Separation of minor members of the proposal
Let's first recall those members of the sentence that can never, under any circumstances, be isolated - the subject and the predicate. It is not for nothing that they are called the grammatical basis, the backbone of the sentence. By the way, even more so, you can’t separate them with a comma, otherwise you risk “killing” the sentence - breaking this very backbone for it.
But you can (for various reasons) - highlight on both sides with commas (that is, separate) definitions(words or phrases that answer the question Which?), circumstances(words to answer questions) Where? Where? How? For what? Why? When? etc.) and additions(words answering questions of indirect cases: whom? what? to whom? what? etc.).
There are not so many cases when the isolation of a minor member of a sentence is possible and even necessary (there are only six main ones!), And all of them are legalized only after many years of practice. In three cases circumstances are separated by commas, in two - definitions, in one - additions. And all for different reasons, and they should not be confused, otherwise extra, unnecessary commas may appear. And it is still unknown what is worse: the absence of commas or their excess.
The main criterion for isolating definitions is their position in relation to the word being defined (that is, to the name of the object that they describe, whose attribute they define). Compare:
Delicate and fluffyfrost lay on the trees.
Frost, soft and fluffy lying on the trees.
In the first sentence, the description of the object precedes its name, in the second - on the contrary, the object is first called, and then it is described what it is. This second case is the manifestation the most important law separation of definitions.
Compare:
covered in forestmountains rose in the distance. - Mountains, covered with forest climbed away.
Thin and slenderbirch trees were visible at the edge. - birches, thin and slender, seen at the edge.
This, by the way, also coincides with the meaning of the statement - after all, that is why we rearrange the definitions in such a way as to draw the attention of the listener or reader to them. Compare in which of the sentences you notice the description of the city more:
Streets new big cities pleased with their cleanliness.
City streets, new, big pleased with their cleanliness.
Sometimes only thanks to this rearrangement and isolation of definitions the phrase becomes understandable (especially in business papers). Compare:
This assignment is only for admitted to work performers in concerning them parts.
This task is brought only to performers, admitted to work, in part, concerning them .
As you can see, only thanks to the commas that highlight the definitions, the meaning of the order becomes clear. But this is so important for orders and assignments - to be absolutely clear!
Exercise 222.Set up punctuation marks.
1. The shadows are thick and blue on the road. 2. Dense snow pinkish from sunlight blinded his eyes. 3. A bush looking lonely out from under the snow held his gaze full of mournful thoughts about the past. 4. The squat and hairy firs were completely covered with snow. 5. Thin and slender birches could be seen at the edge of the forest. 6. Hoarfrost gentle and fluffy sparkled on the trees. 7. Pink snowdrifts from the bright rays of the cold winter sun wrapped everything around. 8. The juicy grass turned green after the rains along the road. 9. The story written witty and original aroused our admiration. 10. Butterfly flying around us disappeared somewhere. 11. After bathing, Natasha cheerful and excited ran up to us. 12. The old man who wrote something on a telegraph letterhead raised his head. 13. A pond frozen in November beckoned us to go ice skating. 14. The forest illuminated by the sun looked especially cheerful and young. 15. The dark and dense grove promised a lot of boletus.
Exercise 223.Set up punctuation marks.
1. A young tree covered with green leaves rustles merrily over my head. 2. Searchlights lit by order of the captain could not break through the dense curtain of fog. 3. The song, quiet and sad, came from somewhere behind. 4. Nikolai, accustomed to discipline from childhood, loved a clear military routine. 5. The detachment, not noticed by the enemy, approached the village itself. 6. A wagon drawn by three exhausted horses slowly trudged along the road. 7. A timid and shy girl suddenly discovered willpower and perseverance. 8. With his passionate and lively speech, he captivated everyone. 9. Sergey, well-read and smart, enjoyed authority in the group. 10. A scarlet strip of dawn lay on the edge of a cloud motionless frozen on the horizon. 11. The boy went to the shore overgrown with willows and stopped. 12. The sky, completely black from the clouds, merged on the horizon with the darkened sea. 13. A wagon drawn by three exhausted horses slowly dragged along the Saratov road. 14. A mountainous ridge, glittering with gold and bound with iron, stretched from the north. 15. Fat fields burdened with harvest swayed from the wind.
And further. Regardless of the position, those definitions are separated by commas that describe not nouns, but personal pronouns that replace them (words I, YOU, HE, SHE, IT, WE, YOU, THEM). Compare:
Thrilled by what I heard, Ijumped up.
I excited to hear, jumped up.
Exercise 224.Set up punctuation marks.
1. Tired of a long journey, we reached the village only in the evening. 2. Illuminated by the sun, she looked especially young and attractive. 3. Unnoticed by anyone, he cautiously entered the room. - Unnoticed by anyone, Ilya cautiously entered the room. 4. Well-read and intelligent, he enjoyed universal respect. - A well-read and intelligent young man enjoyed universal respect. 5. Amazed by what I saw, I froze in place. 6. They are extremely interested in conversation came closer. 7. Leaves fell from trees; picked up by the wind, they flew along the road. 8. Cheerful and happy, we ran to our father. 9. Thoughtful, silent, I went to the house. 10. Flushed and excited, she shared her impressions of the performance. 11. Finally upset by the latest events, I returned to the hotel. 12. They, attracted by an unusual noise, looked in the door. 13. Dissatisfied with the movie, we got up from our seats and moved towards the exit. 14. We have many common interests working here. 15. Living from time immemorial in these parts, they are accustomed to trust the folk calendar.
So, it is to these two cases that the whole “terrible” topic – the isolation of definitions – comes down. Everything else will be “banished” to the notes, and I am almost sure that the cases described in them will not come across to you too often. But the structures we have analyzed are at every step, in almost every sentence. So direct the main efforts to the development of these types of isolation.
We note in passing that the grammatical characteristics of definitions do not play any role: definitions can be expressed by adjectives, participles, participial phrases and even nouns (then these definitions are called in a different way - applications), but the rules for them are the same:
Delicate and fluffyfrost sparkled on the trees. - Frost, soft and fluffy, sparkled on the trees. - Delicate and fluffy, he pleased the look.
snow blinded my eyes. - Snow, pinkish from sunlight, blinded his eyes. - pinkish from sunlight he blinded his eyes.
sparkling icemountains stretched to the horizon. - Mountains, sparkling ice, stretched to the horizon. - sparkling ice they stretched to the horizon.
Elder brother in the familyAndrei was very similar to his father. - Andrey, older brother in the family was very much like his father. - Elder brother in the family he was very much like his father.
Pay attention to applications that begin with the words BY NAME, BY SURNAME, BY NICKNAME, etc.: they always appear after the word being defined, which means that they are always isolated.
My neighbour, by the name of Semyonov worked for many years in the police.
Exercise 225Set up punctuation marks.
1. This word contained all the happiness that overwhelmed his soul. 2. Armed with a scarecrow and a supply of sweets, they went out into the street. 3. The wasteland began with fallows clogged with thick forest grass and flowers. 4. Then his attention was attracted by a colorful bird circling over a raspberry bush. 5. Busy with conversations, they paid no attention to Shurka. 6. On a table covered with a fragrant new oilcloth, the samovar, polished with crushed brick the day before, hisses and snorts. 7. Even a radish that tingles bitterly and sharply on the tongue seems unusually tasty. 8. He angrily squints at the sun that has risen quite high and enviously and admiringly looks at his father. 9. Shurka helped his mother to carry a cart loaded with purchases. 10. The last ice floes floated along the red Volga that flooded the meadow. 11. The cat came out of the attic window onto the roof lit by the sun and meowed. 12. The autumn day, clear and quiet, was tending towards evening. 13. A clearing surrounded by aspens suddenly opened up before them. 14. The guys went down into the pit overgrown with prickly burdock. 15. The golden cross of the bell tower, thrown into the sky, burned like a piece of the sun.
(From the works of Vasily Smirnov)
Exercise 226. Ra put punctuation marks.
1. Tall and plump, she was dressed extremely smartly. 2. The transparent and icy forest beckons us with its coolness. 3. Maple, dimly lit by the sun, is barely visible at the edge of the path. 4. Tired of fruitless waiting, we sat down on the porch. 5. The garden plot, not yet fenced, blocked our way. 6. The poor seagull, tired of hovering over our ship, sits on the deck. 7. Alien to military art, I did not suspect that the fate of the campaign was decided at that moment. 8. The mountain stream is swift and fast, capturing everything in its path. 9. Worried about his long absence, we called the institute. 10. A steamship whistle was heard announcing the arrival of the morning flight. 11. Her friendly and kind words encouraged and reassured me. 12. With these words, a ragged boy, red-haired and crooked, ran out to me. 13. Enraged, I moved away from them. 14. All the guards who surrounded the horsemen took out their pistols. 15. Sometimes a guardsman flew by on a hot horse throwing foam.
Exercise 227.Set up punctuation marks.
1. Pink dust from the brilliance of lightning rushed along the ground. 2. Exhausted by the labors of the night, I lay down in the shade. (L.) 3. At night, a warm, moist wind blew, clouds hung over the farm, rain poured down at dawn, and the snow that had melted earlier melted in streams of water. (Paust.) 4. The lecture read at the first lesson interested everyone. 5. An interesting, engaging, and truly scientifically written book can make all the difference in choosing a career. 6. Excited by the dispute, I could not sleep at all. 7. Petya, inspired by the praise, rushed into battle. 8. Many languages are spoken by people inhabiting our country. 9. Grass scorched by the merciless sun looks sad and hopeless. 10. Consciousness of the danger of the threatened daughter quickly raised the mother to her feet. 11. The detachment that left early in the morning managed to go half way. 12. Cars loaded with vegetables pulled along the road leading to the village. 13. Mortally wounded, he nevertheless fired and did not miss. 14. The old man sat down at the breakfast table. 15. At the entrance to the palace, a sentry paced, sometimes entering a striped booth.
Exercise 228.Set up punctuation marks.
1. In the intervals of silence that came after the thunderstorm, the sound of drops falling from the branches was heard. 2. In the valley, surrounded on all sides by hills, people tired of the long journey slowly moved. 3. Tired of new impressions, he fell asleep earlier than usual. 4. He walked her home and, confused and discouraged, went to his place. 5. Enchanted by the radiant warmth, half asleep, I am lying by the fire. (Boon.) 6. The Belgian engineers treated us Russian workers arrogantly and distrustfully. (Paust.) 7. The rumble of thunder, either close or distant, was heard all night 8. The lake is wide but shallow, stretching for several kilometers. 9. The air, smelling of mist, the freshness of the morning, the foliage of a dewy park bursts into the room. 10. Larks invisible in the air filled with vapors and light flooded over the steppe. (Boon.) 11. In the thinned garden, the road to the large hut, the field strewn with straw and the hut itself are far visible. (Boon.) 12. A shell that hit a French ship pierced the captain's cabin. 13. From the window of the sanatorium one could see a garden overgrown with raspberries, a vegetable garden abandoned as unnecessary, and fields sown with rye. 14. Stunned by the ungracious reception, I was completely at a loss.
Exercise 229.Set up punctuation marks.
1. This palisade is a trap for village cats who love fish. (Paust.) 2. Kostya, my younger brother fiddled with the receiver. 3. Pyotr Ivanovich, a kind and sympathetic person, quickly won her heart. 4. A fine rain, a harbinger of autumn, sprinkles the ground. (Paust.) 5. One of Troekurov's kennels named Paramoshka was offended by Dubrovsky. (P.) 6. The yard dog, nicknamed Polkan, is dozing at the gate. 7. Onegin, my good friend, was born on the banks of the Neva. (P.) 8. I tried to imagine Captain Mironov as my future boss and imagined him as a strict, angry old man. (P.) 9. I am your old matchmaker and godfather came to put up with you. (Cr.) 10. The manor's house stood in the south, that is, on a hill open to all winds. (Ax.) 11. Burns or steppe fires usually begin in July. (Ax.) 12. Father showed me a wooden chest, that is, a box wide at the top and narrow at the bottom. (Ax.) 13. At two hundred ik, it divides into two branches or channels. (Ax.) 14. We decided to go to the cinema or to the theater in the evening. 15. For starters, he was taught calligraphy or penmanship.
Exercise 230.Set up punctuation marks.
1. And the highway disappeared, my only true fairway. (VV) 2. Even Roman, my constant companion in such campaigns, this time refused to accompany me. 3. A fanatic of his work, Kuzmichev always thought only about work. 4. Sons of beloved victory through the fire of the trenches, the Swedes are torn. (P.) 5. I had a cast-iron teapot with me, my only consolation when traveling around the Caucasus. (L.) 6. His daughter Ekaterina Ivanovna, a young girl, played the piano. (Ch.) 7. My older brother Andrei was very similar to his father. 8. Andrei, my older brother was very similar to his father. 9. A very precise and taciturn person Ivanov avoided premature generalizations. 10. Onegin, my good friend, was born on the banks of the Neva. (P.) 11. Senior Lieutenant Kononov ordered the loading of the wounded. 12. Marya Ivanovna, our new teacher, was standing at the window in the corridor. 13. Early in the morning my neighbor Pyotr Vasilyevich goes fishing. 14. Nikanorov the head of our garrison was already on his feet. 15. Our cats are great lovers of fresh fish from the very morning guarding us at the gate.
Exercise 231.
1. Dewy clear morning blossoms. 2. Lulled by sweet hopes, he slept soundly. 3. He did not feel any inclination towards bureaucracy and, gifted with an outstanding talent for observation, he knew his environment very well. 4. A pillow in a chintz pillowcase was also lying in the corner, badly wrinkled. 5. In one of the carriages of the second class, five passengers doze, shrouded in twilight. 6. One boot lay under the table covered with dust and crumpled. 7. Kashtanka stretched herself, yawned, and angry, sullen, walked around the room. 8. At the sight of a finger directed at him, he became terribly embarrassed and spun in his chair. 9. A boot was found under the same bush, which turned out to be a pair of boots found in the bedroom. 10. Anna Sergeevna, dressed in his favorite gray dress, tired of the road and waiting for him since yesterday evening. 11. I screamed, took a step towards the door and, full of horror, despair, amazement, closed my eyes. 12. Mitya put on his cap and triumphantly joyful ran out into the street. 13. Tired long speech i yawned.14. The wind-blown fire spread rapidly. 15. Invisible, he stood in the darkness of the room by the window.
(From the works of A.P. Chekhov)
Exercise 232.Fill in the missing punctuation marks.
1. Alarmed by these rumors, I called a friend. 2. Nekrasov, who early learned grief and hatred, fell in love with the Russian people early from childhood, felt a craving for rapprochement with him. 3. The other coast is flat and sandy, covered with a bunch of huts. 4. Young people excited and preoccupied rushed to him. 5. Just at that time, my uncle, who worked as an engineer, was transferred from Bryansk to Moscow. (Paust.) 6. The sky is darkening; heavy and inhospitable, it hangs lower and lower over the city. 7. The wind was still blowing strong now from the east. 8. Vague and indistinct anxiety seized Vaska. 9. Andrei, red and angry, jumped out of the office and slammed the door with all his might. 10. We confidently went to the exam quite calmly. 11. The novel created by the young author caused lively controversy. 12. The street leading to the church is lined with poplars. 13. The spring forest, already covered with young greenery, rustled softly and kindly. 14. It was an early spring, dry and gray. 15. Exhausted by questions, she fell silent.
Well, now - the promised additional information.
Note 1. Separate definitions that stand before the word being defined, but at the same time have cause value. In this context, the definition is not just a description of the subject ( what is he?), but also the answer to the question, Why certain events happen to him:
Attracted by the lightbutterflies swirled around the lamp(that is, circled because they were attracted to the light).
In fact, there is a certain mystery in our desire to necessarily highlight in the sentence those characteristics of the subject that also indicate the reason for what is happening. But be careful with this: only definitions can be isolated in this way, and not circumstances! In a sentence “For some reason, I thought…”- gross mistake!
Exercise 233.Set up punctuation marks.
1. Schoolchildren, engaged in some important conversation, were sitting on a bench. 2. Father and mother, busy with conversations, do not pay attention to their son. 3. Exhausted by the long journey, the tourists approached the edge of the forest. 4. Exhausted by the long journey, the tourists slept like the dead all night. 5. Tired of the walk, the children undressed at the lockers. 6. Tired of the walk, the children instantly fell asleep. 7. Children, tired from the walk, undressed at the lockers. 8. Frightened by my movement, the starling soars up and flies away. 9. Surrounded interesting books Pavel did not know boredom. 10. Having survived the war and famine, Olga quickly grew old and withered. 11. A young and inexperienced teacher immediately made a serious miscalculation. 12. Surrounded by lilacs, our dacha in May is fragrant with aromas. 13. Mountains overgrown with trees rose in the distance. 14. Stunned by this news, the guys were silent. 15. Ragged and half-starved, he caused general participation.
Exercise 234.Fill in the missing punctuation marks.
1. Accustomed to constant dirty tricks from the side of rural boys, Mitya became all alert and ruffled. (Soloukh.) 2. Fascinated by the formation of the company, Zolushkin did not immediately notice that a dump had formed near one cabinet with cartridges. (Soloukh.) 3. The steamboat that landed in the morning has already blown its whistle. 4. The horses harnessed to plows and harrows were well-fed and large. 5. Nikolai, who missed the week of forced solitude, was glad to see visitors. 6. Completely withered flowers stood on the windowsill with a silent reproach. 7. The flowers that were not watered yesterday by the evening completely turned yellow and withered. 8. Tall and plump, she was a real village beauty. 9. A fire burning on the shore was visible from afar. 10. Attracted by cheerful voices, Makar looked into the veranda. 11. Students visited the exhibition that opened yesterday. 12. Confident in his rightness, Andrei did not worry much about the matter. 13. Through the garden I walked along a gravel path. 14. The song sounding in silence seemed familiar to me. 15. Frightened by a sharp sound, the cat rushed under the porch.
Note 2. The so-called inconsistent definitions (that is, expressed not by adjectives or participles, but by nouns with prepositions; for example, not blue-eyed youth, A young man with blue eyes), if they describe a familiar person or thing. Compare:
A girl in a white dress entered the room.
Natasha entered the room in a white dress.
This is probably explained by the fact that in the first case, when it comes to a stranger, the turnover we are interested in seems to merge with the noun into one whole, into the common name of the stranger. Something like how we call out to a stranger in a public place: “Girl in a raincoat!” "Citizen with a briefcase!" - after all, it is necessary to name it somehow, to distinguish a person from the crowd, since we do not have a generally accepted polite appeal to strangers. Do not shout into space: “Excuse me, please!”. It turns out that in this context, an inconsistent definition is not a description, but the name of a person, a replacement for a name, and it is impossible to separate it with a comma from a noun. Compare:
In the corner sat an unfamiliar old man with a white beard.
Uncle Mityai, with a white beard, looked impressive.
Exercise 235.Set up punctuation marks.
1. Half an hour later, the grandmother, already in her coat and hat, comes out into the hall. 2. Two recruits in green uniforms stood at attention at the door. 3. Some gentleman suddenly appeared at the door with an angry face. 4. At this very time, Alena, with a travel bag in her hands, left the entrance. 5. In the crowd, I noticed a beautiful girl in a blue elegant dress. 6. Elena in a new blue dress entered the room. 7. An old man with a thick black beard was sitting at the window. 8. Petya in his new school suit was the subject public attention. 9. A passenger in a gray raincoat stood out especially. 10. On the road I noticed an elderly woman in an old coat. 11. A young woman in a white raincoat ran into the chief's office. 12. Arkady in a light shirt reclined on the sofa. 13. In the room he found a swarthy girl with sad eyes. 14. Natasha with her black shining eyes in a short children's dress was especially happy and good that evening. (L.T.) 15. Some citizen in a leather coat and expensive boots was most indignant.
Note 3. Definitions relating to indefinite and definitive pronouns SOMETHING, SOMEONE, EVERYONE, EVERYONE, ALL, ANY, SOMETHING, SOMEONE.
There was something on the table wrapped in paper .
Probably, only together with definitions such "vague" words acquire some concreteness. By the absence of commas in the definitions, we seem to emphasize this.
All who came to school that day were excited
Note 4. Definitions expressed by adjectives in comparative degree:
The door was opened by her friend almost twice my age.
neighbor's house, three times our seemed like a real palace.
Note 5. Definitions are separated if they separated from the word being defined in other words:
not watered in the evening, on the beds, greenhouse tomatoes rustled their leaves reproachfully.
Such sentences, of course, rarely come across: usually we still try to attach the attribute directly to the noun or pronoun. But for the sake of completeness, we include this linguistic observation.
Exercise 236.Fill in the missing punctuation marks.
1. Shaken by what happened, Sasha could not recover for a long time. 2. Dust columns flew along the road, driven by the wind. (LT) 3. The moon is red and wide has already risen in the sky. 4. Immersed in his thoughts, Semyonov did not answer this question. 5. The conductors of the car, worried and alarmed, kept running along the corridor. 6. The dust raised by our feet stood in the air. 7. There was something wrapped in newspaper on the table. 8. I need to meet someone who knows this specialty. 9. Immersed in deep thought, I sat motionless. 10. There were many birds in the meadows overgrown with lush vegetation. 11. A novel created by a young author has caused lively controversy. 12. From somewhere came sounds similar to the crying of a child. 13. Her movements are soft and graceful pleasing to the eye. 14. In the snowy expanses that deceive the inexperienced eye, it is difficult to determine the distance. 15. The sun has set, and light pink clouds from sunset froze in the sky.
Exercise 237.Set up punctuation marks.
1. Several pinkish and yellowish hazes stood over the city. 2. Something resembling a cart drove out from around the corner. 3. All night it rained obliquely and finely. 4. The gate, which had not been locked since the evening, opened hospitably. 5. Taken by surprise, I said nothing. 6. I saw a group of rocks that looked like deer and admired. (L.) 7. An endlessly long, gloomy cold night was approaching. 8. The whole expanse, densely flooded with the darkness of the night, was in frantic motion. 9. Meanwhile, the frosts, although very light, dried and stained all the leaves. 10. The road around the bare rocks winds through a deep hollow. 11. The mountain stream is swift and stormy, then it washes away the road, then it is lost in a deep stone channel. 12. Satisfied with a bad pun, he cheered up. 13. The stalks of herbs ringing in the wind, completely dried up, cover the wild steppe. 14. A vague and indistinct anxiety seized Vaska more and more. 15. Frosted windows sparkled in the sun. 16. Pale, he got up from his seat.
Exercise 238.Set up punctuation marks.
1. Gifted with extraordinary strength, he worked for four. (T.) 2. Completely reassured, I went to the meeting. 3. It was an early spring, dry and gray. 4. Her friend, almost twice her age, refused to talk to me. 5. Soon he dragged another pole three times shorter. 6. Lyudmila in a shiny bright blouse and a short skirt walked towards him. 7. Father in a long jacket with black buttons stood in the middle of the room. 8. All around are fields covered with snow. 9. Exhausted by a long journey, she was silent. 10. Something large and shapeless was white at the window. 11. Amazed to the core, Oleg could not find words. 12. Squeaky carts dragged along the dusty road leading to the gardens. 13. Paul, endowed with an extraordinary sense of humor, also had a great understanding of people. 14. His appearance, proud and somewhat haughty, annoyed me. 15. The other bank is flat and sandy, densely covered with a dense pile of huts.
Exercise 239.Set up punctuation marks.
1. The girls noticed that Volodya was always cheerful and talkative, this time he spoke little and did not smile at all. 2. Accompanied by an officer, the commandant entered the house. 3. The old man sitting in front of him in the right row of seats carefully wiped his bald head. 4. Near him stood a tall, thin Englishwoman with a large bird's nose that looked more like a hook than a nose. 5. Volodya, a seventeen-year-old youth with a sickly and timid face, was sitting in a gazebo. 6. Olenka, the daughter of the retired collegiate assessor Plemyannikov, was sitting in her yard on the porch. 7. In the hospital yard there is a small outbuilding surrounded by a whole forest of burdock. 8. No special signs that could serve as any indications were found. 9. And the clerk Nikolai Tikhonovich, a slender, curly-haired brunette dressed in fashion with a large pin on his tie, has already cleared a place on the counter. 10. Nikolashka a young guy with a long pockmarked nose and sunken chest entered the room. 11. The friends kissed each other three times and fixed their eyes full of tears on each other. 12. Kunitsyn, who did not know languages, shook his head. 13. The whole family of the Queen from hour to hour, waiting for her Volodya, rushed to the door. 14. And the official, busy with his thoughts, got up and went for some reason to the closet. 15. Somewhere below, a half-torn door rattled.
(From the works of A.P. Chekhov)
Exercise 240.Set up punctuation marks.
1. In the summer he bought another car three times more expensive than the previous one. 2. Two sentries in iron helmets stood with carbines on their shoulders near the gangplank. (Boon.) 3. Suddenly, from somewhere, a furiously out of breath gentleman in a beaver hat in a long coat with a beaver collar appeared before us. (Boon.) 4. The second boy, older and taller, was standing nearby. 5. Meanwhile, a third ravine appeared wider and deeper than the previous ones. 6. A small island no wider than ten meters divided the river into two channels. 7. Grandfather in a grandmother's katsaveyka in an old cap without a visor squints at something and smiles. (MG) 8. Today she was especially young and beautiful in a new blue bonnet. 9. An elegant lady in a ball gown entered. 10. Anna in a light green suit was standing at the window and did not turn around when we entered. 11. Next to me was a guy in a plaid cowboy shirt. 12. Kolya in his new jacket with gold buttons was the hero of the day. 13. The father, black from dust, with bloodshot eyes, arrived only in the evening. 14. This room with windows to the west and north occupied almost half of the entire house. 15. In the crowd, I saw the same girl with a yellow bag.
Exercise 241.Fill in the missing punctuation marks.
1. A tattered, mud-stained, gloomy man in a tunic in homemade black-bearded sandals came out of the wall. (Bulg.) 2. Andrey, in his new black suit and newly bought tie, seemed quite grown-up. 3. At the edge of the highway, we noticed a lonely slender girl in a light dress. 4. Lera, with her blond hair and kind, cheerful eyes, always seemed so sweet, homely, and comfortable. 5. It was a woman of small stature, slender, thin, with a pale face and thick black hair. 6. In the sky, deep blue, almost black, a golden moon floated. 7. There was always something anxious and restless in his eyes. 8. Struck by fear, I followed her. 9. In the noise of the native river there is something similar to lullaby. (L) 10. All who came to the meeting agreed with this. 11. His free and amiable conversation soon dispelled my shyness. (P.) 12. The horse of Muromsky, who had never been on a hunt, got scared and suffered. (P.) 13. Muromsky, who proclaimed himself an excellent rider, gave her free rein and was inwardly pleased with the opportunity to save him from an unpleasant interlocutor. (P.) 14. Sofya Pavlovna Talman, smiling, powdered and tinted, looking like a large elegant doll, sat on the sofa with two sisters of Lieutenant Mikhin. (Kupr.) 15. The platoon stood on the side of an asphalt highway lined with two rows of reference wooden huts. (Soloukh.)
Exercise 242.Fill in the missing punctuation marks.
1. I lived near a large pond made by people in the middle of the dry, sultry Voronezh steppe. (Soloukh.) 2. Near the pond stood a tiny windmill the size of a thimble. (Soloukh.) 3. Abundantly mixed with beaten, soaked straw, exposed and soaked, the earth finally lay around me. (Soloukh.) 4. Ivan let out a terrible battle cry, audible, to the general temptation, even on the boulevard and began to defend himself. (Bulg.) 5. Fascinated by the game, they did not hear anything. 6. Surprised and delighted, I opened the door for her. 7. Suppressed by longing, he wandered helplessly down the street. 8. Tired during the day, Valya fell asleep soundly. 9. We entered the grove damp from the rain. 10. I like his calmness and even speech, simple and clear. 11. And here is the cry of a rooster, announcing the beginning of a new day, was heard at the edge of the village. 12. Children cheerful and rested set off. 13. The younger sister Zhenya, while talking about the Zemstvo, was silent. (Ch.) 14. Petr Vasilyevich, her father often went on business trips. 15. We are small people in a tear society. (V.V.)
Detached and non-decoupled agreed definitions
Agreed definitions, single or as part of attributive turns, are expressed by consistent parts of speech - adjectives and participles. The isolation or non-isolation of agreed definitions depends on the location in relation to the word being defined, on the way of expressing the word being defined, on the degree of prevalence of the definition, on the presence of additional meanings that complicate the definition.
1. Defining phrases (definitions expressed by participles or adjectives with dependent words) are separated by commas after the noun being defined: The pebbles crunched underfoot, with a dull sheen resembling a skin of a snake thrown off (Leon.); Anton Pavlovich Chekhov, who crossed Siberia on horseback at the end of the last century on a trip to Sakhalin, missed the Yenisei itself (Rasp.); The master, dozing on the grass, stood up and nodded (Hall); After the death of Pushkin, billiards, which had become completely dilapidated, were sent back to the barn (Geych.); A child, loved by everyone and the only one, Svetka for some time united the family (Ast.); In the hard grass, similar to goat hair, lilac low flowers bloomed between low polynyas (Tsv.); In our yard, covered with straw, chickens roam and always give way (Tsv.); Dust, pink from the brilliance of lightning, rushed along the ground (Paust.).
Note. Postpositive turns are not isolated if the noun they define necessarily needs to be defined: He could hear things rather unpleasant for himself if Grushnitsky had recently guessed the truth (L.); - the combination could hear things incomplete in meaning.
2. The attributive turnover, which is in front of the noun being defined and does not have additional meaning, is not separated from the word being defined: They quickly turned around in the cattle yard thrown over by the earth and, not paying attention to the shelling, rushed along the gravel road (Bull); The silence of that night was filled with the music of the unborn Tchaikovsky (Hall); In this casket, Yazykov later kept his souvenirs from Trigorsky, letters from Pushkin and the Osipov-Wulf to him, and the autograph of the poems “At the seashore the green oak ...” (Geych.), presented to him by Pushkin.
The prepositive turn, complicated by an additional adverbial shade of meaning, is highlighted; in this case, there is a pause before the noun being defined, and the turn itself is intonationally separated from the name; cf .: The house surrounded by a green hedge attracted our attention (pause after the word house included in the definitive phrase House surrounded by a green hedge). - Surrounded by a green fence, the house was not visible from afar (pause before the word house; the definition is complicated by adverbial meaning: since it was surrounded by a green fence). Wed See also: Beetroots wetted by rain and seized by frost did not succumb to the pitchfork (Sparrow) - definitions are included in a single syntagma with the word being defined (pause after the noun beetroot). – Moistened by rain and seized by frost, the beetroots did not succumb to the pitchfork – definitions, having received an additional causal meaning, broke away from the word being defined, acquiring intonation and semantic independence (a pause before the noun beetroot); The harvest harvested underground promised a full winter (Tsv.). - Harvested underground, the harvest promised a full winter. In the first case, the attributive phrase is included in a single syntagma with the name being defined, a pause after the word harvest. In the second case, the turnover harvested underground stands apart, apart from the name (pause - before the name), such a turnover acquires an additional causal connotation of meaning (Since it was harvested underground, the harvest promised a full winter). Separation makes it possible to change the whole meaning of the statement: in the first case, without isolation, it is stated that the harvest, in itself, promises a full winter; in the second case, an additional meaning arises - the harvest itself is not yet a guarantee of a non-starvation winter, one must be able to save it.
3. The attributive turnover, distantly located in relation to the noun being defined, stands out: Bending in the wind, gray roadside weeds moved past (Leon.); His face, glowing with darkness and the brightness of his eyes, was cheerful (Tsv.); Somewhere hundreds of miles away, fenced off by steep pines and wide fields of impenetrable swamps, their great homeland stretched out ... (Sparrow.); In the next small room on the couch, covered with a hospital gown, the master was lying in a deep sleep (Bulg.).
4. The attributive phrases related to the personal pronoun are always distinguished, regardless of the location: Completely killed, he was forced to interrupt his visits and return home (Nagib.); On the shore, Shatsky lay down on the stones and looked at the steamer. Dirty and gloomy, painted black and yellow, he dangled on the waves, spreading a tail of fetid smoke (Paust.); He, thrice young, expected everything from life, but he did not expect this letter (Shuksh.); Having chosen philology, the path of her father, she promised a lot in the future (Tsv.). Such turns are complicated by an additional adverbial connotation of meaning and, as a rule, are not lexically combined with a personal pronoun in a single syntagma (cf. the impossibility of the phrase: she is very tired; in the sentence Very tired, she lay down to rest - the adverbial connotation of the meaning is manifested by replacing the participial turnover with the adverbial: Very tired, she lay down to rest).
The circumstantial meaning can be emphasized and intensified by the next participle turnover: Touched by the sight of this beautiful group and not wanting to interfere with the lovers, I already wanted to pass them (Kupr.).
5. The complexity of the meaning also accompanies the attributive phrases included in sentences with the omitted definitive word (especially since it can be restored both as a noun and as a pronoun). Such turnovers are necessarily isolated: On the second day, early in the morning, all the prisoners were driven out of the boiler room into the courtyard of the plant. Lined up in fives, they quietly moved along the Volokolamsk tract (Vorob.).
Note. Separate and non-isolated attributive phrases, differing in position in relation to the word being defined and shades of meaning, have different functional properties. It is they who appear in different contexts; cf .: The low door under the high outline of the church, letting the people in, now and then opened its illumination, warmed by a warm color (Tsv.). - The low door under the high outline of the church, letting the people in, now and then opened its illumination, which was warmed by a warm color; Low under the high outline of the church, the door, letting the people in, forced to bend down ("because it was low" - a causal connotation of meaning). Functional closeness with the subordinate part, the ability to acquire additional adverbial shades of meaning complicate the attributive turns, and this complexity increases their independence in the composition of the sentence, which leads to their intonational and semantic separation, i.e. to separation. Wed different shades of meaning: The doors to the hut, upholstered with matting, also opened as before, easily, softly (Bel.). - Upholstered with matting, the doors to the hut also opened as before, easily, softly ("since they were upholstered with matting"); The doors to the hut, upholstered in matting, also opened as before, easily, softly; The doors to the hut, which were upholstered with matting, opened ...
Additional circumstantial shades of meaning may also appear in attributive phrases related to phrases, cf .: Written extremely simply and accurately, A new book, according to Konstantin Vorobyov, should become a "cardiogram of the heart" (V.V. Vorobyov). – Being written with the utmost simplicity and precision, the new book... was supposed to be a “cardiogram of the heart”.
6. Single agreed-upon definitions (adjectives and participles) are distinguished or not distinguished depending on the presence or absence of the meaning of an additional (over attributive) message in them. The appearance of such a meaning is due to the post-position in relation to the word being defined, the presence of a second definition with the word being defined, the way the word being defined is expressed (if such is the pronoun). Such definitions are functionally close to additional predicates: She, pale, motionless, like a statue, stands and catches his every step with her eyes (Ch.); Among the crowd that was gathering, I noticed a group of people who were somehow different from others (Tsv.); Having smelled Soshnin with tobacco, out of breath, she rushed past him along a dark corridor (Ast.); I open into the night, black, starry, Sorrento, window sashes (Color); Behind me is a whole world, magical and incomprehensible; incomprehensible, but to the point of plaintivity - real (Tsv.). Wed: The serious, courageous, attractive face of Yulechka struck with a strong-willed beginning (Tsv.). - Serious, courageous, attractive, Yulechka's face struck with a strong-willed beginning (a pause before the word being defined enhances the meaning of conditioning - "because it was serious, courageous, attractive"); Yulechka's face, serious, courageous, attractive, struck with a strong-willed beginning; (Yulechka's face was serious, courageous, attractive, and therefore struck with a strong-willed beginning - the meaning of an additional predicate is manifested). The additional circumstantial-predicative meaning of definitions is especially emphasized when they are on a par with adverbial phrases: Barefoot, small, with her hands folded, she stood in front of him, whispering something ... (Bun.).
With personal pronouns in the original form, the definition can be located in preposition and postposition, performing the function of an additional message and therefore standing apart; cf .: I kindled a fire and went to look for women. They, hushed, separately, stood on the bank of the stream under a bunch of bird cherry (Sparrow.) - Silenced, they, separately, stood on the bank of the stream ...
Definitions relating to pronouns in other case forms, as a rule, can only be located in the postposition: A huge shaggy dog was chasing me, small, maybe three years old and without pants (Nil.).
Note. A non-isolated definition for personal pronouns is extremely rare: it usually stands out logically and often indicates an existing or implied opposition: You cannot understand the current me, experiencing the old age of my old age, you cannot understand the state of my body and the current of thought, which have become too simple for you (Hall.) - the opposition I was and I am the present is thought. More often, non-isolation is observed in the preposition: The red director and the pale we looked at Ivan Petrovich (Ch.); Not to understand those who did not wait for them, how in the midst of the fire with your expectation you saved me (Sim.); And truly you are the capital for the crazy and bright us (Ahm.); And blind and stupid I only dreamed today in a dream that she never loved me (Bl.); A little woman looked at an unfamiliar me (Evt.).
In the following example, the single definition pale is isolated, being related to a distantly located pronoun: Sapronov did not look at anyone. He was now sitting at the table, pale, playing and tapping with a pencil on the tabletop (Bel.). However, if this adjective is included in the predicate (sitting pale), then the emphasis will disappear, at the same time the verb sat will lose its independence of meaning, losing its logical stress: Sapronov did not look at anyone. He was now sitting at the table, pale, playing and tapping his pencil on the table top.
7. A single postpositive definition, if there is no definition before the word being defined, may not acquire the value of an additional message, becoming the main logical and semantic center of the statement. Such definitions are not isolated, they are supplied logical stress, dragging it from the name of a noun, which, moreover, is often lexically incapable of expressing a full-fledged meaning: With careless laughter, they mourned farewell to the future (Tsv.); “I visited again” - an unfinished poem (Geych.); They did not immediately realize that before them was an extraordinary person, the only one (Gran.); Is this really human progress? (Hall.); It turned out that before him was not a teacher, but a teacher, and not mathematicians, but singing, or some other object of properties that were far from certain, and at the same time accurate (Hall.); ... I am a man of extraordinary insight (Zal.); This multi-day fire was started in his yard by the chief fireman, head of the city fire brigade (Zal.); On his pale face, red and purple spots took on the appearance of a sickly (Hall.).
Often, non-isolated, logically underlined definitions (having an accent) are homogeneous series, which can also include common definitions: They like the world emasculated, planned out at right angles, squeezed between “yes” and “no”, explained once and for all in any of its dimensions and manifestations (Ast.); Two hundred voices of begging, pleading, demanding filled the village (Sparrow); A moment ... and in the merry and noisy hall everyone calmed down and got up frightened from their seats when I entered, inflamed, insane, and silently put my cross on the map (Gum.); I see a cheerful, noisy holiday (Gum.).
The inverted definition, referring to the name of a noun that is contextually defective (in this context, losing its meaning), also does not stand apart: He is a person torn from her (M. G.).
8. A single postpositive definition related to a definitive phrase (noun with a definition) is isolated; as a rule, such a definition has a clarifying or concretizing character: Young Grigory Dumny, thirty years old, was elected chairman of the collective farm (Shuksh.); Ancient sinkers, durable, burnt, are better than ours (Paust.); My first Moscow autumn, warm and friendly, stood for a long time (Chiv.). In the examples given, isolated definitions-adjectives characterize the phrases young Gregory; Moscow autumn; old weights.
Relative adjectives in the role of definitions for phrases may not be isolated if they do not carry an additional shade of causal meaning or justification: On a quiet winter evening in a small house near the Prechistensky Gates, we were sitting at tea in the family of Professor Alexei Ivanovich Alekseev (Tsv.); The large church yard in one of the Zamoskvoretsky lanes was slowly filled with people (Tsv.); cf. another possible meaning: On a quiet winter evening, in a small house at the Prechistensky Gates ... (winter is perceived as quiet in winter); Large courtyard, church, in one of the Zamoskvoretsky lanes ... (i.e. "church, and therefore large" or "large courtyard, since it is near the church").
Different understanding is impossible with a clear, lexically expressed explanation or clarification: The steps were of different lengths, sometimes wide, sometimes mincing (Hall) (the meaning of the word different is explained); Wherever you look, pure colors lay everywhere, sometimes dense, sometimes completely transparent, created by the light of the northern sun, snow, the fire of lanterns (Paust.) (the meaning of the adjective pure is specified, the meaning of the adjective pure is specified by indicating the alternating change of qualities).
Single isolated definitions in the context can be combined with common definitions, which enhances their isolation to a greater extent: Suddenly, a steamer whistled not far from us. Small, glowing on the dark water with many multi-colored lights, he moored to the pier (Nil.), sniffling and trembling; The wind, swift, pre-spring, blowing from three sides at once at this intersection, made it difficult to light a cigarette (Nil.); Yulka Maltseva, beautiful, unexpected, unexpected in everything, after sitting with me on the shore for a short time, upset me for a long time (Nil.); It was a flood that gushed, breaking the ice drift, flooding the neighborhood with streams (Tsv.).
9. Single and common definitions - adjectives or participles are not isolated if they are included in the predicate or simultaneously refer to both the subject and the predicate (they have a double syntactic relationship): The weather was just boring (Shuksh.); Autumns were long and quiet (Spread); For centuries the desert lay untouched (Paust.); The days were cloudy, soft (Paust.). The same with inversion: Terrible and pale, he stands before me (M. G.); The personnel was a campaigner (Bull.); An old grandmother is busy at home (Prishv.); His salary is ridiculous (German).
10. Single and common definitions are not isolated, standing after negative, indefinite, demonstrative, definitive pronouns, forming a single intonation group with them (the emphasis falls on the definition): something that has consequences, something unusual, someone unknown, all those who are late for the concert; It turned out something terrible, confused and sharp (Furm.); Something malicious on his puffy and spotty face made room, something pitiful appeared - just about he would stretch out his hand and stroke his interlocutor on the head, like a child (Hall.); There was something unexpected in all this, as if even unnatural (Hall.); Someone unfamiliar came out to the platform of the iron ladder leading to the desk of the mechanic (Bel.); It was noticeable that she was afraid of something indefinite, mysterious, which she herself could not express (Vost.); Only one who sees ahead of him something terrible and inevitable looks like this (Sol.); The look is sharp and stern. In his figure, in his whole appearance, something powerful, primitive is felt (Sol.); From that time on, something surprisingly absurd began (M. G.).
In the presence of an emphasizing, clarifying and restrictive meaning, the definitions are separated. Compare: That one, small, is already approaching the finish line (the definition small specifies the meaning of the substantiated pronoun that). - That little one is already approaching the finish line (the substantiated adjective small has a demonstrative pronoun that); All those who strayed from the train must go to the waiting room (the substantiated participle stragglers has the allocative pronoun all with it). - Everyone, departing and seeing off, settled down in the waiting room (definitions clarify the meaning of the substantiated pronoun all).
11. Definitions at the end of a sentence, both single and with words that spread them, as well as included in homogeneous rows, can be separated by a dash, which enhances their isolation, independence of position: Ultimately, human happiness depends on the results of this struggle - the present and the future (Ast.). The choice of a stronger separating dash is dictated here not only by the final (actual) position, but also by the presence of a prepositive definition human, which already sufficiently characterizes the noun happiness, and therefore the definitions present and future carry an additional concretizing meaning. The same in the sentence: The low door under the high outline of the church, letting the people in, now and then opened its illumination, warmed by a warm color - yellowish (Color). The definition of yellowish explains, specifies the combination of warm color (yellowish - feels like "warm"). A similar meaning (concretizing, clarifying) requires a dash in the following example, where the position of isolation is enhanced by the prevalence of definitions, as well as their opposition in the composition homogeneous members Suggestions: According to the location on the branch, apical (terminal) buds and lateral ones are distinguished. Among the lateral ones, there are internal ones - located on the side of the branch that faces the center of the crown, and external ones - oriented towards the periphery of the crown (journal).
12. Definitions located inside the sentence and highlighted with a dash sign take on the meaning of explanatory and clarifying plug-in members of the sentence: Every time I return from fishing, cats of all stripes - red, black, gray and white with tan marks - take the house under siege (Paust.); The sea - gray, winter, inexpressibly gloomy - roared and rushed behind thin sides, like Niagara (Paust.) ..
13. Definitions expressed by short adjectives or short passive participles are always isolated. They have the meaning of an additional message, an additional predicate: At the usual hour, she was awakened, she got up by candlelight (P.); Fanned by a thing of drowsiness, the half-dressed forest is sad (Tyutch.); It was raining - and the river sparkles with asphalt, wide, deep (Schip.); The kids are making noise, and sailors are walking along the new alleys, broad in the shoulders (Pinch.).
Home of talent
On the edge of the Meshchersky forests, not far from Ryazan, lies the village of Solotcha. Solotcha is famous for its climate, dunes, rivers and pine forests. There is electricity in Solotch.
Peasant horses, driven into the meadows at night, stare wildly at the white stars of electric lamps hanging in the distant forest, and snort with fear.
For the first year I lived in Solotch with a meek old woman, an old maid and a country dressmaker, Marya Mikhailovna. Her name was centuries-old - she spent her whole life alone, without a husband, without children.
In her cleanly washed toy hut, several clocks ticked and hung two old paintings by an unknown Italian master. I rubbed them with raw onions, and the Italian morning, full of sun and reflections of the water, filled the quiet hut. The picture was left to Marya Mikhailovna's father in payment for the room by an unknown foreign artist. He came to Solotcha to study local icon-painting skills. He was a man almost a beggar and strange. Leaving, he took the word that the picture would be sent to him in Moscow in exchange for money. The artist did not send any money - he suddenly died in Moscow.
Behind the wall of the hut, the neighboring garden was noisy at night. In the garden stood a two-story house, surrounded by a blank fence. I wandered into this house looking for a room. A beautiful gray-haired old woman spoke to me. She looked at me sternly blue eyes and refused to rent a room. Over her shoulder, I could see the walls hung with paintings.
Whose is this house? - I asked the age-old.
Yes, how! Academician Pozhalostin, famous engraver. He died before the revolution, and the old woman is his daughter. There are two old women living there. One is quite decrepit, hunchbacked.
I was puzzled. Engraver Pozhalostin is one of the best Russian engravers, his works are scattered everywhere: here, in France, in England, and suddenly - Solotcha! But soon I ceased to be perplexed when I heard how the collective farmers, digging potatoes, argued whether the artist Arkhipov would come to Solotcha this year or not.
Pozhalostin is a former shepherd. Artists Arkhipov and Malyavin, sculptor Golubkina - all of these, Ryazan places. There is almost no hut in Solotcha where there would be no pictures. You ask: who wrote? Answer: grandfather, or father, or brother. Solotchintsy were once famous bogomazes. The name of Pozhalostin is still pronounced with respect. He taught Solotsk to draw. They went to him secretly, carrying their canvases wrapped in a clean rag for evaluation - for praise or scolding.
For a long time I could not get used to the idea that next to me, behind the wall, in the darkish rooms of the old house, were the rarest books on art and engraved copper plates. Late at night I went to the well to drink water. Frost lay on the log house, the bucket burned his fingers, icy stars stood over the silent and black edge, and only in Pozhalostin's house the window shone dimly: his daughter read until dawn. From time to time, she probably raised her glasses to her forehead and listened - she guarded the house.
The next year I settled with the Pozhalostins. I rented an old sauna from them in the garden. The garden was dead, covered in lilacs, wild rose hips, apple and maple trees covered with lichen.
Beautiful engravings hung on the walls in the Pozhalostinsky house - portraits of people from the last century. I couldn't get rid of their looks. When I was mending my fishing rods or writing, a crowd of women and men in tightly buttoned frock coats, a crowd of the seventies, looked at me from the walls with deep attention. I raised my head, met the eyes of Turgenev or General Yermolov, and for some reason I felt embarrassed.
Solotchinskaya district is a country of talented people. Yesenin was born not far from Solotchi.
Once an old woman in a poneva came to my bathhouse - she brought sour cream to sell.
If you still need sour cream, - she said affectionately, - so you come to me, I have it. Ask the church where Tatyana Yesenina lives. Everyone will show you.
Yesenin Sergey is not your relative?
Sings? - asked the grandmother.
Yes, poet.
My nephew, - the grandmother sighed and wiped her mouth with the end of her handkerchief. - He was a good singer, only painfully wonderful. So if you need sour cream, you come to me, dear.
Kuzma Zotov lives on one of the forest lakes near Solotcha. Before the revolution, Kuzma was an unrequited poor man. From poverty, he retained the habit of speaking in an undertone, imperceptibly - it’s better not to speak, but to keep quiet. But from the same poverty, from the “cockroach life”, he also retained a stubborn desire to make his children “real people” at all costs.
In the hut of the Zotovs appeared behind last years a lot of new things - radio, newspapers, books. From the old time, only a decrepit dog remained - he does not want to die in any way.
No matter how you feed him, he still gets skinny, - says Kuzma. - Such a poor factory remained for him for the rest of his life. Those who are cleaner dressed are afraid of those who are buried under the bench. Thinking gentlemen!
Kuzma has three Komsomol sons. The fourth son is still quite a boy, Vasya.
One of the sons, Misha, is in charge of an experimental ichthyological station on Lake Velikoye, near the town of Spas-Klepiki. One summer, Misha brought home an old violin without strings - he bought it from some old woman. The violin was lying in the old woman's hut, in a chest - left over from the landowners Shcherbatovs. The violin was of Italian work, and Misha decided in the winter, when there would be little work at the experimental station, to go to Moscow to show it to connoisseurs. He did not know how to play the violin.
If it turns out to be valuable, he told me, I will give it to one of our best violinists.
The second son, Vanya, is a teacher of botany and zoology in a large forest village, a hundred kilometers from his native lake. During the holidays, he will help his mother with the housework, and in his free time he wanders through the forests or along the lake waist-deep in water, looking for some rare algae. He promised to show them to his students, smart and terribly curious.
Vanya is a shy person. From his father, gentleness, affection for people, love for sincere conversations passed to him.
Vasya is still at school. There is no school on the lake - there are only four huts - and Vasya has to run and school through the forest, seven kilometers away.
Vasya is a connoisseur of his places. He knows every forest path, every badger hole, every bird's plumage. His gray narrowed eyes have extraordinary vigilance.
Two years ago, an artist came to the lake from Moscow. He took Vasya as his assistant. Vasya transported the artist on a canoe to the other side of the lake, changed water for paints (the artist painted with Lefranc's French watercolors), served lead tubes from a box.
Once the artist and Vasya were caught on the shore by a thunderstorm. I remember her. It was not a thunderstorm, but a swift, treacherous hurricane. Dust, pink from lightning, swept across the ground. The forests were noisy as if the oceans had broken through dams and were flooding Meshchera. Thunder shook the earth.
The artist and Vasya barely made it home. In the hut, the artist discovered the loss of a tin box with watercolors. The colors were lost, the magnificent colors of Lefranc! The artist looked for them for several days, but did not find them and soon left for Moscow.
Two months later, in Moscow, the artist received a letter written in large clumsy letters.
“Hello,” Vasya wrote. - Write down what to do with your paints and how to send them to you. After you left, I looked for them for two weeks, searched everything until I found it, only got a bad cold, because it was already raining, I got sick and could not write to you earlier. I almost died, but now I walk, although still very weak. So don't get angry. Dad said that I had pneumonia in my lungs. Send me, if you have any opportunity, a book about all sorts of trees and colored pencils - I want to draw. We already had snow falling, but it only melted, and in the forest under the Christmas tree - you look - and a hare is sitting! I remain Vasya Zotov.
Agreed common definitions, expressed by participial phrase and adjectives with dependent words, and agreed non-spread definitions are separated (separated by a comma or, if they are in the middle of a sentence, are separated by commas) if they are after the word being defined (post position).
Varya, very satisfied, took Podgorin by the arm.
Young woman, quiet and thoughtful, had a pleasant appearance.
A single postpositive adjective related to a definitive phrase (noun with a definition) is separated; As a rule, such a definition has a clarifying or concretizing character.
Young Grigory Dumny , thirty years old, was elected chairman of the collective farm.
Prepositive common definitions, including participial phrases, are isolated, being complicated by adverbial meaning.
The software is complicated by an additional adverbial meaning, the meaning of the turnover approaches the meaning of the causal clause. Separate definitions, being formally associated with the noun being defined, simultaneously refer to the predicate.
Immersed in your thoughts, Chechevitsyn did not answer (because he was immersed in his thoughts).
Always cheerful, the girl was sad today (although she was always cheerful, today she is sad).
Inconsistent definitions expressed by the infinitive are always postpositive and are separated by a dash if the name being defined already has a definition.
Any definitions are isolated if they refer to a personal pronoun. Definitions relating to pronouns in indirect cases, as a rule, can be isolated only in postposition.
Completely killed, he was forced to interrupt his visits and return home.
Very tired She lay down to rest.
She, pale and motionless like a statue standing and gazing at every step.
Behind me, confident, there were those who still doubted the rightness of our cause.
Behind me, small, maybe three years old and without pants, a huge shaggy dog was chasing.
Definitions expressed by short adjectives or short passive participles are always isolated. They have the meaning of an additional message, an additional predicate.
Wrapped in a thing of drowsiness, the scantily clad forest is sad.
The rain poured down - and the river sparkles with asphalt, wide and deep.
The definition is also isolated before the OS if it is separated from the noun being defined by other members of the sentence.
Leaning in the wind, gray roadside moved past weeds.
Attributive turns included in sentences with omitted OS (it is restored both as a noun and as a pronoun).
Definitions at the end of the sentence, both single and with words that spread them, as well as included in homogeneous rows, can be separated by a dash, which enhances their isolation, independence of the position.
The door, low under the high outlines of the church, letting the people in, now and then opened its illumination, warmed warm color - yellowish .
Definitions located inside the sentence and highlighted with a dash sign acquire the meaning of explanatory and clarifying members of the sentence.
Such are many of Bunin's characters - colorful, bright, original, rushing about in search of the meaning of life and the use of their remarkable powers.
Separate definitions and applications
Punctuation marks for isolated definitions
1. Usually, stand apart(separated by a comma, and in the middle of a sentence are separated by commas on both sides) agreed common definitions expressed by a participle or an adjective with words dependent on them and standing after the word being defined.
For example: Dirty urban downpour, mixed with dust, struck(B. Past.) ; Anton Pavlovich Chekhov, who crossed Siberia on horseback at the end of the last century on a trip to Sakhalin, missed the Yenisei(rasp.); The master, dozing on the grass, stood up and nodded(Hall.); In the rough grass, like goat's hair, lilac low flowers bloomed between the low openings.(Color.); Dust, pink from the brilliance of lightning, rushed along the ground(Paust.); Loose clouds, saturated with dark water, rushed low over the sea(Paust.).
2. Participles and adjectives with dependent words after an indefinite pronoun are usually not isolated, since they form one whole with the previous pronoun.
For example: Her large eyes, full of inexplicable sadness, seemed to be searching in mine for something resembling hope.(Lermontov).
But if the semantic connection between the pronoun and the definition following it is less close and when reading after the pronoun there is a pause, then isolation is possible.
For example: And someone, sweaty and out of breath, runs from store to store ... (V. Panova)
Definitive, demonstrative and possessive pronouns are not separated by a comma from the participial phrase following them, closely adjacent to it.
But if the definitive pronoun is substantiated, or if participial has the character of clarification or explanation, then the definition is isolated.
For example: Everything related to the railway is still fanned for me by the poetry of travel.(Paustovsky); I wanted to distinguish myself in front of this, dear to me, person ...(Bitter).
It is not uncommon for sentences with agreed definitions to allow variant punctuation.
Compare: That middle one over there plays better than the others (That- definition with a substantiated word average). – That one, the middle one, plays better than the others.(substantiated word That- subject, with it a separate definition average).
A common definition is not separated by a comma from the previous negative pronoun.
For example: No one admitted to the Olympiad solved the last problem; None of these dishes can be compared to anything served under the same name in vaunted taverns.(although such designs are very rare).
Two or more agreed single definitions are separated, standing after the noun being defined, if the latter is preceded by another definition.
For example:. ..Favorite faces, dead and alive, come to mind...(Turgenev); ...Long clouds, red and purple, guarded him[sun] peace...(Chekhov).
In the absence of a previous definition, two subsequent single definitions are separated or not separated depending on the author's intonation-semantic load, as well as their location (definitions standing between the subject and the predicate are separated).
Compare:
1) ... I especially liked the eyes, big and sad(Turgenev); And the Cossacks, both on foot and on horseback, marched on three roads to three gates(Gogol); Mother, sad and anxious, sat on a thick bundle and was silent ...(Gladkov);
