When a sentence is written on the board and all spellings in words are explained, the student usually proceeds to perform oral punctuation analysis.
How to do it right? What is the order of punctuation conditions? These and many other questions are relevant for middle and high school.
Punctuation parsing differs significantly from syntactic parsing, which is familiar to schoolchildren. symbol under the number 4. It is unacceptable to confuse them! The purpose of parsing is to characterize the sentence, its structure and meaning.
Why is punctuation needed? It helps to apply punctograms, find the boundaries of semantic segments, follow the rules of punctuation. For parsing, sentences that are already punctuated are suitable. To complicate the analysis, the teacher offers texts with omissions of punctuation marks.
When performing punctuation analysis, they pay attention to the structure of the sentence. It is important not only the presence of main and secondary members, the number of grammatical bases and parts of the sentence, it is also important to determine the ways of expressing the secondary members of the sentence and their sequence, to find out the intonational features of the sentence.
Here are two proposals, let's analyze them.
1) Once Seryozha and Petya met in the yard, they raked the snow on the bench and sat down. 2) What to do?
In the first declarative sentence, only two signs are used: a comma separating homogeneous predicates, and a period. The second has only one question mark, since there is a question word at the beginning of the sentence.
When there are no punctuation marks inside a sentence, is it necessary to pay attention to it? Yes, it is necessary to clarify the conditions for the absence of signs. Consider an example.
Aunt Tanya treated skates like a family heirloom.
In this sentence, except for a dot, there is no sign inside. But it was possible to mistakenly put a comma before the union AS. Why is the sign not posted? Because there is a condition that prohibits a comma: the semantic segment AS TO A FAMILY RELIC has the meaning "as".
The punctuation parsing plan involves only a few points. It is customary to perform this analysis orally, therefore, for the convenience of a written description, we number all punctuation marks and explain their setting. We took all the suggestions for examples from the works of Lyudmila Ulitskaya.
APPROXIMATE ORDER OF PUNCTUATION ANALYSIS
I. Place of punctogram (end of sentence, simple sentence, complex sentence): punctuation marks are numbered.
II. Conditions of the punctuation norm (rules for setting / not setting punctuation marks).
III. Punctuation feature.
EXAMPLE SAMPLE OF PUNCTUATION ANALYSIS
Example 1
The birches and aspens set on fire in the autumn hit the eyes with bright colors.
1 - a sign of completion in a declarative simple sentence.
Explanation: there is no comma between homogeneous subjects connected by a single union AND, there is no comma after the participial turnover FIRED IN AUTUMN, which is before the definitive word BIRCH AND ASPEN.
Example 2
Skating was,1 of course,2 the number one event during those holidays.3
1 and 2 - commas highlight the introductory word with the meaning of confidence,
Example 3
On the ninth of January, 1 at the end of the holidays, 2 celebrated Sanin's birthday. 3
1 and 2 - commas highlight the clarifying member of the sentence, expressed by the circumstance of time,
3 - a sign of completion in a declarative simple sentence.
Example 4
Anna Alexandrovna called the girls 1 "young ladies" 2.3 boys 4 "young people" 5 ... 6
1, 2 and 4, 5 - the character's statements are marked with quotation marks (a way of formalizing someone else's speech),
3 - comma separates homogeneous additions,
6 - a sign of completion in a declarative simple sentence (ellipsis indicates the incompleteness of the statement).
Example 5
Everything around seemed unusually clear and incredibly beautiful: 1 and white trunks of birches, 2 and bright leaves, 3 and pale blue, 4 like a faded sky.5
1 - we put a colon before a series of homogeneous members, since there is a generalizing word EVERYTHING,
2, 3 - commas separate homogeneous subjects connected by repeating unions.
4 - comma highlights comparative turnover with the union BUDTO,
5 - a sign of completion in a declarative simple sentence.
Example 6
One morning,1 going out into the yard,2 Sergey saw the barn roof whitened with hoarfrost,3 gray ground,4 frozen in frost,5 hardened grass,6 covered with rare snow,7 as if with salt.8
1, 2 - commas highlight a separate circumstance expressed by dee participle turnover GOING OUT INTO THE YARD,
3, 5 - commas separate homogeneous additions,
4, 5 - a comma highlights a separate definition, expressed by the participial turnover CLOSED BY FROST, after the defined word EARTH,
6, 7 - a comma highlights a separate definition, expressed by the participial turnover COVERED WITH RARE SNOW, after the word GRASS being defined,
7 - a comma highlights a comparative turnover with the union LIKE,
8 - a sign of completion in a declarative simple sentence.
Example 7
Poetry -1 is the heart of literature,2 the highest concentration of all the best,3 that exists in the world and in man.4
1 - a dash separates the subject and the predicate, expressed by the noun in the First case,
2 - a comma separates homogeneous predicates,
3 - a comma separates the subordinate part of a complex sentence from the main one,
4 - a sign of completion in a declarative simple sentence.
Explanation: there is no comma between homogeneous members connected by a single union I.
Example 8
The beauty of the earth disturbed Sergey's heart,1 reminded him of the past days,2 so vividly imprinted in his memory.3
1 - comma in the middle simple sentence separates homogeneous predicates,
2 - a comma highlights a separate definition, expressed by the participle turnover SO BRIGHTLY IMPRINTED IN MEMORY, after the word being defined DAYS,
3 - point completes the declarative sentence.
Example 9
The trees ended at the level of the fifth floor,1 from the balcony only the finely curly tops of two ash trees were visible,2 and the ground under them was barely translucent.3
1 - a comma in the middle separates parts complex sentence(unionless connection),
2 - a comma separates parts of a complex sentence (coordinative connection),
3 - the point completes the declarative complex sentence.
Example 10
There was such silence in the forest1 that the chirping of tits2 jumping along the branches3 seemed unusually sonorous.4
1 - a comma in the middle separates parts of a complex sentence (subordinating relationship),
2 and 3 - paired commas distinguish in the subordinate part of a complex sentence a separate definition, expressed by the participial turnover JUMPING ON THE BRANCHES, after the defined word TITTS,
4 - the point completes the declarative complex sentence.
In some sentences, there may be several punctuation marks, in which case you need to decide in what order to do the punctuation parsing. It is logical to go from the end to those punctuation marks that are inside the sentence. But a consistent approach is also possible - in the order of the signs.
Literature
1. Bednarskaya L.D. Classification of spelling and punctuation errors made by students in written work / Russian language at school. - 2008. - No. 8.
2. Blinov G.I. Punctuation analysis / Russian language at school. - 1985. - No. 3.
3. Nikerov A.I. On the full punctuation analysis in the lessons of the Russian language / Russian language at school. - 1989. - No. 6.
Punctuation parsing of the sentence provides better assimilation of punctuation rules by schoolchildren. It is based on three consecutive actions, eventually leading to an explanation of the conditions for choosing one or another punctuation mark. For punctuation analysis, you need to know the parts of speech, be able to find in a sentence grammatical basis and minor members, as well as hear the intonation with which it is pronounced. Proper punctuation ensures the accuracy and clarity of the expression of thought.
Order of punctuation parsingThe main punctuation marks studied at school and used for punctuation analysis are: dot (it is from its Latin name “punctum” that the word “punctuation” came from), comma, semicolon, question and exclamation marks, colon, dash, brackets, quotation marks and dots.
Punctuation analysis begins with determining the nature of the sentence, which can be either simple or complex. Then one or more punctuation rules are established that are valid in the sentence being parsed. Each of them is subject to separate allocation. The result of punctuation parsing is graphic scheme offers.
How to punctuate a simple sentence?
A simple sentence in a diagram is indicated by square brackets followed by one of five punctuation marks: a period, a question mark, an exclamation point, an ellipsis, or a combination of a question mark and an exclamation mark.
The inside of the diagram shows a complication of a simple sentence. The grammatical basis is specified by default.
- Homogeneous members of the proposal are depicted in the diagram in the form of circles, inside which the graphic designation of the member of the proposal is placed. All members of a sentence can be homogeneous: subjects (one straight line), predicates (two straight lines), additions (one dotted line), definitions (one wavy line) and circumstances (dashed line with a dot between the lines). Together with them, the diagram indicates the punctuation marks and conjunctions related to them (connective, adversative, comparative).
Homogeneous members can be used in a sentence along with a generalizing word. In the diagram, it is indicated by a circle with a thick dot inside. - Introductory words and phrases are depicted in the form of five small crosses, on top of which the inscription “vv.sl.” is placed, where “sl.” denotes both "word" and "phrase". Above introductory sentences it is written "vv.pr."
- Appeals on the scheme are reproduced in the form of a wavy line with the inscription "o."
- Interjections are written in the scheme with words (“alas”, “ah”, “Hurrah!”, etc.).
- To explain the setting of a dash between the subject and the predicate above the graphic representation of the grammatical basis, the part of speech and its grammatical form: “ex., I.p.”, “ex. + noun", "indefinite f.gl.", "num.", "noun. + num." etc. The indicative words “this”, “here”, “means” are written in full on the diagram.
The absence of a dash between the subject and the predicate should also be explained in the punctuation analysis of the sentence. In this case, it is enough to single out the grammatical basis and the rules on the basis of which the dash is omitted: the presence of a negative particle “not” between the subject and the predicate or comparative conjunctions “like”, “as if”, “as if”. - Separate members of the sentence are distinguished in writing by punctuation marks and are divided into five categories:
- Separate definitions are depicted on the diagram as a single wavy line inside two slashes "/ ~~~/".
If a separate definition refers to a personal pronoun, then the latter is indicated on the diagram with an “x” sign, over which “l.m.” is written. All other parts of speech are indicated on the diagram with a simple "x".
Above the definitions expressed by the participial turnover, the inscription “p.o.” is placed.
Two or more separate definitions are highlighted in the scheme as homogeneous (wavy line in a circle). An arrow is drawn from the word being defined to them.
Above separate definitions with concessive and causal meaning, “us.sign.” and "pw.zn", respectively. In the diagram, such definitions are depicted by two lines: the lower one is the circumstances, the upper one is the definitions.
Agreed and inconsistent definitions on the diagram are separated from each other and signed as "agree", "disagree". - Stand-alone applications are depicted in the diagram in the same way as isolated definitions. They can refer to the personal pronoun ("l.m."), common noun("common") or a proper name ("own"). Separate applications with the union "how" are distinguished on the diagram by the bottom line of the circumstance and the top line - definitions, above which it is written "causal". or "quality value".
- Separate additions are indicated on the diagram in the form of ordinary additions with the words “except”, “instead of”, “including”, “besides”, etc., related to them.
- Isolated circumstances are depicted on the diagram as a single dotted line with dots enclosed in slashes. Above them, it is indicated how they are expressed: by a gerund (“d.”) or a participle turnover (“d.o.”). An arrow from the word being defined is drawn to isolated circumstances.
Circumstances expressed by phraseological units are signed as "phraseological". They are not distinguished by punctuation marks in the letter.
Above the circumstances expressed by nouns with prepositions, prepositions and prepositional combinations are written (“despite”, “subject to”, etc.). - The clarifying members of the proposal are indicated on the diagram in the form of certain members of the proposal - definitions, circumstances, additions, etc. Each of them is asked a question, to which they answer: “when?”, “What?”, “What?” and so on. In addition, the scheme indicates the unions related to them, explaining words and phrases.
- Separate definitions are depicted on the diagram as a single wavy line inside two slashes "/ ~~~/".
- Comparative turns are highlighted in the diagram in the same way as isolated circumstances. Above them is the inscription "comparison".
A complex sentence in the diagram is indicated as simple sentences depicted using square and round brackets.
- In compound sentences outside square brackets, denoting simple sentences that are equal in relation to each other, connecting and dividing unions are indicated along with punctuation marks. A common minor member or introductory word is also bracketed and underlined either as a circumstance with the inscription "general" or as an introductory word.
The setting of a dash between simple sentences is explained by the inscriptions “result”, “res.sm.d.” ( abrupt change actions), etc. - In complex sentences, the main simple sentence is indicated by square brackets, the dependent (subordinate) - by round brackets. When parsing punctuation, unions (“union”), allied (“allied words”) and demonstrative words (“indicative words”) are prescribed and indicated on the diagram. allied words in the subordinate clause and demonstrative - in the main they are emphasized as certain members of the sentence.
If there are several subordinate clauses to each of them is placed an index arrow from the sentence to which they are subordinate. - IN unionless proposals above the punctuation marks connecting simple sentences, in parentheses, appropriate conjunctions are placed.
In the diagram, direct speech is represented by the letters "P" (direct speech at the beginning of a sentence or being an independent sentence) and "p" (direct speech at the end of a sentence). The words of the author are denoted by the letters "A" and "a".
In writing and in punctuation analysis, respectively, there are several options for the design of direct speech:
- Direct speech comes before the words of the author:
- Direct speech comes after the words of the author:
- Direct speech is interrupted by the words of the author:
"P, - a, - p."
"P-a. - P".
"P? - A. - P".
"P! - A. - P".
Occur in the analyzed . Traditionally, they are grouped as distinguishing and separating signs. The first group of signs (selective) serves to indicate the boundaries of the syntactic construction introduced into the sentence to explain its members. It can also be used to semantic highlight any part of a syntactic unit and to limit constructions that are not grammatically related to other members (for example, appeals, introductory words). This group includes paired characters: two commas, brackets, quotation marks, two dashes. The second group of characters serves to distinguish between independent sentences, or simple sentences within a complex one, or members. Suggestion marks also belong to this group. The dot, question mark, exclamation point, colon, dash, ellipsis, and dot c form a group of separating characters.
Start punctuation by explaining the choice of punctuation mark at the end of a sentence. To do this, determine what the sentence is for the purpose of the statement. If it contains a complete message, then this is a declarative sentence, a question is an interrogative sentence, an incentive to action (a request or an order) is an incentive. Also, consider the emotional nature of the proposal. If there is an exclamatory intonation, an exclamation mark is put at the end, if a break in speech or understatement is indicated, an ellipsis is used.
Determine which syntactic construction is being parsed, simple or complex. In a complex sentence, “count” the number of parts and determine the type of connection between them: subordinating, coordinating or non-union. Thus explain the choice of signs of separation.
Determine what function the signs that occur inside a simple sentence or each syntactic unit in a complex one perform. To do this, find out what constructions the author uses to convey additional semantic shades. Thus, explain the choice of distinguishing signs (for isolated members of the sentence) and separating (for example, for rows of homogeneous members).
Helpful advice
Do punctuation analysis of the sentence according to the model.
I looked and could not tear myself away; these mute lightnings, these restrained flashes, seemed to respond to those mute and secret impulses that also flared up in me. (I.S. Turgenev).
A period is put at the end of the sentence, because. this sentence contains a complete message and is narrative in terms of the purpose of the statement, non-exclamatory in terms of intonation.
This is a complex sentence that consists of three simple ones. Between the first and second - an allied relationship, between the second and third - subordinating. A semicolon with an allied connection is put, because. the second and third sentences are a single semantic whole. A comma is used to separate the relative attributive clause from the main clause.
Inside the second sentence there is a separating sign - a comma, which is used when listing homogeneous subjects. There is also a construction that is not grammatically related to other members of the sentence - an introductory word that stands out with paired characters - two commas.
How to do a punctuation analysis of a sentence in order to once and for all insure yourself against ridiculous mistakes while writing? If you remember the simple rules of the Russian language once and for all, you can not worry about your reputation as a competent copyist. How to do punctuation analysis, children learn in the fifth or sixth grade, but over time, the lessons are forgotten and you have to restore knowledge.
What is sentence punctuation?
Actually, the answer to this question lies in the very name of the term. This is the division of a sentence into certain segments, which are separated from each other by punctuation marks, as well as finding out exactly which punctuation marks are suitable in a particular case. This is a detailed analysis of all punctuation marks in a single sentence.
Correctly performing punctuation analysis of a sentence means not only correctly placing punctuation marks, but also explaining why this sign is right here. In order not to get confused and do everything in order, you must follow a certain sequence of actions.
Action plan
Punctuation analysis of the sentence is done according to the following scheme:
Every student knows how to make a punctuation analysis of a sentence, but as they grow older, incoming information sometimes crowds out such elementary knowledge, and we forget about the most simple things. To restore past experience, try to parse punctuation using various examples of text. Thus, you can always be sure of your impeccable literacy.
When writing various kinds of texts, many of us face the problem of the correct use of punctuation marks. Often there are situations when the author of the text skips the necessary commas, does not work correctly with direct speech, and makes other punctuation errors. To correct these shortcomings and improve the overall work with speech, it is recommended to use punctuation parsing of a sentence, which is an important tool for parsing text.
Why is punctuation parsing performed?
Working with punctuation parsing of a sentence allows you to “hone” the correct use of punctuation marks (specific cases of applying the punctuation rule), learn to determine the boundaries of semantic segments in a sentence, and use punctuation norms in practice.
When conducting a punctuation analysis, they analyze the structure of the sentence, the presence of main and secondary members, the number of parts of the sentence, its intonational features, the order of the members of the sentence, and so on.
Order of punctuation text analysis
Let's move on to the direct algorithm for punctuation parsing a sentence. It usually looks like this:
Explanations for punctuation marks
If the sentence we are analyzing carries a complete message that speaks of some action, event, or fact that is affirmed or denied, then such a sentence is narrative. If the sentence contains a question, it is interrogative, and if the sentence contains an order or request, then such a sentence is motivating. When there is an understatement in the sentence, or the speech is interrupted by a pause, it is worth using an ellipsis at the end.
When analyzing a complex sentence, determine the number of its parts, and the features of the relationship between these parts (allied or non-union, subordinating, coordinating). Having decided on the specifics of the connection, you will be able to understand the need to use one or another sign between the parts of the sentence under consideration.
Highlighting signs(comma, dash, brackets, quotation marks, colon) are used to highlight especially significant parts of a sentence. Such significant elements can be introductory words, appeals, phrases, sentences, circumstances and additions, homogeneous members sentences, clarifying and explanatory members of the sentence.
Dividing marks(comma, semicolon, dash, colon) in a simple sentence indicate the boundaries between homogeneous members (comma and semicolon are usually used). In a complex sentence, they help to separate the simple sentences that make up the specified complex sentence.
When analyzing direct speech, determine where the words of the author are located, and where the direct speech is located. If direct speech is before the words of the author or after the words of the author, then use rule of four punctuation marks, if direct speech is interrupted by the words of the author, then apply the rule of seven punctuation marks.
Examples of using punctuation analysis of written speech
Consider examples of punctuation analysis of simple and complex sentences.
Simple sentence example
As an example of a simple sentence, take the sentence:
"The words 'language' and 'speech' to a non-linguist usually mean the same thing."
Let's designate the punctograms available in this sentence by numbers:
The words "language" and "speech" for a person who (1) is not engaged in linguistics, (2) usually mean the same thing. (3)
Let's analyze the offer:
Complex sentence example
As an example of a complex sentence, take the sentence:
“Of course, the modern Russian language is different from the one spoken and written by Pushkin, Gogol, Karamzin and Turgenev.”
Let's designate each available punctogram in the sentence with numbers:
Of course, (1) the modern Russian language is different from that (2) spoken and written by Pushkin, (3) Gogol, (4) Karamzin and Turgenev. (5).
Let's analyze the offer:
- First, explain the punctogram at the end of the sentence. Since we are dealing with a declarative sentence, where there is a complete thought, then there should be a point (5).
- A comma (2) separates the subordinate clause of a complex sentence from the main one;
- Comma (1) is used to separate introductory word from the rest of the proposal;
- Commas (3) and (4) separate homogeneous members of the sentence.
Conclusion
Punctuation analysis of the text consists in a consistent explanation of the punctograms used in the sentence under consideration. Its implementation requires knowledge necessary rules of the Russian language in the context of the use of punctuation marks in a particular sentence. I recommend using the tips given in this article to perform punctuation parsing of the text you need.
