M.: 2011. - 288 p.
Target this manual- help students consolidate their literacy skills, prepare for the exam and pass it at the highest high score. The book contains the basic rules of Russian spelling and punctuation in accordance with the requirements of the program for studying the Russian language at school. Particular attention is paid to the book difficult cases spelling. List of difficult to spelling words, given in the book, will help you cope with writing the most difficult texts, and exercises and dictations will test and consolidate your knowledge of the language. The manual will be an indispensable assistant to students, teachers, tutors, as well as to all those who want to improve their knowledge of the Russian language.
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CONTENT
SPELLING
Spelling of vowels in root 4
§ 1. Checked unstressed vowels 4
§ 2. Unverifiable unstressed vowels 5
§ 3. Alternating vowels 6
§ 4. Vowels after hissing 8
§ 5. Vowels after C 9
Spelling of consonants in root 11
§ 8. Voiced and deaf consonants 11
§ 9. Double consonants 12
§ 10. Silent consonants 14
Capitalization 15
§ eleven. Capital letters at the beginning of the text 15
§ 12. Capital letters after punctuation marks 15
§ 13. Proper names persons 16
§ 14. Names of animals 20
§ 15. Names actors in fables, fairy tales, plays 20
§ 16. Adjectives and adverbs formed from individual names 21
§ 17. Place names 22
§ 18. Astronomical names 25
§ 19. Names of historical eras and events 25
§ 20. Names of state and professional holidays, significant dates
26
§ 21. Names of institutions, organizations and enterprises 27
§ 22. Names of documents, ancient monuments, objects of art 30
§ 23. Names of positions and titles 31
§ 24. Names of orders, medals, insignia 32
§ 25. Names in quotation marks 32
§ 26. Compound words and abbreviations 33
§ 27. Conditional proper names 35
Spelling of foreign words 35
§ 28. Questions of transcription and transliteration 35
Separating b and b 39
§ 29. Use of b 39
§ 30. Use of b 40
Spelling prefixes 40
§ 31. Vowels Y and I after prefixes 40
§ 32. Prefixes on -З 41
§ 33. Prefix C-42
§ 34. Prefixes PRE- and PRI-42
Vowels after hissing and D in suffixes and endings 43
§ 35. Vowels O and E after hissing 43
§ 36. Vowels after C 44
Spelling of nouns 45
§ 37. Endings of nouns 45
§ 38. Suffixes of nouns 47
Spelling of adjectives 49
§ 39. Endings of adjectives 49
§ 40. Suffixes of adjectives 50
Spelling compound words 54
§ 41. Connecting vowels O and E 54
§ 42. Compound words without connecting vowels 55
§ 43. Spelling of compound nouns 56
§ 44. Spelling of compound adjectives 59
Spelling of numerals 72
§ 45. Numbers quantitative, ordinal, fractional. . . 72
§ 46. Numeral POL-73
Pronoun spelling 74
§ 47. Negative pronouns 74
Spelling verbs 75
§ 48. Personal endings of verbs 75
§ 49. The use of the letter b in verb forms 77
§ 50. Suffixes of verbs 77
Spelling participles 78
§ 51. Vowels in participle suffixes 78
§ 52. Spelling HH and H in participles and verbal adjectives 79
Spelling of adverbs 83
§ 53. Vowels at the end of adverbs 83
§ 54. Adverbs for hissing 83
§ 55. Negative adverbs 84
§ 56. Continuous spelling of adverbs 84
§ 57. Hyphenization of adverbs 91
§ 58. Separate spelling adverbial combinations 92
Spelling of prepositions 95
§ 59. Compound prepositions 95
§ 60. Continuous and separate spelling of prepositions and prepositional combinations 95
Spelling unions 96
§ 61. Continuous spelling of unions 96
§ 62. Separate spelling of unions 100
Particle Spelling 100
§ 63. Separate spelling of particles 100
§ 64. Hyphenization of particles 100
Spelling NOT and NOR 102
§ 65. Spelling NOT with nouns 102
§ 66. Spelling NOT with adjectives 104
§ 67. Spelling NOT with numerals 110
§ 68. Spelling NOT with pronouns 110
§ 69. Spelling NOT with verbs 110
§ 70. Spelling NOT with participles 111
§ 71. Spelling NOT with adverbs 113
§ 72. Spelling NOT with function words 117
§ 73. Spelling NI 117
Spelling of interjections and onomatopoeic words 120
§ 74. Hyphen spelling of interjections and onomatopoeia. . . 120
PUNCTUATION
SIMPLE SENTENCE
Punctuation marks at the end of a sentence and at a break in speech 121
§ 76. Question mark 123
§ 77. Exclamation mark 124
§ 78. Ellipsis 124
Dash between sentence members 125
§ 79. Dash between subject and predicate 125
§ 80. Dash in incomplete sentence 130
§ 81. Intonation dash 131
§ 82. Connecting dash 131
Punctuation marks in sentences with homogeneous members. . 132
§ 83. Homogeneous members not connected by unions 132
§ 84. Homogeneous and non-homogeneous definitions 134
§ 85. Homogeneous members connected by non-repeating unions 136
§ 86. Homogeneous members connected by repeated unions 138
§ 87. Homogeneous members connected by pair unions 141
§ 88. Generalizing words with homogeneous terms 142
§ 89. Homogeneous and non-homogeneous applications 143
Punctuation marks for repeated words 144
§ 90. Comma with repeated words 144
§ 91. Hyphen spelling of repeated words 145
Punctuation marks in sentences with separate members 146
§ 92. Separate definitions 146
§ 93. Separate applications 150
§ 94. Separate circumstances 156
§ 95. Separate additions 162
Punctuation marks in sentences with clarifying, explanatory and connecting members of the sentence 163
§ 96. Specifying members of the sentence 163
§ 97. Explanatory members of sentence 164
Section 98. Affiliating Members offers 165
Punctuation marks for words not grammatically related to sentence members 166
§ 99. Introductory words and phrases 166
§ 100. Introductory and inserted sentences 171
§ 101. Appeal 173
§ 102. Interjection 174
§ 103. Affirmative, negative and interrogative-exclamatory words 176
DIFFICULT SENTENCE
§ 104. Punctuation marks in a compound sentence. . . 176
§ 105. Punctuation marks in a complex sentence. . 179
§ 106. Comparative turnover 186
§ 107. Expressions integral in meaning 193
§ 108. Punctuation marks in a non-union complex sentence 195
DIRECT SPEECH
§ 109. Punctuation marks in direct speech 200
§ 110. Punctuation marks in dialogue 203
§ 111. Punctuation in quotations 203
§ 112 Use of quotation marks 205
§ 113. Combinations of punctuation marks 208
APPS 214
Exercises 214
Dictations 251
Short list of difficult words to write 259
Conditional abbreviations 281
Academic codes of spelling and punctuation
(arranged in reverse chronological order)
Rules of Russian spelling and punctuation. Full academic reference book: approved by the Spelling Commission of the Russian Academy of Sciences / [ed. N. S. Valgina, N. A. Eskova, O. E. Ivanova, S. M. Kuzmina, V. V. Lopatin, L. K. Cheltsova; resp. ed. V. V. Lopatin]; Ros. acad. Sciences, Dep. historical and philological. Sciences, Institute of Rus. lang. them. V. V. Vinogradova. - Moscow: Eksmo, 2006. - 478, p. – The reference book is an updated edition of the current “Rules of Russian Spelling and Punctuation” of 1956. – Editions after 2006 erased.
Code of rules of Russian spelling. Spelling and punctuation: project / [ed. B. Z. Bukchina, N. A. Eskova, O. E. Ivanova, S. M. Kuzmina, V. V. Lopatin, L. K. Cheltsova (spelling), N. S. Valgina (punctuation); scientific ed. N. A. Eskova, S. M. Kuzmina, V. V. Lopatin (spelling), E. N. Shiryaev (punctuation); ed. O. E. Ivanova]; Ros. acad. Sciences, Dep. lit. and lang., Spelling Commission and Institute of Rus. lang. them. V. V. Vinogradova. - Moscow: Azbukovnik, 2000. - 396, p. - The project was not approved.
Rules of Russian spelling and punctuation: approved. Acad. Sciences of the USSR, M-vom higher. arr. USSR and Ministry of Education. RSFSR / [the largest account. in comp. hosted by S. G. Barkhudarov, K. I. Bylinskiy, V. V. Vinogradov, I. S. Istrina, I. A. Kairov, E. I. Korenevsky, S. E. Kryuchkov, S. P. Obnorskiy, D N. Ushakov, A. B. Shapiro, L. V. Shcherba]. – Ed. 2nd, sr. - Moscow: State. educational-ped. publishing house M-va. enlightenment RSFSR, 1962. - 175, p. - Auth. indicated in approx. us. 4. - Ed. 1st - 1956 - The rules are posted on the portal in the Help section.
Spelling guides and literary editing D. E. Rosenthal
Rosenthal D. E. Reference book on the Russian language: spelling, pronunciation, literary editing / D. E. Rozental, E. V. Dzhandzhakova, N. P. Kabanova. – 7th ed. - Moscow: Iris-press, 2010. - 491 p. – The text is printed in a new edition according to the edition: A Handbook of Spelling, Pronunciation and Literary Editing / D. E. Rozental, E. V. Dzhandzhakova, N. P. Kabanova. 4th ed., rev. Moscow: CheRo, 2001.
Rosenthal D. E. Handbook of spelling and literary editing / D. E. Rosenthal; [ed. I. B. Golub]. – Ed. 2nd, rev. - Moscow: Rolf, 1999. - 361, p.
Rosenthal D. E. Handbook of spelling and literary editing: for press workers / D. E. Rosenthal. – Ed. 3rd, rev. and additional - Moscow: Book, 1978. - 334 p.
Rosenthal D. E. Handbook of spelling and literary editing: for press workers / D. E. Rosenthal. - Moscow: Book, 1967. - 407, p.
A guide to punctuation by D. E. Rosenthal
(editions are in reverse chronological order)
Rosenthal D. E. Reference book on the Russian language. Punctuation / D. E. Rosenthal. - Moscow: ONYX 21st century: 2004. - 263 p.
Rosenthal D. E. A guide to punctuation: for press workers / D. E. Rosenthal; [Reviewer Dr. Philol. sciences, prof. V. F. Ivanova]. - Moscow: Book, 1984. - 272 p.
Reference books on spelling and punctuation by K. I. Bylinsky and N. N. Nikolsky
(editions are in reverse chronological order)
Bylinskiy K.I. A guide to spelling and punctuation for press workers / K. I. Bylinsky, N. N. Nikolsky. – Ed. 4th, revised. and additional - Moscow: Publishing House of Moscow. un-ta, 1970. - 343, p. - Previous ed.: A Spelling and Punctuation Guide for Press Workers / K. I. Bylinskiy and N. N. Nikolsky. 3rd ed., revised. Moscow: Art, 1957. 336 p.
Bylinskiy K.I. A guide to spelling and punctuation for the press / prof. K. I. Bylinsky and N. N. Nikolsky. – Ed. 2nd, revised. - Moscow: Art, 1952. - 311, p. - Previous ed.: A Spelling and Punctuation Guide for Press Workers / K. I. Bylinskiy and N. N. Nikolsky. Moscow; Leningrad: Gizlegprom, 1947. 116 p.
Spelling, Punctuation, Speech and Editing Guides
Belchikov Yu. A. Practical stylistics of the modern Russian language: norms for the use of words, phraseological expressions, grammatical forms and syntactic constructions / Yu. A. Belchikov; Ros. acad. Sciences. - 2nd. ed., rev. and additional - Moscow: AST-PRESS, 2012. - 422 p. - (Reference books of the Russian language).
Bylinskiy K.I. Difficult cases of punctuation / K. I. Bylinskiy, D. E. Rosenthal; [ed. A. E. Milchin]. - Moscow: Art, 1961. - 231 p.
Grot J.K. Russian spelling: a manual compiled on behalf of the second branch of the Imperial Academy of Sciences / J. Grot. – Ed. 21st. - St. Petersburg: Printing house. Moscow Ways of Communication, 1914. - XII, 120, XLIV p.
Mamonov V. A. Practical stylistics of the modern Russian language / V. A. Mamonov, D. E. Rozental. - Moscow: Art, 1957. - 175, p.
Milchin A. E. Directory of the publisher and author: editorial and publishing design of the publication / Arkady Milchin, Lyudmila Cheltsova. - 4th ed. - Moscow: Art. Lebedev Studio Publishing House, 2014. - 1006 p. - This edition repeats the previous one, 3rd, rev. and additional ed. 2009
Ostroumova O. A. Difficulties of Russian punctuation. Dictionary introductory words, combinations and sentences: [experience of a reference dictionary] / O. A. Ostroumova, O. D. Frampol. - Moscow: Publishing House of SGU, 2009. - 501 p.
Pakhomov V. M. Difficult cases of Russian punctuation: a reference dictionary / V. M. Pakhomov, V. V. Svintsov, I. V. Filatova. - Moscow: Eksmo, 2012. - 569, p. – (Library of EKSMO dictionaries). - The author's electronic version of the dictionary is posted on the portal in the "Help" section.
Editorial and publishing design of church printed publications: a guide for the author and publisher / Ed. Council of the Russian Orthodox Church, Synodal Library named after His Holiness Patriarch Alexy II, Publishing House of the Moscow Patriarchate of the Russian Orthodox Church; ch. ed. Publishing House of the Moscow Patriarchate Archpriest Vladimir Siloviev. - Moscow: Publishing House of the Moscow Patriarchate of Russia Orthodox Church, 2015. - 205 p.
Sluzhivov L.I. A proofreader's guide: a practical guide for a proofreader, compositor, editor and author / L. I. Sluzhivov. - Moscow: State. light industry publishing house, 1932. - 256 p.
SPELLING GUIDE,
PRONUNCIATION, LITERARY EDITING
In memory of Tatyana Grigoryevna Vinokur -
philologist-enthusiast, colleague, person…
FOREWORD
This edition is based on the materials of D. E. Rozental’s Handbook of Spelling and Literary Editing, which went through 5 editions. In this guide, not only have the Spelling and Punctuation sections been revised and updated, but a completely new section, Russian Literary Pronunciation, has been included. The section “Literary text editing” was also replenished with new chapters: “Complex syntactic whole”, “Shapes”, “Text editing technique”, and the chapter “Word selection, sustainable combination" has been completely redesigned.
Handbook designed for workers means mass media, publishing houses, authors, translators, for those who are engaged in reference, advertising, information, social activities, which requires universal skills in the design of various genres of messages and public speaking in front of an audience. The handbook is also of interest to a wide range of readers interested in the culture of Russian writing and oral speech.
The sections "Spelling" and "Punctuation", covering the entire system of spelling and punctuation, are based on the normative and still valid "Rules of Russian Spelling and Punctuation (1956)". The main attention is paid to the so-called "difficult cases", which traditionally raise questions from writers. This is, first of all, the use of uppercase and lowercase letters, which is largely due to socio-historical changes that affect the choice of one form or another (in particular, the spelling of names associated with religion, which is becoming increasingly important in society); this is the spelling of complex words, adverbs, continuous or separate spelling of a particle Not , one or two n , etc. In the field of punctuation - punctuation marks with isolated, clarifying, explanatory and connecting members of a sentence, introductory words, between parts of an asyndetic complex sentence. The conditions of use and the expediency of variable punctuation marks are considered in detail.
The section "Literary text editing" is devoted to such important issues stylistics, as an adequate choice of words and phraseological units, normative use of grammatical forms, synonymy of parts of speech and syntactic constructions. Particular attention is paid to the forms and means of expressing the author's position in the text using various speech and textual means, as well as the methods of working with the text, its construction, design, editing.
In the new section devoted to the basics of Russian literary pronunciation, along with the basic rules necessary for mastering the culture of oral speech, there are also guidelines for speaking in front of an audience, for pausing the sounding text, intonation, logical stress. It is assumed that the skills of competent literary pronunciation will contribute to improving the culture of speech, the level of which in Lately causes concern.
The Directory includes as an appendix a list of basic dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books that can be recommended to the reader for a more in-depth acquaintance with the issues of interest to him, to check difficult cases of using language units.
The illustrative material is presented by examples from the Russian classical and modern literature, as well as from works of the most recent time, from newspaper and magazine publications of the 80-90s, translations from foreign languages into Russian.
These days when literary language experiencing strong influence colloquial (and even slang) vocabulary, often invading the language under the slogan of emancipation and "democratization" offered. The directory will help the speaker and writer to choose the right language tools, it is advisable to build the statement and the text as a whole, and most accurately and fully convey its content to the listener and reader.
The authors thank the researchers of the Russian Language Institute Russian Academy sciences, teachers of the Department of the Russian Language of the Moscow Linguistic University, employees of the Moscow Synodal Library of the St. Danilov Monastery, who made a number of valuable comments that were taken into account in the preparation of this publication.
SPELLING
The spelling of words in Russian is subject to the rules set out in this section. In those cases where spelling is not based on rules, one should refer to normative dictionaries (see appendix at the end of the book).
I. ROOT SPELLING
§ 1. Checked unstressed vowels
Unstressed vowels of the root are checked by stress, i.e. the same vowel is written in the unstressed syllable as in the corresponding stressed syllable of the single-root word, for example: forests(forest), fox(l And sy), try on(m e rit) costume - reconcile(world) neighbors; fluttering(V e yat) flag - evolving(un And tie) industry; fridge(X O lod, hol O bottom).
Wed different spelling of unstressed root vowels in similar-sounding words; climb up(in pocket) - lick(wounds) boil(potato) - open(door), caress(cat) - rinse(mouth), clip-on(collar) - clip-on(about a horse) thin out(shoots) - discharge(gun), belittle(meaning) - beg(about mercy), etc.
Note 1. In some roots there is an alternation of vowels. The number of such roots is limited (see § 3 about this).
Note 2. vowel O in unstressed verb roots perfect look can't validate forms imperfect form on -yvat (- ive ), For example: to be late (late, Although be late), cut (cut, Although cut out).
Note 3. In some words foreign origin with a suffix distinguished only etymologically, the spelling of an unstressed vowel cannot be checked with a single-root word if the checked and check vowels are part of suffixes of different origin, for example: subscription (-ment goes back to the French suffix), although subscribe (-ing goes back to the German suffix); accompaniment, Although accompany; engagement, Although engage. Wed also a similar phenomenon in the composition of a foreign root apperceive, Although apperception; disinfect, Although disinfection. The root vowel is preserved in words injection - to inject, projection - to project and bake. others
§ 2. Unverifiable unstressed vowels
The spelling of unstressed vowels that cannot be checked by stress is determined from a spelling dictionary, for example: badminton, concrete, twine, can, bodyaga, briolin, validol, cheesecake, ventilation, vestibule, ham, vinaigrette, dysentery, jerking off, intelligentsia, kalamyanka, kalach, closet, loaf, cuttlefish, holster, layout, burner, head of cabbage, koschey, amulet, magarych, madapolam, obsession, front garden, pantopon, ferry, periphery, gudgeon, pigalitsa, plasticine, privilege, rump steak, rotaprint, bullfinch, smelt, scholarship, brake, thorny, elixir, overpass and many others. etc. (as the examples show, this includes words regardless of their origin).
§ 3. Alternating vowels
alternation A And O
1. Fundamentally gar- - mountains written under stress A, no accent - O; zag A r, ug A r - zag O real, ug O ret.
Exceptions: profit A rki, izg A r, prig A p(special and dialect words).
2. Fundamentally salary - zor- a vowel is written under stress in accordance with pronunciation, without stress - A: s A revo, s O rka - s A rnitsa, oz A rip.
Exception: wake up.
3. Fundamentally cus- - braid(n) - spelled O if followed by a consonant n, in other cases - A: To A sit down, to A satelnaya - to O sleep, prick O dreaming.
The purpose of this manual is to help students consolidate their writing skills, prepare for the exam and pass it with the highest score. The book contains the basic rules of Russian spelling and punctuation in accordance with the requirements of the program for studying the Russian language at school. Particular attention in the book is given to difficult cases of spelling. The list of words that are difficult to write in the book will help you cope with writing the most difficult texts, and exercises and dictations will test and consolidate your knowledge of the language. The manual will be an indispensable assistant to students, teachers, tutors, as well as to all those who want to improve their knowledge of the Russian language.
Checked unstressed vowels.
The general spelling rule for checked unstressed vowels is not difficult. It says: in unstressed syllables, the same vowels are written that are pronounced in this part of the word when it is under stress. For example: rinse (rinse) your mouth - caress (weasel) the dog; sparse (rare) seedlings - defuse (discharge) a gun.
Wed different spelling of root vowels in words close in sound composition: climb (on a tree) - lick (wound), wrap around (cold) - wrap around (braids around the head), run around (square) - offend (children), fall down (on the ground) - winter (winter crops), boil (mushrooms) - open (gate), shine (lantern) - dedicate (in secret), try on (dress) - reconcile (warring), fastened (collar) - fastened (horse), chew (piece meat) - live (in the city center), flutters (flag) - develops (child), brought (by the hand up the stairs) - swila (nest), sing (songs) - drink (tea), turn gray (become gray) - sit (be in a sitting position), belittle (reduce) - beg (beg), splinter (splinter) - pinch (hand), etc.
CONTENT
SPELLING
Spelling of vowels in root 4
§ 1. Checked unstressed vowels 4
§ 2. Unverifiable unstressed vowels 5
§ 3. Alternating vowels 6
§ 4. Vowels after hissing 8
§ 5. Vowels after C 9
Spelling of consonants in root 11
§ 8. Voiced and deaf consonants 11
§ 9. Double consonants 12
§ 10. Silent consonants 14
Capitalization 15
§ 11. Capital letters at the beginning of the text 15
§ 12. Capital letters after punctuation marks 15
§ 13. Proper names of persons 16
§ 14. Names of animals 20
§ 15. Names of characters in fables, fairy tales, plays 20
§ 16. Adjectives and adverbs formed from individual names 21
§ 17. Place names 22
§ 18. Astronomical names 25
§ 19. Names of historical eras and events 25
§ 20. Names of state and professional holidays, significant dates 26
§ 21. Names of institutions, organizations and enterprises 27
§ 22. Names of documents, ancient monuments, objects of art 30
§ 23. Names of positions and titles 31
§ 24. Names of orders, medals, insignia 32
§ 25. Names in quotation marks 32
§ 26. Compound words and abbreviations 33
§ 27. Conditional proper names 35
Spelling of foreign words 35
§ 28. Questions of transcription and transliteration 35
Separating b and b 39
§ 29. Use of b 39
§ 30. Use of b 40
Spelling prefixes 40
§ 31. Vowels Y and I after prefixes 40
§ 32. Prefixes on -З 41
§ 33. Prefix C-42
§ 34. Prefixes PRE- and PRI-42
Vowels after hissing and D in suffixes and endings 43
§ 35. Vowels O and E after hissing 43
§ 36. Vowels after C 44
Spelling of nouns 45
§ 37. Endings of nouns 45
§ 38. Suffixes of nouns 47
Spelling of adjectives 49
§ 39. Endings of adjectives 49
§ 40. Suffixes of adjectives 50
Spelling compound words 54
§ 41. Connecting vowels O and E 54
§ 42. Compound words without connecting vowels 55
§ 43. Spelling of compound nouns 56
§ 44. Spelling of compound adjectives 59
Spelling of numerals 72
§ 45. Numbers quantitative, ordinal, fractional 72
§ 46. Numeral POL-73
Pronoun spelling 74
§ 47. Negative pronouns 74
Spelling verbs 75
§ 48. Personal endings of verbs 75
§ 49. The use of the letter b in verb forms 77
§ 50. Suffixes of verbs 77
Spelling participles 78
§ 51. Vowels in participle suffixes 78
§ 52. Spelling HH and H in participles and verbal adjectives 79
Spelling of adverbs 83
§ 53. Vowels at the end of adverbs 83
§ 54. Adverbs for hissing 83
§ 55. Negative adverbs 84
§ 56. Continuous spelling of adverbs 84
§ 57. Hyphenization of adverbs 91
§ 58. Separate spelling of adverbial combinations 92
Spelling of prepositions 95
§ 59. Compound prepositions 95
§ 60. Continuous and separate spelling of prepositions and prepositional combinations 95
Spelling unions 96
§ 61. Continuous spelling of unions 96
§ 62. Separate spelling of unions 100
Particle Spelling 100
§ 63. Separate spelling of particles 100
§ 64. Hyphenization of particles 100
Spelling NOT and NOR 102
§ 65. Spelling NOT with nouns 102
§ 66. Spelling NOT with adjectives 104
§ 67. Spelling NOT with numerals 110
§ 68. Spelling NOT with pronouns 110
§ 69. Spelling NOT with verbs 110
§ 70. Spelling NOT with participles 111
§ 71. Spelling NOT with adverbs 113
§ 72. Spelling NOT with function words 117
§ 73. Spelling NI 117
Spelling of interjections and onomatopoeic words 120
§ 74. Hyphen spelling of interjections and onomatopoeia 120
PUNCTUATION
SIMPLE SENTENCE
Punctuation marks at the end of a sentence and at a break in speech 121
§ 76. Question mark 123
§ 77. Exclamation mark 124
§ 78. Ellipsis 124
Dash between sentence members 125
§ 79. Dash between subject and predicate 125
§ 80. Dash in an incomplete sentence 130
§ 81. Intonation dash 131
§ 82. Connecting dash 131
Punctuation marks in sentences with homogeneous members 132
§ 83. Homogeneous members not connected by unions 132
§ 84. Homogeneous and non-homogeneous definitions 134
§ 85. Homogeneous members connected by non-repeating unions 136
§ 86. Homogeneous members connected by repeated unions 138
§ 87. Homogeneous members connected by pair unions 141
§ 88. Generalizing words with homogeneous terms 142
§ 89. Homogeneous and non-homogeneous applications 143
Punctuation marks for repeated words 144
§ 90. Comma with repeated words 144
§ 91. Hyphen spelling of repeated words 145
Punctuation marks in sentences with separate members 146
§ 92. Separate definitions 146
§ 93. Separate applications 150
§ 94. Separate circumstances 156
§ 95. Separate additions 162
Punctuation marks in sentences with clarifying, explanatory and connecting members of the sentence 163
§ 96. Specifying members of the sentence 163
§ 97. Explanatory members of sentence 164
§ 98. Attaching members of the sentence 165
Punctuation marks for words not grammatically related to sentence members 166
§ 99. Introductory words and phrases 166
§ 100. Introductory and inserted sentences 171
§ 101. Appeal 173
§ 102. Interjection 174
§ 103. Affirmative, negative and interrogative-exclamatory words 176
DIFFICULT SENTENCE
§ 104. Punctuation marks in a compound sentence 176
§ 105. Punctuation marks in a complex sentence 179
§ 106. Comparative turnover 186
§ 107. Expressions integral in meaning 193
§ 108. Punctuation marks in a non-union complex sentence 195
DIRECT SPEECH
§ 109. Punctuation marks in direct speech 200
§ 110. Punctuation marks in dialogue 203
§ 111. Punctuation in quotations 203
§ 112 Use of quotation marks 205
§ 113. Combinations of punctuation marks 208
APPS 214
Exercises 214
Dictations 251
Short list of difficult words to write 259
Conditional abbreviations 281.
- Rosenthal D.E. - 1997.
The handbook contains the most important spelling and punctuation rules, as well as recommendations for the correct use of words and their various forms, with a focus on difficult cases. The reference book is a good guide for media workers, authors, translators, students and schoolchildren and is of undoubted interest to all readers interested in the issues of correct Russian writing.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Spelling
I. Spelling of vowels in the root
§ 1. Checked unstressed vowels
§ 2. Unverifiable unstressed vowels
§ 3. Alternating vowels
§ 4. Vowels after hissing
§ 5. Vowels after c
§6. Letters e-e
§ 7. Letter y
II. Spelling of consonants in the root
§ 8. Voiced and deaf consonants
§ 9. Double consonants at the root and at the junction of the prefix and the root
§ 10. Silent consonants
III. Use of capital letters
§ 11. Capital letters at the beginning of the text
§ 12. Capital letters after punctuation marks
§ 13. Proper names of persons
§ 14. Nicknames of animals, names of plant species, wine varieties
§ 15. Names of characters in fables, fairy tales, plays
§ 16. Adjectives and adverbs formed from individual names
§ 17. Geographical and administrative-territorial names
§ 18. Astronomical names
§ 19. Names of historical eras and events, geological periods
§ 20. Names of holidays, popular movements, significant dates
§ 21. Names associated with religion
§ 22. Names of organizations, institutions, enterprises, foreign companies
§ 23. Names of documents, ancient monuments, works of art
§ 24. Names of positions and titles
§ 25. Names of orders, medals, insignia, awards
§ 26. Names literary works and media
§ 27. Compound words and abbreviations
§ 28. Conditional proper names
IV. Dividing b and b
§ 29. Use of ъ
§ 30. Use
V. Spelling prefixes
§ 31
§ 32. Prefix c-
§ 33. Prefixes pre- and pre-
§ 34. Vowels ы и и after prefixes
VI. Vowels after hissing and c in suffixes and endings
§ 35. Vowels o and e after hissing
§ 36. Vowels after c
VII. Spelling of nouns
§ 37. Endings of nouns
§ 38. Suffixes of nouns
VIII. Spelling of adjectives
§ 39. Endings of adjectives
§ 40. Suffixes of adjectives
IX. Spelling compound words
§ 41. Connecting vowels o and e
§ 42. Compound words without a connecting vowel
§ 43. Spelling of compound nouns
§ 44. Spelling of compound adjectives
X. Spelling of nouns
§ 45. Numbers quantitative, ordinal, fractional
§ 46
XI. Pronoun spelling
§ 47. Negative pronouns
XII. Spelling of verbs
§ 48. Personal endings of verbs
§ 49. The use of the letter ь in verb forms
§ 50. Suffixes of verbs
XIII. Spelling participles
§ 51. Vowels in participle suffixes
§ 52. Spelling nn and n in participles and verbal adjectives
XIV. Spelling of adverbs
§ 53. Vowels at the end of adverbs
§ 54. Adverbs for hissing
§ 55. Negative adverbs
§ 56. Continuous spelling of adverbs
§ 57. Hyphenated adverbs
§ 58. Separate spelling of adverbial combinations
XV. Spelling of prepositions
§ 59. Compound prepositions
§ 60. Continuous and separate spelling of prepositions and prepositional combinations
XVI. Spelling unions
§ 61. Continuous spelling of unions
§ 62. Separate spelling of unions
XVII. Particle Spelling
§ 63. Separate spelling of particles
§ 64. Hyphen spelling of particles
§ 65. Spelling not with nouns
§ 66. Spelling not with adjectives
§ 67. Spelling not with numerals
§ 68. Spelling not with pronouns
§ 69. Spelling not with verbs
§ 70. Spelling not with participles
§ 71. Spelling not with adverbs
§ 72. Spelling neither
XVIII. Spelling of interjections and onomatopoeic words
§ 73. Hyphen spelling of interjections and onomatopoeic words
XIX. Spelling of foreign words
§ 74. Transcription of foreign words
Punctuation
XX. Punctuation at the end of a sentence and at a break in speech
§ 75. Point
§ 76. Question mark
§ 77. Exclamation mark
§ 78. Ellipsis
XXI. Dash between members of a sentence
§ 79. Dash between subject and predicate
§ 80. Dash in an incomplete sentence
§ 81. Intonation dash
§ 82. Connecting dash
XXII. Punctuation marks in sentences with homogeneous members
§ 83. Homogeneous members not connected by unions
§ 84. Homogeneous and non-homogeneous definitions
§ 85. Homogeneous and non-homogeneous applications
§ 86. Homogeneous members connected by non-repeating unions
§ 87. Homogeneous members connected by repeated unions
§ 88. Homogeneous members connected by pair unions
§ 89. Generalizing words with homogeneous terms
XXIII. Punctuation marks for repeated words
§ 90. Comma with repeated words
§ 91. Hyphen spelling of repeated words
XXIV. Punctuation marks in sentences with separate members
§ 92. Separate definitions
§ 93. Separate applications
§ 94 Special circumstances
§ 95. Separate additions
XXV. Punctuation marks in sentences with clarifying, explanatory and connecting members of the sentence
§ 96. Specifying members of a sentence
§ 97. Explanatory members of the sentence
§ 98. Attaching members of the sentence
XXVI. Punctuation marks for words not grammatically related to sentence members
§ 99. Introductory words and phrases
§ 100. Introductory and inserted sentences
Section 101 Appeals
§ 102. Interjections
§ 103. Affirmative, negative and interrogative-exclamatory words
XXVII. Punctuation marks in a compound sentence
§ 104. Comma in a compound sentence
§ 105. Semicolon in a compound sentence
§ 106. Dash in a compound sentence
XXVIII. Punctuation marks in a complex sentence
§ 107. Comma between main and subordinate clauses
§ 108. Comma with complex subordinating unions
§ 109. Punctuation in a complex sentence with several subordinate clauses
§ 110. Comma at the junction of two unions
§ 111. Dash in a complex sentence
§ 112. Colon in a complex sentence
§ 113. Comma and dash in a complex sentence
XXIX. Punctuation for turnovers that are not subordinate clauses
§ 114. Expressions that are integral in meaning
§ 115. Comparative turns
XXX. Punctuation marks in a non-union complex sentence
§ 116. Comma and semicolon in non-union complex sentence
§ 117. Colon in a non-union complex sentence
§ 118. Dash in a non-union complex sentence
XXXI. Punctuation marks in direct speech
§ 119. Direct speech after the author's words
§ 120. Direct speech before the author's words
§ 121. Author's words inside direct speech
§ 122. Direct speech within the author's words
§ 123. Punctuation marks in dialogue
XXXII. Quote punctuation marks
§ 124. Quotation marks for quotations
§ 125. Ellipsis in quotations
§ 126. Capital and lowercase letters in quotations
§ 127. Punctuation when referring to the author and to the source of the quote
XXXIII. Use of quotation marks
§ 128. Words used in an unusual, conditional, ironic meaning
§ 129. Names of literary works, press organs, enterprises, etc.
§ 130. Names of orders and medals
§ 131. Names of brand names of machines, manufactured products, etc.
§ 132. Names of plant varieties
XXXIV. Combinations of punctuation marks
§ 133. Comma and dash
§ 134. Question and exclamation marks
§ 135. Quotation marks and other signs
§ 136. Parentheses and other signs
§ 137. Ellipsis and other signs
§ 138. The sequence of characters in a footnote
Stylistics
XXXV. Word choice
§ 139. Semantic and stylistic selection of lexical means
§ 140. Elimination of clericalism and stamps
§ 141. Pleonasms and tautologies
§ 142. Sympathy of speech
§ 143. Use of phraseological means
XXXVI. Noun forms
§ 144. Fluctuations in the gender of nouns
§ 145. Differentiation of meanings depending on generic endings
§ 146. The gender of the names of female persons by profession, position, etc.
§ 147. Gender of indeclinable nouns
§ 148. Features of the declension of some words and phrases
§ 149. Declension of some names and surnames
§ 150. Terminations genitive singular nouns male-a (-i) - -u (-u)
§ 151. Forms of the accusative case of animate and inanimate nouns
§ 152
§ 153. Endings of the nominative plural of masculine nouns -ы (-и) - -а (-я)
§ 154. Endings of the genitive plural
§ 155
§ 156. The use of the singular in the meaning of the plural
§ 157. The use of abstract, real and proper nouns in plural
§ 158. Variants of suffixes of nouns
XXXVII. Forms of adjectives
§ 159 Long and short form quality adjectives
§ 160. Variant forms of short adjectives
§ 161. Forms of degrees of comparison of adjectives
§ 162. Use of possessive adjectives
§ 163. Synonymous use of adjectives and oblique cases of nouns
XXXVIII. Forms of nouns
§ 164. Combinations of numerals with nouns
§ 165. The use of collective numbers
§ 166. Numerals in compound words
XXXIX. The use of pronouns
§ 167. Personal pronouns
§ 168. Reflexive and possessive pronouns
§ 169. Defining pronouns
§ 170. Indefinite pronouns
XL. Use of verb forms
§ 171. Formation of certain personal forms
§ 172. Variants of species forms
Section 173 Returnable and non-returnable forms
§ 174. Participle forms
§ 175. Forms of gerunds
XLI. build simple sentence
§ 176. Types of sentence
§ 177. Forms of the predicate
XLII. Order of words in a sentence
§ 178. Place of subject and predicate
§ 179 Place of determination in a sentence
§ 180. Place of the complement in the sentence
§ 181. Place of circumstances in a sentence
§ 182. Location of introductory words, addresses, particles, prepositions
XLIII. Agreement of the predicate with the subject
§ 183. Predicate with a subject that has a collective noun in its composition
§ 184
§ 185. Coordination of the predicate with the subject, which has an application with it
§ 186. Predicate with a subject of the type brother and sister
§ 187. Predicate with subject - pronoun interrogative, relative, indefinite, negative
§ 188. Predicate with a subject - an indeclinable noun, an abbreviation, an indivisible group of words, a nickname
§ 189. Coordination of the link with the nominal part of the predicate
§ 190. Coordination of the predicate with homogeneous subjects
XLIV. Harmonization of definitions and applications
§ 191. Definition with a noun of general gender
§ 192. Definition with a noun that has an application
§ 193. Definition with a noun depending on the numerals two, three, four
§ 194. Two definitions with one noun
§ 195. Definition with nouns - homogeneous members
§ 196 Approval of applications
Section 197 Appendices - geographical names
XLV. Control
§ 198. Non-prepositional and prepositional management
§ 199. Choice of preposition
§ 200. Choice of case form
§ 201. Case of the object with negative transitive verbs
§ 202. Management with synonymous words
§ 203. Various prepositional-case forms with one control word
§ 204. Stringing identical forms
§ 205. Management with homogeneous members of the proposal
XLVI. Proposals with homogeneous members
§ 206. Unions with homogeneous members
§ 207. Prepositions with homogeneous members
§ 208 Mistakes in combinations homogeneous members
XLVII. Difficult sentence
§ 209 Unions and allied words
§ 210 Mistakes in complex sentences
XLVIII. Parallel syntactic constructions
Section 211 Participle turnovers
§ 212. Participle turns
§ 213. Constructions with verbal nouns
Index Dictionary
