When working with various texts, many need to parse a sentence according to its composition. The implementation of such an analysis usually assumes that a person has the appropriate philological knowledge that can help in the correct analysis of the text he needs. At the same time, there are also services in the network that perform online sentence parsing operations. After a thorough study of the rules for the analysis of various proposals for the composition, I decided to present all my developments in this article.
At the beginning, I note that the expression “parsing a sentence by composition” is somewhat incorrect, since words are usually parsed by composition, and what we are interested in in this case is called “syntactic analysis of a sentence”.
At the same time, the specified parsing (in school it is also called “parsing by members”) is usually performed as follows:
- Decide which sentence to be analyzed according to the purpose of his statement (declarative, interrogative, or has an incentive character);
- Indicate the emotional coloring of the sentence (it is exclamatory or not exclamatory);
- Mark the number of grammatical bases in this sentence (if the sentence is simple - then one basis, if complex - two or more);
If the sentence is simple:
Example simple sentence:
“It was an extraordinary autumn day!”
After parsing, we can see that this sentence is declarative, exclamatory, simple, two-part, complete, not complicated.
If the sentence is complex:
- Decide on the connection in a complex sentence - allied or non-union;
- Indicate the connection used in the sentence - intonation, subordinating, coordinating;
- Indicate the type of complex sentence - non-union, compound, compound.
Complex sentence example:
"There were roses and lilies in the bouquet, but she liked tulips more."
After syntactic analysis of this sentence, we can see that this sentence is of a narrative nature, not exclamatory, complex, has an allied connection, compound. The first sentence here is two-part, the grammatical basis is the words “roses and lilies were”, it is common, and complicated by homogeneous subjects.
The second sentence in this complex sentence is two-part, its grammatical basis is the words “I liked tulips”, the sentence is common and not complicated.
Services for parsing proposals by composition online
Due to the richness of grammatical structures, and the complexity of creating a powerful network tool for parsing text, the services presented on the network (of which there are few) have rather weak capabilities for a full-fledged parsing of sentences. However, I would highlight the following resources:
Seosin.ru
Among the Russian-language resources for online semantic analysis (de facto, they are practically not represented), I would single out the seosin.ru service. It allows you to identify syntactic and morphological errors, demonstrates the general associativity of the text, and performs other types of analysis. Unfortunately, the service does not always work stably; dysfunctions are often observed in its work.
- To work with this service, go to the site seosin.ru.
- Enter your proposal in the appropriate box, and click on "Analyze".
Lexisrex.com
lovers in English the powerful linguistic resource lexisrex.com can help with parsing. Its capabilities allow you to analyze the proposal by its members. At the same time, this site also has other auxiliary tools for the implementation various kinds linguistic analysis online.
- To access this resource, please log in to lexisrex.com.
- Paste your proposal into the appropriate box and click on the "Analyze" button.
Forums of linguists
In syntactic parsing of a sentence online, you can turn to the help of the "human factor" and go to various forums of linguists (level gramota.turbotext.ru, rusforus.ru and analogues). Register there, ask your question, and they will definitely help you.
Conclusion
Network resources that allow analysis of proposals by composition are rather scarce, which is associated with the difficulties of creating such resources. However, there are several such tools on the web (most of them are in English) that make it easy to carry out the text analysis we need. Use the functionality of these services to parse the necessary sentences and parse them online.
In contact with
§1. What is parsing, what are its specifics
Parsing is a complete grammatical characteristic of a syntactic unit:
- phrases
- simple sentence
- complex sentence
In syntactic analysis, it is important to be able to distinguish between units of syntax, to realize that these are units of different levels, and to understand what features each of them is characterized by. Parsing requires not confusing a phrase and a simple sentence, as well as a simple and complex sentences, and knowing how to parse each of them.
§2. What you need to know and be able to do
Syntactic parsing requires knowledge and skills.
Need to know:
- what is the difference between a phrase and a sentence
- what is the difference between simple and complex sentences
- how the phrase is built, and what they are (view by the main word)
- syntactic links of words in a phrase: agreement, control, adjunction
- what features characterize the sentence: the purpose of the statement, semantic and intonational completeness, the presence of a grammatical basis
- what are the sentences according to the number of grammatical bases: simple, complex
- what are simple sentences in terms of their structure: two-part, one-part (nominative, definitely personal, indefinitely personal, generalized personal, impersonal)
- what are complex sentences: by the nature of the syntactic connection of their parts: allied, non-union; allied: compound and complex subordinate)
- what is the syntactic role of words in a sentence (analysis by sentence members)
Need to be able to:
- determine to which syntactic units the given parsing unit belongs
- highlight phrases in a sentence
- find the main and dependent word in the phrase
- determine the type of syntactic relationship
- determine the grammatical basis of a sentence
- determine the type of sentence by grammatical basis (two-part - one-part) and by the nature of the main member (for one-part sentences)
- define sentence members
- identify complicating components: homogeneous members, separations, introductory elements(introductory words and sentences, plug-in constructions), appeals, direct speech and citation
- determine the number of parts in a complex sentence
- determine the type of syntactic connection and the type of a complex sentence
§3. The order of parsing syntactic units
phrase
1. Determine the main and dependent words, highlight the main thing, put a question to the dependent from it.
2. Determine the type of phrase by the main word: nominal, verbal, adverbial.
3. Determine the type of syntactic connection: agreement, control, adjacency.
Simple sentence
1. Analyze by the members of the sentence: underline all the members of the sentence, determine what (what part of speech) they are expressed by.
2. Give a description of the purpose of the statement:
- narrative
- interrogative
- incentive
3. Give a description of the expressed emotions and intonation:
- non-exclamatory
- exclamatory
4. Determine the number of grammatical bases and determine the type of sentence by their number:
- simple
- complicated
5. Give a description of the presence of the main members:
- two-part
- one-component
a) one-part with the main member of the subject: denominative
b) one-part with the main member of the predicate: definite-personal, indefinitely-personal, generalized-personal, impersonal
6. Give a description of the presence of secondary members:
- widespread
- uncommon
7. Give a description in terms of completeness (the presence of members of the proposal that are necessary in meaning):
- complete
- incomplete
8. Determine the presence of complicating components:
- uncomplicated
- complicated:
A) homogeneous members offers
b) separate members: definition (agreed - inconsistent), addition, circumstance
V) introductory words, introductory sentences and plug-in structures
d) appeal
e) constructions with direct speech or quotation
Note:
When expressing separations with participial and adverbial phrases, as well as comparative constructions, characterize what exactly the separation is expressed
Difficult sentence
1. As in a simple sentence, define the members of the sentence.
2. As in a simple sentence, give a description of the purpose of the statement:
- narrative
- interrogative
- incentive
3. As in a simple sentence, describe the expressed emotions and intonation:
- non-exclamatory
- exclamatory
4. By the number of grammatical bases (more than one), determine that the sentence is complex.
5. Determine the type of syntactic connection between parts of a complex sentence:
- with allied connection
- with unionless connection
- with a combination of allied and allied connection
6. Determine the type of complex sentence and means of communication:
- compound (: connecting, dividing, adversative, connecting, explanatory or gradational)
- complex (: temporary, causal, conditional, target, consequences, concessive, comparative and explanatory, as well as allied words)
- non-union (connection in meaning, expressed intonationally)
7. Determine the type of complex sentence (for example: complex with an explanatory clause).
8. Next, each part of the complex sentence is characterized (according to the scheme of a simple sentence - see the scheme for parsing a simple sentence, paragraphs 5-8)
9. Make a diagram of a complex sentence, reflecting
Syntax is the most complex section of the modern Russian language. At school, the syntactic analysis of a sentence almost always causes serious difficulties, since in the analysis it is necessary to use the previously acquired knowledge in a complex way: to be able to distinguish parts of speech, access information from the vocabulary, to navigate perfectly in the semantic load and functions of different members of the sentence, to correctly indicate simple sentences in the composition complex and define their role.
At school and university, there are different requirements for the syntactic analysis of a sentence. Schoolchildren usually designate parts of speech, and comment on each word during analysis. The requirement is due to the fact that for correct parsing it is necessary to know morphology well, the concepts of syntax and morphology should not be confused (there is a common mistake when parts of speech and members of a sentence are mixed). At the philological faculties of various higher educational institutions parsing schemes are individual: it depends on how educational complex undergoing training, which are methodological developments at the department. When preparing for admission, the applicant will need to find out the requirements of a particular university, otherwise the analysis may be considered incorrect.
To correctly parse a sentence, you need to master a large amount of theory, be able to accurately use terms, and gain practical skills. Practice plays a particularly important role, so it is advisable to train regularly by analyzing sentences. different levels difficulties.
Strict requirements are imposed on parsing: it can only be done according to a clear scheme, without deviating from a given algorithm. Often you also need to draw graphic diagram sentences, reflecting in it the levels of articulation, the dependence of simple sentences on each other. Also, the members of the proposal are graphically highlighted different signs directly in the text (several types of subscripts).
General scheme for parsing a sentence
There is a general scheme by which a sentence is parsed. It varies depending on specific requirements, but the basic base remains the same.
- The purpose of the statement is indicated: declarative, motivating, interrogative sentence.
- At this stage, you should write how the sentence is in terms of intonation: exclamatory or non-exclamatory.
- The type of sentence is determined: simple or complex, consisting of several simple ones.
- At complex sentences you need to specify the type of construction: simple (of the same type), complex ( different types connections between simple sentences in a complex one).
- The type of connection of proposals is indicated: allied, allied.
- There are two types of allied sentences: compound and complex.
- For a complex sentence, the type of the subordinate clause is determined: attributive, explanatory, adverbial, adjunctive;
- It is necessary to indicate the type of circumstance subordinate clause:
- mode of action;
- places;
- time;
- conditions;
- measures and degrees;
- comparisons;
- concessions;
- consequences;
- goals;
- causes.
- mode of action;
- If the sentence is complex, a description of the connection of parts in the complex is performed. The parts are numbered, all types of communication are indicated (unionless and allied, subordinating and coordinating), if necessary, division into levels is made.
- Then they proceed to the characteristics of each simple sentence, indicating its number.
- The analysis of a simple sentence continues to indicate the presence of main members: one-part or two-part.
- In a one-part sentence, its type is determined: nominal, generalized-personal, impersonal, definite-personal or indefinitely-personal.
- At this stage, you need to write the type of predicate: PGS (simple verbal predicate), CGS (compound verbal predicate) or SIS (compound nominal predicate).
- Now it is necessary to determine the presence of minor members: common (there are minor members), non-common (there are no minor members).
- At this point in the analysis, it is indicated whether the sentence is complicated, what exactly it is complicated by.
- At the end of the analysis, it is necessary to determine the type of sentence in terms of completeness: complete or incomplete. Incomplete sentences are those in which the main or secondary members are omitted, but they can be easily restored from the context.
Ways of expressing sentence members
Knowing how to express the members of a sentence will help you parse the sentence correctly without confusing parts of it. Often, school students find it difficult to even determine the main members of a sentence, since there are a number of difficulties, and generally accepted stereotypes make it difficult to correctly find the basis and accurately analyze the secondary members.
It must be remembered that different parts of speech have practically unlimited possibilities and can be almost any part of the sentence, with rare exceptions. Often, students get used to the fact that the subject is a noun, and the predicate is a verb. Not seeing the appropriate parts of speech in a sentence, they find themselves in a difficult position and do not know how to parse it by composition. In fact, it is impossible to conclude analysis in such a framework.
Subject answers questions of the nominative case and is expressed by different parts of speech: nouns, pronouns, numerals. The subject can also be expressed:
- adjective (red is my favorite color);
- a participle that has turned into a noun (the others were silent);
- union (and - connecting union);
- an indefinite form of the verb (for example, an indefinite form of a verb with a noun in the accusative case: having a doctor in the house is a serious advantage).
To differentiate different types predicates, it is important to remember the lexical and grammatical meaning of words. Lexical meaning reflects the meaning of the word, and grammatical contains grammatical categories(for example, mood, tense, number and gender of the verb). Types of predicates:
- PGS: the predicate is expressed in the personal form of the verb, in which the GZ and LZ coincide. Sometimes PGS is expressed by a phraseological unit containing a conjugated verb form.
- GHS: Must consist of at least two words. Each word has its own meaning: the infinitive of the verb ( lexical meaning) and modal or phase link (grammatical meaning). The phase link indicates the phase of the action, and the modal link reflects the attitude towards the action. The link can be expressed in words reflecting the assessment of the action, desirability, necessity, short adjectives.
- SIS: must consist of at least two words. Nominal part (LZ) and formal or semi-significant copula (GZ). A more common formal link is the verb to be. All nominal parts of speech, adverbs, phrases act as a nominal part. Semi-significant connectives are verbs to become, to become, to be, to seem, and others; verbs of state, movement.
- The agreed definition is easy to recognize, it is expressed by a pronoun-adjective, adjective, participle, ordinal number. The main thing is not to confuse it with the nominal part of the SIS.
- An inconsistent definition is usually expressed by nouns in oblique cases, but sometimes it becomes adverbs, phrases, infinitives, adjectives of comparative degrees. There are also inconsistent application-definitions.
Circumstance answers the general question how? Expressed by adverbs and nouns. Circumstances are divided into categories:
- circumstance of time;
- places;
- mode of action;
- causes;
- comparisons;
- concessions;
- conditions;
- goals;
- measures and degrees.
Types of subordinate clauses
When analyzing a complex sentence, it is important to correctly determine the type of the subordinate clause. It can be circumstantial, explanatory and attributive.
- Subordinate explanatory sentences answer the questions of indirect cases. Unions act as means of communication, allied words.
- Subordinate attributive clauses refer to a noun, join with the help of allied words, sometimes unions, answer the questions of whose? Which?
- Adverbial adverbial clauses differ depending on the category:
- PO places answer questions where? where? Where? join with allied words;
- How long do they answer questions? how long? When? for how long? Joining with the help of unions is common only, when, bye, as soon as, etc .;
- ON measures and degrees answer the questions to what extent? how much ?, refer to a word expressing a concept that can have a degree of manifestation;
- The software of the mode of action answers the question how ?, you can insert words into the main part in this way, so;
- ON conditions answer the question under what condition ?, connecting unions - when, if, how soon;
- ON reasons reveal the question why ?, unions due to the fact that, since, because, due to the fact that;
- By purpose: questions for what purpose? For what? etc. Unions if only to, in order to;
- ON consequence: the consequence follows from the first part, the union so;
- ON concessions: questions in spite of what? in spite of what? Unions let, for nothing, despite the fact that;
- Comparative software: questions like what? like what? Unions as if, as if, exactly, as;
- PO places answer questions where? where? Where? join with allied words;
- Subordinate adjectives do not answer questions, do not express the semantic relations of circumstances, but give Additional information to the main part. Means of communication: allied words (relative pronouns what, where, where, when, how, why, why, why).
Universities mainly analyze polynomial sentences, therefore, they distinguish levels of division, links between them, indicate all the blocks and the features of their relationship with each other, and draw complex diagrams. At school, they usually limit themselves to sentences consisting of two to four simple ones.
Parsing plan:
Compound.
The number of parts in the complex, their boundaries (highlight the grammatical foundations in simple sentences).
Means of communication between parts (indicate unions and determine the meaning of a complex sentence).
Offer scheme.
Parsing sample:
Was winter but all last days stood thaw. (I. Bunin).
(Descriptive, non-exclamatory, complex, allied, compound, consists of two parts, opposition is expressed between the first and second parts, the parts are connected by an adversative union But.)
Offer scheme:
1 but 2 .
The order of syntactic analysis of a complex sentence
Parsing plan:
The type of sentence according to the purpose of the utterance (narrative, interrogative or incentive).
The type of sentence by emotional coloring (exclamatory or non-exclamatory).
Complicated.
Main and subordinate parts.
What the adjective propagates.
What is attached to the accessory part.
Attachment location.
Attachment type.
Scheme of a complex sentence.
Parsing sample:
When she played down on piano 1, I got up And listened 2 . (A.P. Chekhov)
(The narrative, non-exclamatory, complex, allied, complex, consists of two parts. The 2nd part is the main one, the 1st is the subordinate, the subordinate part extends the main part and joins it with the union When, the subordinate part is located in front of the main part, the type of the subordinate part is the subordinate time).
Offer scheme:
(conjunction when ...) 1 , [ ... ] 2 .
adnexal
Exist. verb. union of places. Verb. etc. adj. noun
Wayfarers saw, What They are on small clearing. (Narrative, non-exclamatory, complex, NGN with adjective explanatory, 1) non-distributive, two-state, complete. 2) distribution, two-state, noon).
[ ____ ], (What…).
The order of syntactic analysis of a non-union complex sentence
Parsing plan:
Unionless.
Number of parts (highlight grammatical foundations in simple sentences).
Offer scheme.
The type of sentence according to the purpose of the utterance (narrative, interrogative or incentive).
The type of sentence by emotional coloring (exclamatory or non-exclamatory).
Parsing sample:
The song ended 1 - the usual applause 2 . (I.S. Turgenev)
(The narrative, non-exclamatory, complex, non-union, consists of two parts, the first part indicates the duration of what is said in the second part, a dash is placed between the parts.)
Offer scheme:
Parsing order
1. Determine the type of sentence according to the purpose of the statement (narrative, incentive, interrogative).
2. Determine the type of sentence by emotional coloring (exclamatory, non-exclamatory).
3. Find the grammatical basis of the sentence and prove that it is simple.
4. Determine the type of offer by structure:
a) two-part or one-part (definitely personal, indefinitely personal, generalized personal, impersonal, naming);
b) widespread or non-common;
c) complete or incomplete (indicate which member of the sentence is missing in it);
d) complicated (indicate what is complicated: homogeneous members, isolated members, appeal, introductory words).
5. Parse the sentence by members and indicate how they are expressed (first, the subject and predicate are disassembled, then the secondary members related to them).
6. Draw up a sentence diagram and explain the placement of punctuation marks.
Parsing Samples
1) My fire in the fog shines(A. K. Tolstoy).
The sentence is narrative, non-exclamatory, simple, two-part, common, complete, uncomplicated. Grammatical basis - the bonfire is shining my expressed by a possessive pronoun. The predicate refers to the circumstance of the place in the fog, expressed by a noun in the prepositional case with a preposition V.
A period is placed at the end of this declarative sentence.
2) At the end of January, fanned by the first thaw, they smell good cherry orchards
(Sholokhov).
The sentence is narrative, non-exclamatory, simple, two-part, widespread, complete, complicated by a separate agreed definition, expressed by participial turnover. Grammar basis - gardens smell. The subject is expressed by a noun in the nominative case, the predicate is a simple verb, expressed by the verb in the form of the indicative mood. The subject is the agreed definition cherry expressed by an adjective. The predicate refers to the circumstance of time in the end of January, expressed by the phrase (noun + noun) in the prepositional case with a preposition V, and the circumstance of the mode of action Fine expressed in an adverb.
A period is placed at the end of this declarative sentence; separated by commas in the sentence participial, which, although it stands before the word being defined, is isolated, since it is separated from it in the sentence by other words.
