by V.S. Shergin, A. I. Yuriev. -5th ed., revised. And extra. – M.:
- Fomin G.S. Water. Control of chemical, bacterial and radiation safety according to international standards. Encyclopedic reference book. - M.: Protector, 2000.
- Solovieva GR Prospects for the use of magnetic water treatment in medicine. // In: Questions of theory and practice of magnetic treatment of water and water systems. - M., 1974.
- Protocol No. 01-6/23 of studies by the method of bioindication of water passed through filters. GU Scientific Center for Clinical and Experimental Medicine SB RAMS, 13.01.2004.
Miklashevsky N.V., Korolkova S.V. Pure water. Cleaning systems and household filters. - Dusseldorf, Kyiv, Moscow, St. Petersburg: "Arlit", 2000.
State control of water quality. - M.: IPK Standards Publishing House, 2003.
Gromoglasov A.A. and other Water treatment: processes and apparatuses. - M.: Energo-atomizdat, 1990.
Tutorial: The water we drink. Publisher: CJSC Media Service Company.
Report on the topic: “Hygienic assessment and study of the barrier role of natural zeolites of the Kholinsky deposit in relation to a number of chemical and biological pollutants when used as a filter media for drinking water purification”. - Novokuznetsk: Academy medical sciences USSR, Siberian branch, 1990.
Savchenko M.F., Tkachev P.G., Lvova I.P. Zeolites of Russia (Med.-biol., hygienic, ecological and economic aspects). - Irkutsk: Irkutsk University, 1998. - S. 253.
Zeolites - a mineral of the XXI century. // Plumbing, heating, air conditioning, No. 4, 2004. - P. 50-52.
Gerasimov GN Adaptation of drinking water treatment technology to new conditions: application. // Water supply and sanitary engineering. - No. b. - M.: VST Publishing House, 2003.
Bernal J., Fowler R. The structure of water in ionic solutions // Uspekhi fizicheskikh nauk, 1934.-T. 14, no. 5.
Sikorsky Yu.A., Vertepnaya G.I., Krasilnik M.G. Physical properties of melt water // Izvestiya vuzov. - Physics, No. 3.-1959.
Samoilov O.Ya. Structure aqueous solutions and ion hydration. Sat. State and role of water in biological objects. - M.: Nauka, 1967.
Klassen V. I. Magnetization of water systems. - M.: Nauka, 1982.
Questions of theory and practice of magnetic treatment of water and water systems. Collection of the Second All-Union Conference. - M.: Tsvetmetinformatsia, 1971.-p.316.
Trincher K.S. State and role of water in biological objects. - M.: Nauka, 1967.-S. 143-149.
Chesnokova L.N. Questions of theory and practice of magnetic treatment of water and water systems. - M.: Tsvetmetinformatsiya, 1971.-S. 75.
Shimkus E.M., Kalenkovich N.I., Aksenov Zh.P. The use of magnetized water for the treatment of urolithiasis. // Proceedings of the symposium "Non-surgical methods of treatment of KSD and drug prevention of relapses." - Kyiv, 1972.
Morgunov II Problems of clinical pathology. - Ryazan, 1966. - S. 105.
Pilipenko V.A. Topical issues of health care in practical medicine - Kiev: Donetsk Medical Institute, 1979. 21. Grebnev A.N., Klassen V.I., Stefanovskaya L.K., Zhuzhgova V.P. Solubility of human urinary stone in magnetic water. In: Questions of theory and practice of magnetic treatment of water and water systems. - M., 1971.
Shimkus E.M., Aksenov Zh.P., Kalenkovich N.I., Zhivoi V.Ya. On some medicinal properties of water treated with a magnetic field. In: Influence of electromagnetic fields on biological objects. - Kharkov, 1973.
Shimkus E.M. etc. Proceedings of Krymsky medical institute. 1973. -T. 53. - S. 67-70.
Hygienic assessment of magnetic fields (materials of the symposium May 22-23, 1972). - M.: Ministry of Health of the RSFSR, 1972.-S. 182.
Pilipenko V.A. Topical issues of public health practical medicine. - Kyiv: Donetsk Medical Institute, 1970.
Pedashenko D.D., Bozhko L.I. Clarification of turbid surface waters in public water pipelines. // Water supply and sanitary engineering, 2004, No. 1.
Morina M.V., Blazhko A.V. Water treatment devices - certification practice // Drinking water. - 2002. - No. 4. -WITH. 14.
Ananyeva E. A. et al. To the question of the methodology for determining the effectiveness of household water treatment devices // Drinking water. - 2001, No. 3. - S. 9.
Veremyanina L. How old are you, ask Mikhailova // Evening Novosibirsk, January 23, 2003.
Zuev E.T., Fomin G.S. Drinking and mineral water. world and
European standards for quality and safety. - M.: Protector, 2003.
Product catalog of the Company ARGO. Information package. Issue No. 16. - Novosibirsk: LLC "Argo-Siberia", 2003.
Alekseev Andrey
In this work, a sixth grader examines the role of water in various works of folklore and Russian literature, raising the current environmental problem of the state of water in our time.
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XII Regional School
Cyril and Methodius Readings
"Living dead water...
(Through the pages of literature
from folklore to the present day.)
MOU Krotovskaya secondary school
"Educational Center", 5 "B" class,
Samara region, Kinel-Cherkassky district,
Krotovka village, Kuibyshevskaya street, 21.
Head: Ivanova Irina Pavlovna,
teacher of Russian language and literature.
Samara region, Kinel-Cherkassky district,
s.Krotovka, st. Leningradskaya, 18 - 2.
Samara
2011
Review
for the work of Andrey Alekseev “Living dead water ...
(On the pages of literature from folklore to the present day.) "
The abstract of Andrey Alekseev corresponds to the stated topic, is distinguished by the depth and completeness of the disclosure of the topic, logicality, coherence, evidence. The work is structurally ordered, the ratio of introduction, main part and conclusion is optimal. The design of the work meets the requirements: there is a plan, a list of references, footnotes are correctly designed and a culture of citation is observed.
In the introduction, the student justifies the choice of the topic of the essay and its relevance, explaining that in recent decades, earthlings have been too consumerist towards water, and therefore fresh water reserves on the planet have begun to decline sharply. Target research work of Alekseev A. - to show the role of water in literature from folklore to the present day and the educational value of the image of water for readers.
The abstract material is structured by chapters, headings to parts of the text reflect the content of the chapters. The material of the abstract is presented diversified, the student gives examples illustrating theoretical positions, expresses his opinion on the problem, arguing that the value of water at all times was very high, and this is easy to trace in Russian folklore.
As a result of the work, the graduate concluded that works on the pages of which water is depicted are the best educators that can convince a person that water is life, that the preservation of life on Earth depends on the safety of water. This means that we are responsible for this life.
The work complies with the norms of the Russian literary language, written language the student is literate, emotional, convincing.
Annotation.
In his work “Living dead water…” Andrey Alekseev shows the role of water in literature, starting from folklore and ending with our days. The fifth grader proves that with the help of literary works it is possible to restore respect for water, which is so necessary in our time.
- Introduction.
- Living dead water. (On the pages of literature from fairy tales to the present day.)
- Water in small genres of folklore.
- Water in fairy tales.
- Water in the literature of the twentieth century.
- Observation results.
- Conclusion.
- Bibliography.
- Introduction to the topic
Water ... Poems and songs, stories and scientific work. "Juice of life" - this is how the greatest artist and thinker Leonardo da Vinci called water. This definition is correct, because life originated in water.
Water is the greatest value for all inhabitants of the Earth. Under normal conditions, it is necessary to drink at least two and a half liters of water per day, a person needs water more than food. I learned about many interesting facts related to water on class hour when we talked about the benefits of water, about careful attitude to it. There I heard the words of the French pilot and writer Antoine de Saint-Exupery: “Water, you have neither taste nor smell, you cannot be described, they enjoy you without knowing what you are. It cannot be said that you are necessary for life: you are life itself. You fill us with a joy that cannot be explained by our feelings. With you, the forces that we have already said goodbye are returning to us. By your mercy, the dried-up springs of our hearts begin to seethe in us again. You are the greatest treasure in the world…”
On that day at school, all lessons addressed the topic of water. At the lesson of literature, we stopped at some works in which water plays an important role. It was then that water, its place and role in literature attracted our attention as a subject of research.
We set before ourselvesgoal: to show the role of water in literature from folklore to the present day and the educational value of the image of water for readers.
To achieve this goal, the following tasks:
- Determine the genres of literature in which water is depicted.
- Find out what role water plays in each particular work.
- Find out if the image of water differs depending on the time of creation of the work.
- Show the meaning of the image of water for readers.
We are sure that the topic we have chosen is relevant now. All the inhabitants of our planet know that the supply of fresh water on Earth is limited. But not everyone, unfortunately, follows the rules of careful and economical attitude to water. Therefore, with the help of literary works, I would like once again to remind earthlings of the value, features and possibilities of water, that man and water are one. Moreover, with age, many schoolchildren forget about the importance of the place and role of water in literary works. This was also shown by our survey: fifth-graders quickly and more named works (of course, fairy tales) in which water occurs, but ninth-graders did it much more slowly. As a result, it turned out that the children associated the following fairy tales with water: “About the fisherman and the goldfish” by A.S. Pushkin (74%), “Geese-swans” (67%), “Sister Alyonushka and brother Ivanushka” (49% ) “The Little Mermaid” by G.H. Andersen (26%), “ flying ship" (eleven %). Moreover, the last two tales of the guys were called based on cartoons. This means that it is very important to remind schoolchildren of the role of water, which has been highly valued since ancient times. Therefore, the practical value of my work is also visible.
- living water
- Water in small genres of folklore
So much has been said about water! Already our ancient ancestors dedicated proverbs, songs, riddles to her. Proverbs, expressing folk wisdom, not only decorate our speech, but also teach respect for nature, including water. Listen to them: “Forest and water paint the field”, “April streams wake up water”, “Bread and water are heroic food”, “Water will find a way”, “Deep water does not muddy”.
Many of the Russian people and popular expressions(phraseological units) about water. (By the way, Homer called them winged, because from the mouth of the speaker they seem to fly to the ear of the listener.) Each of them can be replaced by a neutral synonym understandable to everyone, but not as vivid and figurative as a winged word. For example, “Looking into the water” - as if he knew in advance; “Water with a sieve to carry” - to engage in useless business; “He took water in his mouth” - is silent; “The water will not stir up” - a humble person; “It will come out of the water dry” - will go unpunished; "Pour water on someone's mill" - act in someone's favor; “You won’t spill water” - very friendly; "Bring to clean water" - to reveal someone's dark deeds, etc. .
And how accurately and subtly the properties and features of water are emphasized in riddles!
Why not roll up the hill
Do not carry away in a sieve
And not to hold in your hands? (Water)
Walks without legs, swallows without a mouth. (River)
Hiding in the winter
I appear in the spring
I have fun in the summer
I go to bed in the fall. (River).
Here's a modern riddle:
If your hands are in wax,
If there are blots on the nose,
Who then is our first friend,
Will it remove dirt from the face and hands?
What Mom Can't Do Without
No cooking, no washing
Without what, we will say directly,
Man to die?
To make it rain from the sky
To grow ears of bread
For the ships to sail
We cannot live without ... (water).
I think everyone noticed that in the proverbs and riddles that have come down to us through the centuries, it is emphasized that water is part of nature, and in the more modern riddle given, the practical significance of water is emphasized.
- Water in fairy tales
Fairy tales are one of my favorite genres of literature. This is where water often has the main role, this is where it reigns as the hero of the work. Many of the Russian folk tales begin with the same beginning: "On the sea-ocean, on the island of Buyan ...". In fairy tales, water is found in various forms: rivers, seas, rain, living and dead water. In fairy tales, water has an important role: either it represents a formidable element, or, on the contrary, it helps the heroes of the work. We observed the role of water in several folk and author's tales.
So, in the folk tale “Sister Alyonushka and brother Ivanushka”, water punishes the hero: “Ivanushka did not obey and got drunk from a goat's hoof. He got drunk and became a goat.”
In another equally famous fairy tale, Geese-Swans, a milk river helps a girl:
“Mother River, hide me!
- Drink my milk!
Nothing to do but drink. The river put her under the bank, the geese flew by.
From “The Tale of Magical Water” we learn that water can reconcile people: “And since then they stopped quarreling and began to live as in their youth. And all because as soon as the old man starts screaming, the old woman is now for magic water. What a power there is in her!”
Exactly at folk tales for the first time we met living and dead water, so it is necessary to at least briefly dwell on these concepts.
“Living water (strong or heroic) in the folk tales of all Indo-European peoples is a symbol of spring rain, which resurrects the earth from winter sleep. She restores life to the dead and sight to the blind. The difference between dead and living water appears only in Slavic fairy tales and is not repeated anywhere. Dead water is sometimes called healing: it heals inflicted wounds, splices the dissected parts of a dead body, but does not yet resurrect it, only sprinkling with living water returns it to life. According to Afanasiev, dead water is the first spring rain, driving ice and snow off the fields and, as it were, pulling together the dissected parts of mother earth, and the rains that follow give her greenery and flowers.
In the fairy tale “Ivan Tsarevich and the Gray Wolf”, water helps to resurrect the main character: “The Gray Wolf sprinkled Ivan Tsarevich’s wounds with dead water, the wounds healed; sprinkled it with living water - Ivan Tsarevich came to life.
In author's fairy tales, water gets a continuation. For example, in "Ruslan and Lyudmila" by A.S. Pushkin, the main character is helped by an old sorcerer who accompanies Ruslan in all his adventures, he also washes the wounds with dead water and revives the living knight. A. Pushkin borrowed this plot element from folk tales.
In the silent wilderness of the combustible steppes
Beyond the distant chain of wild mountains,
Dwellings of winds, thundering storms,
Where and witches bold look
Afraid to penetrate at a late hour,
The wonderful valley is hidden,
And in that valley there are two keys:
One flows like a living wave,
On the stones merrily murmuring,
He pours dead water;
Everything is quiet around, the winds are sleeping,
The coolness of spring does not blow,
Centennial pines do not make noise,
Birds do not curl, doe does not dare
In the heat of summer, drink from secret waters;
A couple of spirits from the beginning of the world,
Silent in the bosom of the world,
The dense coast guards...
With two empty jugs
A hermit appeared before them;
Interrupted by the spirits of an old dream
And they left full of fear.
Bending down, he plunges
Vessels in virgin waves;
Filled, disappeared in the air
And found myself in two moments
In the valley where Ruslan lay
In blood, mute, motionless;
And the old man stood over the knight,
And sprinkled with dead water,
And the wounds shone in an instant,
And the corpse of wonderful beauty
flourished; then living water
The old man sprinkled the hero,
And cheerful, full of new strength,
Trembling with young life
Ruslan gets up on a clear day
Eyes greedy looking ... .
And from the fairy tale “The Humpbacked Horse” by Pyotr Ershov, we learn that water can rejuvenate and make beautiful:
Here the horse wagged its tail,
I dipped my muzzle into those boilers,
I jumped at Ivan twice,
He whistled loudly.
Ivan looked at the horse
And immediately dived into the cauldron,
Here in another, there in the third too.
And he became so handsome
What can not be said in a fairy tale
Do not write with a pen!
Here he is dressed up in a dress,
The king-maiden bowed,
He looked around, cheering up.
With an air of importance, like a prince.
Water helps the heroes of A.S. Pushkin in The Tale of Tsar Saltan. When the mother and child - victims of slander - were placed in a barrel and thrown into the sea, the sea took pity on them and threw them ashore:
"You, my wave, wave!
You are gulliva and free;
You splash wherever you want
You sharpen sea stones
You drown the shore of the earth,
Raise the ships
Do not destroy our soul:
Throw us out on land!"
And the wave listened:
Right there on the shore
The barrel was taken out lightly
And she sank quietly." .
And in G.Kh. Andersen’s fairy tale “The Little Mermaid”, water, the sea is the main character’s home, and only there she feels happy: “Far in the sea, the water is blue-blue, like the petals of the most beautiful cornflowers, and transparent-transparent, like the purest glass, only very deep, so deep that no anchor line is enough.”
In another fairy tale by Andersen, “The Ugly Duckling”, for the main character, water also plays a big role in fate: “And he sank into the water and swam towards a beautiful swan, who, seeing him, also swam towards him ...” Water helped him, because thanks to reflection in the lake he saw not an ugly duckling, but a beautiful swan. This saved his life.
Thus, from all that has been said above, we can conclude that the theme and image of water occupies a huge place in fairy tales. In them, she is a living being who helps positive heroes and punishes negative ones.
- Water in 20th century literature
Poets and writers of the 20th century also devoted many lines to water, making it the heroine of many works. Among the writers who created the best works about the Motherland and its wealth, K. G. Paustovsky certainly stands out. I am still little familiar with his work, but I already know his story "Meshcherskaya Side".
In it, K. Paustovsky wrote about forest rivers and canals “about two streams - Solotcha and Pre, flowing south through forests, swamps and burnt areas. Solotcha is a winding and shallow river. In its barrels stand under the banks of a flock of ides. The water in Solotch is red. Peasants call such water "harsh". The Pra flows from the northern Meshchora lakes to the Oka. There are very few trees along the banks. In the old days, schismatics settled in Pre, in dense forests. In addition to rivers, there are many canals in the Meshchora region. Even under Alexander II, General Zhilinsky decided to drain the Meshchora swamps and create large lands near Moscow for colonization ... Now these canals have died out and are overgrown with swamp grasses. Ducks nest in them, lazy tenches and nimble loaches live. These channels are very picturesque. They go deep into the forests. Thickets hang over the water in dark arches. It seems that every channel leads to mysterious places.
You read such lines and you feel that the author not only knows these places well, but also loves them wholeheartedly. And this is no coincidence. The Meshchersky region is the last love of K. Paustovsky. Dedicating to him a whole scattering of amazingly poetic, even musical, stories, the writer reminds us that we must protect our world, this beautiful land.
On the advice of a literature teacher, I recently read E. Nosov's story "The Doll" and was simply shocked. The narrative begins with a description of the narrator’s favorite places: “Day and night funnels rumble, gurgle and sob ...”, “At night, by the pool, it’s not at all comfortable, when suddenly the washed-up shore suddenly collapses heavily and slashes all over the water with a flat tail, like a board, the seasoned owner-catfish rising from the pit ... ".
And now, a few years later, the narrator again finds himself in the same places. What does he see now? “I went and did not recognize the river. The channel narrowed, became infested, the clean sands on the bends were covered with cocklebur and hard butterbur, many unfamiliar shoals and spits appeared. ... all the yazovy expanse bristled with a bunch and spikes of an arrowhead, and everywhere, where it is still free from grasses, black bottom mud is rushing, fertilized from an excess of fertilizers carried by rains from the fields ... Where it used to be terribly twisted and swirling, a dirty gray melyak stuck out with a hump , similar to a large dead fish ".
What a huge difference between the two sketches of the river! If in the first light, summer-like bright colors evoke a feeling of warmth, joy, then in the second - the colors are gloomy, dirty. Clear and open distances were replaced by other pictures: “the channel narrowed”, “pure sands were sucked in”. The reason for the shallowing of the river, changes in nature, E. Nosov sees in thoughtless management, use a large number chemicals.
The most terrible thing, according to the author, is that people are growing indifferent attitude towards each other, cruelty towards nature. It is still possible to change the situation if everyone thinks about it, works on themselves, treats earthly wealth with care. And one more thing makes you think about the story of E. Nosov. Perhaps, in the twentieth century, the phrase “dead water” also changes its meaning. It no longer seems to be a liquid that can heal wounds or fuse dismembered parts of the body. Now the word “dead” is perceived in its direct meaning in relation to water, i.e., according to the dictionary of S.I. Ozhegov, “1. Dead, deprived of life. 2. Deprived of vitality, revival. 3. Fruitless, useless.
When I read the beginning of E. Nosov's story, I recognized our native Kutuluk in the second description of the river. The same shallow water with mud and mud, the same banks overgrown with weeds and bushes, and even mountains of garbage dumped here by some residents of our village or left by lovers to relax in nature. Of course, there are among the Krotovites those who treat the river with care; of course, its shores are regularly cleaned (including us schoolchildren). But as long as cruel, heartless people live among us, who do not understand that they harm themselves when they destroy the river, we will hear the "sigh of river water." This is what the poem of the teacher of our school Borisenko N.P.
April hasn't started yet.
And the ice on the river has risen.
And soon, soon will carry
She is transparent brittle ice.
And along the gentle shores
Spring will come towards us.
And my river is glad to her:
She will fill the shores
Reminds me of the splashing of the waves of spring
Her old days
When from the crystal shores
I looked into the river of blue bushes,
When in the evening the nightingale
I sang about my love to my river ...
Spring will pass, the water will subside -
There will be no trace of joy.
In shallow water - mud, silt,
There is only rubbish on the banks.
And the sigh of river water is heard -
So they are waiting for sorrows, waiting for troubles ...
Unfortunately, with such terrible and sad works, everything is replenished and replenished. modern literature. Their authors are also schoolchildren participating in competitions of ecological fairy tales and poems. And the hero of such works is often water.
- Observation results
Having made observations on the texts of various works, we made several important conclusions:
- Water is depicted in different genres of literature: proverbs and sayings, riddles and songs, stories, novels, poems and poems.
- In each genre, water plays a special role, most often helping a person or punishing him.
- The image of water in the works of literature of the twentieth century acquires a new direction - ecological.
- The theme and image of water in literature is important for the reader, because help to form an intolerant attitude towards water pollution and destruction.
- Conclusion
Finishing the observation of the theme of water in literature, we draw the main conclusion: works on the pages of which water is depicted are the best educators that can convince a person that water is life, that the preservation of life on Earth depends on the safety of water. This means that we are responsible for this life. It remains only to ask yourself: are you using what is given by nature correctly, are you wasting the precious “juice of life” that you did so that the water would cease to be dead in direct meaning this word? The truth, hidden in literature from ancient times to the present day, brightens the memory and thoughts, makes you look at such familiar water with different eyes. And I involuntarily recall a poem that I accidentally stumbled upon on the website of Nail Bigeev and which no longer gets out of my head:
Born a peaceful spring
Or a thunderstorm.
Grows like a brook
Then the mighty river.
Brings wealth, kindness.
There is no limit to her strength
And her ships in the port,
Tired of work
Standing thinking about
How to make life more beautiful
What will happen to us later
And what about our Earth.
How many fish live in it
Beautiful but silent
Like a fiery flight of thoughts,
Excellent melting.
And with her through life for centuries,
overgrown, steep,
Native shores are coming
Beaten, steel.
She caresses them always
For their loyalty and strength.
They will never change
And forever be cute.
Born a pure spring
Or thunderous thunder
Will leave silently so - secretly
And then it becomes a cloud.
It's hard for me to understand her
She's so fluid...
Now ice, then steam, and then again
Beautiful and powerful.
And yet, whatever
We love her passionately.
She gave birth to a living
It is useless to scold her.
Bibliography
Folklore of the peoples of Russia. In 2 vols. Vol. 1: M .: Bustard, 2002 ..
Phraseological Dictionary of the Russian Language, ed. A.I. Molotkova. - M., 1967.
Folklore of the peoples of Russia. In 2 vols. Vol. 2: M.: Bustard, 2002.
Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary F. Brockhaus and Efron. - M., 2007, p. 207
Pushkin A.S. Ruslan and Ludmila.
Ershov P.I. The Little Humpbacked Horse.
Pushkin A.S. The Tale of Tsar Saltan.
Paustovsky K.G. Meshcherskaya side.
Nosov E.I. Doll / Literature. 7th grade. Textbook-reader for educational institutions. At 2 pm Part 2 / Auth. V.Ya.Korovina, M., 2003, p.158.
Ibid, p. 159.
Ozhegov S.I., Shvedova N.Yu. Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. - M., 1994, p.347.
www.storybook.ru/russian/
creative title project:
« free element
V Russian works
P poets and writers" .
literature teacher Mikhail Morozov,
Avdonina V. V. Malyshev Nikita,
Vasina Maria,
Didenko Anastasia,
Fedyunina Tatiana.
G. Pervomaisk,
MOU PSOSH №2, 2009
Problem question.
- Why did poets and writers turn to the image of the water element in their works?
Hypothesis.
- Her Majesty water is a source of inspiration for poets and writers.
- The water element is a special symbolic image that helps to convey the mood of the characters in poetry and prose, participates in their destinies .
1) Recall which poets turned to the image of water in their lyrical works?
2) Recall which writers addressed the water element in prose works?
3) Find out in which works poets and writers touched on the image of water.
4) Analyze the selected works, refute or prove our hypothesis.
5) Present the results of your work in the form of a presentation.
Let's look in the dictionary
Water
- A clear, colorless liquid that is a chemical compound of hydrogen and oxygen.
- Drink
- River, sea, lake space, as well as their surface or level.
- Seas, rivers, lakes, canals, straits related to a given region, state, territory.
- Streams, waves, water mass.
- Mineral springs, etc.
Therefore, water is a polysemantic word.
And in the course of our work, we decided that water is also a source of inspiration for poets and writers.
Look how beautiful her majesty the water is!
Water is life, and literature is the image and reflection of life.
Vasily Andreevich Zhukovsky
"Sea" (1822)
Where the sea, there is romance! In Zhukovsky's poems by the sea, like
man - its essence, its secret. The poet wants to unravel this
secret.
He draws the sea in a calm state, in a storm and after it
Silent sea, azure sea,
I stand enchanted over your abyss.
You are alive; you breathe; confused love,
You are filled with anxiety...
Conclusions:
1) The sea is a special mobile element, its calmness is deceptive.
2) When Zhukovsky writes about the sea, he simultaneously conveys the mood that captures his soul.
3) He creates not so much a "landscape of nature" as a "landscape of the soul", merging into a close unity a picture of nature with its experience.
Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin (1799-1837)
Among the works of A.S. Pushkin has many poems about water:
- "Water and wine"
- "Land and Sea"
- "On the quiet shores of Moscow"
- "Who, the waves, stopped you..."
- “The Terek rushes between the mountain walls…”
- " To sea"
Among the poems of A.S. Pushkin has a quatrain about water
"The waters are deep."
The waters are deep
flowing smoothly,
wise people
They live quietly.
A.S. Pushkin. " To sea" (1824)
Farewell, free element!
For the last time in front of me
You roll blue waves
And you shine with proud beauty ...
In this poem, the sea for A.S. Pushkin is a symbol
freedom, a symbol of the boundless, free element. Poet
admires the sea, loves both its “silence in the evening hour”, and “
wayward impulses" into a storm. "Free Element"
reminds the poet of those happy days when he was also
free, lived among people close to his heart.
A.S. Pushkin. "The daylight went out" .(1820)
The light of day has gone out;
Fog fell on the blue evening sea.
Noise, noise, obedient sail,
Worry over me, gloomy ocean.
The sea helps to convey the mood of the hero. It
sad, noisy at the departure of Pushkin to the north.
Thus, in both poems the mood
begins to live with the same feeling that he is imbued with
poet.
"Spring", "Why was I not born this blue wave?",
"Mermaid", "Crush, crush, night wave", "Sea Princess",
"Airship",
"Gifts of the Terek", etc.
Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev (1803-1873)
One of the most remarkable phenomena in Russian poetry is F.I. Tyutchev's poems about
captivating Russian nature. Nature in his poems is inspired.
"Spring Waters"
Snow is still whitening in the fields, "Spring thunderstorm",
And the waters are already rustling in the spring - “How good you are, about the night sea ...”,
They run and wake up the sleepy shore, “The sun is shining; the waters are glistening…”
They run and shine and say ...
Streams in these verses - 1 s messengers
spring announce the arrival of the holiday
nature!
Thus, in Tyutchev's poems about nature, water is a poetic image,
provoking philosophical thought.
You, my sea water,
wayward wave,
How, resting or playing,
You are full of wonderful life!
Afanasy Afanasyevich Fet (1820-1892)
This is a magic poet. He devoted a whole cycle of poems to the water element called "Sea" : "Sea Bay", "Evening at the seaside", "Sea and Stars", "Spring Rain", etc.
Sea distance in a misty haze;
There the sail sinks, as if in smoke,
And the waves in constant anger
They run to my coast.
The water element in these verses expresses the state
human soul.
The poem "On the Volga"
Many poets in their works wrote about the river of our region
Volga. Among them, N.A. Nekrasov.
« Oh Volga! After many years
I greeted you again.
I'm not the same, but you are bright
And majestic, as she was.
All around is the same distance and expanse .... "
The Volga was the "cradle" for N.A. Nekrasov. For the rest of his life, pictures of the inhuman labor of barge haulers, their groans, grabbing songs for the soul, were imprinted in the soul of the poet. Subsequently, he called his favorite river "the river of slavery and longing."
The name of the poetess Marina Tsvetaeva is the most artistically significant.
Who is made of stone, who is made of clay,
And I'm silver and sparkle!
My business is treason, my name is Marina.
I am the mortal foam of the sea...
Crushing on your granite knees,
I am resurrected with every wave!
Long live foam - fun foam -
High sea foam!
Marina translates from Latin like "marine". The sea for Tsvetaeva is the personification of freedom, it is the flight of the soul, and if leaving, then leaving in the free sea element. This idea is confirmed by lines from the poem "Two Songs":
Someday the sea jets
Looking out from the ship
You will say: "I loved - the sea!"
Sea sunk - into the sea!
Many poets wrote about her majesty water!
Nikolai Gumilyov Alexey Nikolaevich Konstantin Dmitrievich
many poems that Pleshcheev Balmont
with the geographical "Spring" ("The snow is already melting," Swan "(" Backwater
accurately report streams running…”), “Into the storm”, sleeps, the water is silent
travels of the poet: "Song" ("Let's go to the mirror ..."),
"Lake Chad", shore; there are waves ...") "Proclamation to the Ocean",
"Red Sea", "White Fire",
"Zambezi", "Lakes", "Whirlpool".
"Niger", "Suez Canal", etc.
Nikolai Rubtsov Sergei Yesenin Ivan Bunin
“I remembered the sea”, “Swamps and swamps”, “Spring”,
"Above the river", "On the edge of the rain" River "
"Sea", "Storm", and bad weather", "Dew, with
"Spring on the sea", "Danced, cried a pale pink
"Morning at sea", spring rain, fire ... "
"In the ocean", "Across the river lights are burning ..."
"On the lake"
Water in fairy tales.
In fairy tales, dead and living water is found: the first usually splices the chopped body parts of the deceased, and the living one returns life to him. Water helps good heroes, hiding them from evil ones. Water is a symbol of life.
Maksim Gorky (1868-1936)
The story "Chelkash".
Water takes an active part in prose works. In the 8th grade, we read M. Gorky's story "Chelkash". In the 2nd chapter we found a description of the calm sea at night: “The sea was calm, black and thick as butter. It breathed a moist, sunny aroma and sounded gently, splashing on the sides of the ships ... The sea slept in a healthy, sound sleep of a worker who was tired during the day ... "
When describing the sea, M. Gorky uses many epithets and personifications. The sea is animated: “The sea has woken up. It played in small waves, giving birth to them, decorating the foam with fringes, pushing each other and breaking into fine dust ... ".
The sea is a participant in the story: it changes the psyche and mood of the characters. Finally, the description of a stormy sea has to some extent symbolic meaning and speaks of the coming storm that will purify life. According to the description of the sea, one can guess about the attitude of the heroes to the water element.
Ivan Alekseevich Bunin . (1870- 1953)
The description of the sea is also found in the story of I.A. Bunin "Caucasus". Heroes are happy, resting on sea “... part of the sea had the color of violet and lay so evenly, peacefully, that it seemed that there would never be an end to this peace, this beauty.
or
“... in a coastal ravine, descending from the forest to the sea, a small, transparent river . How wonderfully its brilliance shattered, boiled in that mysterious hour, when from behind the mountains and forests, like some wondrous creature, the late moon gazed intently!
Description of water spaces in the story give Bunin's prose a special expressiveness. .
Water in popular expressions.
In prose works one can find many
folk expressions with the word water: “A lot of water
flowed away”, “you can’t spill it with water”, “as if looking into the water”, “crush
water in a mortar”, “get out of the water dry”, “like water into water
scored”, etc.
They give the speech of the characters a colloquial tone.
In the course of work, we learned a lot of interesting and informative things.
Learned how to combine the acquired knowledge into a coherent system,
analyze them, which will be useful to us in the future.
Water is one of the four elements
determining our world order.
She is a member of Russian poetry and prose.
Water is also a source of inspiration.
The sea, for example, inspired poets and writers
to create poetic masterpieces .
The hypothesis was confirmed !!!
conclusions
Turning to the works of fiction of the 18th, 19th, 20th centuries, we came to the following conclusions:
- Writers and poets wrote about the water element in order to sing the beauty of this natural phenomenon.
- Water is a free element; the sea element is a symbol of freedom.
- Indeed, in a high state of mind, poetic lines about water were born. The water element inspired many poets and writers to compose poetry.
- Remembering school curriculum from grades 5 to 9, we decided that many Russian classics of the 18th, 19th, 20th centuries. addressed in their works to the image of the "water element". Writers and poets of the 21st century decide on the pages of their works ecological problems, urged us to take care of water spaces. Therefore, this topic is relevant to this day!
Information material .
- Collections of poems by A.S. Pushkin, F.I. Tyutcheva, A.A. Feta, M. Tsvetaeva, N. Gumilyova, V.A. Zhukovsky, N.A. Nekrasov, etc.
- "Chelkash" by M. Gorky, "Caucasus" by I.A. Bunin, Vasyutkino Lake by V.P. Astafiev, etc.
- Magazines "Literature at school".
- Explanatory Dictionary of S.I. Ozhegov.
