Connecting subordinate clauses contain an additional message about the proposal expressed in the main part.
An additional message may include an explanation, an assessment of the message given in the main part, a conclusion from it, or additional remarks related to the content of this message, and in the main part of the sentence there are no formal grammatical features indicating that the subordinate clause (beyond with the exception of intonation incompleteness), i.e., it does not need a subordinate part, but the subordinate clause is clearly dependent, since it has a formal indicator of subordination - a union word, and its meaning without the main part is indefinite. This allied word, as it were, contains the content of the previous main part (in whole or in part). In a complex sentence
One of the main benefits of hunting, my dear readers, is that it makes you constantly move from place to place, What very nice for an unemployed person(T.)
the first subordinate clause attached by the union "What", - explanatory, its necessity is due to the structure of the main part of the sentence (the correlative word in that requires specification). The construction of the explanatory clause is such that it does not necessitate a new clause following it, and the latter has the character of an additional remark about the main statement (assessment of its content). This is the connecting part. The nature of its syntactic relations with the preceding part of the sentence resembles the relationship between the parts of a compound sentence, as evidenced by the possibility of replacing the allied word "What" combination "and this" (cf.: And this is very pleasant for an unemployed person), which is unacceptable in a subordinate explanatory clause.
Subordinating-attaching relations are expressed using allied words "What" (in various forms), "where", "where", "whence", "when", "why", "why", "what for", "how".
The allied word is most often used in the joining function "What" (in various forms):
Maxim, shaking his head, muttered something and surrounded himself with particularly thick clouds of smoke, What was a sign of intensified work of thought(Kor.);
He built a house according to his own plan, started a cloth factory, arranged income and began to honor himself. smartest person all around, what and the neighbors did not rebuke him ...(P.);
... She is a fox trail(wolf) mistook for a dog and sometimes even lost her way, what never happened to her when she was young(Ch.).
allied words "why", "why", "why" attach sentences with causal and target shades of meanings:
The goose took another rope in its beak and pulled it, from what immediately there was a deafening shot(Ch.);
Brother had to take entrance exams in the Institute, For what he came to the city;
It was getting dark in the forest why and had to return home.
The least common in subordinate clauses are allied words "where", "where", "whence", "when" and union "How", making their respective lexical meaning shades: spatial, temporal, comparative. Moreover, their connecting function is revealed only in combination with the following "And" (“where and”, “when and”, “how and”). For example:
He returned home at exactly five o'clock, when and should have come;
...The truth was that he had indeed fainted, like confessed later(Dost.);
Weak from loss of blood, Benny fell on the battlefield, where and was found unconscious(Lesk.).
Connecting clauses, as a rule, are located after the main part or less often - in the middle. Allowable in some cases, placing them at the beginning of the sentence creates the character of inversion:
Whatoften happens in Indian summer, in the morning the overcast sky began to cheer up in the afternoon, and the soft sun without shadows illuminated the earth(Fed.).
As a result of frequent use, some connecting constructions have turned into stable turns of a phraseological nature: "which is to be expected"; "Q.E.D"; "with which I congratulate you."
Adverbial clauses
NGN with adverbial clauses- this is a sentence, the subordinate part of which answers questions of circumstances. They join the predicate or the entire main part with the help of subordinating conjunctions and allied words.
| Types of adverbial clauses | Questions from the main part to the subordinate | Conjunctions and allied words | Sentence examples |
| 1. Time (indicative words can be in the main part then, always, every time) | When? How long? Since when? How long? | Conjunctions: when, until, barely, only, barely, as soon as, just a little, earlier than, before, since, until, while. | As soon as the December dawn began, Anya went out into the street. Grandfather ordered not to wake Tanya until Bye won't wake up on its own. As she was leaving the drawing-room, a bell was heard in the hall. As soon as the snow melts in the forest, buds will swell on the birches. |
| 2. Places (indicative words can be in the main part there, there, from where) | Where? Where? Where? | Allied words: where, where, where. | go there where the free mind takes you. ahead, Where the grove ended, there were birches. There, Where the pines were thinner now, and paths ran in circles across the settled snow. |
| 3. Mode of action (In the main part of the word so, thus. Always come after the main part.) | How? How? | Conjunctions: as, as if, as if, what, in order to. | Pierre waved his hands and head So, as if mosquitoes attacked him. |
| 4. Measures and degrees (In the main part of the word so, so, thus. Join by union is after the main part. They are joined by an allied word before the main part, after it.) | To what extent? In what degree? How much? | Conjunctions: as, as if, as if, exactly that. | Forest on both sides So thick, What nothing could be seen through it. She's lost so much weight What She looked like a sixteen year old girl. Uncle sang like this How the common people sing. |
| Allied words: how much, how much, because. | People were interesting to Samghin so, how much he looked at them and saw himself like them. | ||
| 5. Conditions (have index words then, so, are attached to the entire main part) | Under what condition? | If, if ... then, if, if, as soon as, when (= if), times. | If the sun is not put out, there will always be bunnies. Travel would lose half its meaning if they could not be told. Indeed, If all rainy days to sit still, That, perhaps, you will not go far in the summer. If there are no flowers in the middle of winter, there is no need to be sad about them. |
| 6. Reasons (with unions because, for always come after the main part) | Why? From what? For what reason? | Conjunctions: because, because, because, since, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, in connection with the fact that, due to the fact that, especially since. | The next day, Prince Andrei went to the Rostovs to dine, because his name was the count. Due to the fact that the trees constantly have to see in front of you, the eye gets tired. Every work is important for ennobles a person. We walked in silence, admiring the steppe, especially since it was becoming more and more attractive. |
| 7. Consequences (indicate the result, always located after the main part) | Because of what? What follows from this? | Union: so. | The rain poured like a bucket, So it was impossible to get out on the porch. |
| 8. Goals | For what? For what purpose? For what? | Conjunctions: so that, in order to, then so that, so that, so that, if only. | I began to imitate a strange sound, to lure the bird. In order to learn to tell the truth to people, one must learn to tell it to oneself. |
| 9. Concessions (indicate the circumstances in spite of which the action takes place) | Despite what? Against what? | Unions: despite the fact that, despite the fact that, although, let, let, for nothing, though. | The night was quiet and bright Although there was no moon. Although it was cold, the snow on the collar melted very quickly. Even if the ink has not dried yet, immortality has already been given to words. |
| Allied words: no matter how much, no matter how, no matter where, wherever, whoever, no matter what. | Bonfire, no matter how supported in this misty morning, soon went out. But How many Sasha neither I thought nothing came to his mind. | ||
| 10. Comparisons (attached to the whole main part) | How? Like what? | Conjunctions: as, as if, exactly, as if, like that, like as, as if, than ... the same as ... so. | The forest stands silently like peering somewhere. AND how the fire burned out, topics the moonlit night became more visible. Like a tree sheds its leaves, So I drop sad words. Gerasim grew up dumb and mighty, How the tree grows on fertile soil. |
| 11. Attachments (contain a comment or assessment of what is said in the first part, join the entire main part) | What besides? | Allied words: what, where, where, why, why. | I stay in the country all winter What original and new. I had to go down into the quagmire What it was extremely difficult because of the ice water. |
Attention! Comparative clauses should be distinguished from comparative turns. There is no predicate in comparative phrases. Example: The stars were shining How little suns. How towers, Christmas trees darken. In spangles of frost, exactly in diamonds, dozed off, bowed, birches.
Attention! Mixing the structures of the main and subordinate clauses leads to an error.
Subordinate explanatory clauses answer questions of indirect cases. The main part needs a semantic explanation, the main part without a subordinate clause looks unfinished.
Examples: Still, I don't think you have the right to do so. (it seems that?)
Clauses
Definitive clauses answer the question which one?; placed not from the main part, but from the noun. In an explanatory clause, there is always the word "which" or a word that can be replaced by it.
Examples: She hummed motives that moved to tears. (What are the motives?)
Adverbial clause
The adverbial clause answers the questions of adverbs. Since there are many questions of adverbs, we divide the adverbial clauses into subtypes:
The subordinate purpose answers the question "for what purpose?". In the subordinate goal there is always the word "to"
Examples: To come soon New Year, we moved the hands of the clock forward.
An adjunctive concession. In the subordinate concession there is always the union “although” or another union synonym (despite the fact that, whatever, no matter how ...)
Examples: The prince has a stupid face, although many considered him a dull person.
Adventitious corollary. In the subordinate clause there is always the union "so". A comma must be placed before so.
Examples: The boat had no oars, so we had to row with a board.
Adventitious reasons. In the subordinate cause there is always the union "because" or its synonym (because, from the fact that)
Adjunctive conditions. There is an “if” union, but sometimes the “when” union can play the role of the “if” union.
Examples: If I had known all the consequences, I would not have climbed into the water.
Adventitious mode of action. Answers the question "how?", indicates the method of action.
Examples: He ate as if he had not eaten for three days.
Measures and degrees.
Examples: It was so dark that I couldn't see anything.
Adventitious comparison.
Examples: The air trembled from time to time, as disturbed water trembles.
Time adjunct. There is always the question "when?"
Examples: When I woke up, it was already dawn.
Adventitious place. Answers the questions “Where? Where? where?"
REMEMBER: the main question for determining the type of subordinate clauses is the semantic question.
Unions and allied words can add additional shades of meaning to a complex sentence.
Example: The village where Eugene missed was a lovely corner. — This is a complex sentence with an attributive clause, which has an additional spatial connotation of meaning.
In Russian, a group of complex sentences is distinguished, the subordinate parts of which cannot be called either attributive, or explanatory, or adverbial. These are complex sentences with subordinate clauses.
Such subordinate clauses contain an additional, incidental, additional message to the content of the main part of the complex sentence. In this sense, such subordinate clauses often come close in meaning to plug-in constructions.
The means of communication in them are allied words what, why, why, why, as a result of which, etc., which, as it were, repeat the content of the main part in a generalized form.
For example: His enemies, his friends, which may be the same thing, he was honored this way and that. (A. Pushkin) The coachman took it into his head to go by the river, which was supposed to shorten the naga's path by three miles. (A. Pushkin)
It is impossible to raise a question to the connecting clauses, since in the main part of the complex sentence there is no word, phrases that would require the presence of a subordinate clause.
Algorithm for determining the type of subordinate clause
1). Determine the main part of the complex sentence.
2). Determine the key word in the main part (if any).
3). Ask a question from the main part to the subordinate clause:
- from the content of the main part as a whole;
- from the predicate in the main part;
- from a noun or pronoun in the main part;
- it is impossible to ask a question to the subordinate clause (with joining and comparative).
4). Indicate the means of communication in the subordinate clause (unions or allied words).
), there are four main types of subordinate clauses:
- defining,
- explanatory,
- circumstantial (mode of action and degree, place, time, conditions, causes, goals, comparisons, concessions, consequences),
- connecting.
Clauses
Refers to a noun or pronoun. Answer questions about definitions Which? which? which?).
Join with allied words: which, which, whose, what, where, when, from where, etc.
As well as unions: so that, as, as, exactly, as if, etc.
Examples
- [Alarm clock rang]. Alarm Which?(which was given to me by my grandmother). [Alarm clock rang( that my grandmother gave me)].
- [The house burned to the ground]. House Which?(Where I was born). [House( where I was born) burned to the ground].
- [A.S. Pushkin erected more than one monument]. A.S. Pushkin what?(Whose contribution to the development of Russian literature can hardly be overestimated). [A.S. Pushkin( , whose contribution to the development of Russian literature is difficult to overestimate,) erected more than one monument].
- [That day my life changed]. In a day Which?(When I understood everything). [In that day( when I understood everything) my life has changed].
Clauses of explanatory
Relate to the verb. Answering case questions Who? What? to whom? what? whom? what? by whom? how? etc.).
Join with allied words: who, what, which, whose, where, where, from where, how, why, why, how much
As well as unions: what, to, as if, as, as if, as if, etc.
Examples
Here the main clause is in square brackets, and the subordinate clause is in round brackets.
- [I'm sure]. Sure in what?(Because the Earth is spherical). [I'm pretty sure that the earth is spherical)].
- [He found out]. found out What?(How many days have passed since the launch of the first satellite). [He found out( how many days have passed since the launch of the first satellite)].
- [They understood]. Understood What?(Why did I do it). [They understood( why did i do it)].
Adverbial clauses
Play the role of common circumstances. Answer detailed questions. Like ordinary circumstances, they are divided into several types:
| Type of subordinate clause | Questions it answers | Linking with unions | Linking with allied words | Examples |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| mode of action | How? how? | like, what, to, as if, exactly |
|
|
| Measures and degrees | how much? in what degree? | what how | how much, how much |
|
| Places | Where? Where? where? | where, where, from where |
|
|
| time | When? how long? since when? How long? | when, while, as long as, as soon as, as long as, until |
|
|
| Goals | For what? for what purpose? | to (to) |
|
|
| Causes | Why? from what? | because, because, since, for |
|
|
| Conditions | under what condition? | if, when, time |
|
|
| concessions | in spite of what? | although, despite the fact that, let, let | no matter how much, no matter how |
|
| Consequences | And..? hence..? | So |
|
|
| Comparative | How? | as, as if, as if |
|
Adventitious connecting
Relate to the entire main body.
Join with allied words: what, where, where, where, when, how, why
Supplement and explain the content of the main part. Often they have the meaning of a consequence.
Examples
- He was worried and therefore failed to pass the exam.).
- My brother never opened the book all this time that haunted me).
see also
Notes
Links
- // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: In 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.
- Main sentence - Dictionary of literary terms
Wikimedia Foundation. 2010 .
See what a "subordinate clause" is in other dictionaries:
Subordinate clause- SUBORDINATE CLAUSE. See main sentence... Dictionary of literary terms
ADDITION, fabric, m. Dictionary Ozhegov. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov
A syntactically dependent predicative part of a complex sentence containing a subordinating conjunction or allied word. Vladimir saw with horror that he drove into an unfamiliar forest (Pushkin). Describe the feeling that I experienced at that time, ... ...
The dependent part of a complex sentence containing a union or allied word. Refers to the entire main clause or to one word in it (additional, attributive clauses). F. I. Buslaev laid the foundation for ... ... Literary Encyclopedia
- (gram.). This is the name, in contrast to the main one, of such a sentence that does not have an independent, integral meaning without the main sentence. The syntax of all Indo-European languages shows beyond doubt that the creation of the category P... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron
subordinate clause- lingu. Part of a complex sentence, syntactically subordinate to the main part (main clause) and connected with it by a union or allied word. Second sentence of reason. Conditional first sentence ... Dictionary of many expressions
subordinate clause- See main sentence... Grammar Dictionary: Grammar and linguistic terms
SUBORDINATE CLAUSE- (subsequent item, German Nachsatz), this is the name, by analogy with the terminology of grammar, the second part of the musical period, corresponding to its first part, which is called the main (previous) sentence and ends for the most part ... ... Riemann's musical dictionary
A subordinate clause that answers the question what? and referring to the member of the main sentence, expressed by a noun or a substantiated word. Subordinate attributive clauses are attached to the main clause with the help of ... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms
A subordinate clause that answers any case question and refers to a member of the main clause that needs semantic expansion: without a subordinate clause, the main would be structurally and semantically incomplete. Adjunctive ... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms
Subordinate clauses in Russian are dependent parts of the main clause in a complex sentence. That is, they play the role of secondary members of the sentence. Therefore, the types of subordinate clauses are divided according to the role played in the sentence. One question can be asked to the entire secondary sentence, just as it is done with respect to the members of the sentence.
The main types of subordinate clauses
Four types of them are considered: attributive, adverbial, explanatory and connecting. Examples can be given that will represent all kinds of subordinate clauses:
- A flower bed that was laid out in the yard by left side from the porch, resembled a small copy of the town - a sort of Flower Town from Nosov's fairy tale about Dunno. (Determinative).
- And it seemed to me that restless and funny short men really live there. (explanatory).
- And we do not see them because they are hiding from us underground. (Circumstantial).
- But as soon as we leave somewhere, as shorties get out of their hiding places and begin to enjoy life violently. (Connective).
Determinative clauses
These subordinate clauses in Russian define the sign of one noun or sometimes a phrase consisting of a noun and a demonstrative word. They serve as answers to questions Which? whose? which? These secondary sentences are attached to the main part allied words whose, which, who, what, which, from where, where, when. Usually in the main complex sentence there are pointing words like such, each, any, any or That in various forms of childbirth. The following suggestions can be taken as examples:
- living beings, which?) who live on the planet next to people, feel a good human attitude towards them.
- Reach out your hand with food, open your palm, freeze, and some bird, ( which?) whose voice is heard in the morning in the bushes of your garden, with confidence will sit on your hand.
- Every person ( Which?) who considers himself the pinnacle of the creation of the Almighty, should correspond to this rank.
- Whether a garden, a forest or an ordinary yard, (Which?)where everything is familiar and familiar can open the door for a person wonderful world nature.
Adventitious connecting
Interesting types of subordinate clauses that do not refer to a single word or phrase, but to the entire main part. They are called connecting. Often these parts of a complex sentence contain the meaning of the consequence, supplementing or explaining the content of the main part. Secondary sentences of this type are attached using allied words where, how, when, why, where, what. Examples:
- And only next to the mother any baby feels protected, what is meant by nature.
- Caring for the cubs, tenderness for their offspring, self-sacrifice is laid in the creature at the level of instinct, how every creature needs to breathe, sleep, eat and drink.
Explanatory clauses
If the author of the text wants to explain, specify any one word of the main part, which has the meaning of thought, perception, feeling or speech. Often these clauses refer to verbs such as say, answer, think, feel, be proud, hear. But they can also specify adjectives, for example, satisfied or glad. It is often observed when these types of subordinate clauses act as explanations of adverbs ( clearly, necessary, necessary, known, pity) or nouns ( message, thought, statement, rumor, thought, sensation). The subordinate explanatory clauses are added with the help of:
Unions (to, what, when, as if, like others);
Any allied words;
Particles (union) whether.
Examples are the following compound sentences:
- Have you ever observed What?) what an amazing performance sunlight reflected in dewdrops, insect wings, snowflake tiles?
- Once such beauty, a person will surely be incredibly happy, ( what?) who discovered the unique world of beauty.
- And it immediately becomes clear What?) that everything around was created not just so that everything is interconnected.
- Consciousness will be filled with indescribable feelings of joy, (which?) as if you yourself are a part of this amazing and unique world.
Adventitious mode of action and degree
Adverbial clauses are divided into several subspecies. A group of dependent parts of compound sentences that refer to a sign or action, called in its main part, and denote its degree or measure, as well as the image, are referred to as subordinate modes of action and degree. They usually answer the following questions: how? how much? How? in what degree? The design of the connection of the subordinate with the main part looks something like this: full adjective+ noun + such; full adjective + such; verb + so. The attachment of these subordinate clauses is provided by unions to, what, as if or allied words how much, how much and some others. Examples:
- The little girl laughed so infectiously, so spontaneously, that it was hard for everyone else to stop smiling.
- The sonorous play of her laughter broke the tense silence of the room, as if unexpectedly scattered colorful peas from the package.
- And the little face itself has changed so much, as far as it was possible in this case: the girl, exhausted by the disease, could already easily be called a lovely and absolutely healthy child.
Adverbial clauses
These dependent clauses indicate the place of origin of the action, which is called in the main part compound sentence. Referring to the whole main sentence, they answer the following questions: where? Where? Where? and join with allied words where, from where, where. Often in the main sentence there are demonstrative words there, everywhere, there, everywhere, everywhere and some others. The following examples of such proposals can be given:
- It is quite easy to determine the cardinal directions in the forest more often, where there is moss on the trees.
- Ants dragged on the backs construction material for their anthills and food supplies from everywhere, where only these hardworking creatures could get.
- I'm always drawn there, to magical lands, where we went with him last summer.
Adverbial clauses of time
Indicating the time of action, these subordinate clauses refer both to the entire main clause, and specifically to one predicate. For this type of adjective, you can ask the following questions: how long? How long? When? since when? Often there are demonstrative words in the main part of the sentence, for example: sometimes, once, always, now, then. For example: Animals will then be friendly with each other, (When?) when they grow up next to childhood.
Adverbial clauses, causes, purposes, consequences
- If the dependent parts of complex sentences answer questions in what case? or under what condition? and refer either to the predicate of the main part, or to it all, joining with the help of conditional conjunctions once, when, when, if, when And How(in the meaning of "if"), then they can be attributed to subordinate conditions. Example: And even the most inveterate prankster turns into a serious and well-mannered gentleman, ( in which case?)when he becomes a parent, be it a man, a monkey or a penguin.
- Questions because of which? Why? for what reason? from what? subordinate causes are responsible. Their attachment occurs with the help of causal unions because, because, since. Example: For a baby in early childhood, the authority of the parent is adamant, ( Why?) because his well-being depends on this being.
- Dependent sentences denoting the purpose of the action named in the main part and answering questions For what? for what purpose? For what?, are called subordinate targets. Their attachment to the main part is provided by target unions in order to, then in order to (in order to). Example: But even then you should accompany your requirements with explanations ( for what purpose?) then, so that a thinking person grows out of a baby, and not a weak-willed robot performer.
- Dependent parts of a sentence that indicate a conclusion or result, denote a consequence following from the above in the main part of the sentence, are called subordinate consequences and refer to the entire main sentence. They are usually joined by coercive unions. That's why or So, for example: Education is a complex and regular process, ( what follows from this?) therefore, parents should always be in shape and not relax for a minute.
Adverbial clauses
These types of dependent sentences in complex structures refer either to the predicate or to the entire main part and answer the question like?, joining comparative unions as if, as, as, as, exactly. Comparative clauses differ from comparative phrases in that they have a grammatical basis. For example: The polar bear cub so funny fell on its side and lifted its paws up, it's like a naughty boy playing happily in the sandbox with his friends.
Adverbial clauses
Dependent sentences in a compound construction, denoting circumstances in spite of which the action indicated in the main part has been committed or can be committed, are called subordinate concessions. You can ask them questions: despite what? in spite of what? and attach to the main one with the help of concessive unions at least (although), let (let) that, for nothing, despite and some others. Allied combinations are often used: no matter how much, no matter what, when no, no matter who, no matter how and the like. Example: Even though the panda cubs were having fun, their dark spots around the eyes gave the impression of sad thoughtfulness.
A literate person should always remember: when writing sentences that are part of a complex one, they are separated by commas.
