One way or another, both of them are firmly connected with the verb in terms of morphological features and meaning. The meaning determines which questions the participle answers, as well as the gerund.
Participle
This part of speech has not only verbal characteristics, but also features of an adjective. Linguists give different definitions of participle. Professor A. M. Peshkovsky calls it a mixed part of speech, V. V. Vinogradov calls the participle a hybrid verb-adjective form that combines the specifics of a verb with the features of an adjective. The participle, like an adjective, indicates a sign of an object, but not a simple one, but a sign by action, and this makes it related to the verb.
What questions does the sacrament answer?
Since we are talking about a sign of an object (albeit in terms of action), the sacrament is characterized by questions: which (th, -th, -th)? A short participle answers the questions: what? what are
Now let's see what morphological features the participle inherited from the verb, and which ones from the adjective. Let's find out what questions the participle answers in different grammatical forms.
Verbal signs of participle
Like the verb, the participle has a form, reflexivity, tense, short and full forms in the passive voice.
Participles can be perfect and imperfect: chopped hut / felled bough.
Communions are irrevocable and recurrent: bearing the truth / rushing at full speed.
Participles are used only in two tenses - the present and the past: a playing child / playing the violin.
Active participles and passive
Depending on whether the object itself performs the action or whether it takes on the action of another object or person, participles are divided into two categories: active and passive.
Answers the questions: what (th, -th, -th)? Its meaning is to express a sign of an object that independently performs an action. (Example: Schoolchildren who planted a larch take care of a tree.)
Real participles in the present tense have the following suffixes: -ash- (-box-), -usch- (-yusch-). In the past tense, these participles are written with suffixes -vsh-, -sh-. (Examples: carrying, reading, breathing, dependent, reading, carrying.)
Passive participles respond to the same questions as real participles, and denote a sign of an object that has undergone someone else's action. (Example: The larch planted by the guys took root well.)
This is how the suffixes suffer. participles: -nn-, -enn-, -om- (-em-), -im-, -t-. (Examples: carried, readable, dependent, readable, embedded, washed.)
In the passive voice, there are both full and short participles. What questions does it answer? It is: what? what is it? what? and what are? (Examples: the tree was planted by schoolchildren, the juice was drunk yesterday, the shirt is embroidered on the collar, the vegetables are grown in the garden.)
at communion
Like an adjective, the participle can change by number, gender, and in full form by case. Here it will not be difficult to determine what questions the participle used in a particular case answers. Examples:
- Nominative case: a person (what?) thinking, notebooks (what?) scribbled.
- Genitive case: a person (what?) thinking, notebooks (what?) scribbled.
- Dative case: to a person (what?) Thinking, notebooks (what?) Scribbled.
- Accusative case: a person (what?) Thinking, notebooks (what?) Scribbled.
- Instrumental case: by a person (what?) thinking, with notebooks (what?) scribbled.
- Prepositional case: about a person (what?) Thinking, about notebooks (what?) Scribbled.
Features of punctuation of participial turnover
The participle, in which there is a dependent word, is a participial turnover. It is separated by commas if it is after the word that defines it. (Example: Oak, growing alone on a plain, was a kind of beacon for me.)
The participial turnover does not require commas if it is placed before the word being defined. (Example: An oak tree growing alone on a plain was a kind of beacon for me.)
Syntactic characteristics of the participle
This part of speech most often appears in a sentence as a definition. "Kinship ties" with the verb make the participle capable of being part of the sentence compound predicate, however, this is available only to short forms of the sacrament. And the participial turnover, which is an indivisible construction and in the sentence is entirely a member of the sentence, can generally be any minor member.
gerund
This part of speech can be figuratively interpreted as an active participle (dee + participle). His questions are more like questions for verbs than for adjectives, like participles. The task of the participle is to designate an additional action with the existing main one, which is expressed by the verb. We can say that the participle adorns the verb: "She walked, looking at the autumn trees." In this part of speech, the characteristics of the verb and the adverb coexist. The gerund participle is related to the verb by the fact that it is reflexive, has a perfect and Not perfect view s. The similarity with the adverb is imprinted in its immutability.
Questions that are asked for the participle
They express a completed additional action, and therefore imply the question “what have you done?”. (Examples: playing the piano, making a toast, picking a branch.) They are usually formed from the stem of the perfect infinitive, to which suffix morphemes are added -in, -lice, -shi. Sometimes the participles of owls. species are formed from the stem of future tense verbs, then the suffix is used -and I).
Imperfect gerunds express an additional action that is still ongoing, it is not finished. The corresponding question is: what to do?. (Examples: playing the piano, making a toast, tearing off a branch.) This category of gerunds is created by adding the present tense and the imperfect suffix to the stem of verbs -and I). A suffix - teach helps to create the gerund participle ness. aspect of the verb "to be": being.
A feature of the punctuation of the gerund is that it is always separated by commas in a sentence. An exception can be called only those gerunds that have passed into adverbs, in this case they are located after the verb and imply the question: how?. (Example: People watched silently.)
Participial turnover
A gerund plus a dependent word is In writing, like a single gerund, it is always separated by commas. An exception is the adverbial phrases, which have become phraseological units. (Example: Roll up your sleeves.)
The participles always have one - circumstance.
We found out what questions the participle and gerund participle answer, and also saw the features of which parts of speech carry these special forms of the verb.
Since the participle is a special form of the verb that contains the features of both the verb and the adjective, one of its features is the ability to form a short form. In the lesson, you will learn about the grammatical, syntactic and stylistic features of short participles.
Theme: Communion
Lesson: Short Participles
In contrast to the full participles, which are used mainly in book speech, short participles are widely used in everyday speech and are even used in dialects.
Homework
Exercise number 87, 88.Baranova M.T., Ladyzhenskaya T.A. etc. “Russian language. 7th grade". Textbook. 34th ed. - M.: Education, 2012.
Exercise. Read the text of a joke letter that was written by one fairytale hero. Write out short passive participles from the text, highlight the ending, determine the number, gender, indicate the verb from which this participle is formed.
We live very well. The house is always tidied up, the linen is washed and ironed. The room is very cozy: the floor is covered with a carpet, the curtains are starched and sheathed with frills, the walls are decorated with paintings. Flowers are watered and fed on time. The books are stacked on shelves. Toys are scattered, but in the evening they are always collected and hidden in special boxes.
Our children are washed, washed, combed. Their noses are always wiped, bows and laces are tied. The girls are all dressed up and dressed up. The boys are dressed and shod.
Russian language in diagrams and tables. Brief Communions.
Didactic materials. Section "Communion"
3. Online store of the publishing house "Lyceum" ().
Spelling of participles. Exercises.
Literature
1. Razumovskaya M.M., Lvova S.I. etc. “Russian language. 7th grade". Textbook. 13th ed. - M.: Bustard, 2009.
2. Baranova M.T., Ladyzhenskaya T.A. etc. “Russian language. 7th grade". Textbook. 34th ed. - M.: Education, 2012.
3. “Russian language. Practice. 7th grade". Ed. Pimenova S.N. 19th ed. - M.: Bustard, 2012.
4. Lvova S.I., Lvov V.V. "Russian language. 7th grade. At 3 o'clock." 8th ed. - M.: Mnemosyne, 2012.
Participles have some grammatical features of a verb, noun and adjective.
Participles, as a special form of the verb, are of two types:
- perfect form - decided (from deciding), prompting (from inducing), excited (from agitating);
- imperfect type - falling asleep (from falling asleep), worried (from worrying).
Participles have two tenses:
- past - decided (one who dared), excited (one who was excited);
- present - falling asleep (one who falls asleep), worried (one who is worried).
Participles do not have the form of the future tense.
Participles are:
- returnable - with the suffix -sya (decided, rushing),
irrevocable - without the suffix -sya (prompted, built); - real - reflect the sign of an object or object as the initiator of an action, that is, those who "act" (a dared swimmer - who decided, a prompting reason - which prompted);
passive - reflect the sign of an object or object as a performer of an action that "suffer" and perform an action on the initiative of another (agitated sea - which was agitated by the wind, I am agitated - who is worried about memories).
Like nouns and adjectives, participles change by case, number, gender. At participles:
- Cases - nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental, prepositional (awakened day, awakened day, awakened day, etc.);
- Numbers - singular and plural (falling asleep child, falling asleep children);
- Gender - male, female, middle (boiling stream, boiling water, boiling milk).
The case, number, gender of participles is determined by the case, number, gender of the noun with which the participle corresponds (under a waving flag - the noun has a flag and the participle has a waving singular, masculine, instrumental case). Full participles are declined as adjectives.
Some participles, like adjectives, have two forms:
- Full form - flooded, covered,
- Short form - flooded, covered.
The initial participle form is the nominative singular masculine. Morphological signs of participles are correlated with the indefinite form of the verb, it is used to determine transitivity or intransitivity, perfect or imperfect form.
Participle examples
Here are some examples of sentences with participles. Participles are highlighted in color.
The painting, drawn by a fifth grade student, was exhibited at a citywide competition. The sailors did not dare to go into agitated stormy sea. He noticed a friend climbing the stairs to the second floor.
By numbers
My work of many years is over.
All preparations were completed.
By forms
The boat was exactly glued to the black water, densely decorated with yellow leaves (M. Gorky).
The chest of his starched shirt was decorated with a devilishly colorful tie (M. Gorky).
Starched, decorated - passive participles in full form. Glued, decorated - passive participles in short form.
By the times
Examples of passive and active participles at different times from the works of M. Lermontov:
Valid Present Tense:
Suddenly, a shadow flickered across the bright strip that crossed the floor.
Valid past tense:
In the passage she knocked over a teapot and a candle that stood on the floor.
Passive present tense:
An oak leaf broke away from a native branch and rolled off into the steppe, driven by a cruel storm.
Passive past tense:
Mashuk's head was smoking like an extinguished torch.
Syntactic role
The participle in full form in the sentence acts as a definition.
The resting trees silently and obediently dropped their yellow leaves (A. Kuprin).
On the dried-up compressed fields, on their prickly yellow bristles, an autumn cobweb shone with a mica sheen (A. Kuprin).
Participles in short form appear in the sentence only as the nominal part of the compound predicate.
Long earrings are hung like bells along the branches (E. Maksimov).
The glow of sunset embraces the distance of heaven (S. Nadson).
Participle is the part of speech that means object attribute by action and answer questions Which? which? which? which? (what does he do? what did he do? what did he do?)
initial form participle is the nominative singular masculine form ( Im.p., unit, m.p. ). denoting attribute of an object by action, the participle combines signs and.
Participles are formed from verb and have some of its permanent features. There are participles perfect (read, excited ) And imperfect kind ( reading, excited ). The form of the participle coincides with the form of the verb from which it is formed ( excited - from a perfective verb excite,worried - from an imperfective verb excite ).
Like verb, participles have a sign of time, but for participle this sign is constant. There are participles past (listened ) And present time ( listening ). There are no future participles!
Participles from reflexive verbs have the same suffixes as from non-reflexive verbs, but the ending is added -sya (stretching ).
Like adjective , the participle agrees with the noun in gender, number and case (these are its inconstant signs): child playing, girl playing, children playing . Some participles, like adjectives, can form a short form: built - built, born - born .
Some participles depart from general rule their education: grow - growing, go - walking, row - row - rower, scrape - scraper - scraper .
Syntactic role
In a sentence, participles perform the following function:
- definitions (full form). Sorva nn th as a girl, the flower soon withered.
- nominal part compound predicate (full and short form). Flower disruption n girl today. (Why are we writing one H here - read in the abstract).
Communion can be carried dependent words. Together they form participial, which is a single member of the sentence - definition . Man has desires respectable and there are desires not deserving of it (M. Gorky).
Plan of morphological analysis.
I. Part of speech, general grammatical meaning; verb. from which this participle is formed.
II. Morphological features:
1. Initial form ( Im.p., unit, m.p.)
2. Permanent signs: a) real or passive; b) time; c) view; d) return.
3. Non-permanent signs: a) full or short form (y passive participles); b) case, c) number; d) kind.
III. syntactic role.
ATTENTION. You have to differentiate!
adjectives And communion answer the same question, indicate the sign of the subject. To distinguish between them, you need to remember the following: adjectives designate a sign by color, shape, smell, place, time, etc. These signs are constantly characteristic of this subject. And the participle denotes a sign by action, this sign flows in time, it is not always characteristic of the subject.
Compare: reading room - adjective, sign by purpose, and reading person - participle, sign by action; bold - emboldened, dark - darkening, troublesome - bustling . Participles are also formed using suffixes peculiar only to them: –usch- (-yusch-), -ash- (-box-), -vsh-(-sh-), -em-, -im-, -om-, -t-, -enn–(the latter occurs with adjectives).
◊◊◊ Sometimes the participle is considered not as an independent part of speech, but as a special form of the verb ( This topic is not covered in this abstract.).
Communion in Russian to this day is the subject of discussion of linguists: some believe that the sacrament is special verb form, others believe that the sacrament is a separate independent part speeches.
Based on this, participle- this is a special form of the verb (or an independent part of speech), which indicates the sign of the subject regarding the action, combines the characteristics of both the verb and the adjective, and answers the question "Which?" (what? what? what?). Like an adjective, participle agrees with a noun in number, gender (singular) and case.
initial participle form(as with an adjective) is a singular form, masculine in the nominative case: flying, standing, running.
Morphological signs of communion.
1. The participle is inextricably linked with the verb, since it is formed from it, therefore it takes over from the verb such signs:
Transitivity;
Recurrence.
2. Despite the similarity in features with the verb, participles do not have a future tense form. Only participles that are formed from imperfective verbs have the present tense form: read (imperfective) - reading (present tense), reading (past tense); read (perfect form) - read (past tense).
3. On behalf of the adjective, the participle has the following signs:
The ability to change by gender (in singular), numbers and cases: flying, flying, flying, flying;
Ability to agree with a noun in number, gender and case: thinking old man, used opportunity, boiled milk;
Like quality adjectives, passive participles have not only full, but also short form: P rochitanny - read, completed - completed.
Ranks of sacraments.
According to the lexical feature, two categories of participles are distinguished: real participles And passive participles.
- Valid participles- participles that denote a sign of an action performed by an object, object or person referred to in the sentence (text):
A reader will always be one step ahead of what he does not like to read.
- Passive participles- these are participles that indicate a sign that appears in an object, person or object under the influence of another object:
A song sung by an artist is a song that an artist sang, a tree cut down by lumberjacks is a tree cut down by lumberjacks.
Features of passive participles.
- Passive participles have a full and short form: book read - book read; watched movie - the movie was watched.
- Passive participles can only be formed from transitive verbs: watch movie - watched movie; listen to music - listened to music.
- Passive participle phrases can be extended by the pronoun or noun that is the subject of the action: an abstract written (by whom?) by the student; cooked (by whom?) girl lasagna.
The syntactic role of the participle in a sentence.
Communions, like adjectives, can act as a definition in a sentence or :
Nature looked asleep until spring (compound nominal predicate). I took it from the shelf more than once read book (definition).
Short participles also act as compound nominal predicate:
I read the book in 3 hours.
Plan and sample of the morphological analysis of the sacrament.
Morphological analysis of the sacrament carried out according to the following plan:
1) Part of speech;
2) Initial form;
3) The discharge of the sacrament;
4) Signs of the verb: aspect, recurrence, time;
5) Signs of an adjective: full or short form (for passive participles), number, gender, case;
6) What member of the proposal is he?
Example. Our house was built in just six months.
built - participle, indicates the sign of the object by action, answers the question "what?"; n.f. - built; passive, perfective, irrevocable, past tense; short form, singular, masculine; acts as a predicate in a sentence.
