A group of populations of different species. The driving forces of evolution are heredity, variability, natural selection, the struggle for existence. On-ru-she-nie with-gla-co-va-nia advent with a definition-de-la-e-my word

Concept of community and ecosystem

Population group different types, inhabiting a certain territory, forms community. The idea of ​​any landscape is primarily associated with its vegetation. Tundra, taiga, deciduous forests, meadows, steppes, deserts consist of various plant communities. Birch forests differ from oak forests not only in tree composition, but also in undergrowth and grass cover. Each plant community is inhabited by its own communities of animals, fungi and microorganisms.

All communities of plants, animals, microorganisms, fungi are in close connection with each other, creating an inseparable system of interacting organisms and their populations, - biocenosis, which is also called community. Communities of any size and level can be distinguished. For example, in the steppe community there is a community of meadow steppes, and in it there are communities of plants, vertebrates and invertebrates, and microorganisms.

The environment and communities exchange matter and energy: living organisms absorb matter and energy from the environment and return them back to environment. Thanks to these exchange processes, the community (biocenosis) and its environment are an inseparable unity, one complex system. Such a system is called ecosystem or

Living organisms and their inanimate environment are inextricably linked with each other and are in constant interaction. Co-living organisms of various species exchange matter and energy between themselves and their physical environment. This network of matter-energy relationships unites living organisms and their environment into complex ecological systems.

1868 Erenst Haeckel

1992 Denis Meadows - proposed a formula for global development

The subject of ecology. Ecology(from the Greek "oikos" - dwelling, shelter and "logos" - science) is the science of the relationship between living organisms and their environment. Ecology deals with individuals, populations (consisting of individuals of the same species), communities (consisting of populations), and ecosystems (comprising communities and their environment). Ecologists study how the environment affects living organisms and how organisms affect the environment. By studying populations, ecologists solve questions about individual species, about stable changes and fluctuations in populations. When studying communities, their composition or structure is considered, as well as the passage of energy and matter through communities, that is, what is called functioning of communities.

Ecology occupies a central place among other biological disciplines and is associated with genetics, evolutionary theory, ethology (the science of behavior), and physiology.

The closest connection exists between ecology and the theory of evolution. Thanks to natural selection, in the process of the historical development of the organic world, only those species, populations and communities remained that, in the struggle for existence, survived and adapted to the changing environment.

The concept of "ecology" is very widespread. In most cases, ecology is understood as any interaction between man and nature, or, most often, the deterioration of the quality of our environment caused by economic activity. In this sense, ecology concerns each of the members of society.

Ecology, understood as the quality of the environment, affects the economy and is determined by it, invades social life, affects the domestic and foreign policies of states and depends on politics.

There is growing concern in society about the ecological state of the environment and a sense of responsibility for the state of the Earth's natural systems is beginning to form. environmental thinking, i.e., the analysis of all economic decisions made in terms of preserving and improving the quality of the environment has become absolutely necessary in the development of any projects for the development and transformation of territories.

Various types of ecology, their classification and some features.

General ecology

Human ecology

Social Ecology

nature management

Environmental protection

Global Ecology

Industrial Ecology

Autoecology - (environmental factors)

Population Ecology - (consideration of the life of one individual and a selected population)

Biogeocinotic ecology - (general ecology) + table

The system, its types and properties. Ecosystem, examples.

1935 - Tansley

signs of the system: the presence of connections, the presence of constituent elements

Types of systems: - closed \ open (meaning flows) \ semi-open

Complex (more than 10 in 11 elements) \

The concept of community and ecosystem. A group of populations of different species inhabiting a certain territory forms community. The idea of ​​any landscape is primarily associated with its vegetation. Tundra, taiga, deciduous forests, meadows, steppes, deserts consist of various plant communities. Birch forests differ from oak forests not only in tree composition, but also in undergrowth and grass cover. Each plant community is inhabited by its own communities of animals, fungi and microorganisms.

All communities of plants, animals, microorganisms, fungi are in close connection with each other, creating an inseparable system of interacting organisms and their jupulations, - biocenosis, which is also called community. Communities of any size and level can be distinguished. The environment and communities exchange matter and energy: living organisms absorb matter and energy from the environment and return them back to the environment. Thanks to these exchange processes, the community (biocenosis) and its environment are an inseparable unity, one complex system. Such a system is called ecosystem or biogeocenosis(Fig. 95). IN Lately the term "ecosystem" is used more often.

Functional groups of organisms in a community. Any community consists of a set of organisms that, according to the type of nutrition, can be divided into three functional groups. Green plants are autotrophs. They are able to accumulate solar energy in the process of photosynthesis and synthesize organic substances. Autotrophs are producers, i.e. manufacturers organic matter, the first functional group of biocenosis organisms.

Any community also includes heterotrophic organisms, which need ready-made organic substances for nutrition. There are two groups of heterotrophs: consumers, or consumers, producers, i.e. destroyers. TO consumers are animals. Herbivores eat plant foods, while carnivores eat animals. Decomposers include microorganisms - bacteria and fungi. Decomposers decompose animal secretions, the remains of dead plants, animals and microorganisms, and others. organic matter. Destroyers feed on organic compounds formed during decomposition. In the process of nutrition, decomposers mineralize organic waste to water, carbon dioxide and mineral elements. Mineralization products are reused by producers. Consequently, in the ecosystem, food and energy connections go in the direction: producers -> consumers -^ decomposers. All three listed groups of organisms exist in any community. Each group includes many populations inhabiting the ecosystem. Only the joint work of all three groups ensures the functioning of the ecosystem.

Examples of ecosystems. Different ecosystems differ from each other both in the species composition of organisms and in the properties of their habitat. Consider a deciduous forest and a pond as examples.

Deciduous forests include beeches, oaks, hornbeams, lindens, maples, birches, aspens, mountain ash and other trees whose foliage falls in autumn. Several tiers of plants stand out in the forest: high and low woody, shrubs, grasses and moss ground cover. The plants of the upper tiers are more photophilous and better adapted to fluctuations in temperature and humidity than the plants of the lower tiers. Shrubs, grasses and mosses in the forest are shade-tolerant; in summer they exist in the twilight, which is formed after the trees have fully unfolded their leaves. On the surface of the soil lies a litter consisting of semi-decomposed remains, fallen leaves, twigs of trees and shrubs, and dead grasses (Fig. 96).

The fauna of deciduous forests is rich. There are many burrowing rodents, digging insectivores, predators (fox, badger, bear). There are mammals living on trees (lynx, squirrel, chipmunk). The group of large herbivores includes deer, elk, roe deer. Wild boars are widespread. Birds nest in different tiers of the forest: on the ground, in bushes, on trunks or in hollows and on tops of trees. There are many insects that feed on leaves (for example, caterpillars) and wood (bark beetles). A huge number of invertebrates (earthworms, mites, insect larvae), fungi and bacteria live in the litter and upper soil horizons.

An example of an ecosystem where water serves as the living environment of organisms is the well-known ponds. Rooting or large floating plants (reeds, water lilies, pondweeds) settle in the shallow water of ponds. Throughout the water column to the depth of penetration of light, small floating plants are distributed, in the bulk of the algae, called phytoplankton. When there is a lot of algae, the water turns green, as they say, “blooms”. Phytoplankton contains many blue-green algae, as well as diatoms and green algae, to which filamentous green algae belong.

Insect larvae, tadpoles, crustaceans, herbivorous fish feed on living plants or plant debris, predatory insects and fish eat a variety of small animals, and large predatory fish prey on both herbivorous and predatory, but smaller fish.

Cenoses and Tops. Biogeocenosis. The main types of connections and flows in ecology.

Biogeocenosis. From the courses of botany and zoology, you know that in nature, plant and animal species are not randomly distributed, but always form certain, relatively permanent complexes - natural communities. "Such complexes of interrelated species (populations of different species) living in a certain area with more or less homogeneous conditions of existence form biogeocenosis.

Biogeocenosis is inextricably linked with factors of inanimate nature (soil, humidity, temperature, etc.), forming together with them a stable system, between the components of which the circulation of substances takes place. Self-regulation is manifested in the fact that the number of individuals of each species is maintained at a certain, relatively constant level. Academician V.N. Sukachev called such a stable self-regulating system biogeocenosis. In the scientific literature, such systems are often called ecological systems (ecosystems).

The basis of the connections between populations of biogeocenosis is determined by the nature of the nutrition of individuals and the methods of obtaining energy by them.

All organisms are divided into two groups according to the method of nutrition - autotrophs and heterotrophs. Autotrophs (mainly plants) use inorganic compounds from the environment to synthesize organic substances. Heterotrophs (animals, humans, fungi, bacteria) feed on ready-made organic substances synthesized by autotrophs. In any bio-geocenosis, all stocks of inorganic compounds would very soon run out if they were not renewed during the life of organisms. As a result of respiration, decomposition of animal corpses and plant residues, organic substances turn into inorganic compounds, which return back to the natural environment and can again be used by autotrophs.

Thus, in the biogeocenosis, as a result of the vital activity of organisms, there is a continuous flow of atoms from inanimate nature to living nature and vice versa, closing in a cycle. For the circulation of substances, an influx of energy from the outside is necessary. The sun is the source of energy. The movement of matter caused by the activity of organisms occurs cyclically, it can be used repeatedly, while the flow of energy in this process is unidirectional. The energy of solar radiation in the biogeocenosis is converted into various forms: into energy chemical bonds, into mechanical And, finally, inward.

The circulation of substances in biogeocenosis is a necessary condition for the existence of life. It arose in the process of the formation of life and became more complicated in the course of the evolution of living nature. On the other hand, in order for the circulation of substances to be possible in the biogeocenosis, it is necessary to have organisms in the ecosystem that create organic substances from inorganic substances and convert the energy of solar radiation, as well as organisms that use these organic substances and again turn them into inorganic compounds.

The vast majority of biogeocenosis is based on green plants - producers of organic matter (producers). In the biogeocenosis, there are necessarily herbivorous and carnivorous animals - consumers of living organic matter (consumers) and, finally, destroyers of organic residues - mainly microorganisms that reduce the breakdown of organic substances to simple mineral compounds (decomposers). In the biogeocenosis, each of these three main groups is formed by many species.

There are, however, biogeocenoses that do not include autotrophic plants, for example, ecosystems of great depths of the ocean or caves. But in all biogeocenoses of this type, an influx of energy from the outside is obligatory in the form of organic substances, which, as it were, replace the energy of the Sun, accumulated as a result of photosynthesis by plants.

Match between grammatical errors and sentences in which they are allowed: for each position of the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

Write down the numbers in response, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:

Explanation (see also Rule below).

A) a violation in the construction of a sentence with a participial turnover in sentence 4. This error is caused by the fact that the participle does not agree with the word to which it obeys, either in gender, or in number, or case.

Here is the correct spelling: A group of populations of different species (which ones?), Inhabiting a certain territory, forms a community.

Rule 7.1.1 paragraph

7.1. UPO-REQ-LE-NIE AT-PRIVATE OB-RO-TOV

INTRODUCTION

At-private turnover - this is part-part with for-we-si-we-mi words-va-mi. For example, in the pre-lo-same-nii you-launch-no-ki, successfully passed the eq-for-men, become-but-vyat-sya abi-tu-ri-en-ta mi

word Graduates- main word,

handed over - part-part,

handed over (how?) successfully and handed over (what?) eq-for-men is for-vi-si-mye from the part of the word.

In this way, the participatory turnover in this pre-lo-same-nii - successfully but having passed the eq-for-men. If from a me-thread in a row of words and for-pi-sat the same pre-lo-same-nie in a different way, in a way-stiving a turn-mouth before main word ( Successfully passed the eq-for-men Graduates sta-but-vyat-sya abi-tu-ri-en-ta-mi), from-me-nit-sya is only a puncture-tu-a-tion, and the turnover remains without iz-me-not-ny.

It is very important: before the start of the work with the da-ni-em 7 on-the-de-mistakes-side in the pre-lo-same-ni with the addition co-ve-tu-em pro-re-shat and study for-da-tion 16, in some-rum pro-ve-rya-is-the ability to put in-fifths at right-vil-but in-stro-en-nyh with-private and de-e-with-private-ob-ro-tah.

The purpose of the task is to find one such pre-position, in some-rum on-ru-she-we gram-ma-ti-che-sky norms when using -often-but-o-ro-ta. Ko-nech-but, the search needs to be na-chi-nat with on-hod-de-niya at-part. Remember that search-ki-va-e-my part-part should be not-pre-men-but in full form: the short form is never about-ra-zu-et at-part-of-tho-ro-ta, but yav-la-et-ska-zu-e-mym.

For a successful-but-you-half-not-of this task, you don’t-about-ho-di-mo know:

• pra-vi-la co-gla-co-va-niya part-part and main-no-go (or de-la-e-mo-go) words;
• pra-vi-la races-by-lo-zhe-niya at-part-of-th-ob-ro-ta according to-no-she-tion to the main word;
• time and type of participles (on-one-I-th, past-neck; completed, not completed);
• pledge of participles (actual or passive)

Let's pay attention to that, that in a preposition with a participatory turn, there can be up to us not one, but two or even three mistakes.

Application for teach-te-lei: teach-you-va-te that the authors of different personalities have a point of view on the class-si-fi-ka-tion, as well as on the types of errors-bok, which something-rye can be from-not-sti to a certain type, different. In the os-no-woo, I decided to decide on the class-si-fi-ka-tion in the same way-on the class-si-fi-ka-tion I.P. Tsy-bul-ko.

Class-si-fi-qi-ru-em all types of possible gram-ma-ti-che-errors-sides when using at-requirement-le-ni with-part-of-o-ro-ta .

7.1.1 On-ru-she-nie co-gla-co-va-niya part-part with a definition-de-la-e-my word

Right-vi-lo, according to some-ro-mu, one-night-parts (as well as those included in the part-partial turnover) correspond with the main nym (= define-de-la-e-my) word, tre-bu-et in-sta-nov-ki adjunct in the same gender, number and case as the main word:

About children (what THEIR?) returning from trips; for you-betting (what?) something-vya-shchey-sya in the museum.

That's why we just go ahead, we have a pre-lo-same, in someone there is a full part, and its endings do not correspond -stvu-em (or) gender, (or) pas-de-jou, (or) the number of the main word.

Type 1, the lightest

I have a long time-go-va-ri-val with av-to-ra-mi, na-pi-sav-shih .

I had to communicate with guests, presence-vav-shie at the opening you-bets.

What's the point of making mistakes? The participle is not with-the-glam-with-va-but with the word, for some reason it must be sub-to-do, that is, the end-of-the-tion must be other We put a question from the su-stu-tel-no-go and me-nya-em windows-cha-nie part-part, that is, we co-gla-su-em the words.

I long times-go-va-ri-val with av-to-ra-mi(ka-ki-MI?), na-pi-sav-shi-mi this for-me-cha-tel-th article;

I had to-ve-elk to-communicate with guest(ka-ki-MI?), presence-vav-shi-MI at the opening you-bets.

In these examples, the noun and its adjective stand side by side, the mistake is easily seen. But it wouldn't be like that all the time.

2nd type, hard

Ras-look-rim pre-lo-zhe with a gram-ma-ty-che-error.

I had to communicate with the author of the book, recently pub-whether-ko-van-no-go.

I want to find the words to the song, heard recently.

In these pre-lo-same-ni-yahs, there are two su-students: auto-rum, books; lyrics. To which of them is a turnover attached with an attachment? Do-ma-em about meaning. What was published-whether-to-va-but, the author or his book? What do you want to find, words or a song?

Let's bring the correct variant:

I had to communicate with the author of the book (which one?), recently pub-whether-ko-van-noy.

I want to find the lyrics to the song (which one?), heard-shan-noy recently.

Type 3, even more difficult

The windows-of-parts sometimes you-full-nya-yut a very big meaning-lo-time-li-chi-tel-mission. Do-ma-em about the meaning!

Compare two prepositions:

The sound of the sea (who?), boo-div-she-go me, was very strong. What's bu-di-lo? Po-lu-cha-et-xia that the sea. The sea cannot wake up.

The noise (what?) of the sea, b-diving me, was very strong. What's bu-di-lo? Po-lu-cha-et-xia, what a noise. And the noise can wake up. This is the right variant.

I heard heavy steps (what?) honey-bear, pre-follow-before-wav-shie me. Steps cannot follow.

I heard the heavy footsteps of a honey-bear (ka-ko-GO?), pre-follow-before-wav-she-GO me. Honey-because it can pre-follow-up. This is a sure option.

Children of co-workers (what THEIR?), have any for-bo-le-va-nia, in-lu-cha-yut preferential vouchers to sa-na-to-riy. The adjunction of “having-u-shchiH” from-no-sit-sya to the word “co-labor-ni-kov”. co-workers will have, and the children of sick co-workers will get vouchers.

Children (what?) co-labor-ni-kov, having any for-bo-le-va-nia, in-lu-cha-yut preferential vouchers to sa-na-to-riy. The participle "having" from-no-sit-sya to the word "children", and we don't-ma-em that children have for-bo-le-va-nia, And they need tickets.

4 type, variant

Often there are prepositions, in some there is a word-in-co-che-ta-niya of two words, the first of them is something -is a part of the whole, marked by the second, for example: each of their participants, one of all, any of the named ones, some of them, some of the gifts.. To each of the existing nouns, a participial revolution can be attached depending on the meaning of the meaning: in the word-in-co-che-ta-ni-yah with-part (with-private turnover) can be co-gla-with-va-but with any word. It will be a mistake if the participle is “za-vis-no” and will not have a connection with any of the words.

Ras-look-rim pre-lo-zhe with a gram-ma-ty-che-error.

Each of the participants, according to the best-shim ma-si-small number of points, was given the right to use the the thread is still one-but-mu no-me-ru.

Participle can be co-glam-co-va-but both with the word “every-do-mu”, and with the word “participants”.

To each-to-mu (ka-to-mu?) from the participants, in-lu-chiv-shE-MU mak-si-small number of points, it was granted-le-but the right to use half-thread for one more no-me-ru

To each of the participants (what THEIR?), better-chiv-shih max-si-small number of points, it was granted-le-but the right to use half-thread for one more no-me-ru.

We pay attention to the fact that the mistake will be not-co-gla-co-va-nie with the first word, NOR with the second:

Not-true: Each of the participants, in the best way ... or Each of the participants, in the best way, shI-MI ... You can not do it this way.

In the po-ya-no-no-yah, I DECIDE more often to use va-ri-ant co-gla-co-va-nia with the windows-cha-ni-eat THEM.

Ana-logic-but true: Part of the books (what THEIR?), po-lu-chen-nyh in po-da-rock, will go to po-da-rock.

Or Part (what) of books, po-lu-chen-naya in po-da-rock, will go to po-da-rock.

Not-true: Some of the books that are supposed to be in da-rock will go to da-rock.

NOTE : this type of error, when checking co-chi-not-niy, is considered an error of co-gla-co-va-nia.

7.1.2 Partial turnover and place of the main word

In right-vil-but in-strong-en-n-th pre-lo-same-ni-yah with a partial ob-ro-vol the main thing (or def-de-la-e-my word) cannot stand inside the par-partial-no-ob-ro-ta. His place is either before or after him. Remember, what is this for-wee-sit diss-hundred-new signs of pre-pi-na-niya !!!

Ras-look-rim pre-lo-zhe with a gram-ma-ty-che-error.

Not-about-ho-di-mo carefully-tel-but check-ver-ryat on-right-la-e-my documentation on ex-per-tee-zu.

We walked along the mustache-yan-noy alley opav-shi-mi leaves-stya-mi.

Leading Street the city was free.

Created novel mo-lo-smoke auto-rum you-zy-val lively disputes.

Note: with such a structure-e-nii pre-lo-zhe-niya co-ver-shen-but not-under-understand-but, whether to put it for the fifth.

Let's bring the correct variant:

Not-about-ho-di-mo carefully-tel-but check-ver-ryat documentation, . Or: Not-about-ho-di-mo carefully, but check-ver-ryat on-right-la-e-mye on ex-per-ti-zu documentation.

We walked along alley, . Or: We walked along mustache-yan-noy opav-shi-mi leaves-stya-mi alley.

Street, leading to the city, was free. Or: Leading to the city Street was free.

Novel,co-built mo-lo-smoke auto-rum, you-zy-val lively disputes. Or: Co-created mo-lo-smoke auto-rum novel you-zy-val lively disputes.

7.1.3. At-private ob-ro-you, including non-right-for-part forms

In accordance with the norm-ma-mi about-ra-zo-va-niya at-parts, in the modern Russian li-te-ra-tour language do not use the forms of participles in -sch, ar-ra-zo-van-nye from the verbs of the con-ver-shen-no-th kind with the sign no-eat bu-du-sche-go time-me-no: no words ob-ra-du-yu-shchy, mo-gu-shchy, pro-chi-ta-yu-shchy, su-me-yu-shchy. According to the opinion of the editorial, I DECIDE, such erroneous barrel forms should be presented in task 6, but, since in co-bi- yah I.P. There are tsy-bul-ko ana-logic examples, we consider it important to mark this type too.

Ras-look-rim pre-lo-zhe with a gram-ma-ty-che-error.

Until I found che-lo-ve-ka, su-me-yu-shche-go help me.

A valuable prize is expected participation, find the answer to this question.

These proposals are not-about-ho-di-mo is-prav-vit, because from the verbs of the co-ver-shen-no-th type of part bu-du-sche-go time-me-no about-ra-zo-you-va-yut-sya. It wouldn’t be at the part of the future time..

Let's bring the correct variant:

For-me-nya-it is not-su-s-stu-stu-u-sche-part-of-the-gla-go-scrap in the conditional on-clo-non-nii.

Until I found a che-lo-ve-ka, someone su-me-et to help me.

A valuable prize is waiting for a che-lo-ve-ka, someone will find the answer to this question.

7.1.4. At-private ob-ro-you, including non-right-for-forms for-lo-ha at-parts

This type of error was in the USE tasks of the past years (until 2015). In the books of I.P. Tsy-bul-ko 2015-2017, there are no additional for-yes. This type is the most difficult to recognize, and is due to an error due to the fact that the adjective is used in the wrong place, other mi words-va-mi, instead of stra-da-tel-no-go use-use-zu-et-sya real.

Ras-look-rim pre-lo-zhe with a gram-ma-ty-che-error.

Documentation, on-right-la-u-schi-e-xia on ex-per-ti-zu,

Contest, pro-in-dya-schi-sya or-ga-ni-for-that-ra-mi

Foam, on-whether-va-yu-shcha-i-sya in the bath, has a pleasant aroma mat.

Let's bring the correct variant:

Documentation, on-right-la-e-mye on ex-per-ti-zu, not-about-ho-di-mo carefully-tel-but check.

Contest, conducted or-ga-ni-for-that-ra-mi, very much like the participation-no-kam.

Foam, someone-ruyu on-whether in the bath, has a pleasant aroma-mat.

B) the violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate in sentence 7 is that the subject TE requires the plural from the predicate.

Here is the correct spelling: Those who read the novel by L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace", remember the description of the Battle of Borodino.

Rule 7.3.1 paragraph

7.3. Agreement of the predicate with the subject

INTRODUCTION

Subject - the main member of the sentence, which is consistent with its predicate according to the laws of grammar.

The subject and predicate usually have the same grammatical forms of number, gender, person, for example: Clouds are rushing, clouds are winding; Invisible moon Illuminates the flying snow; The sky is cloudy, the night is cloudy.

In such cases, we can talk about the agreement of the predicate with the subject. However, the correspondence of the grammatical forms of the main members of the sentence is not necessary, there may be an incomplete correspondence of the grammatical forms of the main members: My whole life has been a guarantee of a faithful date with you.- correspondence of number forms, but different forms of gender; Your destiny is endless chores- inconsistency of number forms.

The grammatical connection of the main members of the sentence is considered as coordination. This grammatical connection is wider and freer than agreement. It can be entered different words, their morphological properties do not have to match each other.

When coordinating the main members of the sentence, the problem arises of choosing the forms of the number of the predicate, when the gender / number of the subject is difficult to determine. This section of the "Reference" is devoted to consideration of these issues.

7.3.1. In a complex sentence, pronouns act as subjects

If in a sentence (and not necessarily in NGN!) a pronoun is used as a subject, then you need to know a number of rules that prescribe how to correctly coordinate the predicate with it.

A) If the subject is expressed by the pronouns WHO, WHAT, NOBODY, NOTHING, SOMEONE, SOMEONE, WHOEVER, then the predicate is put in the singular form: For example: [Those ( who neglect the opinions of others) risk being left alone].

EXAMPLE 1 (Whoever comes), [everyone will know].

EXAMPLE 2 [No one knew (that the lesson was postponed).]

EXAMPLE 1 (Whoever comes, [everyone will know].

EXAMPLE 2 [No one knew (that the lesson was postponed).]

B) If the subject is expressed by a pronoun in plural TE, ALL, the predicate is put in the plural form. If the subject is expressed by pronouns in singular THAT, TA, TO, the predicate is put in the singular form. For example: [ THOSE (who graduated with honors) are more likely to enter a university free of charge].

This proposal is built on the following model:

[Those (who + the predicate), ... the predicate ...]. And this is the most common model in which it is proposed to find an error. Let's analyze the structure complex sentence: in the main clause, the pronoun "those" - is the subject, pl. h; "have" -predicate, pl. This is in line with rule B.

Now attention to the subordinate clause: “who” is the subject, “finished” is the predicate in the singular. This is in accordance with rule A.

Consider sentences with a grammatical error:

EXAMPLE 1 [Everyone (who purchased tickets at the box office) must independently check in for the flight].

EXAMPLE 2. [Those (who have seen the northern lights at least once) will no longer be able to forget this extraordinary phenomenon].

EXAMPLE 3. [Those (who are planning a vacation for the summer) buy tickets in the spring].

Here are the corrected versions:

EXAMPLE 1 [Everyone (who purchased tickets at the box office) MUST check in for the flight on their own].

EXAMPLE 2. [Those (who have seen the northern lights at least once) will no longer be able to forget this extraordinary phenomenon].

In examples 1 and 2, the error is easy to see: it is enough to throw out the subordinate clause. In the following example, the error often goes unnoticed.

EXAMPLE 3. [Those ( who are planning a vacation for the summer) buy tickets in the spring].

C) If the subject is expressed by the phrase ONE OF .., EACH OF ..., NONE OF .. then the predicate is put in the singular form. If the subject is expressed by the phrase MANY FROM ..., SOME FROM ..., ALL FROM .. then the predicate is put in the plural form. For example: [None of those (who won a prize) wanted to go to the republican competition].

Consider sentences with a grammatical error:

EXAMPLE 4 [Many of those (who have been to Mikhailovsky Park) were amazed at the size of the old estate trees].

EXAMPLE 5 [Each of us (who has been in a similar situation) certainly thought about ways out of it].

EXAMPLE 6 [Each of the parties (which presented its project) defended its advantages over other projects].

Here are the corrected versions:

EXAMPLE 4 [Many of those (who have been to Mikhailovsky Park) were amazed at the size of the old manor trees].

EXAMPLE 5 [Each of us (who has been in a similar situation) certainly thought about ways out of it].

EXAMPLE 6 [Each side, (who presented her project), defended its advantages over other projects].

D) If the sentence has a turnover of WHO, AS NOT .., the predicate is put in the singular form male. For example: Who, if not parents, SHOULD teach children the ability to communicate?

This turnover can be considered as clarifying, see other examples in clause 7.3.3, part B.

Consider sentences with a grammatical error:

EXAMPLE 7 Who, if not we, should worry about the cleanliness of our cities?

EXAMPLE 8 Who, if not your mother, taught you a model of endurance and love of life?

Here are the corrected versions:

EXAMPLE 7 Who, if not us, should worry about the cleanliness of their cities?

EXAMPLE 8 Who, if not your mother, taught you a model of endurance and love of life?

7.3.2 Predicate coordination with subject, expressed word or combination of words with the meaning of quantity

When coordinating the main members of the sentence, the problem arises of choosing the forms of the number of the predicate, when the subject points to many objects, but appears in the singular.

A) The role of the subject is the collective name of nouns and words close to them in meaning.

Collective nouns denote a set of homogeneous objects or living beings as an indivisible whole: FOLIAGE, DUBNYAK, ASPEN, CHILDREN, STUDENTS, TEACHER, PROFESSORIES, PEASANTS. They have the form of only the singular, do not combine with quantitative numbers and with words denoting units of measure, but can be combined with the words a lot / little or how much: LITTLE RELATIONS, A LITTLE LEAVES, A LOT OF MOSHKORA.

The words PEOPLE, PACK, ARMY, GROUP, CROWD can also be attributed to them in terms of the meaning of collectiveness; THOUSAND, MILLION, HUNDRED; TROIKA, PAIR; DARKNESS, DEEP, LOTS AND OTHERS

The subject, expressed by a collective noun, requires the predicate to be set only in the singular form:

For example: The children frolicked in the courtyard of the house; young people often take the initiative.

The subject expressed by a noun like GROUP, CROWD also requires setting the predicate only in the singular form:

For example: A group of festival participants shared their impressions; a trio of horses rushed under the windows

Consider sentences with a grammatical error:

EXAMPLE 1. Within three recent years the leadership of the Central and regional markets have repeatedly filed complaints with higher organizations.

EXAMPLE 3. A couple of lovers were sitting on a bench.

Here are the corrected versions: 

EXAMPLE 1. Over the past three years, the leadership of the Central and regional markets have repeatedly filed complaints with higher organizations.

EXAMPLE 3. A couple of lovers were sitting on a bench.

B) The subject is a collective noun with a quantitative meaning

Nouns MOST, MINORITY, Plenty, ROW, PART, despite grammatical form singular, denote not one object, but many, and therefore the predicate can take not only the form of the singular, but also the plural. For example: On this pond ... an innumerable number of ducks were hatched and kept; Many hands are knocking on all the windows from the street, and someone is breaking on the door. Which form would you prefer?

The subject, which has in its composition the collective nouns MOST, MINORITY, Plenty, ROW, PART, requires the predicate to be set only in the singular form, if:

A) there are no dependent words from the collective noun

Part went on vacation, and part remained; many scatteredAxis, a minority remainedAxis

b) the collective noun has a singular dependent word

With a subject that has in its composition the words MOST, MINORITY, PLENTY, SERIES, PART, you can put the predicate both in the plural form and in the plural, if the noun has a dependent word in the plural:

Most students passed the test; a number of participants demonstrated excellent knowledge.

Some of the books were purchased for the library; a number of objects delivered ahead of schedule

The plural of the predicate in such constructions usually indicates the activity of the actors.

Consider the cases in which the use of the plural of the predicate is allowed and permissible.

Nevertheless, it should be borne in mind that the singular form of the predicate is more in line with the tradition of book writing styles and the use of the plural form of the predicate must be clearly justified. Mistake in USE assignments there will be an unreasonable setting of the predicate in the plural.

Consider sentences with a grammatical error:

EXAMPLE 4 Most of the tasks were not done correctly enough.

EXAMPLE 5 A number of events will be held in Yelets, Voronezh, Orel.

EXAMPLE 6 A lot of poems by this author were published in the series "Children's Library"

Here are the corrected versions: 

EXAMPLE 4 Most of the tasks were not completed correctly. Predicate in the form passive communion indicates the passivity of the actor.

EXAMPLE 5 A number of events will be held in Yelets, Voronezh, Orel. Events cannot act on their own, so the predicate must be used in the singular.

EXAMPLE 6 Many poems by this author were published in the Children's Library series.. The predicate in the form of a passive participle indicates the passivity of the actor.

C) The combination of a numeral with a noun acts as a subject

With a subject expressed by a quantitative-nominal combination, the same problem arises: in what number is it better to use the predicate. In Chekhov we find: Some three soldiers stood side by side at the very descent and were silent; He had two sons. L. Tolstoy preferred the following forms: Three peasants and a woman sat in the sleigh; Two feelings fought in his soul - good and evil.

Note: In the USE assignments, such cases do not occur, since there is a high possibility of incorrect classification of the type of error - such cases can be attributed to an error in the use of a numeral. Therefore, we confine ourselves to remarks of a general nature and note the most gross errors made in written works.

With a subject that has in its composition a numeral or a word with the meaning of quantity, you can put the predicate both in the plural form and in the singular:

Five years have passed; ten graduates have chosen our institute

The use of different forms depends on the meaning that the predicate brings to the sentence, activity and generality of action is emphasized by the plural. number.

The predicate is usually put in the singular if

In the subject, a numeral ending in "one":

Twenty-one students of our institute are included in the city's volleyball team, But Twenty-two (three, four, five...) students of our institute are members of the city's volleyball team

If the message fixes this or that fact, the result, or when the message is given an impersonal character:

Twenty-two suits sold; Three or four students will be transferred to another class.

The predicate is expressed by a verb with the meaning of being, presence, existence, position in space:

Three kingdoms stood before her. The room had two windows with wide window sills. Three windows of the room faced north

Wrong: Three kingdoms stood. There were two windows with wide window sills in the room. Three windows of the room faced north.

A single number, which creates an idea of ​​a single whole, is used to designate a measure of weight, space, time:

Thirty-four kilograms of drying oil will be required to paint the roof. Twenty-five kilometers remained until the end of the journey. A hundred years have passed. However, already, it seems, eleven o'clock struck. Five months have elapsed since

Wrong: Thirty-four kilograms of drying oil will be required to paint the roof; Twenty-five kilometers remained until the end of the journey. A hundred years have passed. However, already, it seems, eleven o'clock has struck. Five months have elapsed since then.

With a subject expressed by a complex noun, the first part of which is the numeral sex-, the predicate is usually put in the singular, and in the past tense - in the middle gender, For example: half an hour will pass, half a year has flown by, half the city participated in the demonstration.

Wrong: half the class participated in the competition, half an hour will pass

7.3.3 Coordination between subject and verb separated from each other

Between the subject and the predicate, there may be secondary isolated members of the sentence, clarifying members, subordinate clauses. In these cases, it is necessary to strictly observe general rule: the predicate and the subject must agree.

Let's consider special cases.

A) Coordination of the subject and the compound nominal predicate in a sentence built according to the “noun. is a noun.”

Note for the teacher: this type of error in the SPP is noted in his manual "How to get 100 USE points" (2015) by I.P. Tsybulko, while in the "Handbook of Spelling and literary editing"D. Rosenthal, such an error is called a construction shift in a complex sentence.

The nominal part of the predicate in a sentence built according to the noun + noun model must be in the nominative case.

For example: [First, (what you should learn) is highlighting the basis of the sentence].

The grammatical basis of the main clause consists of the subject first and predicate selection. Both words are in the nominative case.

And this is what it looks like proposal with an error: [The first (what should be learned) is the selection of the basis of the sentence]. Under the influence of the subordinate clause, the predicate received Genitive, which is an error.

Consider sentences with a grammatical error:

EXAMPLE 1 [The main thing (what you need to pay attention to) is the ideological side of the work]

EXAMPLE 2 [The last thing (to stop) is the composition of the book]

EXAMPLE 3 [The most important (what is worth striving for) is the fulfillment of a dream]

Here are the corrected versions:

EXAMPLE 1 The main thing (what you need to pay attention to) is the ideological side of the work]

EXAMPLE 2 [The last (what should be stopped) is the composition of the book]

EXAMPLE 3 [The most important (what is worth striving for) is the fulfillment of a dream]

B). Coordination of the predicate with the subject, in which there are clarifying members.

In order to clarify the subject, sometimes they use clarifying (explaining turns), connecting members offers, isolated additions. Yes, in the proposal Competition Jury, including representatives of a cosmetic company selected from the audience, could not determine the winner the highlighted turnover is a connecting one(in other manuals it is called clarifying).

The presence in the sentence of any member that specifies the meaning of the subject does not affect the number of the predicate. Such turns are attached with the words: EVEN, ESPECIALLY, INCLUDING, FOR EXAMPLE; EXCEPT, INCLUDING, INCLUDING and the like. For example: Editorial Board, including the editors of the Internet portal, is in favor of reorganization.

Consider sentences with a grammatical error:

EXAMPLE 4. The entire team, including dancers and jugglers, spoke out in favor of participating in the competition.

EXAMPLE 5. The whole family, and especially the younger children, was looking forward to the arrival of their grandfather.

EXAMPLE 6. The school administration, including members of the parent committee, supported holding an extended parent meeting.

Here are the corrected versions:

The mistake is easy to see if you throw out the subordinate clause.

EXAMPLE 4 The whole team, including dancers and jugglers, spoke out in favor of participating in the competition.

EXAMPLE 5 The whole family, and especially the younger children, was looking forward to the arrival of their grandfather. 

EXAMPLE 6 The school administration, including members of the parent committee, advocated holding an expanded parent meeting.

7.3.4 Coordination of the predicate with the subject, the gender or number of which is difficult to determine.

For the correct connection of the subject with the predicate, it is very important to know the gender of the noun.

A) Certain categories or groups of nouns have difficulty in determining the gender or number.

The gender and number of indeclinable nouns, abbreviations, conditional names and a number of other words are determined by special rules. For the correct coordination of such words with the predicate, you need to know their morphological features.

Ignorance of these rules cause errors: Sochi became the capital of the Olympics; cocoa is cold; shampoo is over; the university announced the enrollment of students, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs reported

Need to: Sochi has become the capital of the Olympics; cocoa has cooled down; shampoo is over, the university announced a set of students, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs reported

Nouns, the gender/number of which is difficult to determine, are discussed in the section. After studying the above material, you will be able to successfully complete not only task 6, but also 7.

Consider sentences with errors

EXAMPLE 1. The parcel was sent at the beginning of the week.

In the sentence, the word "package" is the subject, female. The predicate "was sent" is in the masculine. This is mistake. We fix: The parcel was sent at the beginning of the week

EXAMPLE 2. The tulle harmonized perfectly with the color of the upholstered furniture.

In the sentence, the word "tulle" is the subject, masculine. The predicate "approached" is in the feminine. This is mistake. We fix: The tulle harmonized perfectly with the color of the upholstered furniture.

EXAMPLE 3. The UN has met for another meeting.

In the sentence, the word "UN" is the subject, feminine (organization). The predicate "gathered" is on average. This is mistake. We fix: The UN met for a regular meeting.

EXAMPLE 4. Foreign Ministry announced participation in the meeting

In the sentence, the word "MIA" is the subject, it does not change. When decrypted, we get "Ministry

Foreign Affairs". Keep in mind that this word refers to the masculine gender. The predicate "reported" is on average. This is mistake. We fix: The Foreign Ministry announced its participation in the meeting.

EXAMPLE 5. Moskovsky Komsomolets published a rating best universities countries.

In the sentence, the phrase "Moskovsky Komsomolets" is the subject, this is a conditional Russian name, a masculine word, like the word "Komsomolets". The predicate "printed" is in the feminine. This is mistake. We correct: Moskovsky Komsomolets published a rating of the best universities in the country.

EXAMPLE 6. Tbilisi attracts tourists .

In the sentence, the word "Tbilisi" is the subject, it is an invariable code name. It is a masculine word, like the word "city". The predicate "attract" is plural. This is mistake. We fix: Tbilisi attracts tourists. 

B) Coordination of the predicate with the subject with the meaning of the profession

With a masculine noun denoting a profession, position, rank, etc., the predicate is put in the masculine gender, regardless of the gender of the person in question. For example: the teacher made a report, the director called an employee

WITH proposals will be wrong, in which the teacher made a report, the director called an employee .

Note: if there is a person's own name, especially a surname, in which the indicated words act as applications, the predicate is consistent with own name: Teacher Sergeeva gave a lecture. More on this point below, 7.3.5

7.3.5 Subject is appendix

An application is a definition expressed by a noun that agrees with the word being defined in the case: city ​​(what?) Sochi, bird (what?) hummingbird, website (what?) "ReshuEGE"

By general rule the predicate agrees with the subject, and the presence of an application in the form of a different gender or number in the latter does not affect agreement

For example: The plant, this grand colossus, seemed to be a ship of unheard-of dimensions too. The suggestion would be wrong. The plant, this grandiose colossus, it seemed, was also a ship of unheard of dimensions. .

If the subject has an application, then, first of all, it is necessary to find out which of the words is the subject and which is the application, and then put the predicate in one way or another.

Table 1. Application and subjects are written separately. When combining a generic name and a specific or specific and individual subject, the word denoting a broader concept is considered, and the predicate is consistent with it. Here are some examples:

Application is a common noun:

the rose flower smelled marvelously; the oak tree has grown; kharcho soup is cooked

Application - proper noun

the Dnieper river has flooded; newspaper "Moscow's comsomolets" came out; Barbos dog barked

Exception: last names of people. In pairs, engineer Svetlova reported, Doctor of Science Zvantseva came out, head teacher Marina Sergeevna noted proper nouns are subject.

Table 2. The subject is compound noun, forms terms, in which one part resembles an application in function. In these cases, the leading (defined) word is the word that expresses a broader concept or specifically designates an object.

The predicate agrees with the first word, both words change

an armchair-bed stood in the corner; the factory-laboratory fulfilled the order; invoice issued in a timely manner; theater-studio brought up a lot of actors; attention was attracted by a table-poster; romance song became very popular

The predicate agrees with the second word, the first word does not change:

cafeteria is open(dining room is a broader concept); vending machine open(in this combination, the part of the diner acts as the bearer of a specific meaning); raincoat tent lay(tent in the form of a raincoat, not a raincoat in the form of a tent); "Roman-newspaper" was published in large circulation(newspaper is a broader name).

EXAMPLE 1 ice cream cake cut into equal pieces .

Compound noun "ice cream cake" in the main, more common word"cake" is masculine, so: Ice cream cake cut into equal parts

EXAMPLE 2 The story "Children of the Underground" was written by V.G. Korolenko. .

The conditional name is an application, so you need to coordinate the predicate with the word "story": The story "Children of the Underground" was written by V.G. Korolenko.

EXAMPLE 3 A tiny dog, quite a puppy, suddenly barked loudly. .

The subject is the word "dog", it is feminine, therefore: A tiny dog, quite a puppy, suddenly barked loudly.

EXAMPLE 4 Yesterday the young teacher Petrov gave his first lecture. .

The subject is the surname "Petrova", it is feminine, therefore: Yesterday, the young teacher Petrova gave her first lecture.

A) The sentence has homogeneous subjects and one predicate

If the predicate refers to several subjects, not connected by unions or connected by a connecting union, then the following forms of coordination apply:

The predicate after homogeneous subjects is usually plural:

Industry and Agriculture in Russia are steadily developing.

The predicate that precedes homogeneous subjects usually agrees with the nearest of them:

In the village there was a clatter and screams

If there are divisive or opposing unions between the subjects, then the predicate is put in the singular.

Experienced fear or instant fright in a minute seems both funny, and strange, and incomprehensible. Not you, but fate is to blame.

Consider sentences with errors:

EXAMPLE 1 Passion for sports and a tough daily routine did their job. .

Two subjects, the predicate comes after a series of homogeneous members, so it must be in the plural: Passion for sports and a tough daily routine did their job.

EXAMPLE 2 Not reason, but fear suddenly took possession of me. .

Two subjects, with the union a, the predicate must therefore be in the singular: Not reason, but fear suddenly took possession of me.

EXAMPLE 3 In the distance, the familiar noise and loud voices could be heard. .

Two subjects, the predicate is in front of a number of homogeneous members, therefore it should be in the singular: In the distance there was a familiar noise and loud voices.

B) The combination in the subject of a noun in the nominative case with a noun in the instrumental case (with the preposition c) like “brother and sister”

Setting the predicate in the plural or singular depends on what meaning is given to the phrase: joint action or separate.

When combined in the subject of a noun in the nominative case with a noun in the instrumental case (with the preposition c) like “brother and sister”, the predicate is put:

in plural, if both named objects (persons) act as equal action producers(both are subject);

Pasha and Petya had been waiting for their mother's return for a long time and were very worried.

in the singular, if the second object (person) accompanies the main producer of the action ( is an addition):

The mother and child went to the clinic. Nikolai and his younger sister came later than everyone else.

Only in the singular in the presence of the words TOGETHER, TOGETHER:

My father left the city with his mother.

Only in the singular with the subject expressed by the pronoun I, YOU

I will come with a friend; you had a fight with your mom

Consider sentences with errors:

EXAMPLE 1 My brother and his friends went to the beach. .

With the word "together" the predicate cannot be plural: My brother and his friends went to the beach.

EXAMPLE 2 Ruslan and I will come to class today. .

With the subject I (+ someone else), the predicate cannot be plural: Ruslan and I will come to class today. Or: Ruslan and I will come to class today.

EXAMPLE 3 You and your sister will live in this room. .

With the subject you (+ someone else), the predicate cannot be plural: You and your sister will live in this room.Or: You and your sister will live in this room..

C) the error in constructing a sentence with a participial phrase in sentence 8 is that the action indicated by the gerund participle “preparing” corresponds to the predicate, expressed by the reflexive verb in the passive meaning “will be needed”, the gerund phrase cannot be attached to such predicates. We need to completely redesign the proposal.

The sentence can be restructured as follows: In preparing for an oral presentation, the speaker's personal conviction will be needed.

Rule 7.8.1 TYPE 3

7.8. ERRORS IN UPOP-REQUIREMENTS-LE-NII

INTRODUCTION

De-e-at-private turnover is de-e-at-part with for-we-si-we-mi words.

De-e-at-part-of-the-time always denotes a pre-ba-voch-noe action, something about-is-ho-dit pa-ral-lel-but with basic-new-nym, for example: the husband-chi-on walked (basic-new-action), one-ma-hi-way ru-ka-mi(do-ba-voch-noe, what while doing); the cat for-snu-la (basic action), squeezing its paws (before-ba-voch-noe action, what did you do with it?)

De-e-at-cha-stia from-ve-cha-yut to the question what are you doing? (non-completed look) and what did you do? (perfect view). One-but-time-men-but with this question, you can ask questions and pro-sa-mi How? how? for what purpose? and better. De-e-at-part-of-the-time always denotes a sign of action, that is, describe-sy-va-et how to pro-is-ho-dit the main new action -action.

Class-si-fi-qi-ru-em all types of possible gram-ma-ti-che-mistakes when using de-e-with-partial-no-go about -company.

7.8.1 De-e-at-private turnover in the preposition with the under-le-zha

The general pra-vi-lo use of the de-e-at-of-part-of-the-ro-ta sounds like this: de-e-participation and say-e-mine should denote the actions of the same person, that is, under-le-zha-shche. This face performs two actions: one is basic, the second is pre-ba-voch-noe. De-e-at-part-of-part should be easy, but change to the second verb: sat down, once-lo-alive study-ni-ki - sat down and once-lo-lived; looked-rel, smile-ba-is - looked-rel and smile-ball-sya.

type 1

Ras-look-rim pre-lo-zhe with a gram-ma-ty-che-error.

Slipping on the ice, I was under-captured by an eye-manager next to a guy.

Pro-ho-dya under the house, on me almost sw-li-las co-sul-ka.

In each of the pre-positions of the current persons, there were two: in the first, someone slipped and someone grabbed; in the second: someone passed and someone almost fell off. But due to a mistake in the stro-e-nii, slip-no-shis b; so-sul-ka almost sw-li-las, pro-ho-dya.

With such a structure-e-nii, de-e-at-part-of-error-boch-but from-not-se-but to one-th action-th-th-th person, but say- zu-e-mine - to the other-th-th, that on-ru-sha-is the basis of the new pra-vi-lo. In order to avoid mistakes, you need to make sure that de-e-at-part and say-e-my from-but-si-li to the same person.

When I slipped on the ice, a guy next to me picked up the eye.

When I passed under the house, a co-sul-ka almost fell on me.

Type 2

Na-pi-sav sti-ho-your-re-nie "Death of a poet", fate-ba Ler-mon-to-va was opré de le na.

Pro-ana-li-zi-ro-vav sti-ho-creative text, I was co-ver-shen-but correctly determined its size.

As in type 1, de-e-participation and say-zu-e-my from-no-syat-sya to different persons. Due to a mistake in the stro-e-nii in-lu-cha-et-sya, what fate was opré de le na, na-pi-sav; size determined, pro-ana-li-zi-ro-vav. Telling-e-mine represents a short stra-da-tel-noe part.

If you say-e-my you-ra-same-but a short part, it means that the sub-le-zha itself is not you-full of action, something is de la yut with him. With this form, say-zu-e-mo-go de-e-with-cha-stia cannot be.

Let's bring va-ri-an-you is-right-len-ny pre-lo-zh-ny:

When Ler-mon-tov na-pi-sal sti-ho-tvo-re-nie "Death of a poet", his fate was opré de le na.

When I pro-ana-li-zi-ro-val a verse text, I completed its size, but correctly determined it.

TYPE 3. De-e-at-private turnover is attached to the tell-zu-e-mo-mu-return-gate-no-mu-gla-go-lu in the stra-da-tel-nom sign -che-nii, im-u-sche-mu post-fix Xia

Ras-look at the pre-lo-zhe with a gram-ma-ty-che-error.

Usually, co-creating your pro-of-ve-de-nie, in him you-ra-zh-et Xia author's from-but-she-nie to life and people.

Po-lu-chiv about-ra-zo-va-nie, stu-den-you on-right-la-ut Xia senior master ma-ste-rum for practice-tee-ku.

As in type 2, the sub-le-zha-shche in such a preposition does not actually perform the actions itself: from-but-she-nie you-ra-zh-et Xia(by someone); displays Xia(by someone); on-right-la-ut Xia(by someone). But a if there is no action, then there cannot be half-no-tel-no-go, up-ba-voch-no-go, you-ra-women-no-go de-e-at-cha- sti-em. For-me-nya-em de-e-at-private turnover on at-yes-exact pre-lo-same.

Let's bring va-ri-an-you is-right-len-ny pre-lo-zh-ny:

Usually-but-ven-but, when a pro-from-ve-de-nie is created, in it you-ra-m-is-the author-s-from-but-ne-ne to life and people. Or: Co-building pro-from-ve-de-nie, the author always you-ra-zha-et his from-but-she-nie to life and people.

When students-den-you-lu-cha-yut about-ra-zo-va-nie, they are right-la-yut-by the senior ma-ster-rum for practice.

7.8.2. De-e-at-private turnover in the pre-lo-same-nii without under-le-zha-shche-go

Very often it happens that the subject, you-completing both actions, may be for-mal-but not you-ra-wife, that is, in the pre-lo -no under-le-zha-shche-go. In this case, we are talking about one-but-with-stav-ny pre-lo-same-no-yah. Namely, these types of you-zy-va-yut are the most-big-for-labor-non-niya when you find errors.

TYPE 4

Ras-look-rim pre-lo-zhe with a gram-ma-ty-che-error.

From-right-lying to-free-but-important te-le-gram-mu I don't have enough money.

He was sad.

There is no under-le-zha-shche-go, the action-of-you-go-go-face you-ra-same-but me-hundred-have-no-eat to me(this is the yes case). Use-zo-va-nie de-e-at-partially-go-o-ro-ta in non-personal pre-lo-same-no-yah not-to-pu-sti-mo. You can: either make from de-e-with-partial-no-go with-yes-exact preposition, or from without-person-no-go make the usual, with under-le-zha-shchim.

Exclusion of the co-stav-la-yut pre-lo-same-tion with the g-go-lom -in-fi-ni-ti-vom, see type 7.

Let's bring va-ri-an-you is-right-len-ny pre-lo-zh-ny:

When I sent a free-but-important telegram, I didn’t have enough money.

From-ka-zy-va-yas from pro-ve-de-niya ex-pe-ri-men-ta, he ex-py-tal sadness.

TYPE 5

Ras-look at the pre-lo-zhe with a gram-ma-ty-che-error.

Po-lu-chiv ho-ro-neck about-ra-zo-va-nie, Gri-bo-edo-va on-right-vi-li sec-re-tarem di-plo-ma-ti-che-mission to Per-siyu.

Not finishing the report, at-head-no-ku from de la pre-lo-zhi-whether to leave for co-man-di-ditch-ku.

There can’t be de-e-at-part-no-go-o-ro-ta with sub-le-zha-schema, if it is not defined-de-le-but. Such a si-tu-a-tion voz-no-ka-et in not-definitely-personal pre-lo-same-no-yah with a verb in the form of a pro-shed-she-th tense-me-no plural.

Who's right? who lu-chil? who pre-lo-lived? who did not finish the report? Unclear. For-me-nya-em-to-mouth on the pre-yes-exact preposition or re-re-stra-and-va-em so that it is clear who is lu-chil about-ra-zo-va-nie, and who finished the report.

Let's bring va-ri-an-you is-right-len-ny pre-lo-zh-ny:

When Gri-bo-edov received a ho-ro-neck about-ra-zo-va-nie, it’s on-right-wi-wh-sec-re-tarem di-plo-ma-ti-che-sky missions to Per-siyu.

Not finishing the report, at the head of the nickname from de la on-lu-chil pre-lo-same-nie to leave for co-man-di-ditch-ku.

7.8.3. De-e-at-private turnover in the pre-lo-same-nii without under-le-zha-shche-go. Permitted tricks.

Due to the fact that in the tasks there may be right-forward prepositions with de-e-at-partial-turn-about, we consider an important time to place a tab-li-tsu with such-ki-mi-pri-me-ra-mi and on such right-vi-la that they don’t meet in oshi-boch-ny . Everything in this table is different.

TYPE 6

Re-re-ho-dya street, pay attention-ma-tel-but follow-di-those for the movement-same-ni-em trans-port-ta.

Po-lu-chiv for-da-tion on de-e-at-private turnover, check if there is a request, order or advice in it.

In the pre-lo-same-ni-yah, there is no under-le-zha-shche. But times-re-sha-et-sya use de-e-at-private ob-ro-you in such pre-lo-the-no-yah, where use gla-goal in in-ve-tel-nome on-clo-non-nii: follow, go, write, search, and so on. In-lu-cha-et-sya, which is both a turn-mouth, and I’ll say-zu-e-mine from-but-sit-sya with the same person, someone-ro-mu we are something so-ve-tu-em-do. It is easy to place a place You: you follow-di-those, re-re-ho-dya; you check-those, po-lu-chiv.

TYPE 7

Ras-look-rim pre-lo-same-nia without mistake-side.

Walking through the autumn forest, pri-yat-but inhale foolish aro-mat of fallen leaves.

Handing over a ra-bo-tu, follow it carefully, but check it out.

Despite the fact that there is no under-le-zh-sche-go (no-personal pre-lo-same) to-pu-sti-mo use de-e-at-private turnover, if it is from-no-sit-sya to in-fi-ni-ti-vu: walking, inhale; reading, sit-child; sword-thai, dre-mother; dre-may, dream-thief.

Not all in-so-biya do-pus-ka-yut is right-vi-lo: in some of them, in-fi-ni-ti-vu is obligatory-for-tel-but tre- bu-yut-sya is necessary, it is possible, it is necessary, following and others (so on-zy-va-e-my mod-distant words). In any case, pre-lo-same type: pe-re-pi-sy-vaya, follows-from-me-chat; having begun, it is necessary to finish; po-lu-chiv, not-about-ho-di-mo do, will be WITHOUT-OSHI-BOCH-NY-MI.

TYPE 8

Ras-look at the pre-lo-zhe-niya without mistake-sides.

Co-be-ra-is at the se-mei-scrap table in the house of ro-di-te-lei, always remember ba-bush-ki-ny pi-ro-gi and tea with ka-li-noy and mint.

Plan-ni-ruya before-sto-I-shchy from-launch.

There is no under-le-zh-sche-go, but pre-lo-same-tion definite-personal, easy to place We. You can turn around! He is from-but-sit-sya to under-ra-zu-me-va-e-my face: we re-em-on-em, co-bi-ra-yas; we rec-count-you-va-em, plan-ni-ruya.

D) a violation in the construction of a sentence with an inconsistent application in sentence 2. The title of the novel, a proper name, is put in the nominative case if it is an application, that is, a second title. The first title is a novel.

Here is the correct spelling: A.S. Pushkin in the novel in verse "Eugene Onegin" draws pictures of the life of St. Petersburg and Moscow.

Rule 7.2.1 paragraph

7.2. On-ru-she-nie in in-stro-e-ni pre-lo-zhe-niya with not-with-gla-with-van-ny with-lo-same-ni-eat.

INTRODUCTION.

Attachment - this is a definition of de-le-tion, you-ra-wife-name of the su-shche-stuff, standing in the same pas-de-same (that is, CO-CH-CO-VAN-NYE), which is the definition of de la e my word. Ha-rak-te-ri-zuya an object, application gives it a different name and asserts that it has someone to-half-no-tel-no-go sign. Applications can refer to any member of the preposition, you-ra-wife-name nym, personal place-name-ni-em, sub-stan-ti-vi-ro-van-ny with-part-and with-la-ha-tel-ny, as well as numbers li-tel-nym. For example: This is how Mi-ha-il Vlasov lived, fitter, vo-lo-sa-ty, gloomy, with little laziness-ki-mi eyes-ka-mi (M. G.); It was her pe-ter-hoff-sky don't-know-whom-ka(Paust.); First of all, the oldest of all, Fedya, you would give four-twenty years (T.); Mother was traveling with father from the Si-ver-skaya station, and we, children, did you-go to them nav-stra-chu (Nab.).

Note: Names of proper names, used in a re-native sense (in the letter, the key is nye in ka-vych-ki) are also-la-yut-sya at-lo-same-ni-i-mi, they are called-zy-va-yut NOT-CO-GLA-SO-VAN-NY-MI in from-li-chie from CO-GLA-SO-VAN-NYH.

Also, very often they are-la-ut-sya with-lo-no-I-mi proper names, on-pi-san-nye without ka-you-check.

Not y-la-yut-sya at-lo-no-i-mi (although in the form of communication on-on-mi-na-yut them) comp-po-nen-you of some kind compound words: a) compound words, representing-la-u-shchih themselves ter-mi-ny (sofa-bed, crane-beam, roman-ga-ze-ta, museum-quar- ti-ra, hut-chi-tal-nya), b) complex words, part of some of them are-la-yut-evaluation-night words (firebird, pa-yin- ka-boy-chik, boy-woman, grief-ru-ko-vo-di-tel, miracle fish).

NON-CO-CHAPTER-CO-VAN-NYE APPLICATIONS, you-ra-wife conditionally on-name-but-va-ni-em.

7.2.1. Names of proper names, used in a re-native sense (in writing, enclosed in quotes) , always yav-la-yut-sya at-lo-same-ni-i-mi, if from-but-syat-sya to a de-la-e-my word, and stand in the form of im -no-tel-no-go pas-de-zha, not-for-vi-si-mo from the pa-dezh-noy form of the de-la-e-mo-th word. For example: Among the seven-hundred mat-ro-owls, you-sa-div-shih-sya with a bro-no-nose "Po-tem-kin" on the Romanian coast, there was Ro-di-on Zhukov (Cat.); During the is-py-ta-niya tan-ke-ra "Le-ning-grad" su-do-stro-and-the-whether you launch another ship of the same kind into the water - "Klay-pe-da". Namely, this type of application is present in the tasks of the exam. Ob-ra-ti-te-attention: as soon as from the preposition “ear-dit” DEFINITION-DE-LA-E-MY word (that is book, magazine, car-ty-na, play, article, car-to-mo-bil, steamboat and so on), PROPER-NAME ceases to be at-lo-the-no-it, compare-no-those: is-to-riya ro-ma-na “Ev-ge-ny One -gin "-is-to-riya of the co-building" Ev-ge-niya One-gi-na "; Ma-le-vich you-half-nil several copies of "Cher-no-go square-ra-ta" -Kar-ti-na Ka-zi-mi-ra Ma-le-vi-cha "Black square rat" co-building in 1915.

7.2.2 If we are talking about APP-LO-ZHE-NII - a proper name, but in-pi-san-nom without ka-you-check, then there is a very long series of rules, re-gu-li-ru-yu-shchi them on-pi-sa-nie. Some groups of proper names co-gla-su-yut-sya with a de-la-e-my word, others do not co-gla-su-yut-sya. Fortunately, there were no such tasks at the Unified State Examination (in any case, until 2016).

Following these pra-vi-lams, you should pi-sat, for example,

On the planet Mars (and not Mars);

On the lake Bai-kal (and not Bai-ka-le);

Behind the mountain El-brus (and not El-brus-som).

On the Ganges (not the Ganges), but on the Moscow River (not the Moscow River).

Full infor-mation about na-pi-sa-ni-yah in-additional applications can be obtained by pro-chi-tav any of the co- biy Dit-ma-ra Ro-zen-ta-la, sacred in-pro-self sti-li-sti-ki and whether-te-ra-tour-noy right-ke.

E) the incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition in sentence 5 is that after the prepositions “thanks”, “according to”, “contrary”, “like” nouns are used only in the dative form WHAT? and in no other.

Here is the correct spelling: Each person sees the ideal of life in his own way, according to his character and moral principles.

Rule 7.7.1 paragraph

7.7 IRREGULAR USE OF THE PA-DEGENT FORM OF THE SU-ST-TEL-BUT-GO WITH THE PRE-LO-G

To this type, from-no-syat-sya not-right-vil-but in-built-en-n-pre-lo-s-n-s with pro-from-water-us before-lo-ha-mi and not -pro-from-water-ny pre-lo-go "po".

7.7.1 The use of the right-vil-noy case-form of the name of the su-stuff-tel-no-go with the pro-of-water pre-logs “good -yes-rya ”,“ according to the voice-but ”,“ in-pre-ki ”,“ in-add-but ”,“ on-pe-re-cork ”,“ on-pe-re-cut ”

After the pre-logs “bla-go-da-rya”, “ac-voice-but”, “in-pre-ki”, “better-but”, etc. -nye use-treb-la-yut-sya only in the form of yes-tel-no-go pas-de-zha (to whom? what?) and in no other.

Ras-look at the pre-lo-zhe-niya with an error:

Example 1. True success can only be achieved by bla-go-da-rya (what?) on-stay-chi-in-sti, goal-le-strive-len-but-sti and (what?) deep knowledge of a man-lo-ve-ka. If the words “on-stand-chi-in-sti, goal-le-strive-len-no-sti” are in yes-tel-pa-de-same (which is true!), then the word-in-co- che-ta-nie "deep-bo-kih-knowledge" is used-le-but in ro-di-tel-nom pa-de-same, it needs to be corrected, na-pi-sav " deep-bo-know-ni-pits.

Example 2. According to the voice (what?) of the traditions that were living in the fleet, the transition through the eq-va-tor was considered significant with -be-ti-eat. For-me-nya-em case: according to the voice (what?) "Slo-living-shim-Xia tra-di-qi-yam."

Example 3. Ra-bo-tu on pro-ve-re-she-but it was to lead, in-pre-ki (what?) Us-but-viv-shih-sya right-forks, not in summer, but in winter. For-me-nya-em: “in-pre-ki-mouth-but-viv-shim-shim-pra-vi-lam.”

Note 1. The pre-log “bla-go-da-rya” is used only when it comes to the reasons that you called in-lo-zhi-tel-ny result. In this way, not-good-we-we-should-be considered about-ro-you with this pre-log in co-che-ta-nii with something from-ri-tsa- tel-nym: Bla-go-da-rya death-ty ma-te-ri I grew up early. In this pre-log, you need to mention a simple pre-log “because of”.

Note 2. Pre-log “bla-go-da-rya” on-zy-va-et-sya about-from-water-nym in a way that about-ra-zo-val-sya from de-e-at -part of "bla-go-da-rya". And these are co-ver-shen-but different parts of speech. To de-e-pri-part, we put the question “what are you doing?” and you-de-la-eat for-five-you-mi either as one-night-noe, or in a co-hundred-ve de-e-at-of-part-no-ob-ro-ta.

Compare: He successfully defended his diploma work and, (what is he doing?) thanks-go-da-rya (who?) ru-ko-vo-di-te-la pro- ek-ta and (who else?) then-va-ri-schey for help and support, left the audience-to-rii. De-e-at-part of “bla-go-da-rya” is a pre-ba-voch-ny action to say “got out” .

He successfully completed a diploma diploma job b-go-da-rya (what?) with the help of ru-ko-vo-di-te-la pro-ek- that and that-va-ri-schey. There is no way to put the question “what is doing”, this is not an additional action, this is a pre-log. And there is no fifth. For-fifth in the pre-lo-zh-ni-yah with the word "bla-go-da-rya" can serve as a hint: with the pre-lo-ge it would not be-va- etc.

7.7.2 With a noun, there is a pre-log “by”

Non-pro-of-water preposition “by” in the sense of “after something” is used with the name of the noun only -ko in the form of pre-false-no-go pas-de-zha, and not da-tel-no-go

Therefore, the following prepositions are given below in order wrong:

Upon arrival Yu in Moscow, he felt bad about himself.

Upon arrival at in Ve-ne-tion, I immediately set-til several of my old acquaintances.

By the end Yu construction-and-tel-stva ra-bo-chie left-vi-whether on the object-idea-al-ny in a row-dock.

By windows-cha-ni Yu ku-s-ovs of the English-gli-sko-th language I-lu-chil ser-ti-fi-kat.

In these sentences, the pre-log “by” has the meaning “after something”, so the word standing after it is not-about-ho -di-mo was mentioned in the form of pre-false-no-go, and not da-tel-no-go pas-de-zha:

upon arrival in Moscow (= after arrival in Moscow), upon arrival in Ve-ne-tion (= after arrival in Ve-ne-tion ), upon completion of construction (= after completion of construction), upon completion of courses (= after tea).

The right-vil-nym will be the following in-string-e-thing of these prepositions:

Upon arrival in Moscow, he felt badly.

Upon arrival in Ve-ne-tion, I immediately set up a few of my old acquaintances.

According to the completion of the construction, the work was left on the object in an ideal way.

According to the windows-cha-niI of the courses of the English language, I began to lu-chil ser-ti-fi-kat.

For-remember-no-those:

upon arrival (= after arrival),

after arrival-ez-de (= after arrival-ez-yes),

after completion (= after completion),

by okon-cha-niI (= after okon-cha-nii).

7.7.3 With a noun, there is a pro-of-water pre-log “in view of”, “due to”, “in case”, “subject to condition "," with the help of "and others

These pre-logs also arose in re-zul-ta-te pe-re-ho-da from sa-mo-hundred-I-tel-ny parts of speech and tre-bu-yut from the hundred-I-who behind them are the su-stu-tel-nyh ro-di-tel-no-go pa-de-zha.

In view of (whom? What?) bad weather;

Due to (whom? what?) for-mo-roz-kov;

In the case of (whom? what?) success

Let's give the correct match:

Answer: 47825