logical stress
Selection with intonation funds of some. words in a statement that the speaker thinks are the most important, in order to draw the attention of the listener to it. Often in this sense they talk about the place of the intonation center of the utterance, that is, about the syllable or word on which a communicatively significant change in the pitch of the voice occurs. The intonational center of the utterance is always located on the word that the speaker wants to emphasize. Depending on which word of the phrase falls l. w., the statement changes its meaning and requires a different speech reaction of the interlocutor. In the text, such a word is sometimes highlighted in a different font.
If not for my true love for uncle , - she said, with particular confidence ... pronouncing this word(L. Tolstoy).
Educational dictionary of stylistic terms. - Novosibirsk: Novosibirsk State University. O. N. Laguta. 1999
See what "logical stress" is in other dictionaries:
logical stress Literary Encyclopedia
logical stress- LOGICAL ACCENT. More emphasis on one word of a sentence than on others. Lim Uem denotes the psychological predicate (see) of the judgment expressed in the sentence, as the main thing in thought. For example, in the sentence: "I wrote a letter ... ... Dictionary of literary terms
LOGICAL ACCENT- LOGICAL ACCENT. The same as the semantic accent. An element of the intonation design of a sentence, consisting in highlighting the word (phrase) that seems to the speaker to be especially important in semantic relation … New dictionary methodological terms and concepts (theory and practice of teaching languages)
logical stress- stress characterizing the semantic load of the components of the judgment. In some teachings on judgment in traditional logic, which belonged to the psychological direction, the main semantic load in simple attributive judgments related to ... ... Glossary of Logic Terms
logical stress- a means of semantic allocation of any significant unit of the statement. Superimposed on the obligatory verbal stress, L. at. usually enhances the phonetic characteristics of a word, emphasizing information that is new or controversial for one of ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
logical stress- Stronger stress on one word of the sentence than on others. Lim Uem denotes the psychological predicate (see) of the judgment expressed in the sentence, as the main thing in thought. For example, in the sentence: “I wrote a letter to a friend,” each word ... Grammar Dictionary: Grammar and linguistic terms
logical stress- Emphasis in the pronunciation of one of the words of the sentence to enhance its semantic load. cf .: Today I will go to the institute (not anyone else, but me). Today I will go to the institute (not on another day, but today). Today I'm going to... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms
ACCENT Modern Encyclopedia
ACCENT- (accent) ..1) highlighting a unit of speech (syllable, word, phrase) using phonetic means. It is carried out in various ways: by the force of exhalation (power, or expiratory, stress in Russian, English, French, Polish, Hungarian, ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
stress- (accent), 1) highlighting a unit of speech (syllable, word, phrase) using phonetic means. It is carried out in various ways: by the force of exhalation (power, or expiratory, stress in Russian, English, French and other languages); ... ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary
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- Russian language. Grade 8 (CDpc) , . Educational complex (hereinafter OK)`Russian language, grade 8` - tutorial for 8th grade students general education schools and schools with in-depth study of the Russian language. Educational,…
Stress is the selection of any component of speech by acoustic methods.
Word stress or verbal stress is the selection of one syllable in Russian. Stress in Russian is power, that is, the stressed syllable is pronounced with greater sound power. Also, it is not subject to reduction, that is, it is pronounced without noticeable changes in its sound characteristics, in contrast to unstressed sounds.
In addition to verbal, there is also logical stress. This is a rise in tone that highlights the main word or group of words in a sentence, that is, it no longer refers to a single word, but to a phrase or sentence. It highlights and reflects main idea offers. So, if in the sentence "Tanya eats soup" the logical emphasis is placed on the word "Tanya", then we are talking about Tanya, and not about Masha or Katya. If the stress word is "eats", then it matters to the speaker that she eats him, and does not salt or stir. And if the word "soup" is under stress, then it is important that this is soup, and not a cutlet or pasta.
Logical and grammatical pauses
Logical stress is closely related to logical and grammatical pauses. In the sounding and each phrase is divided into semantic parts, each of which includes several words or just one. Such semantic groups in a sentence are called speech units, measures or syntagmas. In sounding speech, syntagmas are separated from each other by logical pauses - stops, the duration and fullness of which can be different. Each individual syntagma is inseparable in itself: there are no pauses in its composition. There are also grammatical pauses, which in the written text are indicated by commas, periods, and others. Where there is a grammatical pause, a logical one always appears, but not every logical pause is indicated by a punctuation mark.
There are also psychological pauses, which are indicated by ellipsis in writing.
A logical pause can be connecting and separating. The connecting pause marks the boundaries between syntagmas within a sentence or between parts; it is short. The separating pause is longer. It is done between separate sentences, as well as plot or semantic compositional parts of the text.
The main word or group of words in a sentence can be distinguished by a logical pause before or after this word. There may be two pauses at once, which "frame" the highlighted word.
Intonation and logical stress
In there is a tonal stress - an increase or decrease in tone. Changing its height not only indicates the main words or combinations of words in sounding speech, but also makes speech more diverse, intelligible and pleasant to hear. Without the necessary change in intonation, speech, even provided with the necessary pauses, becomes monotonous, slurred and soporific. If the logical stress conveys the meaning of the statement, then the tonal stress holds the attention of the listeners.
Not only logical pauses help us accurately and clearly convey the author's thoughts to the audience. This is also facilitated by the correct placement and observance logical stresses.
Logical stress is the allocation by means of sound means of a word or a group of words among other words in a sentence or speech tact. In each speech measure there is a word that is distinguished by meaning in the sounding speech by raising, lowering or amplifying the sound of the voice. This intonation of the word is called - clocked logical emphasis.
"Now is the endSEPTEMBER , / and willows / elsedid not turn yellow ".
A separate speech measure rarely contains a complete thought, therefore the stresses of each speech measure must be subordinated to the main stress of the whole sentence. The logical stress can be on any significant word, wherever it is - at the beginning, middle or end of the speech measure. But, often logically, the stressed word is at the end of the speech tact, which is typical of Russian intonation.
There can be several logical stresses in a phrase (according to the number of speech measures), but one of them is the main stress of the phrase- phrasal stress. The main logical stress subordinates to itself all other stressed words of the phrase, in the same way as an ordinary stressed word subordinates to itself all unstressed words of its speech tact.
" Daughter , / CatherineIvanovna , / youngyoung woman , / played the piano " .
There are different ways to highlight stressed words: they are distinguished by raising, lowering, slowing down or intensifying the voice, as well as using pauses. All methods of highlighting a stressed word are usually used in combination with each other.
The allocation of stressed words depends on the context and actionable tasks. However, there are laws and rules for setting logical stresses. Laws are universal, and always observed, the rules prescribe.
Law of the new concept
Words that denote new, unfamiliar concepts from the previous text (names of persons, objects, properties; actions, etc.) are emphasized. Familiar concepts, such as those previously mentioned, are usually not stressed. They can be singled out only in those cases when the meaning or the special construction of the phrase requires it.
« Onegin, my good friend,
Born on the banks of the Neva ... "
When inverted on definitions expressed by the adjective
"Snow, /acicular and loose , / fell in clusters.
Oppositions
Opposite words are accentuated intonation. The opposition usually has two parts. In one, something is denied, for the sake of affirming something in the other. Sometimes one of the parts of the opposition is only implied (hidden opposition). Regardless of the order in which the parts of the opposition are arranged, what is asserted stands out more strongly and necessarily lowering the voice as the main stress.
"I wouldn't smokeshag ,
and I would get"Kazbek" » .
"Do not executescary , - / yours is terribledisfavor » .
"Notgenus , / Amind I will put in governors.
The approved concepts are “Kazbek”, “disgrace”, “mind”, therefore they require a lowering of the voice and its significant amplification. The words "shag", "execution" and "kind" are denied concepts and require raising the voice (without amplifying it).
"You would, you know,to the fleet
With your appetite."
The word "to the fleet" is a hidden opposition (to the fleet, not to the infantry).
Comparisons.
When compared, it usually stands out only what is it compared to object, property, etc. Unions, with the help of which a comparative turnover is formed, cannot be shock.
"Always modest, always obedient,
Always likemorning , cheerful,
Howpoet's life , simple-hearted,
Howkiss of love , honey.
An unpopular offer.
In uncommon sentences, which usually consist of a subject and a predicate, as a rule, the stress is placed on the last word. Therefore, in direct word order in such sentences, the predicate becomes stressed, and in inverted sentences, the subject. When the subject and predicate are new concepts, they both stand out. The predicate, the meaning of which is, as it were, contained in the subject, does not stand out, no matter where in the non-common sentence it stands.
"Severewinter . But: wintersevere I".
Explanatory words with the verb.
If the offer contains additions or circumstances explaining the verb, then it is they who receive the stress, and not the verb. The verbs themselves stand out only in uncommon sentences when they are in second place, as well as in opposition and enumeration. Adverbs with a verb they require stress if they almost replace the verb in meaning. But qualitative adverbs do not require stress.
"One dayautumn / I was returning fromBakhchisaray / V Yalta / throughAi-Petri » .
Here the emphasis is on the circumstance of time ( autumn) and the circumstances of the place (from Bakhchisaray, V Yalta, through Ai-Petri) that explain the verbs.
"I'm all the way /running fled. But: I'm all the way /fled ».
Here is the adverb running, and verb fled. The word "running" in meaning can replace the verb "run".
Enumeration. Homogeneous members of a sentence.
Enumeration is characterized by a special “voice move” - a rise and a logical perspective. On the enumerated words, the voice rises all the time, showing that the thought is not yet finished and will be continued, and only on the last of them, if it ends the phrase, the voice goes down. The power of highlighting enumerated words is increasing. Homogeneous members of a sentence (expressed in one word or phrase), sometimes whole sentences require enumeration intonation.
"That's itknocking , / Andcry , / Andbells not hear."
"Flash by /booths ,/ women ,/
Boys ,/ shops , / lanterns /,
palaces ,/ gardens ,/ monasteries …»
Definitions expressed by a noun in the genitive case.
"From the windowsneighbor / there was music."
"From here I see /flows birth, /
And the first / formidablecollapses / movement."
Appeal.
An address at the beginning of a phrase is highlighted by a logical stress and a pause. In the middle and at the end of the phrase, the appeal does not require stress and is part of the speech tact.
« Victor , / give me ball ».
« I beg you (,) daughter, / don't go ».
« Do not scream (,) Lena.
Isolation of recurring concepts.
« I'm going, I'm going in an open field;/
Bellding-ding-ding …/
Scary, scary involuntarily /
Among the unknown plains.
Generalizing words take logical stress.
“Now there are no mountains, / no sky, / no earth - / /Nothing was not visible."
Of course, you know that everything in the world consists of something: a forest is made of trees, clouds are made of water drops, all objects and substances are made of tiny invisible particles - atoms, and today in the lesson we will talk about what consists of them. words - about the proposal. In the lesson, we will learn what a sentence is and learn to distinguish a sentence from a set of words. Let's find out what sentences are according to intonation and the purpose of the statement, what punctuation marks are written at the end of the sentence in writing. We will also discover what logical stress is and how to determine its place.
Answer the questions. What is an offer? Can any words form a sentence?
Compare two strings.
The cat, square, writes well.
Cat, red, sleeps, soundly.
What words can be used to build a sentence by linking them in meaning? Is it possible to say - "square cat"? "The cat writes well"? No you can not.
Let's try to make a sentence from the words of the second line.
Test yourself.
The red cat is fast asleep.
We learned that the cat is red and that he is sleeping.
Will this thought change if the words are reversed?
The red cat is fast asleep.
Red cat sleeps soundly.
The thought remains the same. It can be figuratively represented or drawn (Fig. 1).
Rice. 1. Red cat sleeps soundly ()
Let's conclude: a sentence is a unit of our speech, which serves to express a thought. A sentence consists of words that are related in meaning.
Complete the task. Find offers.
Spring, guys, holidays, sun.
Spring has already come. A warm breeze is blowing.
Test yourself.
The first line contains just words, the second line contains two sentences.
1st: Spring has already arrived.
2nd: A warm breeze is blowing.
Each sentence expressed its thought. Words in sentences are connected in such a way that it is clear what and what needs to be said.
Say the sentence again calmly and observe your voice: Spring has already come.
The voice was calm, and towards the end of the sentence dropped. The work of the voice, its amplification and increase, scientists called the scientific word intonation. When we say a sentence-message, we lower the tone towards the end of the sentence. This is how we show that the thought is finished. A period must be placed at the end of such sentences. These sentences are called narrative sentences. They are talking about something. This is their goal.
Offers can spur someone to action. The intonation in such sentences will have different shades: requests, orders, demands. Such proposals are called incentives.
Sasha, please bring the textbook.
Tanya, don't cry!
You can ask questions in a sentence. With interrogative intonation, the tone rises sharply on an important word in the question. You can read the same sentence-question in different ways, highlighting a new word each time.
Guysdid you go to the cinema on saturday?
GuyswentSaturday at the cinema?
The guys wenton Saturdayto the cinema?
The boys went on Saturdayto the cinema?
The intonation changes depending on what exactly you need to ask. Such sentences are called interrogative. At the end interrogative sentences a question mark is placed.
There are sentences that express their thoughts cheerfully, with delight, amazement or anger. Such sentences are pronounced with increased intonation, with an exclamation. They are called exclamatory sentences.
Such sentences end with an exclamation point.
Mom has arrived!
This is a very interesting book!
Sentences in which feelings are not expressed were given the name non-exclamatory.
Practice.
1. Read the declarative sentence, lowering your voice towards the end.
The guys went to the cinema on Saturday.
2. Read the exclamatory sentence, raising your voice towards the end.
The guys went to the cinema on Saturday!
3. Read the incentive sentence.
Guys, go to the cinema on Saturday!
4. Read the interrogative sentence.
Did the guys go to the cinema on Saturday?
Let's make a conclusion. Any offer is
So, it is important to understand what sentence you are reading in order to get an expressive reading. It is necessary to follow the signs at the end of sentences and correctly intotone them.
Read expressively the poem by G. Chistyakova and think about what feelings you need to convey when reading and with what intonation you need to read.
How many of you guys know
Why is the dog barking?
Why is the dog unhappy?
Maybe someone hit it painfully,
Maybe they crushed the paw,
Maybe the cats teased
Maybe you want affection
Maybe I haven't eaten in a long time
Maybe her blizzard is terrible,
Maybe she lost a friend?
Why is the dog barking?
Maybe he wants to tell us:
- Look, I beg you.
How beautifully I bark!
Rice. 2. Dog
In this poem, you saw another sign - a comma, she says: read with pauses, enumeration intonation.
Each sentence has its own task of speech. How to define it?
Read the sentence
There is a kitten on the sofa.
The purpose of this sentence was to communicate that it was a kitten, not a puppy and not an adult cat, that was lying on the sofa. When reading, it is necessary to highlight the word kitten in your voice. Highlighting a word that is important in meaning is called logical stress. Let's agree to show it graphically with an arrow above the word.
There is a kitten on the sofa.
Read.
There is a kitten on the sofa.
Let's change the place of logical stress: we will transfer it to the word "on the couch". The purpose of this sentence is to communicate that the kitten is not lying on a chair, not on the floor, but on the sofa.
Read.
There is a kitten on the sofa.
It can be seen that the sentences are written in the same way, but differ in reading, and this depends on the logical stress. IN oral speech logical stress can be placed on any word in a sentence, depending on what the purpose of the message is, that is, the task of speech. This means that in order to read expressively, one must correctly put the logical stress on the right words and pronounce sentences with the correct intonation.
Are there rules for writing proposals? Yes. The offer is always written with capital letter. At the end of the sentence they put a sign: a period, question or exclamation marks, sometimes ellipsis. They are called punctuation marks.
Today in the lesson we learned what a sentence is and learned to distinguish a sentence from a set of words. We found out what sentences are according to intonation and the purpose of the statement and what punctuation marks are written at the end of sentences in written speech. Also in the lesson, they discovered what logical stress is and how to determine its place.
2. Continue the sentences:
At the end of the sentence is put ..., or ... a sign, or ... a sign. At the end of sentences that express strong feelings, put ... .... At the end of sentences that contain a question, put ... ....
3. Come up with a proposal for a given condition.
Who? What is he doing? How? What? Where?
4. Read the sentences, changing the place of the logical stress.
The boy writes a sentence in a notebook with a pencil.
Mom is watering the flowers in the garden.
5. Name the line in which the incentive sentence is written:
a) Ira, let's go for a walk in the garden.
b) Ira and Sveta were walking in the garden.
c) Was Sveta walking in the garden?
6. Gather the Scattered Offer:
Together, to sing, in chorus, it is better, but, apart, to speak.
6. Come up with a continuation of the sentences:
My friend is doing...
Your friend is doing...?
7. Read G. Sapgir's poem with the correct intonation so that it becomes clear who and how relates to football.
Football
Auntie said:
- Fi, football!
Mom said:
- Fu, football!
Sister said:
Well, football...
And I answered:
So, for example, in a line from Krylov’s fable “The Harrow and the Fox”: “The Fox sees the cheese” - the word “cheese” is the main thing in meaning, because because of the cheese the Fox stopped and started a conversation with the Crow, so this word should be highlighted logical emphasis.
Logical stress is very important for expressive reading. A phrase read without emphasizing in the voice a word that carries a dignified meaning sounds unclear, its essence does not quickly reach the minds of the listeners.
“Stress,” wrote Stanislavsky, “is the index finger, marking the most important word in a phrase or measure! In the highlighted word, the soul, the inner essence, the main points of the subtext are hidden! 1
Logical stress is achieved by various means: by the power of the voice, by lowering or raising it, by a pause before the highlighted word, or by slowing down the tempo of three pronunciations of this word. However, it must be remembered that when setting a logical stress, one should never abuse the word under emphasis with excessive pressure, as this violates its semantic connection with other words in the phrase and pulls it out of the text.
In order to correctly place the logical stress, it is necessary to carefully read the text, delve into its content, understand what is the main thing in it, the main thing, about what, how and for what purpose the author is telling the story in it.
Let us recall A. Pushkin's poem "Autumn". In this poem, the author draws the autumn state of nature and the feelings that arise with the onset of autumn. Therefore, when reading, it is necessary to highlight with logical stress precisely those words with which the poet most vividly recreates the picture of autumn and conveys the feelings associated with its approach:
Already the sky autumn breathed,
Already re same the sun shone
Briefly speaking the day became
Lesov mysterious canopy
With a sad exposed with noise
Laid down on the fields fog,
geese noisy caravan
dragged on to the south: was approaching
Enough boring time;
Stood n october by the yard.
Setting a logical stress without preliminary understanding of the text, without thinking through and consciously pronouncing each individual phrase of it, can lead to a distortion of the meaning, and, consequently, to an incorrect perception of what is being read.
So, if in the story of V. Oseeva "Just an old woman" the girl's question is: "Is this your grandmother?" - pronounce with emphasis not the word “your”, but the word “grandmother”, then the meaning of the work will be conveyed incorrectly, since the main thing in the story is not whether it is a grandmother, mother or one of the boy’s relatives, but that he gave way to an outside, unfamiliar old woman, showing courtesy towards the elders.
Any word in a phrase can be highlighted with logical stress, depending on its meaning, and the conscious intention of the reader to draw the listener's attention to a particular word.
Let's take the phrase: "I had a very bad headache yesterday." Let's pronounce it with the selection of various words and see how this phrase will be perceived.
At me yesterday my head hurt a lot (for me, not for someone else).
I have yesterday I had a very bad headache (yesterday, not at another time).
I have yesterday Very I had a headache (not just a headache, but very badly).
I have a very good yesterday sick head (was not healthy, but sick).
I was very sick yesterday head(head, not something else).
There are rules for setting logical stresses, which in some cases help to find the most important words in semantic relations.
The logical emphasis is:
1. New concepts, phenomena, actors, which are mentioned for the first time:
There was a boy, his name was Philip.
(L. Tolstoy "Philippok")
Trees funny noisy,
“when spring returned to us;
and only one spruce between them
was silent and gloomy.
Trees plaintively
made noise when the cold came;
only spruce was silent indifferently
and green as always.
(A. Pleshcheev "Spruce")
3. Subject (if highest value has an object, person) or predicate (if the process, action is of the greatest importance) in a non-common
offer:
Blew cold winds.
(I. Sokolov-Mikitov "Blizzard Winter")
Let's run both Frosts...
("Two Frosts")
4. Noun in genitive case when combined with another noun:
It's already getting dark rivers,
pulls up the smoke of a fire.
(A. Tvardovsky "Autumn")
5. Noun after adjective:
Under blue skies
magnificent carpets,
Glittering in the sun snow lies...
(A. Pushkin " Winter morning»)
However, if the reader wants to emphasize a feature of an object, a feature actor, emphasize the exclusivity of the phenomenon, event, logical stress can be placed on the adjective:
January. Beginning of the year.
Frost in the yard.
Good weather
happens in January:
(N Sakonskaya "Visiting Lenin")
6. An adjective (or several adjectives) after a noun:
Freezing ten degrees
crackling in the alleys of the park.
(3. Aleksandrova "Skiers")
7. Explanation with the verb:
In an instant, my team fled ...
(N. Nekrasov "Grandfather Mazai and hares")
8. Words expressing comparisons:
our river, like
in a fairy tale,
Frost paved over night.
(S. Marshak "Christmas Tree")
9. Words denoting transfer or account:
Pass, get up in front of me
villages, fields And forests,
And month above the pipe
And Linden opposite the porch.
(M. Isakovsky "At the very border")
10. Appeal at the beginning of the phrase:
Neighbor Have you heard the good word?
(I. Krylov "Mouse and Rat")
If the appeal is in the middle or at the end of the phrase, then it is not highlighted with logical stress:
Do not eat me, oblique bunny, I'm for you song sing!
(Russian folk tale"Kolobok")
Do not Cry, bunny!
(Russian folk tale "The Fox, the Hare and the Rooster")
11. Words that express a short, quick action, such as grab, kick, sense, look etc.:
The ram ran away - yes bam, bam, began to upset the wolf on the sides.
(Russian folk tale "Winter hut of animals")
12. Words expressing a question:
Who there?
13. An adjective with a noun, if they denote the main person, object, phenomenon:
Pos daytime autumn.
Through wavy mists
The moon is creeping.
(A. Pushkin)
The rules for setting logical stresses apply equally to both prose and poetry. An unreasonable passion for the rhythmic-melodic side, the desire to highlight rhyming words in particular can lead to a violation of the meaning of the verse. So, when setting a logical stress only on rhyming words, the meaning of the quatrain will be distorted:
It would be better if the snow blizzard
meet breast glad!
As if with fright
shouting out to the south
Cranes are flying.
And, on the contrary, with the correct selection of the most important words in a semantic sense, the text of the quatrain will be perceived quickly and accurately:
Better b dream y yes blizzard
Meet breastfeeding glad!
As if in fear
Shouting out, to the south
Cranes are flying.
(A. Fet "Autumn")
These rules will make it easier to prepare for expressive reading. However, depending on the intention of the reader to highlight any word that, in his opinion, is important, deviations from these rules are permissible if it does not contradict the author’s intention, the idea of the work and follows from the internal meaning of the text (subtext).
So, in a couplet from M. Lermontov's poem "The Death of a Poet":
Empty heart beats evenly
The gun did not flinch in his hand -
the logical stress can be placed not on the noun "heart" but on the adjective "empty", if the reader wants to emphasize the soullessness of the killer.
Tasks
1. For each rule, select two examples, write them out in a notebook, put a logical stress and read aloud.
We we walk through the dark spruce forest.
We let's go then dark spruce.
We are going in the dark spruce forest
We're walking in the dark spruce forest.
Who threw a bow at Luka?
I threw a bow Klim in Luka.
What did Klim do?
threw bow Klim to Luka.
What did Klim throw at Luka?
threw bow Klim in Luka.
4. Write the text in a notebook, underline the words that are highlighted with logical stress, and explain why these words should be highlighted.
