Predicate- this is the main member of the sentence, which usually agrees with the subject (in number, person or gender) and has the meaning expressed in questions: what does the subject do? what happens to him? what is he? what is he? who is he?
The predicate expresses the grammatical meaning of one of the moods (indicative mood - present, past, future tense; conditional mood, imperative mood).
Types of predicates:
- Simple verb predicate - PGS
- Compound verbal predicate - GHS
- Compound nominal predicate - SIS
Ways of expressing a simple verbal predicate
| Form | Examples |
|---|---|
| 1. Verb in the form of any mood |
A gloomy morning comes. |
| 2. Independent infinitive | To live - to serve the motherland. |
| 3. Interjectional verbal forms (truncated forms of the verb like bam, grab, jump) | Each friend here quietly understands a friend. |
| 4. Phraseological turnover with the main word - a verb in conjugated form |
The team won the championship. |
| 5. Conjugated verb + modal particle ( yes, let, let, let's, let's, it was like, like, like, like, exactly, hardly, almost, just and etc.) |
Let me go with you. |
Note!
1) Complex future tense form ( I will write; will sing etc.) is a simple verbal predicate;
2) as if, as if, as if, exactly, as if with a predicate - modal particles, not comparative conjunctions, therefore, a comma is not placed before them (the subject and the predicate are never separated by a comma!);
3) the modal particle was used to denote an action that began, but did not take place due to any reasons, unforeseen circumstances, and commas (unlike introductory words happens, happened with the value of regular repetition of action) is not distinguished.
Wed: He used to not show up in the village for weeks.;
4) in order to distinguish a simple verbal predicate, expressed by a phraseological unit, from a compound nominal predicate, one should remember:
A) phraseologism can often be replaced with one word:
win - win; to have meaning - to mean; make a promise - promise; to give an order - to order and etc.;
b) in a simple verbal predicate-phraseological unit, the verb cannot be replaced by a bunch to be, but in a compound nominal predicate it can.
Wed: He hung his nose(PGS) - you can not: He was the nose; She sat tired(SIS) - She was tired; He born happy (SIS) - He was happy.
Note. In speech (especially colloquial speech) there can be various kinds of complicated simple verbal predicates with expressive meaning. The most common among them are the following:
1) a combination of two verb forms with a particle like this ( Made me feel so good! );
2) a combination of the verb go with another verb in the same form ( I'll go call my mom);
3) the combination of the verb take with another verb in the same form in conjunction with particles yes, yes and, and ( I'll take it and leave tomorrow for the village; I'll take it and leave- these are not homogeneous predicates (!), but one; and in this case - a particle, not a union);
4) combination of a verb with particles yes how, know (to yourself), well, so, to yourself (And Ivanushka know yourself hold on; I so she screamed );
5) a combination of a verb with a single-root form of an adverbial type ( He eats her; She is roaring).
Plan for parsing a simple verbal predicate
- Specify the type of predicate.
- Specify the form of the conjugated verb.
Sample parsing
My business is on the up.
They go uphill- simple verbal predicate; expressed by a verbal phraseological unit in the present tense of the indicative mood.
Forget about everything.
to forget- simple verbal predicate; expressed by the verb in the conditional mood.
Theoretical block
Predicate types
Simple verb predicate
TO simple verb also include predicates that do not have a formal indicator of mood, tense and grammatical subordination to the subject. These are predicates expressed:
truncated verb forms: sense, grab, bam, etc. ...Easier shadow Tatyana jump to other passages, from the porch to the yard... (A.S. Pushkin); And you, madam, a little out of bed jump, with a man! with the young! (A.S. Griboyedov); ... And Prince Gvidon from the shore with a sad soul accompanies their long-distance run; look- a white swan swims over flowing waters. (A.S. Pushkin); I hurry here grab, touched the threshold with his foot and stretched out to his full height. (A.S. Griboyedov); But the princess in both hands grab- caught. (A.S. Pushkin);
infinitive in the meaning of the indicative mood: And the queen laugh, and shoulders shake, And wink with eyes, and snap fingers, and twirl, akimbo, proudly looking in the mirror. (A.S. Pushkin)
compound future tense of the verb: I am tomorrow Will work(this is a simple verb predicate).
phraseological combinations with varying degrees of cohesion of the parts, since they have a single integral meaning (cf .: lost his temper - got angry). For example: touched a nerve, got out of patience, got into a mess, beats the buckets, fell into doubt, dances to someone else's tune, came to the conclusion, became indignant, walks shaking, takes part, sharpens his folly, is an eyesore, raised the alarm, without a knife stabbed, sucked out of a finger, ordered to live long, put his teeth on the shelf, out of his mind, doused with contempt, etc.
a combination of two verbs or a combination of a verb with different particles. This includes:
1. A combination of two verbs in the same form, of which the first indicates the action, and the second - the purpose of this action: I will go for a walk in the garden; Sit down and write a letter to your mother.
2. Connection with the help of unions and, yes, yes, and take the form of the verb and the same form of another verb to denote an arbitrary action due to the personal whim of the subject: I will take and do vice versa; He took it and left at all.
3. A combination of two single-root verbs and a particle not between them, with the modal meaning of impossibility: We can't wait spring; Breathe not inhale wonderful mountain air.
4. The combination of the infinitive with the personal form of the same verb, which is preceded by the particle not, to enhance the negative meaning of the predicate: Sam work does not work and interferes with others.
5. The combination of turnover only and do (doing, doing, etc.), which is followed by a verb in the same form to indicate the intensity of the action: He only does what he draws.
6. Repetition of the predicate to indicate the duration of the action: I'm going, I'm going in an open field.
7. Repetition of a predicate with an intensifying particle so to indicate an action that has been fully implemented: That's really it sang so sang.
8. The combination of the verb with the particle know or know yourself to denote an action that is performed despite obstacles: And he know yourself laughing.
It happens that in simple verbal predicates verbal forms of one mood are used in the meaning of another; then there are additional semantic shades. For example, in the sentence She does not notice him, as he don't fight, though die(A.S. Pushkin) the form of the imperative mood is used in the meaning of the indicative (cf. no matter how he fought), but with an additional meaning of the conditional (cf. no matter how he fought).
In the sentence ... Leg in the stirrup and run around on a greyhound stallion; autumn wind blow even from the front, even from the rear (A.S. Griboedov), the imperative mood in the meaning of the indicative creates an additional shade of possibility (the wind can blow from anywhere - it will not interfere with anything).
Compound verb predicate
The compound verb predicate consists of auxiliary verb and a verb in an indefinite form (in the infinitive). The main lexical meaning is expressed by the verb in the infinitive, and the auxiliary verb expresses the general grammatical meanings of mood, tense, person, as well as additional meanings.
In a compound verbal predicate, auxiliary verbs of two types can be used:
phase verbs, denoting the beginning, continuation or end of the action:
start, begin, become, be accepted (in the meaning of “begin”), continue, finish, stop-stop, quit-quit (in the meaning of “end”.
Oh my god! What will speak Princess Marya Alexevna! (A.S. Griboyedov);
modal verbs denoting intention, will, ability, predisposition, necessity, desirability, ability, predisposition, emotional evaluation of the action, etc.:
want, wish, be able, be able, intend, try, try, refuse, contrive, unlearn, be able to, prepare, dream, hope, be afraid, prepare, strive, decide, count, assume, get used to, hasten, be shy, endure, love, hate, fear, fear, be ashamed, set a goal, burn with desire, have honor, have an intention, make a promise, have a habit, etc.
He's nice knows how to laugh everyone. With him not swept away I die uh, you have ask, on you take a look. We, Alexei Stepanych, with you failed to say two words. Ah, Chatsky! love you are all jokes dress... (A.S. Griboyedov) Chichikov, as we have seen, made up his mind at all don't stand on ceremony... I thought it was for the night guess on the cards after the prayer... (N.V. Gogol) But why with a rhymer to roam across the wide world in defiance of the elements and the mind so I want to and at the poet's hour of death? I have done so little for the future, but I only yearn for the future and don't want to start first... (A.A. Tarkovsky)
Modal meaning can express And some short adjectives and participles, adverbs (state category words), nouns: glad, must, ready, obligated, capable, forced, necessary, possible, impossible, master (meaning "can, I can"), able, able, etc.
Molchalin for others himself ready to forget. She did not give birth, but, according to my calculation, should give birth. And you glorify This glad? After all need to and depend from others. Not a craftswoman (meaning "I can't") I'm a regiment distinguish. (A.S. Griboyedov)
In this case, the grammatical meaning of mood and tense expresses the linking verb to be in the right form, so that the predicate consists of 3 words: 1) links; 2) an auxiliary component expressed by a short adjective or participle, adverb, noun; 3) a verb in an indefinite form (the absence of a link, as in the examples above, indicates the present tense of the indicative mood; it is more correct to say that in such sentences the link is zero). Entering the hall, Chichikov had for a minute screw up eyes, because the shine from candles, lamps and ladies' dresses was terrible. ... Alcides, closing his eyes and opening his mouth, was ready to sob in the most miserable way, but, feeling that it was easy could have lost dishes, brought his mouth to its former position and began to gnaw a mutton bone with tears. Fetinya, as you can see, was a whipper e feathers. The coachman, noticing that one of them was big hunter become on the heels, whipped him with a whip ... (N.V. Gogol)
The compound verb predicate may have a complicated form; in this case, in addition to the infinitive of the main verb, the infinitive of the auxiliary verb is used: In my years should not dare your judgment have. (A.S. Griboyedov)
How to determine the syntactic role of the infinitive?
Not every combination of a conjugated verb with an infinitive is a compound verbal predicate. In order for such a combination to be a compound verbal predicate, several conditions must be met:
The auxiliary verb must be lexically ambiguous, that is, it alone (without the infinitive) is not enough to understand what the sentence is about: I started - what should I do? (there is no answer, the verb is lexically ambiguous); I want what to do? (there is no answer either, the verb is lexically ambiguous).
If in the combination “verb + infinitive” the verb is full-valued, then it alone is a simple verbal predicate, and the infinitive is a secondary member of the sentence: She (what did she do?) sat down (for what purpose?) to rest (sat down is a full-valued verb, which means that this simple verb predicate, and infinitiverelax- it's a goal circumstance).
The action of the infinitive must refer to the subject (this is the subject infinitive). If the action of the infinitive refers to another member of the sentence (objective infinitive), then the infinitive is not part of the predicate, but is a secondary member: I want to sing (I want to sing - a compound verb predicate, because I want - I will sing - I will). I asked her to sing (asked - a simple verb predicate, infinitivesing- addition, because I asked - I will sing - she).
The infinitive can be a definition if it refers to a noun and answers the question which one? infinitive as a definition).
The predicates expressed by the complex form of the future tense of the verb are not compound verbal predicates: We we will remember and in the cold of Lethe, that the earth cost us ten heavens. (O.E. Mandelstam) (this is a simple verbal predicate).
Compound nominal predicate
In a compound nominal predicate, there is a verbal connective that expresses the grammatical meaning, and the main (nominal) component is words or phrases of different parts of speech (most often nouns or adjectives), which contain the lexical meaning of the predicate.
As a link in a compound nominal predicate, the verb to be in the form of some mood is most often used. He is in Rome would be Brutus, in Athens - Pericles(A.S. Pushkin) - conditional. incl. In a harsh lot be stubborn, be gloomy,poor And bent...(N.S. Gumilyov) - command. incl. His voice was a song fire and earth ... (N.S. Gumilyov) - will express. incl., past temp. destructive will be crushed, overturned fragments of plates ... (N.S. Gumilyov) - will express. incl., bud. temp.
In the present tense, the verb to be is usually absent; in other words, the link is zero: Not sinful he is nothing, you are a hundred times more sinful. Liar He, gambler, thief. (A.S. Griboyedov) However, there is also a copula in the present tense of the verb to be: Daughter of hell, malice There is sodetel countless cruel misfortunes. (V.A. Zhukovsky) Thought spoken there is a lie. (F.I. Tyutchev)
In a compound nominal predicate other linking verbs can be used: appear, stay, become, become, become, be considered, be called, seem, appear, appear, etc .; they differ in meaning. Our estate was called a farm, - farm Kamenka, - main estate our was considered Zadonsk, where my father often and for a long time left, and on the farm there was little, domestic small.
All in all more striking in the city of wax.
Then my childhood life becomes more diverse. (I.A. Bunin)
have become our generals funny, loose, well-fed, white. Atrocities are large and serious often are called brilliant... Atrocities are small and comic are called shameful... (M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin) AND Seems at all not difficult, whitening in the thicket of emerald, the road will not say where. (A.A. Akhmatova)
The nominal part of the compound nominal predicate is usually
short adjectives and participles- Green house painted(participle) in the form of a grove. Myself thick(adjective), its artists skinny(adjective) (A.S. Griboyedov);
nouns in the nominative or instrumental case- Dead person was venerable chamberlain.(A.S. Griboyedov) Marriage to us it will be flour.(A.S. Pushkin) lace, stone, be And become a web... (O.E. Mandelstam);
full names adjectives in the nominative or instrumental case - After all crazy your father... (A.S. Griboedov) Am I real and will death really come? At such moments and air to me it seems kareem... (O.E. Mandelstam) I I won't more young. (S.A. Yesenin);
adjectives in comparative or superlatives - Ah, evil tongues scarier pistol. Well, constant taste in husbands most expensive! (A.S. Griboyedov)
In addition, the nominal part of the predicate can be expressed by prepositional-case forms of the noun- And I'm in front of her V unpaid debt.(A.A. Tarkovsky) Mind with heart out of tune.(A.S. Griboyedov); pronoun- Like all Moscow, your father such is... my custom such: signed, so off your shoulders. (A.S. Griboyedov); adverb- After all, I told her a few akin.(A.S. Griboyedov); infinitive- His joy is in the woods wander behind the animals. (V.A. Zhukovsky); phraseological turn- He out of your mind. Dearest! You not at ease.(A.S. Griboyedov)
The nominal part can be expressed by a phrase, the main lexical meaning of which is contained not in the main, but in the dependent word. All the old ladies people are angry. He conspicuous person... My husband - lovely husband... Ball good thing, bondage is bitter. (A.S. Griboyedov)
The nominal part can include unions like, as if, as if, etc., introducing comparisons into the predicate. Your every verse - like a bowl poison, What's up burned by sin. (A.A. Tarkovsky)
It can be difficult to correctly determine the boundaries of the predicate and its form if the sentence contains the verb to be in conjugated form. This verb can be not only a link in a compound nominal predicate. If it is used in the sense of "to be", "to be", "to occur", then it is a simple verbal predicate in the sentence. Yesterday was ball, and tomorrow will two. (A.S. Griboyedov) Left was gloomy forest, to the right - the Yenisei. (N.A. Nekrasov) Here were relatives of those who have gone to where I myself was in a hurry. (N.A. Nekrasov)
Practical work on the topic "Types of predicates"
Find the predicates and highlight them.
Sir, I am a hat and hat craftsman. I make the best hats and caps in the world. I have been working for you all night today, sir, and wept like a child with grief. It's such a tragic, special style. It's an invisibility hat. As soon as you put it on, you will disappear, and the poor master will never know whether it suits you or not. Take it, just don't try it on with me. I won't take it! (E.L. Schwartz)
1. Find compound verb predicates.
How I want to breathe into a poem
This whole world changing shape...
I'm afraid it's too late
I began to dream of happiness.
I won't sleep on New Year's Eve
I will start a new notebook today.
I wrote down a long address on a piece of paper,
He couldn't say goodbye, and he held the paper in his hand.
The light spread over the cobblestones. On eyelashes, and on fur,
And wet snow began to fall on gray gloves.
(A.A. Tarkovsky)
2. Find simple and compound verb predicates.
They saw a young nobleman beating a servant with something. The whole appearance of the stranger was remarkable, but the first thing that caught my eye was his huge nose. "What do you allow yourself?" - the philosopher asked sternly and heard in response: “I want to listen to the lectures of the great Gassendi, and this whip has spread out on my way. But I swear on my nose, I will listen to this smartest person, even if I have to pierce this fool or someone else with a sword! Gassendi's voice warmed noticeably: “Well, perhaps I can help you. What is your name, young man?" - "Savignon de Cyrano de Bergerac, poet," the guest answered proudly. (A.L. Tsukanov)
3.
One young Athenian went to court. He claimed that his decrepit father had lost his mind and was therefore incapable of managing the family's property. The old man did not make excuses - he only read the just finished tragedy to the judges. After that, the dispute was immediately resolved in his favor, and the son was recognized as an unscrupulous liar. The tragedy was called "Oedipus in Colon", and the old man's name was Sophocles. (O. Levinskaya)
1) went to court - a simple verb;
2) survived - a simple verb;
3) not able to dispose - compound verb;
4) did not become - a simple verb.
Find compound nominal predicates.
Vaska Pechenkin's favorite pastime is kite-flying. From this peaceful occupation, he made himself a robbery. When his kite is released, Vaska feels like the only master of the sky, and before him our poor snakes are like sparrows before a kite. The Pechenkin Serpent is powerful and huge. (K.I. Chukovsky)
1. Find simple verbal predicates expressed by 1) the verbbein the required form; 2) phraseological turnover; 3) compound nominal predicate with a linking verb be .
The bear cub was quite tall, with intelligent eyes, with a black muzzle, and he lived in a booth in the lyceum yard. It belonged to General Zakharzhevsky, the manager of the Tsarskoye Selo Palace and the palace garden. Every morning, the lyceum students saw how, about to go around, the general patted the bear cub on the head, and he tried to break free from the chain and follow him.
And then one day, before the eyes of the lyceum students, an event occurred that brought the bear cub into political history lyceum.
General Zakharzhevsky, passing by the booth one day, to his horror, found that the booth was empty: the bear cub had broken the chain. They began to look - unsuccessfully: there was no bear cub either in the yard or in the garden. The general lost his head: two steps away was the palace garden... (Yu.N. Tynyanov)
2. Find 1) compound verb predicates; 2) compound nominal predicate.
Alexander the Great with a sword walked through Persia, subjugated Egypt, reached the shores of the Indian Ocean. On the vast territory of the state he formed, he established himself Greek language. On its basis, Latin writing arose in the second century BC. For about a thousand years the Greek language was official language Byzantine Empire.
But in Western Europe it was only in the fourteenth century that the language of the great thinkers of antiquity began to be studied. Only then did he become a sign of learning for the enlightened people of his time.
3. Find the predicate that is highlighted and characterized incorrectly.
He was a thorough hare, he looked out for a daughter from a widow, from a hare, and wanted to marry. (M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin)
1) was detailed - compound nominal;
2) looked out - a simple verb;
3) wanted to marry - a compound verb.
4. Find a predicate that is highlighted and characterized correctly.
He was an old servant beast, he knew how to build lairs and uproot trees; therefore, to some extent, he knew the art of engineering. (M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin)
1) was - a simple verb;
2) knew how to build - a compound verb;
3) turn out with roots - a compound nominal;
4) knew art - compound nominal.
Answers
Answer. Sir, I am a hat and hat business master. I do the best hats and caps in the world. Tonight I'm up all night have worked on you, sir, and cried like a child, with grief. It's so tragic, special style. This invisible hat. As soon as you put on, and disappear and the poor master forever won't recognize, goes she to you or not. take, only don't try on with me. I am this I can't bear! (E.L. Schwartz)
1. Answer: I want to breathe, I began to dream, I could not say goodbye, I began to fall.
The predicate I will not sleep is a simple verb, because is the future compound tense of the verb. The verb I'll start can be taken as a phase auxiliary, but there is no verb in the sentence in an indefinite form, so I'll start - a simple verbal predicate.
2. Answer: simple verbs - saw, caught the eye ( set expression), allow me, I heard, I spread myself, I will listen, I got warmer, they call me, I answered; compound verbs - want to listen, have to pierce, able to help.
3. Answer: 3.
Answer: letting go, let go, feels like a master, just like sparrows, powerful and
1. Answer: 1) ... there was no bear cub in the yard or in the garden; two steps away was the palace garden; 2) lost his head; 3) was quite tall, with intelligent eyes, with a black muzzle ....
2. Answer: 1) was the state language; became a sign 2) began to study.
3. Answer: 1.
^ GETTING READY FOR CONTROL WORK
IN RUSSIAN
PREDICATE
SIMPLE VERB PREDICT
Predicate- this is the main member of the sentence, which usually agrees with the subject (in number, person or gender) and has a meaning expressed in questions: what does the subject do? what happens to him? what is he? what is he? who is he?
The predicate expresses the grammatical meaning of one of the moods (indicative mood - present, past, future tense; conditional mood, imperative mood).
^ Types of predicates:
Simple verbal predicate - PGS
Compound verbal predicate - GHS
Compound nominal predicate - SIS
A simple verbal predicate (PGS) can be expressed in one word and more than one word.
| 1 . Verb in the form of any mood | Coming gloomymorning . It has come gloomymorning. Sergey will do to the theater school. He with pleasurewould leave to the village. write down
homework. |
| 2 . Independent infinitive | Live - homelandserve. |
| 3 . Interjectional verb forms (truncated forms of a verb like bam, grab, jump ) | Girlfriend everyone here is quietsense girlfriend. |
| 4. Phraseological turnover with the main word - a verb in conjugated form | Team won in the championship. He
againchasing a quitter
.
|
| 5 . Conjugated verb + modal particle ( yes, let, let, let's, let's, it was like, like, like, like, exactly, hardly, almost, just and etc.) | Let's I I will go with you. Let him leave with Father. Yes, they will dream you are sweetdreams . He was gone to the door, but suddenly stopped. In the roomas if it smelled cinder. He as if dumbfounded from fear. He nearly died with grief. He just didn't tumble trying to make the audience laugh. He
almost freaked out
from happiness. |
!!! NOTE!
1) Form of complex future tense ( will write; will sing etc.) is a simple verbal predicate;
2) as if, as if, as if, exactly, as if with the predicate - modal particles, not comparative conjunctions, therefore do not put a comma before them(subject and predicate are never separated by a comma!);
3) modal particle was denotes an action that has begun, but not completed due to any reasons, unforeseen circumstances, and commas(unlike introductory words, it happens, it happened with the meaning of regular repetition of the action) not highlighted.
Wed: ^ He used to not appear in the village for weeks;
4) in order to distinguish a simple verbal predicate, expressed by a phraseological unit, from a compound nominal predicate, one should remember:
a) phraseologism often can be replaced with one word:
to win - win; to have meaning - to mean; make a promise - make a promise give an order - order, etc .;
b) in a simple verbal predicate-phraseologism, the verb cannot be replaced by a connective to be, but in a compound nominal predicate it can.
Wed: ^ He hung his nose (PGS) - it is impossible: He was a nose; She sat tired (SIS) - She was tired; He was born happy (HIS) - He was happy.
NOTE
In speech (especially colloquial) there may be various kinds of complicated simple verb predicates
with expressive meaning. The most common among them are the following:
1) a combination of two verb forms with a particle so (I made you so happy!);
2) verb combination go with another verb in the same form (I'll go call my mother);
3) verb combination take with another verb in the same form in conjunction with particles yes, yes and, and (I'll take it and leave tomorrow for the village; I'll take it and leave- these are not homogeneous predicates (!), but one; and in this case - a particle, not a union);
4) combination of a verb with particles yes how, know (to yourself), well, so, to yourself (And Ivanushka, know yourself, hold on; I cried out like that);
5) a combination of a verb with a single-root form of an adverbial type (He eats her; she roars roaringly).
^
Complicated types of simple verbal predicate
^ Sample parsing
Myaffairs go uphill .
They go uphill - simple verbal predicate; expressed by a verbal phraseological unit in the present tense of the indicative mood.
to forget about everything.
to forget - simple verbal predicate; expressed by the verb in the conditional mood.
FIXING.
Exercise 1. Highlight the grammatical basis in each sentence. Disassemble the subjects and predicates according to the plan.
1. I have been fishing all morning (Paustovsky). 2. Decayed leaves lay at the bottom of the lake (Paustovsky). 3. There is something evening in all sounds (M. Gorky). 4. The old woman rushed after her son (Grigorovich). 5. So she roars all day long (Chekhov). 6. So I'll take and sell the top three! (Chekhov). 7. His words again touched Valitsky for the living (Chakovsky). 8. I'll go call my mother (Chekhov). 9. And you cry right now (A.N. Tolstoy). 10. Through the bare brown branches of trees, the still sky peacefully whitens (Turgenev). 11. Brother stood up for me (Marshak). 12. I will also sing for a long time (Yesenin). 13. The day seemed to be dozing (Paustovsky). 14. Your lie in all nine years is standing across my throat (Chekhov). 15. The first weeks of sailing brought disappointment (Paustovsky). 16. Each friend here is quietly talking about a friend (Krylov). 17. Here he is - to scold me (M. Gorky). 18. Don't be offended, Emelya (Chekhov). 19. Let them leave Godunov (Pushkin). 20. Let readers know this mistake of mine (M. Gorky). 21. Suddenly the old mother - walk into the room (Turgenev). 22. Take your father to her and become attached (Turgenev). 23. Olya Nechaeva will bite her elbows from remorse (Kataev). 24. The Kulumbe (Arseniev) River originates from here. 25. A member of the French Assembly probed the ground with Krasin, ascertaining the possibility of trade with Russia (Mogilevsky).
^
COMPOSITE VERB PREDICT
Compound predicates- these are predicates in which the lexical meaning and grammatical meaning (time and mood) are expressed different words. Lexical meaning
expressed in the main part, andgrammatical meaning
(time and inclination) - in the auxiliary part.
Wed: Hesang (PGS). - Hestarted singing (GHS)
The compound verb predicate (CGS) consists of two parts:
A) auxiliary part(verb in conjugated form) expresses grammatical meaning (time and mood);
b) main part(indefinite form of the verb - infinitive) expresses lexical meaning.
^ GHS = auxiliary verb + infinitive
For example: I started to sing; I want to sing; I'm afraid to sing.
However, not every combination of a conjugated verb with an infinitive is a compound verbal predicate! In order for such a combination to be a compound verbal predicate, two conditions:
The auxiliary verb must be lexically ambiguous, that is, it alone (without the infinitive) is not enough to understand what the sentence is about.
Wed:
I started - what to do?; I want what to do?
If in the combination "verb + infinitive" significant verb
, then he alone is a simple verbal predicate, and the infinitive is a secondary member of the sentence.
Wed
.:
She
sat down
(for what purpose?) to rest.
The action of the infinitive must refer to the subject (this is the subject infinitive). If the action of the infinitive refers to another member of the sentence (objective infinitive), then the infinitive is not part of the predicate, but is a minor member.
1. I want to sing. I want to sing compound verb predicate (I want - I, I will sing - I).
2. I asked her to sing. Requested- simple verbal predicate , sing - addition (asked - I asked(about what?) her, she will sing).
| MEANING | ^ TYPICAL VERBS AND PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS | EXAMPLES |
| 1. Phase (beginning, continuation, end of action) | Start, become, start off, continue, finish, stay, stop, quit, stop, etc. | ^ Hebegan to prepare to departure. Hecontinued to prepare to departure. Hefinished writing
book. |
| 2. Modal meaning (necessity, desirability, ability, predisposition, emotional evaluation of the action, etc.) | To be able, to be able, to wish, to want, to dream, to intend, to refuse, to try, to try, to count, to be able, to contrive, to try, to assume, to get used to, to hasten, to be shy, to endure, to love, to hate, to be afraid, to be afraid, to be cowardly, to be ashamed, to set a goal , burn with desire, have honor, etc. | II can sing . II want to sing . Iafraid to sing . II like to sing . Iashamed to sing . II hope to sing
this aria. |
Plan for parsing a compound verb predicate
Specify the type of predicate.
Indicate how the main part is expressed (subjective infinitive); what is the meaning of the auxiliary part (phase, modal) and what form of the verb it is expressed.
Hare
started running
from a hunter.
Started to run
- compound verb predicate. The main part (to run) is expressed by the subjective infinitive. The auxiliary part (started) has a phase meaning and is expressed by the verb in the past tense of the indicative mood.
FIXING.
Exercise 1. Highlight grammar basics offers. Disassemble simple and compound verbal predicates according to the plan.
1. He was afraid to go to the doctors (Paustovsky). 2. A footman came to call me to the princess (Lermontov). 3. The old woman went to fuss about leaving (Grigorovich). 4. He asked me to work on leaving (Chakovsky). 5. The great national poet knows how to make both the master and the peasant speak in their language (Belinsky). 6. I try to teach them respect for their native land (Paustovsky). 7. Under no effort can a person be able to convey the charm of this day (Paustovsky). 8. In Moscow, I will neither see you, nor write to you, nor call (Paustovsky). 9. Rare drops of rain began to pound heavily on the ground (Paustovsky). 10. The autumn rain will drizzle for a long time (Paustovsky). 11. And as if in response to her words, a rare and warm rain quietly begins to rustle along the river and bushes (Paustovsky). 12. Behind the gate, dense, neglected alleys immediately began (Paustovsky). 13. Ominous rumors began to circulate about the need not only for literacy, but also for other sciences, hitherto unheard of in that everyday life (Goncharov). 14. They continued to sniff, doze and yawn for decades (Goncharov). 15. The sea at times completely stopped making noise (Paustovsky). 16. And the blizzard, as if mocking, did not want to let up (Lavrenev). 17. Antonenko ordered people to leave the barge (Konetsky). 18. I will not allow you to speak badly about life in my presence (Lukonin). 19. Tagilov didn't go to have breakfast (Dicharov). 20. She did not even have time to say hello to him (Fedin).
^
COMPOSITE NOMINAL PREDICT
Compound nominal predicate (CIS) consists of two parts:
A) auxiliary part – bundle(verb in conjugated form) expresses grammatical meaning (time and inclination);
b) main part - the nominal part (name, adverb) expresses lexical meaning.
SIS \u003d link + nominal part
For example:
He was a doctor; He became a doctor; He was ill; He was sick; He was wounded; He came first.
^
TYPES OF CONNECTING VERBS
| Link type by value | Typical verbs | Examples |
| 1. Grammatical link - expresses only grammatical meaning (time, mood), has no lexical meaning. | Verbs to be, to be. Link in present tense be usually stands in the zero form ("zero copula"): the absence of a copula indicates the present tense of the indicative mood. | ^ Hewas a doctor . Hewill be a doctor . Hedoctor . Hewas sick . Hewill be healthy . Hesick . Heis sick . LyricsThere is
the highestmanifestation
art. |
| 2. Semi-notional copula - not only expresses the grammatical meaning, but also introduces additional shades into the lexical meaning of the predicate, but cannot be an independent predicate (in that meaning). | a) the emergence or development of a sign: become, become, become, become; b) preservation of the sign: stay; c) manifestation, detection of a sign: to be, to be; d) assessment of the sign from the point of view of reality: to appear, to appear, to be presented, to be considered, to be known; e) the name of the sign: to be called, to be called, to be revered. | ^ Hebecame ill . Hestayed sick . Hebeen sick every autumn. Heturned out to be sick . Heconsidered sick . Heseemed sick . Heis sick . Hereputed to be sick . Theircalled sick.
|
| 3. Significant copula - verb with full lexical meaning(one can act as a predicate). | a) Verbs of position in space: sit, lie, stand; b) verbs of motion: go, come, return, wander; c) state verbs: live, work, be born, die. | ^ Shesat tired . Heleft angry . Hereturned frustrated. Helived as a hermit . Heborn happy. Hedied a hero
.
|
Verb be can act as an independent simple verbal predicate in sentences with the meaning of being or having:
^ He had three sons; He had a lot of money.
Verbs become, becomes, turn out etc. can also be independent simple verbal predicates, but in a different meaning:
^ He ended up in the center of the city; He stood against the wall.
The most difficult to analyze are compound nominal predicates with a significant copula, because usually such verbs are independent predicates. (cf .: He was sitting at the window). If the verb becomes a link, then its meaning is less important than the meaning of the name associated with the verb (He was sitting tired; it is more important that he was tired than that he was sitting rather than standing or lying down.)
To combination "significant verb + name" was a compound nominal predicate, the following conditions must be met:
the significant verb can be replaced by the grammatical connective be:
the link can be made null:
If the verb has dependent forms of the full adjective, participle, ordinal number (answers the question which one?), then it is always a compound nominal predicate (sit tired, left upset, came first). The parts of such a compound nominal predicate are not separated by commas!
^
WAYS OF EXPRESSING THE NOMINAL PART
| FORMS | EXAMPLES |
|
|
| 1.1. Noun in nominative or instrumental case | He is mineBrother . Hewas
minebrother
.
|
| 1.2. Noun in the indirect case with or without a preposition | Navigatorwas in oblivion . Ipenniless . This house -Meshkov
.
|
| 1.3. A whole phrase with the main word - a noun in genitive case(with a quality rating value) | son-in-lawwas a silent breed . This girltall
.
|
| 2. Adjective |
|
| 2.1. short adjective | Heoars. Hebecame cheerful.
|
| 2.2. Full adjective in the nominative or instrumental case | Hefunny. Hebecame cheerful
.
|
| 2.3. Comparative or superlative adjective | Here the sound of musicwere more audible . Youthe best
.
|
| 3. Communion |
|
| 3.1. Brief Communion | Heinjured. glasswere broken
.
|
| 3.2. Full participles in the nominative or instrumental case | glasswere broken . glasswere broken
.
|
| ^ 4. Pronoun or whole phrase with the main word pronoun | All fish-your . Thissomething new
.
|
| ^ 5. Numerals in the nominative or instrumental case | Their hut -third on the edge. Their hutwas the third
on the edge. |
| 6. Adverb | Iwas alert . His daughterMarried
behind my brother. |
!!! NOTE!
1) Even if the predicate consists of one word - a name or an adverb (with zero bond) , it is always a compound nominal predicate;
2) short adjectives and participles are always part of a compound nominal predicate ;
3) nominative and instrumental cases - the main case forms of the nominal part of the predicate;
4) the nominal part of the predicate can be expressed whole phrase
in the same cases as the subject.
Most typical mistakes when parsing a compound nominal predicate
:
1. The short form of the adjective and especially the participle is taken as a verb, so the predicate is mistakenly considered a simple verb. In order not to be mistaken, put the predicate in the past tense: the suffix -l appears in the verb, and the short adjective or participle will have a bunch was (was, was, were).
For example:
^ He is sick (PGS). - He was sick;
He is sick (SIS). - He was ill;
City taken (SIS). The city has been taken.
2. The short adjective of the middle gender (the nominal part of the predicate) is confused with the adverb in -o. In order not to be mistaken, pay attention to the form of the subject:
If there is no subject (the sentence is one-part), then the nominal part of the predicate is an adverb.
^ Wed: The sea is calm;
If the subject is an infinitive, a feminine noun, male, noun in plural, then the nominal part of the predicate is an adverb:
^ Living is good; Life is good; Children are good;
If the subject is a neuter noun, change the number of the subject or substitute another subject - a feminine or masculine noun: the form of the adverb will not change; the ending of the short adjective will change; you can also replace the short adjective with a full one.
^ Compare: The sea is calm (SIS; the nominal part is expressed by a short adjective). - The river is calm; The seas are calm; The sea is calm).
3. The nominal part of the predicate, expressed by the full adjective, participle, ordinal number, is mistakenly parsed as a minor member - a definition. In order not to be mistaken, pay attention to the word from which the question is raised what? to the given name.
If the question is posed from the subject or object, then this is the definition.
Wed: she haswas red (what?)dress ; red - definition.
If the question is what? is placed from the verb, then this is the nominal part of the predicate.
^ Compare: Her dresswas (which?)red ; red is the nominal part of the predicate.
If there is no verb in the sentence, then pay attention to the word order:
definition usually comes before the subject noun.
nominal part of the predicate usually comes after the subject noun.
4 . The nominal part of the predicate, expressed by a noun, a pronoun in the nominative case, is often confused with the subject. It is especially difficult to distinguish between the subject and the predicate if both members are expressed in the nominative case.
To distinguish between subject and predicate expressed in the nominative case, consider the following:
The subject usually precedes the verb:
^ Moscow is capital of Russia; The capital of Russia is Moscow.
However, in Russian, the predicate can also precede the subject.
Compare: Good man Ivan Ivanovich;
The demonstrative particle stands or can be placed before the predicate:
^ Moscow is the capital of Russia; Moscow is the capital of Russia; Ivan Ivanovich is a good person.
Note that in sentences like: This is good; This is my brother – This is a subject expressed by a demonstrative pronoun in the nominative case;
The subject can only be expressed in the nominative case; the predicate has two main case forms - the nominative and instrumental cases. If you put a link in a sentence be past tense ( was, was, was, were ) or a bunch of appear, then the form of the nominative case of the predicate will change to the form of the instrumental, and for the subject it will remain the same.
^ Compare: Moscow was the capital of Russia; Moscow is the capital of Russia; Ivan Ivanovich was a good man; Ivan Ivanovich is a good person.
Plan for parsing a compound nominal predicate
Specify the type of predicate.
Indicate how the nominal part is expressed, in what form the linking verb is.
Life
- ThisFine
.
Fine
- compound nominal predicate. The nominal part is well expressed by the adverb; the grammatical link to be is in the zero form; zero connective indicates the present tense of the indicative mood.
I
came first
.
Came first
- compound nominal predicate. The nominal part of the first is expressed by the ordinal number in the nominative case; the significant copula came is expressed by the verb in the past tense of the indicative mood.
^ Thisboy
medium height
.
Medium height
- compound nominal predicate. The nominal part of the average height is expressed as a whole phrase with the main word - a noun in the genitive case; the grammatical link to be is in the zero form; zero connective indicates the present tense of the indicative mood.
FIXING.
Exercise 1. Highlight the grammatical foundations of the sentences. Disassemble the predicates according to the plan.
1. The last door was closed (Bondarev). 2. Alyoshka and Aleksashka once came to dinner cheerful (A.N. Tolstoy). 3. The office is for Shura the Enchanted Kingdom (Mamin-Sibiryak). 4. For an hour she lay motionless (Lermontov). 5. Husband and wife are the most respectable people (Pushkin). 6. All the fish is yours (Soloukhin). 7. The air is clean and fresh, like the kiss of a child (Lermontov). 8. To yield is shameful (Tendryakov). 9. In the lower grades of the gymnasium, I was very short (Veresaev). 10. The word is the clothing of all facts, all thoughts (M. Gorky). 11. How out of place this memory was (Chekhov). 12. All phenomena of nature are dressed in words by the work of our mind (M. Gorky).
Task 2. Highlight the grammatical foundations of the sentences. Which of these predicates are simple and which are compound? Justify your answer.
1. And the sailor walked wounded, tired (Semerin). 2. A wet, tired horse dutifully follows me on occasion (Bunin). 3. In early August, the heat is often unbearable (Turgenev). 4. He stood sideways to her, pulling his hat over his forehead (Turgenev). 5. Apparently, I was born like this (Bunin). 6. From the second wife, two girls were born to the forester (Isakovsky). 7. The whole story turned out to be stupid nonsense (A. Ostrovsky). 8. In an instant, the sleigh was over the cliff (Markov). 9. The rain during the summer was medium-sized and warm (Soloukhin). 10. Warm rain falls in the dark (Berholz).
Task 3. Highlight the grammatical foundations of the sentences. Explain the distinction between subject and predicate.
1. Are all people buyers and sellers for you? (M. Gorky). 2. What am I? (M. Gorky). 3. Well, you are funny! (M. Gorky). 4. Clever little thing - the human mind (M. Gorky). 5. The need to simplify is our childhood disease (M. Gorky). 6. What happiness is to be able to do everything (M. Gorky). 7. Accuracy and certainty are one of the most important and essential qualities and the conditions of true poetry (Belinsky). 8. The deer was born as spotted as the mother (Prishvin). 9. A remarkable property of Valetka was his incomprehensible indifference to everything in the world (Turgenev). 10. The book had a lot of color pictures covered with tissue paper (Paustovsky). 11. I woke up on a hard carriage bench, all stiff from stiffness and morning cold (Bunin). 12. The next day, early in the morning, I ordered to lay my carriage (Turgenev). 13. I went to wander around a small, once fruity, now wild garden (Turgenev). 14. I began to look with tension into the twilight of the moonlight, covered with vapors of light (Turgenev). 15. Annushka stood pale against the wall (Paustovsky).
В 1. Indicate the number of the sentence in which the predicate is expressed by the name of the noun. _____________________
B 2. Write which members of the sentence are homogeneous members in sentence 3.
savvy. (4) These qualities helped the hero accomplish the twelve glorious deeds.
В 1. Indicate the number of the sentence in which the predicate is expressed by the name of the noun.
Savelitch stepped in.
B. It was scary to approach the beast.
D. Father and his brothers walked across the field.
2 Write the sentence with a simple verb predicate.
A. Nothing in life can knock us out of the saddle.
B. white sail from the fog begins to emerge.
V. we will talk to you until dawn.
G. in the brilliance of the sun, the fire was beautiful.
3 Point to the proposal with the inconsistent definition.
A. Separation gives us a second sight.
B. from childhood he lived with a dream to accomplish a feat.
V. in summer the day is longer than the night.
G. over the weary city the moon is at its zenith.
4 Find a sentence in which the definition is expressed by an adjective
A. the coast quickly darkened, became blue, purple.
B. How can you help your dear one with your anxiety?
V. how much charm there is in human faces!
G. brave strives for victory.
Task number 1. Indicate the numbers of sentences that contain correct statements.1. The union and the allied word are service parts of speech that connect homogeneous members and parts of complex sentences.
2. Union is a service part of speech that does not change and is not a member of the sentence.
3. Unions are immutable words that indicate an object.
4. Union is a service part of speech that determines the grammatical relationships between words.
5. Allied words refer to independent parts speech.
6. Only adverbs can be allied words.
7. Subordinate unions - unions that serve to connect syntactically unequal units.
Task number 2. Set up punctuation marks. Circle the union(s) that are simple in structure.
1. He spoke that exquisite French which our grandfathers not only spoke but also thought.
2. More than all the others in this first time, both Pierre's affairs and himself were mastered by Prince Vasily.
3. General Sorbier must be ready, on the first order, to take out with all the howitzers of the guards artillery against one or another fortification.
4. The Rostovs remained in the city until September 1, that is, until the eve of the enemy's entry into Moscow.
5. Boris went out quietly at the door and followed Natasha. The fat boy angrily ran after them, as if annoyed at the disorder that had occurred in his studies.
Task number 3. Open parenthesis.
1. Have you ever thought about marrying your prodigal son Anatole?
2. I don't care what (whatever) they think of me.
3. Pierre was only person before which he dared to speak; but for (that) he expressed to him everything that was in his soul.
4. Once or twice, they angrily shouted at him for (what) he was on the road.
5. When (that) some people wrote books at that time.
6. Petya answered that he (same) was used to doing everything carefully, and not at random
7. And at that (same) moment there was a clatter in front of galloping horses, screams from different sides and more shots.
8. In the Finnish War, he managed to distinguish himself in the same way
9. She was now completely ugly; but I thought that she was not only so (same) good, but even much more attractive than she was before
Task number 4. Indicate in which sentences there are errors in the spelling of unions or allied words and correct those errors.
1. But why worry so much?
2. Moreover, observations of how, as it were, a family (separated from all others) circle of people who were on the battery, absorbed all the attention of Pierre
3. Why didn’t you take us one, at least one marshal?
4. A whole series of reasonable, logical arguments why he needed to go to St. Petersburg and even serve, was every minute ready for his services.
Column answer to task number 4:
Task number 5. Indicate the numbers of the sentences, where the union "and" connects the parts compound sentence, not homogeneous terms. Insert missing punctuation marks.
(Excerpts from poems by B. Pasternak and S. Yesenin are used).
1. Melo all month in February
And now and then from the trees a thousand rooks
The candle burned on the table, They will break into puddles and bring down
The candle was burning. Dry sadness at the bottom of the eyes.
2. Where, like charred pears, From the trees, thousands of rooks Will break into puddles and bring down Dry sadness to the bottom of the eyes. I'm still just as gentle
And I only dream about
So that rather from rebellious longing
Return to our low house.
Column for answering task number 5:
Task number 6. Highlight the union(s) (!) in the text.
1. The old coachman Yefim, with whom the countess alone decided to ride, sitting high on her goats, did not even look back at what was being done behind him. He knew with thirty years of experience that it would not be soon before he would be told “God bless!”...
Task number 7. Indicate sentences that include subordinating temporary unions.
1. Prince Andrei was during the battle with the Austrian general Schmitt, who was killed in this case.
2. He finished reading without raising his head, while the door opened and steps were heard.
3. Not that he lost weight, turned pale, his friend matured; but this look and the wrinkle on the forehead, expressing a long concentration on one thing, amazed and alienated Pierre until he got used to them.
Column for answering task No. 7:
Task number 9. Specify the number(s) of the sentence(s) with a separating conjunction.
1. Did fate bring us together again in the Caucasus, or did she come here on purpose?
2. The eyes can deceive the beast, but the sense of smell never.
3. I almost died of hunger there, and in addition, they wanted to drown me.
Column for answering task number 9:
Task number 10. Find the sentence(s) with the stylistic error.
1. Son, we will go for a walk now to play in the sandbox.
2. If the toast gets stuck, turn off the appliance and remove the toast carefully so as not to damage the internal parts.
3. It would seem that everyone was waiting for the war, and yet at the last minute it turned around like a bolt from the blue.
Column for answering task number 10.
# old man does not lead to the ear.
# She did not no movements- because she didn't move.
nominal - in the linguistic tradition there is the concept of only a compound nominal predicate (does not divide like a verb in structure)
#I am a student. is a compound noun with a zero link.
Structure: linking verb + nominal part. The link plays a grammatical role. Ligaments are of 3 types:
Abstract is the verb "to be" in all tense forms. It has a purely formal function - it simply conveys the categories of time and mood.
Semi-abstract (semi-significant) - a verb with a weakened lexical meaning, also basically conveys only verbal categories. To seem, to become, to be made, to be called, to be considered.
A significant copula is a full-valued verb that denotes a specific action. In such predicates, information is combined (both the verb and the nominal part of speech carry their own information). Instead of a formal linking verb, a verb denoting an action in time and space is put. Most often these are verbs of movement, location. They replace the linking component, but at the same time they are full-value. The difficulty is that these verbs can act as independent simple verb predicates.
# He returned home. He came back tired.
# Kitty returned home to Russia cured. – because the meaning is that she is cured.
Moon rose crimson And gloomy. – Has risen – in sense has become.
These predicates are also distinguished by the nominal part. Typical for a compound nominal predicate is the nominal part, which is in the nominative, genitive and instrumental case. The most common is creative; it is called the creative predicative.
# She was a beauty.
mixed
2. Structural- by the number of components
simple
Compound - consists of 2 components - an auxiliary verb + an infinitive of a semantic verb. The auxiliary verb conveys the grammatical meaning, while the semantic verb is contained in the infinitive. As an aid the verb is:
Phase verb (started, finished, continued)
Modal verb (desire, speaker's ability: I can, I want, I wish, etc.)
Verbs of mental action (love, fear, fear)
Short predicative adjectives (glad, obliged, must, free, called, intends)
Sustainable combinations phraseological nature, equal in meaning to modal verbs (express consent = agree, come to an idea = decide, I have no right = I cannot)
complex (polynomial): complex - verbal, complex mixed (verbal + nominal: he decided to become a doctor)
3. By the nature of the connection with the subject:
agreed
inconsistent - expressed:
Infinitive (we - run, they - scream, and the queen - laugh)
Verbal interjection (butterfly with wings byak-byak-byak)
The imperative mood of the verb in combination with not the 2nd person
4. By the presence/absence of complicating elements
Complicated - such a predicate in which, in addition to the obligatory structure, there are complicating elements (I read, I read, I don’t read. Well, I already said, I said so. I didn’t read it, but I know the content.)
Verbs with empty lexical meaning act as an element of complication (know, give, take)
# Let me see. How can I take this and start talking to her? (You can't just take it... :D)
Such elements belong to colloquial speech.
Uncomplicated
· Compound verb predicate- this is a predicate, which consists of an auxiliary verb expressing the grammatical meaning of the predicate, and an indefinite form of the verb expressing its main lexical meaning, for example: Young Dubrovsky wanted to do affairs(A. Pushkin). Combinations of short adjectives must, ready, glad, etc. can act as an auxiliary verb, and the linking verb can be in the form of one of the moods, for example: I ready with you argue (A. Pushkin); In a few days must I was to find himself in the midst of my family(A. Pushkin). Also, words with the meaning of desirability, necessity, possibility can act as an auxiliary verb - must, must, must, must, cannot and others, for example: Need to study language need to expand your vocabulary(M. Gorky); as well as words expressing an emotional assessment of an action called an infinitive - sad, funny, pleasant, bitter, disgusting and others, for example: On hot summer days well roam in a birch grove(I. Sokolov-Mikitov).
· --- Composite nominal predicate.
· Compound nominal predicate- this is a predicate, which consists of a linking verb expressing the grammatical meaning of the predicate, and a nominal part expressing its main lexical meaning, for example: Blizzard was terrible .
The most common is the linking verb be, which expresses only grammatical meanings. The peculiarity of this linking verb is that it is not used in the present tense, i.e. the link is zero, for example: He was wearing a gray jacket(past time) - He's wearing a gray jacket(present time). Other linking verbs to become, to become, to appear, to appear, to be, to appear, to become are used less frequently in Russian, but they also express additional lexical meanings, for example: Castle seemed like an island sad; All brighter, happier from the first snow(A. Pushkin).
Also, verbs that have the meaning of movement, state can act as connectives: come, arrive, come back and others, for example: Young woman came tired (B. Field).
The nominal part of the compound predicate can be expressed:
1) a noun, for example: All sky was in small clouds (D. Granin);
2) an adjective, for example: Wind was oncoming (L. Tolstoy);
3) brief passive participle, For example: eyebrows her have been moved, lips compressed, eyes looked straight and stern(I. Turgenev);
4) a numeral name, for example: seven plus three there will be ten ;
5) a pronoun, for example : Her room was just like that the way I imagined her(A. Kuprin);
6) adverb, for example: her shoes will fit ;
7) phraseology, for example: He was a jack of all trades (N. Dubov);
8) a syntactically indivisible phrase, for example: Sea in the evening it was black.
the main member of a one-part sentence
· Grammatical center, the structural basis of one-part sentences. In some of them (definitely personal, indefinitely personal, generalized personal, impersonal), the main member in its morphological expression (verbal form) can be correlated with the predicate of a two-part sentence, in others (nominative) - with the subject or predicate. However, such a comparison is very conditional, since the concepts of subject and predicate are correlative and, given the nature of single-part sentences, there is only one main member, there is nothing to correlate it with in terms of predicative relations inherent in a two-part sentence. “If a member of a single-compound sentence is defined either as a subject or as a predicate, then it must be considered incomplete”(V. V. Vinogradov).
There is only one main member in a one-part sentence, and it cannot be called either a subject or a predicate. This is the main member of the proposal.
17. Additions, types of additions distinguished by traditional and modern linguistics.
18. Definition. Types of definitions. Their place in the sentence. The ratio of the definition with other members of the sentence.
19. Syntactic functions of the infinitive, ways of describing them.
With the main members there are distributors, which are called secondary members of the proposal: definition, addition, circumstance.
The division of sentence members into main and secondary ones is carried out in grammars of the 19th century. and are still preserved.
The concept of VCHP did not appear immediately, but it appeared during the period of the logical-syntactic direction in syntax, which was based on the fact that the sentence is a logical proposition.
OH. Vostokov and N.I. Greek, representatives of this direction, identified 2 HF categories:
1. addition
2. definition (the circumstance was included in the category of definitions).
F.I. Buslaev introduces a circumstance and highlights 3 VCHP. He considers them in 2 aspects:
As words attached to the main members through agreement, control and adjunction ( grammatical aspect)
By value, i.e. based on a logical question
But he himself says that such an analysis may not always be consistent.
A.A. Potebnya(psychological-syntactic direction) - when studying a language, it is necessary to proceed from psychological, and not from logical grounds. In this regard, he analyzed in detail the role of each part of speech in psychological process thinking. The conclusion was this: the main thing is the verb. Hence the birth verbocentric theory of language.
Potebnya built the classification of the VCHP on their correspondence to parts of speech. This doctrine was developed in the works of Ovsyannikov-Kulikovsky, A.M. Peshkovsky and A.A. Shakhmatova. Peshkovsky believed that one should not talk about secondary members of the proposal, but about agreed, managed and adjoining members (we should not talk about additions, circumstances, etc.). The fact is that all VChPs are nothing more than what called parts of speech to life. Parts of speech are monuments to the members of the sentence.
HF, as soon as this concept appeared, they began to be criticized from different positions. The discussion about the status continued until 1954 (the release of Vinogradov's Academic Grammar). In this Academic Grammar, MPs were described in great detail.
V.V. Vinogradov, although he showed the imperfection of the doctrine of the VChP, nevertheless approved them in their rights. On the other hand, the Academic Grammar contains very detailed description phrases.
Academic grammar 70 says that these are 2 banners, which cannot be carried at the same time. And in Academic Grammar 70, the sentence was described through the concept block diagram proposals, the concept of VChP was abandoned.
The idea that the members of the proposal, performing a secondary function, are its distributors, has gained wide popularity. So they were called by V.V. Vinogradov. This idea was developed N.Yu. Shvedova in the doctrine of determinants.
V.V. Vinogradov noticed that in the sentence there are members associated with the predicative center, but this connection, firstly, is not due to grammatical form, not the lexical meaning of the predicative center, and, secondly, they refer not only to the predicative center, but to the entire sentence as a whole.
# Under old age, life is such a muck. - “Under old age” does not refer to anything, but to the entire proposal as a whole, it seems to frame the whole situation.
# By dawn, travelers came to the eastern highway. - "To the Dawn" is in the most distant orbit from the center, this is the so-called. proposal backstage. This member refers to the whole situation as a whole, it is not associated with any particular member of the sentence, is not included in either the subject or the predicate group, and can participate in the creation of sentences that have different structural schemes.
# Today the rain. It's warmer today. Today it was decided to start. - the same member frames the situation in the sentence.
That. Shvedova singles out a special member of the sentence - determinant- that determines the whole situation. The determinants are divided into 2 groups:
d. adverbial value
· d. objective value. The object tends to relate not to the whole situation, but to the action that passes to it - it tends to the verb. Therefore, the existence of circumstantial determinants is questionable, but Shvedova singles them out.
Thus, a new, fourth, VCHP - determinant has appeared. This is already a change in the theory of VCHP.
