MD abbreviation. PhD in Cultural Studies. See what "PhD in Cultural Studies" is in other dictionaries

Candidate of Sciences in the Russian Federation and some countries is the first of the postgraduate degrees awarded to the applicant by the dissertation council after the defense of the candidate's dissertation. Only scientists with a Ph.D. can apply for the PhD degree.

The PhD degree is obtained in two ways

First common way: after graduation, the graduate submits documents for admission to graduate school.

If you enter with work experience, by this time you must have worked in the chosen field for at least two years, if the form of study is full-time, that is, the age limit is no more than 35 years.

In addition, it is necessary to obtain a recommendation from the Academic Council of the educational institution in which the student showed proper results in scientific research in the chosen specialty. These recommendations are accepted in many universities in the field of research. This is followed by the preparation of documents and the passage entrance exams, usually this:

speciality
philosophy
foreign

It is also possible to enroll in graduate school and contractual basis, for this you will need to pass an interview or entrance examinations. A graduate student at the end of graduate school, having defended a dissertation, which will be the result of study and research, will already be able to apply for a Ph.D.

Second way- This competition.

This path has a number of advantages. No need to be constantly present educational institution. The Academic Council only approves the chosen topic scientific work and appoints a supervisor. Applying for more independent work. For three years, it is important to show that the work is moving forward and receive advice from the supervisor. Work on research, preparation for passing candidate exams, writing a dissertation - the applicant takes over. But there are no strict time limits here, the deadlines are set by the future candidate of sciences. The only limitation is the term for preparing a dissertation for no more than three years.

So, apply for a PhD can be a person with a completed higher education, or graduate student, or applicant.

Depending on the scientific direction, exists separation PhDs by specialty. There are 24 of them in the Russian Federation:

PhD in Architecture (PhD in Architecture)
Candidate of Biological Sciences (Candidate of Biological Sciences)
Candidate of Veterinary Sciences (Candidate of Veterinary Sciences)
Candidate of military sciences (candidate of military sciences)
Candidate of Geographical Sciences (Candidate of Geographical Sciences)
Candidate of Geological and Mineralogical Sciences (Candidate of Geological and Mineral Sciences)
PhD in Art History (Ph.D. in Art History)
Candidate historical sciences(candidate of historical sciences)
Candidate of Cultural Studies (Ph.D. of Cultural Studies)
Candidate of Medical Sciences (Candidate of Medical Sciences)
Candidate pedagogical sciences(candidate of pedagogical sciences)
Candidate of Political Sciences (Ph.D. in Political Science)
Candidate psychological sciences(candidate of psychological sciences)
Candidate of Agricultural Sciences (Candidate of Agricultural Sciences)
Candidate of Sociological Sciences (Candidate of Sociological Sciences)
Candidate technical sciences(candidate of technical sciences)
Candidate of Pharmaceutical Sciences (PhD)
Candidate of Physical and Mathematical Sciences (Candidate of Physical and Mathematical Sciences)
Candidate of Philological Sciences (Candidate of Philological Sciences)
Candidate of Philosophical Sciences (Candidate of Philosophical Sciences)
Candidate of chemical sciences (candidate of chemical sciences)
Candidate of Economic Sciences (Candidate of Economic Sciences)
Candidate legal sciences(candidate of legal sciences)
Candidate of Theology (September 25, 2015 VAK approved the passport of a new scientific specialty"Theology")

Difference Between Candidate, Doctor, Associate Professor and Professor

Scientist with a degree candidate sciences apply for a degree the doctors Sciences.

In accordance with the candidate of sciences, he also receives the title of assistant professor if:

worked for at least 2 years as a senior researcher at a research institute or an associate professor at a university.
teaches at least 0.25 of the rate for educational programs higher education, or additional vocational education in the relevant scientific specialty.
has scientific experience and pedagogical activity at least 5 years, including at least 3 years of teaching experience in the specialty
published at least 20 educational publications and scientific works (including those in co-authorship), including patents for inventions and other intellectual property objects that are used in the educational process.
over the past 3 years has published at least 2 educational publications and at least 3 scientific papers in the relevant scientific specialty. Scientific works should be published in peer-reviewed publications, except for those containing information constituting a state or other secret protected by law.

Rank professors received only by degree holders PhD.

So, the scheme of academic degrees and titles is as follows:

Analogue of a PhD in other countries

Ph.D.- Doctor of Philosophy, a common analogue of the Russian PhD degree. PhD degree recognized in the US, Canada and European countries. There Ph.D. - the highest academic degree.

In some European countries, such as France, Germany And Britain, the equivalents of the Russian PhD degree are awarded:

DSc(Doctor of Natural Sciences)
DLitt(doctor humanities)
DSocsc(Doctor of Social Science)

To obtain such a degree, it is required to defend the corresponding thesis, but there are no clear deadlines, and there is no doctoral studies, the candidate prepares himself.

Which is correct: to fire fifty-three candidates or fifty-three candidates? And why?

Right: fire fifty-three candidates. Although it is not clear how dismiss candidates(i.e. those who have not even taken office yet).


	Question No. 238208

Hello. Please tell me whether a comma is used when listing positions, ranks and scientific degree in the case when they are in front of the surname, and then when they are located behind it? What explains this? Thank you.