Chapter 1
Worldview aspects of mental health and flight safety
Any area human activity prevention as social organization begins with an analysis of the threat to the object or subject that we want to secure. A socio-psychological analysis of the causes of flight accidents shows that the "human factor" has acquired a different dimension, the knowledge of which will help us to reconstruct the methodology of accident prevention in a fundamentally new way. First of all, the philosophy of ensuring the reliability of the "man-machine" system should be changed. This refers to increased attention to the laws of the functioning of the "man-man" system. The mechanism of coherence in the operation of such a system is the ability of officials to professionally participate in the education, training, and training of aviators. Rely on scientific knowledge about a person as a subject of labor. Acceptance of what a person can be should be an end, not a means to it. From the standpoint of understanding the pilot as a subject of labor, it will be possible to explain the place and role of professional risk, which is organically inherent in a dangerous profession. This problem equally includes the economy, health, flight work. For pilots, aircraft operators, managers, risk acts as a social test of professional maturity and suitability for work in dangerous conditions. Directly for flight crews, the need to expand the boundaries of risk is dictated by the very essence of the profession and acts as psychological phenomenon psychophysiological resistance to aviation and social stress. Knowledge is the source of fearlessness. But not only. The reliability of aviators is in the development of intelligence, independence and spiritual responsibility, in character, breed and nature. In 40-50% of incidents, the cause is not bad knowledge, but the loss of aviation of its elitism. aviation complex, social interaction all participants civil aviation requires from the crew a high culture, ethical attitude, powerful intellect, pronounced mental health and flying abilities. In response to these requirements, there is a reality: 60-90% of the flying crews belong to the 2nd and 3rd groups of psychological selection. More than 40% are physically ill-trained, overweight, at the mercy of diverse bad habits threatening their professional health.
At the same time, the celestial system "pilot-sky-aircraft" additionally demanded that a person have a special moral quality- spirituality. Spirituality is the highest (incorruptible) responsibility for the trust given to you to protect the lives of passengers, aircraft, citizens on the ground and ... your own. This means that in all blocks and infrastructures of the aviation industry there must be sprouts of saving. Everything with which the crew interfaces is aimed at revealing its capabilities, taking into account the limitations. It is worth including the sacrament of technology in our worldview: it requires more High Quality life, a wider culture across the full range of human factors: selection, education, training, exploitation aviation technology. Today, members of the club of commanders of aircraft production in Russia have been awarded a gold badge, which is a sign of material wealth, but I would very much like to give it a spiritual crown. Spirituality is also knowledge, but, first of all, about oneself. Weak knowledge about yourself, about the laws mental activity, about their weaknesses, limitations - Achilles' heel in accident prevention. Risk management of the human component is the highlight of the medical, managerial personnel policy, plus educational.
Due to the weakness of this policy, there is a potential hidden threat to flight safety: the impossibility of the crew in full force use your expertise.This was especially evident in a market economy. We are talking about the substitution of the ideal, when, figuratively speaking, they exchanged oxygen for money, that is, they raised the value of everyday life and perverted the values of being. It was cynicism in relation to virtue that became the cause of twilight consciousness, that is, a threat to mental health. A thinking worldview, expressed in a spiritual goal: not to rise into the sky, but to bring Heaven closer to Earth. Such a worldview disavows the evil generated by temptations. For 1993–2000 more than a hundred accidents occurred in the entire aviation of Russia. All those catastrophes where the crew showed carelessness in flight, adventurism, acquisitiveness, the vector of his personality was directed to the earthiness of the Higher principle in man. This is not mysticism, it is scientifically proven. Therefore, it is worth awarding the gold badge to all officials who acutely feel responsible for blattmeistership in the selection of aviation, in the appointment of those incapable of command positions, for indefatigable materialism, for the semi-criminal practice of charter flights (overloading, postscript in class, etc.). This is possible if mental health is especially valued and reproduced. This quality of health is educated. My reflections boil down to a simple thought: to shift the focus to the education of adults, to the education of independent individuals, mentally hardy, spiritually stable, mentally gifted, capable of spiritualizing the meaning and significance of their work. For employers, it is necessary to create a legal framework that regulates their liability(personal) for maintaining conditions of mental health, social well-being and the proper level of professional training. Mental health is directly related to the social quality of aviation: elitism, which is manifested in the social price of a person flying and passengers as well. The eliteness of the crew is transformed by consciousness into the most important feeling - their need and social security. For pilot-readers, as a flying doctor, I will say:
“The elite of aviation is primarily in your high standard honesty and civil decency, in your love for your profession, devotion and reverence for life.
These words will seem to many good calls. In this connection, I want to draw the attention of aviation doctors and pilots to the need for knowledge from such a field of science as psychophysiology. Exactly these specific knowledge like no other will help bring the doctor and the pilot together. Although my closer communication with the civil aviation flight crew made it possible to feel that the community of aviation psychologists, doctors, ergonomists is in dire need of sincere communication with flight crews, in the exchange of information, including on scientific problems.
In this regard, we will more deeply reveal the content of aviation psychophysiology. Aviation psychophysiology is involved in the formation of mental health. Healthy mentality, flying abilities see, hear, feel, think, be emotionally stable, enduring, prudent and constitute mental health as a guarantor of the reliability of a person flying.
In many aviation medicine is clearly not held in high esteem by today's squadrons. This means that the person is not held in high esteem. In this regard, it can be responsibly stated that many social conflicts on the basis of assessing the professional suitability of flight crews, personal stresses from an unprofessional attitude towards a pilot not as a subject of labor, but as a “hired labor force” are due to an uncultured attitude to the role and place of aviation medicine and psychophysiology.
I am convinced that the flying brother will understand my opinion that the medical examination of the fitness of the pilot, i.e. fitness to the profession cannot be performed by doctors not having a certificate of "aviation doctor". Life requires a significant increase in power and personnel powers.
To this day, many line pilots identify psychophysiology with an examination of their health aptitude. In this regard, we will consider the purpose, place, content of psychophysiology in the system of accident prevention. It is known that safety is forged on the ground, starting with the culture of designing an aircraft (LA) for the person who controls it. We are talking about the fact that at all stages of the creation of an aircraft, when choosing not only display systems, controls for viewing from the cockpit, but also the characteristics of stability and controllability, the principles of interfacing automation with a person, determining the boundaries of the fail-safety of systems and assemblies, it is required to apply knowledge of the laws in the work of the psyche , nervous system, human analyzers and behavioral features in non-standard and complicated flight conditions. This was included in scientific tasks State Research Institute of Civil Aviation.
Experience has confirmed that both man and equipment can be reliable in themselves, and when they interact, unreliability is manifested, but already the “pilot-aircraft” systems. This seemingly simple thought contains the answer to the question of where the troubles of the flight crew come from, when qualifying their guilt in the course of investigating flight incidents, especially due to their mistakes. In military aviation back in the 80s, in addition to the concept of "personal factor", we introduced the engineering-psychological concept of "human factor" into the regulatory documents for investigating the causes of errors. This category included regular errors caused by the failure to take into account the psychophysiology of a person when creating jobs and flight performance, errors provoked by physiological phenomena of deception of feelings, mental states, confusion, overwork, fear, uncertainty, etc. By introducing this classification of the causes of errors , managed to fundamentally separate the misfortune and guilt of the pilot. No less important is the fact that a precedent was created for the industrial participation of aviation medicine and ergonomics in the joint design of a military aircraft and the project for the future activities of the crew in the scope of all flight tasks. Regulations were introduced in TTT and TK about accounting disabilities human due to the design perfection of aircraft. For these purposes, stands were created jointly with the Design Bureau of Mikoyan, Sukhoi, Kamov, Mil, where the conditions of activity were simulated, with the help of which they obtained quantitative characteristics of the reliability of actions that characterize the degree of consistency between a person and technology in terms of the competence of human psychophysiology. The introduction of the stage of engineering-psychological design and psycho-physiological support for the development of MiG-29, Su-27, Tu-160 aircraft, Mi-28, Ka-50 helicopters led to a decrease in human factor errors by 45-60%. This success, dear pilots, was achieved thanks to knowledge of the essence and content of flight labor. Therefore, do not push doctors away from their profession, but rather, on the contrary, involve and teach them the meaning of your holy craft!
To prove the need for mutual enrichment of professional knowledge, let us give an example from living history. When designing a promising aircraft without sufficient consideration of the differential thresholds for the sensation of physical stimuli, a choice was made of the dependencies between the flow of the control stick and overload, the magnitude of the effort and the flow of the rudders. This led to a deception of the senses, the so-called “tugging” phenomenon of the handle, the output of a maneuverable aircraft at supercritical angles of attack and, as an end result, 22 aircraft lost within three years.
Dear aviators, it is not doctors who impose restrictions on your career, but insufficient ergonomics of workplaces, control systems and information.
Just one fact: the insufficient movement of the seat cup in height on some aircraft led to the fact that more than 35% of the flight crew, due to their height, could not set the desired viewing angle, which caused landing errors and, of course, "through the fault of the pilot." Based on this, limited admission to schools on growth indicators. This example, if not proves, then shows that aviation psychophysiology as a science and practice is one of those human aviation disciplines which counteracts immoderate technocratic demands on the crew as a servo drive, as an executor of someone else's will, as a system nut. It was this attitude that gave rise to a subconscious biological prejudice that the crew is a potential violator of the rules, a source of self-will and a carrier of flight accidents.
In the interests of substantiating the control and supervisory role of the flight crew and the level of safety own life in flight I will formulate three moral and psychological imperatives.
First imperative. A powerful breakthrough in the field of flight safety lies not so much in technology as such, but in a fundamental change worldview on the pilot and his work, on the educational qualification of aviation medicine.
Flying is a special kind labor activity a person in unearthly conditions, who cannot be absolutely secured by technical means without the creative, intellectual, legal participation of the crew, acting as the state guarantor of a safe flight. The fact is that the technocratic principles of approaching a person in flight, if not de jure, then de facto, often refuse to be a celestial being in the sky, i.e., unlike earthly life, to feel time and space in a different way, in their own way to experience the third dimension, to use the feeling of flight and the feeling of the plane to control the aircraft, to experience in a special way the state of mind of freedom as an act of loftiness of the spirit and responsibility. In our opinion, in the 21st century, in addition to the necessary codes, manuals, safety rules, a purely flight catechism will be created, a kind of moral imperative, where, in addition to personally flying professional responsibility for their actions, the pilot will be endowed with the right to self-expression of his "I" in an airplane, in training, in the air. To be able to publicly and visibly protest against the limitation of his professional intelligence. Demand confidence in yourself as a subject of flight labor, endowed with the highest responsibility for the lives of passengers and their lives with the aircraft. Such a requirement is naturally balanced by professionalism, business and moral responsibility.
From this position, in the interests of flight safety, we derive a vocational and educational direction in the interests of increasing the reliability of flight crews. Its essence is the creation of socio-psychological working conditions to empower the crew to use their knowledge and abilities. It is in this direction that civil aviation should be developed, supported Scientific research biological, psychological, social, individual characteristics of the person and the organism, which constitute that part of mental health that provides the ability to control the aircraft in an unusual habitat. Patients need to be treated, but to ensure health, specific, psychophysical reserves are studied that support human and professional reliability in flight. I really wanted to convince the reader of the validity of an unusual statement: flight professional training, which gives knowledge, abilities, skills, forms efficiency, and then reliability. The addition of psycho-physiological training and psycho-physiological exercises to it give human reliability and reasonableness, as they reveal to a person what he can and cannot do. On this path of self-realization as a professional, but having limitations in flight, one can cultivate the maturity of a safety guarantor. This is very important in connection with the constant retraining for a new, more advanced technique. In civil aviation, a third of people are over 50 years old, i.e. experienced professionals. Not sick, but some of them with reduced psychophysiological reserves. These persons, and not those who have a "bouquet of diagnoses", more often make erroneous actions. Reduced psychophysiological reserves is a syndrome of deterioration in the quality of life, psychological climate, fear of losing a profession, loss of flight orientation.
TECHNIQUE - HUMAN ASSISTANT IN LABOR
The evolution of man was accompanied by the evolution of tools that helped man survive, get food, and then improve production. Let's follow the path of development of technology as a constant companion of man in everyday work.
1. THE ORIGIN OF TECHNOLOGY.
If the evolution of technology is presented as a long way historical development, consisting of separate stages, then the first of these stages can be considered the birth of technology.
The process of the emergence of technology was random: the first tools were not invented intentionally, but were found by chance. This means that in the beginning, a person did not design or manufacture tools, but only used objects that successfully came to hand for their own purposes. It is no coincidence that the first human tools were sticks, bones, etc.
They used stones and animal bones to protect themselves from predators and obtain food.
Gradually, the use of randomly found objects became a habitual, firmly rooted occupation. Only then were the most ancient people able to proceed to their manufacture (by analogy or by imitation). Man began to invent the first tools of labor.
Although his inventions were also random in nature: by trial and error, ancient man found the right solution to the technical problem that arose before him. Most likely, the solution itself was “revealed” to him.
The stage of the birth of technology turned out to be the longest. It covered the entire prehistoric period of human existence up to the appearance of the ancient civilizations of Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, and China. It was there that conditions were formed for the beginning of the next stage in the development of technology.
At the stage of the origin of technology, its development was of an accidental nature, although a person has gone from using improvised means to spontaneous, but still the invention of tools.
2. TECHNIQUE CRAFTSMANSHIP.
At the stage of the formation of handicraft technology, artificial devices become more numerous and diverse, and the technology for their manufacture becomes quite complex. Therefore, not every person could, as before, independently manufacture the tools necessary to perform the work.
The complication of technology led to the fact that even the use of some tools required special training. A person engaged in the manufacture of tools began to need even more preparation and subsequent long training.
Thus, technological progress followed the path of differentiation of technology ( its division by purpose). This contributed to the separation of technical activity into a separate occupation and the emergence of people specially involved in it - artisans. At the same time, artisans combined both the creator of a technical project (inventor) and the worker who turns this project into a material object.
From ancient civilizations to the era of modern times, the evolution of technology is associated with the development of crafts. Craftsmen, albeit unconsciously, acted as the main driving force technical progress, and their inventions, in turn, improved production technology.
3. MACHINE TECHNOLOGY.
In the transition from the Renaissance to the Modern Age, handicraft technology gave way to machine technology.
The appearance of machine technology is associated with the development of engineering activity as a new round in the development of technical activity. At the same time, engineering activity is no longer based on traditions (like handicraft), but on science, primarily natural science.
Gradually, the union of science and technology led to the formation new scientific and technical knowledge based on the understanding of the dual nature of any technical object. On the one hand, it obeys the natural laws of nature, and on the other hand, it is artificially created by man to satisfy his practical needs.
The advent of machine technology led to the output of production to a qualitatively new level of development. The “industrial revolution” has taken place, the essence of which is the transfer by man of the production functions of the hand to machine tools and machines. An important role in this achievement was played by the growing natural science.
- agricultural machinery
Pre-sowing tillage, sowing and planting, care of crops, watering and irrigation, fertilization, cultivation of certain crops, etc. Forage harvesting, feed processing, animal care. Technique for land reclamation works. Construction and maintenance of irrigation canals, construction and maintenance of drainage systems.
- construction equipment
All kinds of construction work, including installation, lifting, loading, drilling and other types of work.
-industrial machinery
Equipment and machines for various kinds industry - food, clothing, textile, etc.
Thus, production is being automated more and more, which makes it possible to increase the pace of production and greatly facilitate human labor.
4. INFORMATION AND COMPUTING EQUIPMENT.
A qualitative turn in the development of technology occurred in the second half of the 20th century. During this period, a radical restructuring of the entire technological base began. modern civilization. It is based on the emergence and development information technology leading in the future to full automation of the entire production cycle.
Information technology has given the key to solving many pressing problems: processing, storage and transmission of huge information arrays; creation of new communication systems (satellite, cable, fiber-optic) and information networks, etc. In alliance with information technology, laser technologies, robotics, nuclear power, aerospace and other industries are intensively developing. In addition, information technology has opened up new horizons in the development of mankind (the creation of artificial intelligence, etc.).
The emergence of information technology was facilitated by the further convergence of science and technology, their interpenetration, as well as the intellectualization of all spheres of public life.
Technology is becoming more and more of an "organ human brain”, there is a minimization of the role of a person in the entire technological process.
IN modern world“rules” information technology, to which a person more and more transfers the “production functions of the brain”.
Technique of Animating Objects [Skill System of Further Energy-Informational Development] Verishchagin Dmitry Sergeevich
protector of man
protector of man
This type of Defender is quite close in its properties to the previous one, but its task is somewhat simpler, because it does not need to protect the space - it is enough for it to protect only its owner, to remove any energy aggression directed at him. He actively removes from the aggressors parts of their consciousness in which aggressive intentions and thoughts live, he suggests ways out of a dangerous situation, he eats aggression, he gives emotional support to his master. He returns damage and the evil eye to where they came from, and returns them with a multiplied force, introducing them into the one who gave birth to them, very deeply. He eats negative programs when he tries to implant them in you from the outside, he sucks out the vampiric suckers in the opposite direction.
Rice. 5. The defender of a person repays the aggressor a thousandfold and removes aggressive intentions from his mind.
Cleaning out an item
Cleaning of the item is carried out as usual, because there are no special requirements for the Human Defender. It is clear that the item you need to take is the one that you will carry with you - a ring, a necklace, a keychain, a chain, and so on.
Creation of the Defender of Man
When creating a Defender, there is only one thing to consider: as much energy as possible must be pumped into the Defender, because he needs a very large potential in order to develop quickly.
As a figure that serves as the basis for creating the Defender, you can again use the outline of a person, but an open figure must be located inside it - just a line, a cross, or something similar.
Human Defender Programming
We need the following from the Defender: so that he absorbs energy aggression, eliminates its source, removes someone else's negative programming, again eliminating the source, supports us emotionally and energetically, paralyzes egregorial attacks, especially such as an attack through the "internal computer" or “lords of karma,” in a word, would eliminate possible dangers in every possible way, guarding that part of the space that we ourselves occupy. Therefore, in order to program the Defender of Man, we will have to use the “help” of at least one real source of aggression. We need to show the defender the very reason negative impact so that he would continue to work not with influences, but with their cause, that is, not with the consequences, but with the source of aggression. Therefore, try to look for such a real source of aggression in the outside world. I'm sure you won't have to look for a long time: the world is full of aggressive, embittered people. Who as recently as last week envied you, wishing harm in every possible way? A neighbor in the country or in the stairwell? Colleagues at work or fellow travelers on the bus? Who tried to inspire you with some kind of program - for example, a sense of guilt and own inferiority? And you will find many of these in your environment. As you can see, our Defenders will not remain hungry, and unemployment does not threaten them either. There are a lot of sources of aggression around, who do not even suspect that when they meet you, they automatically turn into kamikaze. Well, well, let them be angry. Let's see how long they will succeed.
So, we find the real aggressor. Then we unite with the Defender using the techniques of the third or fourth stage of the DEIR. Being united with the essence, we control its intentions and simulate the conditions that the essence will have to deal with, but first, for this, we ourselves model the energy flows and direct their essence from our own body and its energy structure. Then we clearly work out with the energy-informational essence, first blocking, and then absorbing this simulated energy aggression. Remember that aggression is carried mainly by the energy of the updraft, and therefore you need to block the updraft. Then we block and absorb the programming influence, remembering that the energy of the downward flow carries the programs, and therefore, it is necessary to block the downward flow. And after that we “show” the essence the real source of aggression - for this we mentally transfer ourselves to the moment in time when such aggression took place in reality, or we establish contact with momentary aggression. Further, by controlling and directing the actions of the entity, we completely block the attack (here, each in his own way - you can limit yourself only to absorbing energy, you can even "break through" into the aggressor's virtual space). Now, while still controlling the Defender's action, release the energy excess to your own body, accompanying this gift with bright and warm emotions.
And one more thing: you will have to allow the Defender into your own virtual space in order to allow him to fight the negatives accumulating in your mind and exclude attempts to influence you through the so-called biocomputer and other egregorially anchored things.
Here you go! You have done this, and now it remains to set the nutrition conditions for the Defender.
Nutrition conditions of the Human Defender
First, we will have to close the Defender to use the energy scattered in outer space. Secondly, you need to show him those sources that intended to harm you and directed an interfering flow of energy towards you. They are already shown in the programming process - and rest assured, the Defender has already understood that they can be food, and has been perfectly satisfied with them. And the Defender will deal with the harmful egregorial influences himself - however, a little later, when he gains strength. As we have already said, do not worry about the Defender, in any case he will not remain hungry: there is always enough food for the Defenders in our world and will last for a long time.
Defining Liquidation and Control Conditions: Stop Insurance
Human Defender's stop insurance is a very important thing. You never, under any circumstances, simply have the right to forget it! And as this symbol, it is better to use what you best associate with the future functions of the Defender. These associations can be purely individual. Relax, say the word “protector” to yourself and note the first image that pops up in your mind. This will be the symbol of your Protector.
I hope there is no need to remind you that by using a stop-belay, you can always reprogram the Defender a little by adding a new function to it - just please keep in mind that over time the Defender will accumulate a huge energy potential and therefore the reprogramming procedure itself will not be very pleasant. You will feel its strength, and maybe even resistance on yourself. Don't worry, this is normal. Under no circumstances will it cause serious harm to you.
And of course, with the help of a stop-belay, you can always “move” a slightly dozing Defender so that he completes the task you need.
Using the Human Defender
The use of the Defender is obvious: it is indispensable for all sorts of attempts to inflict damage on you, the evil eye, programming, installing vampiric suckers, egregorial attacks, etc., and so on. The defender is always with you, and he will always reliably protect you from any aggressor. Moreover, you will soon notice that people who are unfriendly towards you, people who hold a stone in your bosom on you, and people who are simply unpleasant to you will suddenly begin to avoid communicating with you. They will feel in their guts that there is no need to meddle there, otherwise it will be bad and very, very painful. Of course, they will not be able to understand the reasons for such sensations, but they will instinctively fear and shun you. Well, thank God!
Immediately after creation, the Defender begins to absorb a lot of energy and stops doing so only when it is satiated. You will immediately feel it. Therefore, within a few hours after its creation, the Defender gains such an energy potential that it becomes much stronger than any, even a very trained person. And at the same time obeys only his master!
On this occasion, I would like to tell a story. One day, our employee, a course teacher, began to experience some kind of energy attack. In fact, it is almost impossible to touch any of our teachers even slightly energetically. But during the classes themselves, this is another matter: here the teacher reveals himself, working with a large audience. It happens that one of the students begins to try his strength and launches into an energy attack on the teacher, who, during classes, in general, has no desire and opportunity to be distracted by the reflection of energy pressure. After all, if he is distracted, then the quality of his teaching will suffer, not to mention the fact that the unreasonable "dared man" will suffer. So, one day a rather literate person tried to attack our employee during a lesson, moreover, he worked through a magical object - a ring. I had to create a Defender specifically to protect the teacher during classes. When the Protector was created, the listener's aggressive influence activated it right during the session. The teacher felt it, since the activation of the Defender is accompanied by distinct sensations from its owner. Naturally, the Defender immediately took up the source of aggression. It was all over in about ten minutes. The well-fed Defender turned into an inactive form, and the pressure of the aggressor completely stopped. You ask, what happened to the aggressor? Calm down, he survived. But only his magic ring lost its power forever. And for the rest of the day, the former aggressor studied his ring in puzzlement, wondering why it had ceased to work.
Well, how many cases when the aggressor suddenly discovers that he has completely lost the strength or knowledge that allowed him to attack, or even the very motives for this attack and aggressive intentions ... And they can not be counted.
This text is an introductory piece.Natural science, grade 11
Lesson 1
The list of issues addressed in the topic:
1. What are the features of technology as a type of human activity?
2. Is there a relationship between man-made artificial environment and technology?
3. What is a technogenic civilization?
Related Glossary:
Technique (Greek technike, lit. skillful) :1.– a) in a broad sense, it is a component of culture, a product of human civilization, technical knowledge that affects the development of society. b) in a narrow sense, these are tools used by man in the transformation of nature; objects created by man in the process of specific activity.
Built environment - a part of the environment that was created by man in the process of the historical development of social production and does not exist by itself as nature;
Technocracy (from the Greek. techne - art, skill) - this is the absolutization of the role of technology in the development of society.
technogenic civilization - a special type of civilizational development based on the accelerating progress of science and technology, rapid change the objective world and social connections, on the dominance in the culture of scientific rationality, which acts as a self-sufficient value.
Basic and additional literature on the topic of the lesson:
- Natural science. Grade 11 [Text]: textbook for general education. organizations: a basic level of/ I.Yu. Aleksashina, K.V. Galaktionov, I.S. Dmitriev, A.V. Lyaptsev and others / ed. I.Yu. Aleksashina. - 3rd ed., Rev. - M .: Education, 2017. : 4 - 6.
- Moiseev N.N. The fate of civilization Way of the Mind. - M.: Languages of Russian. culture, 2000. - p. 36-26, p. 72-75, p. 188-191
Open electronic resources on the topic of the lesson:
- F. Rapp Technique and natural science URL: http://gtmarket.ru/laboratory/expertize/3132/3135
- History of the development of science and technology URL: https://youtu.be/wBhwEyiZzks
- 21st century technologies URL: https://youtu.be/pxiQjSFV758
- 21st century inventions that changed the world URL: https://youtu.be/zU8oyNWAfMo
Theoretical material for self-study
Technique arose in the early stages of human evolution in the form of the manufacture and use of tools and has always been essential condition development human society. The concept of "technology" has a variety of meanings and is considered in different contexts: a set of skills, techniques, operations, mastery; environment conversion tool natural environment; an intermediary between man and nature, which sets the type of relationship between them; a means of changing the person himself, freeing him from restrictions and creating problems for him.
Any technical device can be considered as a result of human creative activity. Technology is an essential component of culture, just like science or art. These components of culture actively interact. Technology, as a component of culture, carries its inherent meanings: universal human value; measures of perfection of methods of activity; means of personal development.
From these positions, human technical activity has certain features: purposeful, conscious and creative. E This is manifested in the invention of tools, devices, the processing of natural materials, the construction and decoration of dwellings, etc. The combination of these characteristic features affects the development of intelligence and contributes to the fact that a person has directed his activities to changing the natural environment and its transformation.
The surrounding world can conditionally be divided into the natural and artificial worlds. The man was able to penetrate the essence natural processes and become an active world changer. The result of the transforming human activity is the emergence of a "second nature" - an artificial reality created by man, built on top of the natural habitat. Technique in this process is both a means of creating artificial reality and its integral part. The artificial environment gradually and inevitably steps on the natural (natural) environment.
At the same time, man, as part of nature, largely depends on the natural environment. At the same time, its activities often come into conflict with the natural environment. In this regard, a person is forced to take care of reducing the anthropogenic load on the biosphere. In solving this problem, humanity must find a balance between the created artificial environment and the natural environment as the main condition for survival and sustainable development modern civilization.
The concept of "civilization" is wider than the concept of "culture" and, moreover, than the concept of "technology". In general, the concept of "civilization" includes all cultivated nature, means ( guns) its transformations, the person himself and the whole range of relationships existing between people. The main features of civilization include: social division of labor; the emergence of production and commodity-money relations; creation of writing; the emergence of the state; development of forms of spiritual relations.
The absolutization of the role of technology in the development of society (technocracy) leads to the transformation of technology from a means of improving human life into the goal of its existence. Modern civilization is acquiring characteristic features technogenic civilization (civilization generated by technology): highlights not a person, but technology; asserts the dominance of technology in the system of human values.
main role in culture of this type civilization is occupied by scientific rationality, the special value of reason and the progress of science and technology based on it are emphasized. TO characteristic features technogenic civilization can be attributed to: 1) the rapid change in technology and technology due to the systematic application in the production of scientific knowledge; 2) the scientific and technological revolution as a result of the merging of science and production, which significantly changed the relationship between man and nature, the place of man in the production system; 3) rapid renewal of the artificial environment in which human life and activity directly take place; 4) change and rapid transformation of social ties (over the course of one or two generations, there is a change in lifestyle and the formation of a new type of personality).
On the basis of technogenic civilization, two types of society have formed: an industrial society and a post-industrial society. Today, technogenic civilization is entering a new round of its development. Its features are the growth of processes globalization And informatization modern society.
In the modern world, calls are increasingly being made to abandon the excesses of technogenic civilization, to stop further technological progress, or at least to limit ourselves to the use of the simplest devices driven by the power of human hands. At first glance, attractive ideas that lead a person back to nature are hardly feasible for a modern person who is accustomed to the benefits of civilization.
Overcoming the conflict between the development of society and nature is possible if society is oriented towards a balanced development of society, which tries to anticipate new contradictions and solve existing ones, on the basis of coordinating its needs with the ability of the biosphere to remain in a stable state and preserve vital resources for future generations.
Conclusions:
Technique is a means of creating an artificial reality by a person and at the same time it is an integral part of this reality.
The modern world is unthinkable without technology. It has become an integral part of human life, a condition for the existence of society and its unprecedented technological progress.
Examples and analysis of the solution of tasks of the training module:
1. Fill in the gap in the text:
A special type of civilizational development based on the accelerating progress of science and technology, the rapid change in the objective world and social ties, on the dominance of scientific rationality in the culture, which acts as a self-sufficient value, is called _______________ civilization
Answer options: traditional / technogenic / modern / scientific and technical
Correct answer: technogenic
2. Match the phrases in pairs to make the correct statements:
Since the advent of technology, there have been disputes between its supporters and opponents. Connect the figures so that you get arguments for each point of view.
- Tech advocates say...
- Technology critics say...
- ... that technology is an unjustified excess,
- ... that technology is indispensable,
- …leading man to "technogenic satiety".
- ... it helps a person in solving urgent problems, improves and facilitates his life.
Correct option: the inscriptions in the connected figures should be the following phrases:
1. Supporters of technology argue that technology is indispensable: it helps a person in solving pressing problems, improves and facilitates his life.
2. Opponents of technology say that technology is an unjustified excess that leads a person to "technogenic satiety."
(lesson-seminar)
No, in vain we decided
Ride a cat in a car:
The cat is not used to riding -
Overturned a truck.
A. Barto
What are the benefits of technology to humanity? Isn't technology an excess luxury in the modern world?
The purpose of the workshop: understand the place and role of technology in the life of modern man.
Seminar plan:
Technology is man's assistant in labor.
Technology for human health.
Appliances and household comfort.
Technique is a reliable protector.
Technique and human weaknesses.
Children's encyclopedia.
Mass media.
Topic for discussion 1. You know that the ability to work has become one of the decisive factors in human evolution. Is the work of modern man possible without technology? In what cases would it make sense to abandon the use of technology? When discussing the answers to the questions posed, do not forget that educational activity- that's hard work too!
Topic for discussion 2. Health is one of the most important universal values. What is the role of technology in solving medical, social and personal problems of protecting and strengthening human health? Is the opinion that technology violates the natural law of the survival of the fittest justified?
Topic for discussion 3. A significant part of the time a person spends at home. The house is a place of rest, leisure, communication with loved ones and friends, and for some it is also a place of individual farming. Does a person need technology in building his home? In what "everyday" situations is technology a bad helper to a person?
Topic for discussion 4. At home, at work and on the street, in the world at large, everyone wants to feel safe. Ensuring this security involves significant human resources: employees of special services; military personnel, etc. Can they guarantee us reliable protection without technology? From the use of what technology should humanity abandon forever?
Topic for discussion 5. One of the weaknesses of a person can be considered an addiction to gambling. What else would you attribute to human weaknesses? Is technology capable of provoking the manifestation of human weaknesses and what consequences can this lead to?
Having learned to make tools, man began to invent them. Although his inventions were also random in nature: by trial and error, the oldest man found the right solution to the technical problem that arose before him. Most likely, the solution itself was “revealed” to him.
The stage of the origin of technology has the following characteristic features:
almost all adult members of the community could make and use tools;
a person does not realize himself as a creator of technology; it is perceived by him as part of nature, and therefore the relationship of man with nature is harmonious;
extremely low rates of technological evolution due to the leading role case in its development.
At the stage of the origin of technology, its development was of an accidental nature, although a person has gone from using improvised means to spontaneous, but still the invention of tools.
TECHNIQUE CRAFTSMANSHIP. At the stage of the formation of handicraft technology, artificial devices become more numerous and diverse, and the technology for their manufacture becomes quite complex. Therefore, not every person could, as before, independently manufacture the tools necessary to perform the work.
The complication of technology led to the fact that even the use of some tools required special training. A person engaged in the manufacture of tools began to need even more preparation and subsequent long training.
Thus, technological progress followed the path of differentiation of technology ( its division by purpose). This contributed to the separation of technical activity into a separate occupation and the emergence of people specially involved in it - artisans. At the same time, artisans combined both the creator of a technical project (inventor) and the worker who turns this project into a material object.
The following features are considered the features of craft technology:
a person continues to be the "driving force" of the entire technical process (a tool in the hands of an artisan continues to be a complement to a person);
the craft is based not on a verified theoretical calculation, but on experimental knowledge and skills passed down from generation to generation;
still low, although somewhat accelerated, the rate of development of technology.
From ancient civilizations to the era of modern times, the evolution of technology is associated with the development of crafts. Craftsmen, albeit unconsciously, were the main driving force behind technological progress.
MACHINE TECHNOLOGY. In the transition from the Renaissance to the Modern Age, handicraft technology gave way to machine technology.
The appearance of machine technology is associated with the development of engineering activity as a new round in the development of technical activity. At the same time, engineering activity is no longer based on traditions (like handicraft), but on science, primarily natural science.
This means that historically machine technology could not appear before natural science began to develop. At the same time, the formation of natural science itself and the engineering activity based on its success was determined by the needs of the developing industry.
Neither natural science nor engineering activity could appear from scratch. The foundation for their formation was the entire path of development done by man, including truly bold judgments and engineering solutions. So, the ancient Greek philosophers Leucippus (500-440 BC), Democritus (460-370 BC) and Epicurus (342-270 BC) talked about the existence of atoms. The famous mathematician Archimedes (c. 287-212 BC) proposed a number of ingenious technical solutions and inventions that allowed Syracuse, besieged by the Romans, to offer worthy resistance to the enemy. Nevertheless, these and similar accomplishments were episodic in nature against the backdrop of the handicraft activity that prevailed at that time.
Gradually, the union of science and technology led to the formation new scientific and technical knowledge based on the understanding of the dual nature of any technical object. On the one hand, it obeys the natural laws of nature, and on the other hand, it is artificially created by man to satisfy his practical needs.
The further evolution of production and the development of natural science led to the emergence of late XVIII V. technical sciences . This was followed by an important event: at the turn of the XVIII-XIX centuries. James Watt (1736-1819) invented steam engine (steam engine). She became milestone in the development of machine technology and the formation of machine production.
Among characteristic features stages of machine technology should be called:
reliance on the achievements of science, on theoretical and applied natural science;
the replacement of human muscular strength by the forces of nature, and therefore the “engine” of the technical process was the force of nature, transformed into a machine;
the gradual separation of technical activities, performed by engineers, from activities for the manufacture and operation of equipment, carried out by workers.
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY. A qualitative turn in the development of technology occurred in the second half of the 20th century. During this period, a radical restructuring of the entire technological base of modern civilization began. It is based on the emergence and development of information technology, leading in the future to full automation of the entire production cycle.
Information technology has given the key to solving many pressing problems: processing, storage and transmission of huge information arrays; creation of new communication systems (satellite, cable, fiber-optic) and information networks, etc. In alliance with information technology, laser technologies, robotics, nuclear power, aerospace and other industries are intensively developing. In addition, information technology has opened up new horizons in the development of mankind (the creation of artificial intelligence, etc.).
The emergence of information technology was facilitated by the further convergence of science and technology, their interpenetration, as well as the intellectualization of all spheres of public life.
Let us name the most important features of the development of technology at the present stage.
Technology is becoming more and more "an organ of the human brain."
Accelerating the pace and expanding the possibilities of technological progress seems almost limitless.
Growing involvement of science and technology in the economy, their commercialization.
Deep differentiation of engineering activity.
Minimization of the human role in the entire technological process.
Exacerbation of the problems of interaction between technology and nature, man, society.
TECHNOLOGICAL REVOLUTIONS IN THE HISTORY OF HUMANITY. As we found out, the development of technology is inextricably linked with the evolution of humanity itself. At the same time, the process of technological progress has always had a spasmodic character. This means that the gradual accumulation of technical knowledge and experience in engineering sooner or later led a person to reach a qualitatively new level. technical development, that is, to technological revolution.
The history of mankind has three technological revolutions: agricultural, industrial and modern, also called the scientific and technological revolution.
What are the stages in the evolution of technology?
How did technology originate?
What is the difference between handicraft technology and primitive technology?
What social risks did the appearance of machines bring to mankind? Are they characteristic of modern stage technology development?
How did the advent of information technology affect the life of modern man? Give a reasoned answer.
How the stages of development of technology and technological revolutions that have taken place in the history of mankind are chronologically correlated.
Using additional literature, reveal the essence of the agricultural, industrial and scientific and technological revolutions.
