Comparative conjunctions as, as if, as if, as if, than, really can introduce both comparative turnovers and comparative subordinate clauses. The comparative turnover differs from the comparative clause in that it does not include a predicative form (predicate). However, there is no clear boundary between turnovers and subordinate clauses.
There are proper comparative and non-proper comparative constructions.
Actually comparative turnover introduced by unions as, as if, as if, exactly, as if, as if(outdated). It can be expressed by nouns in the nominative or oblique cases, substantiated adjectives and participles, adverbial adverbs and adverbs : Pale, like marble, she silently listened to this news; He ran out of the chief's office, as if scalded; The sun was hot like in the desert .
Improper comparative constructions express values:
Gradational comparison (conjunctions than, than): Melon tastes better than an apple ;
Equations (conjunction like): Today's performance like all previous, passed with a full house;
Determinative ( such as): Such poets like Pushkin, appear very rarely.
In a sentence, a comparative turnover can take the position:
Nominal part of the predicate: Ice like glass ;
Circumstances: He overslept, and now he rushed to the lecture, like a meteor ;
Isolates:
1) comparative turnover with unions as, as if, as if, exactly, as if, as if, which has the value of a hypothetical comparison: You are pale as a ghost(T.);
2) turnover with union like, which has the value of the equation: Petya, like all his friends, loves football;
3) turnover with an index word such: An act like yours cannot be approved.;
4) steady turns as a rule, as usual, as usual, as always: As always, what was printed seemed true.(Gross.); the exception is cases when such a turnover is closely adjacent to the predicate: This can be accepted as an exception..
Does not separate:
1) a comparative turnover with the meaning of the mode of action, which can be replaced by a noun in Tv.p. or an adverb with the meaning of assimilation: Like hail rained buckshot(L.) (= hail);
2) comparative turnover, which is the nominal part of the compound nominal predicate: They became like strangers;
3) a comparative turnover expressed by an adjective and associated with both the predicate and the subject: Pulcheria Alexandrovna stood as if struck(D.);
4) comparative phrase preceded by adverbs or particles ( not, quite, absolutely, almost, almost, exactly, just): It was almost as bright as day;
5) turnover with union How, meaning "as" or other shades of the meaning of equating and identifying: The reading public managed to get used to Chekhov as a humorist;
6) stable combinations with the union How: white as chalk, red as cancer, everything is like water off a duck's back, it pours like a bucket.
We constantly find ourselves in situations where it is necessary to choose a thing that satisfies our needs in terms of parameters. We have to match items(phenomena) to select the optimal product. In this we will be helped by a comparative turn in which the words are used: as if, as if, etc.
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What is comparative turnover
Comparison is literary device, correlating common features objects/persons/phenomena. Comparative conjunctions “as if”, “as if”, “than”, “rather than”, “exactly”, “that” introduce turns into syntax.
Examples. The earth, subject to the cold, became hard as ice. The whole circus troupe: acrobats and fakirs, animals, uniforms and trainers tried to outdo one another.
The sky lowered, became a crimson orange, as if the reflection of a distant fire fell on it. It is safer to fly in clear weather than in adverse conditions. He knows the ocean better than I do my street.
Comparative turnover can be expressed:
- The comparative degree of the adjective. Food tastes better after a hard day's work. This city has never seen a brighter night. The portfolio becomes lighter when there are few lessons at school.
- A phrase expressing similarity with another object / phenomenon. Paw-like maple leaves stood out sharply against the yellow sand of the alleys. Such walking straight ahead is rather difficult for pack horses. The snowstorm outside the window seems impenetrable. The outlandish flower of its bizarre forms, united by a central tent, resembles a multi-domed group of Kremlin cathedrals.
- . A warm spring wind blew from the sea. If you want to become a truly intelligent, educated and cultured person, pay attention to your language.
- Widespread application. Moscow architectural and sculptural monuments - outstanding works of art - enjoy worldwide popularity.
How comparative turnover is emphasized
In a sentence, the construction answers the questions of adverbs, as well as emphasized by the circumstance. If it is part of the predicate, then it is underlined with a double line. Similarly, comparison can be a definition. Accordingly, it is underlined by a wavy line.
Punctuation marks for comparative turns
In syntax, comparative phrases separated by commas, but there are cases when the comma is not put:
- If the comparison is expressed by a phraseological unit: A cold wind blew, as if heavenly abysses opened up, lakes flooded meadows and roads.
- The construction is part of the predicate. An evil tongue is like an arrow.
Note! These cases do not require separation by punctuation marks.
Comparative constructions with the union "as"
There are many cases of isolation of comparative revolutions of a comma, but there are rules prohibition of punctuation. Let's consider them below.
Separation of comparative turns: If you can draw another analogy, and replace “how” with other comparative unions.
His face, pockmarked, plump, expressed bored laziness; tiny eyes were closed, as if after sleep. I bent down to stroke the cat, and he purred so expressively, as if playing a harmonica.
The main part of the sentence contains amplifying words (such, so, so, etc.). Flocks of sparrows strewn along the roadside willows cry so furiously that nothing can be heard.
A sentence with a comparative construction with the word "such" has its own characteristics. There are two cases where a comma is placed before the word "such":
- The main word to which "such" refers is. The water is cold, like in a mountain river.
- The construction is "the main word, such as + homogeneous members". We visited southern cities such as Anapa, Sochi, Gelendzhik. Cities - the main word, Anapa, Sochi, Gelendzhik - homogeneous additions.
- The combination "like". A firm disposition, like a strong stream, when it meets an obstacle, intensifies even more.
- Comparative turnover is causal; "as" can be replaced with "because", "because" or the gerund "being". Being a pioneer in many areas of linguistics, Grot followed the rules all his life ...
- Introductory combinations "as a rule / exception / always / absolutely / before / now / on purpose". I, as now, remember the history of past years.
- Combinations "no one/what other(s)/other(s) like". The elevator is nothing more than a special mechanized large-sized granary.
Note! When a sentence contains two homogeneous comparative turns, they are connected by the union "and". There was a noise outside the window, as if the wind was angry and as if the taiga was moaning.
Comma not set:
- If the turnover acts as a circumstance and can be replaced by a creative noun. The pond (with what?) gleamed like steel in the sun.
- If the comparative turnover serves as an equating, "like" can be replaced by "like". The police consider their assumptions like a real possibility.
- The expression "as" can be applied to syntactic constructions with the union "as". Everyone perceives Semenov as a professional locksmith.
- The turnover is part of the predicate. Our homestead yard is like a botanical garden - species of rare plants are collected here. They are like fairground jesters.
- When a comparative turnover is preceded by a particle “not” or “completely”, “almost”, “perfectly”, “like”, “just”, etc. The dress, sewn five years ago, looked just like new.
How the introductory word stands out
Introductory words express the speaker's attitude to the content of his words. They are not part of the proposal.|First of all, introductory|, young man this ability must be awakened. “First of all” is an introductory word, if it is removed from the sentence, then the meaning will remain the same, but the emotional component will change. The blizzard will surely end soon.
Note! Distinguish the combination "conjunction + rule (n.)" from the introductory word. I learned this text as easily as a rule in chemistry.
Introductory constructions are separated by commas, regardless of where they stand: at the beginning, middle or end of the syntactic construction. As a rule, he always arrives on time.
§1. Separating comparative turns with commas
Comparative turns are separated by commas. This:
1) comparative turns with the union as, for example:
There the ice is as smooth as a mirror.
2) comparative turns with conjunctions as if, as if, as if, exactly, like, what, than, rather than, for example:
There the ice is smooth, like a mirror.
The ice on the rink is smoother than on the river.
3) comparative turns with a combination like and , for example:
She was beautiful, like her mother.
4) comparative turns with combinations: as usual, as usual, as always, as always, as before, as before, as before, as before, as now, as now, as now, as now etc., etc., for example:
I got up, as usual, at six.
5) sentences that include demonstrative pronouns that, such or a pronominal adverb so, for example:
She was as beautiful as her mother.
§2. Turnovers with the union as - different cases
The question is whether to highlight the turn with the union as commas, - arises:
- firstly, because the formal indicator - the union as - is not a sign of a comparative turnover.
If you do not have a comparative turnover, then a comma is not needed.
1) turnover with how can express adverbial meaning, for example:
You act like a little one.
2) turnover with how can convey the meaning "as", for example:
As a mother, I know better what to do.
As a professional, he has no price;
- secondly, there are cases when the union as expresses a comparative value, but the comma is not needed, because:
1) comparison plays the role of a predicate or is part of a predicate, for example:
For many, the future is like a fog.
2) before the union as there are words completely, almost, simply, directly, completely, absolutely, for example:
In December at six it was already dark almost like night.
3) before there is a particle not , for example:
You don't behave like a girl: girls don't fight.
4) comparative turnover expressed stable combinations, For example:
slender as a poplar, cunning as a fox, cowardly as a hare, spinning like a squirrel in a wheel.
A comma before the union HOW is placed in three cases:
1. If this union is included in turns close in role in the sentence to introductory words, for example: AS A GENERAL, AS AN EXCEPTION, AS A CONSEQUENCE, AS ALWAYS, AS NOW, AS ON PURPOSE, AS FOR EXAMPLE, AS NOW: In the morning, as if on purpose, it began to rain;
2. If this union connects parts of a complex sentence, for example: We watched for a long time how the coals of the fire smoldered;
3. If the sentence contains a circumstance expressed by a comparative turnover that begins with the union HOW, for example: Her voice rang like the smallest bell;
Please note: if the sentence continues after turnovers with the union HOW, then you need to put another comma at the end of the turnover. For example: Below, like a mirror, the water shone; We watched for a long time how the coals of the fire were smoldering, unable to tear ourselves away from this spectacle.
Turnovers with the union AS are not separated in five cases:
1. If the turnover with the union HOW in the sentence acts as a circumstance of the course of action, for example: The path twisted like a snake. In such cases, the turnover with HOW can be replaced by an adverb (PO-SNAKE) or a noun in the instrumental case (SNAKE). Unfortunately, it is not always possible to distinguish the circumstances of the mode of action with complete certainty from the circumstances of comparison.
2. If the turnover with the union HOW is part of the phraseological unit, for example: During dinner she sat on pins and needles;
3. If the turnover with the union HOW is part of the predicate and the sentence without such a turnover does not have a complete meaning, for example: She behaves like a hostess;
4. If the union HOW stands between the subject and the predicate (without this union, a dash would have to be put there), for example: The lake is like a mirror;
5. If the comparative turnover is preceded by the negation of NOT or particles COMPLETELY, PERFECTLY, ALMOST, LIKE, EXACTLY, EXACTLY, SIMPLY, for example: They do everything not like neighbors or Her hair curls exactly like her mother's;
In addition, it must be remembered that the word HOW can be part of the compound union HOW ... SO AND ... or SO AS, as well as revolutions SINCE, FROM THE TIME, AS WELL, AS LESS (MORE) POSSIBLE, etc. In this case, of course, the comma before HOW is also not put, for example: All windows as in manor house, and in the human are wide open(Saltykov-Shchedrin). He did not take cutlets for breakfast with him and now regretted it, since he already wanted to eat.(According to Chekhov).
Exercise
I would have heard the door open.
She was pale with some kind of Hindu pallor, the moles on her face became darker, the blackness of her hair and eyes seemed to be even blacker (Bunin).
And did Paris live like that now! (Bunin).
Well, I’ll help, father, just don’t blame me if it doesn’t come out as you planned.
I rarely visited "noble" houses, but in the theater I was like my own - and ate the abyss of pies at pastry shops (Turgenev).
Going to bed, I myself, I don’t know why, turned three times on one leg, pomaded myself, lay down and slept all night like a log (Turgenev).
It will sound and whine_ like a string, but don't expect songs from it (Turgenev).
All of us are not like people! (Saltykov-Shchedrin).
Now, wrapped in a hood and a cloak, from under which a rifle was sticking out, he rode with one murid, trying to be noticed as little as possible, carefully peering with his quick black eyes into the faces of the inhabitants he came across along the way (Tolstoy).
Millions of people committed against each other such countless atrocities, deceptions, betrayals, thefts, forgeries and issuance of false banknotes, robberies, arson and murders, which in whole centuries the annals of all the courts of the world will not collect and on which, in this period of time, people, those who committed them did not look at them as crimes (Tolstoy).
The guests arrived like snow on their heads.
To meet him, a fifteen-year-old boy quickly came out of the door and stared in surprise with black_ like ripe currants_ shining eyes at the visitors (Tolstoy).
While Hadji Murad was entering, a middle-aged, thin, thin woman, in a red beshmet on a yellow shirt and blue trousers, came out of the inner door, carrying pillows. (Tolstoy).
I accompanied the captain_ not as a servant. She was also amused by the clean, compared to prison, spring air, but it was painful to step on the stones, unaccustomed to walking and shod in clumsy prison cats, and she looked at her feet and tried to step_ as lightly as possible (Tolstoy).
One of them, the most extravagant, was that I wanted to go to him, explain myself to him, confess everything to him, frankly tell him everything and assure him that I acted not like a stupid girl, but with good intentions (Dostoevsky).
So I studied, studied, but ask me_ how a person should live, - I don’t know (Tolstoy).
These experiments could be carried out_ both a month earlier and a month later.
The streets between the houses were narrow, crooked and deep, like cracks in the rock (Andreev).
Fans use this fish_ as a natural clock in a room aquarium (According to V. Matizen).
In the west, the sky is greenish and transparent all night, and there, on the horizon, as it is now, everything is smoldering and smoldering ... (Bunin).
Rostov felt how, under the influence of the hot rays of love ... that childish smile blossomed in his soul and on his face, which he had never smiled since he left home (Tolstoy).
The people in the car were like herring in a barrel.
Irony is present in it_ not as a feature of style or technique, but as part of the general worldview of the author (Lakshin).
When Stepan Trofimovich, already ten years later, was passing this sad story to me in a whisper, having first locked the doors, he swore to me that he was so dumbfounded then on the spot that he did not hear or see how Varvara Petrovna disappeared (Dostoevsky).
But the eyes_ do not seem to be stupid and brilliant, like those of Maria Kresse (Bulgakov).
If you knew that you want this, the holiday would be canceled, ”said the prince, out of habit_ like a wound clock, saying things that he didn’t want to be believed (Tolstoy).
Armande had already begun to despair_ when the local curate, Francois Loizeau, arrived from Oteil, who became friends with Molière at the time when he lived in Oteil (Bulgakov).
But before they had time to get up, a bell rang impatiently behind the doors above (Bulgakov).
“Torment,” he says, “them: now their prayer book is gone,” and galloped past; and behind this stratopedarch are his warriors, and behind them, like a flock of skinny spring geese, boring shadows stretched, and everyone nods sadly and pitifully to the lord, and all quietly moan through weeping: “Let him go! – he alone prays for us” (Leskov).
Seeing this, people stopped in their tracks. "Fuck off, doves! we celebrated the winter, but by spring the bellies were down!” - Porfiry Vladimirych argues to himself, and he, as if on purpose, had just cleared up all the accounts for last year's field crops (Saltykov-Shchedrin).
As if on purpose, he didn’t come today, and I still have a whole terrible night ahead of me! (Bunin).
Understand that this child, whom you are now adopting in the Poquelin house, is none other than Monsieur de Molière! (Bulgakov).
Bazar_ is like another city in the city (Bunin).
However, the consistent application of this method, which treats literature not as the fruit of organic creativity, but as a medium of cultural communication, eventually began to slow down the development of literary criticism (Epshtein).
Next to him, she felt like behind a stone wall. Until now, he was silent, and no one paid any attention to him, but now everyone looked at him, and, probably, everyone was surprised_ how he could still remain unnoticed (Leskov).
Still young, handsome in appearance, with a fortune, endowed with many brilliant qualities, undoubted wit, taste, inexhaustible gaiety, he appeared_ not as a seeker of happiness and patronage, but quite independently (Dostoevsky).
Half even used to die, but they are not amenable to education: they stand in the yard - everyone marvels and even shy away from the walls, and everyone only squints at the sky_ like birds_ with their eyes (Leskov).
Screams like an eagle: stop, I will shoot! (Bunin).
What are isolated members of a sentence? What are they? When do members of a sentence separate, and when not? In this article, we will deal with what separate members of a sentence are, what categories they are divided into, and also what are the rules for separation.
The concept of isolated members of the proposal
So, let's start, as is customary in such cases, with a definition. Separate members of a sentence are such secondary members that are distinguished by intonation and meaning. The emphasis is made so that they acquire “independence” within the framework of the entire phrase.
How are isolated members of a sentence distinguished?
Isolation in oral conversation occurs with the help of intonation. If we talk about writing, then the situation is somewhat different there. Commas are used to separate separate members of a sentence in the text.
Comparing Detached Members to Non-Detached Members
It is worth noting one simple fact: the syntactic weight of isolated members is much greater than that of their opposites. Consequently, the stylistic expressiveness also increases. It is impossible not to say about the logical selection.
What can be isolated in Russian?
Of all the members of the proposal, only secondary ones can be isolated. The main terms in the proposal have never been separated, and this is not expected in the near future.
Why is segregation necessary?
It allows you to draw attention to a particular piece of information. In addition, the fragment can be presented in more detail by resorting to isolation. As mentioned earlier, isolated secondary members of the proposal have more weight and greater independence. We immediately note that isolation can be very different. These are additions, and circumstances, and definitions. Next, we will try to deal with each of these categories, bring concrete examples for each group.
Isolation of clarifications
First of all, let's look at what separate clarifying members of a sentence are and why they are needed. As the name implies, such secondary members of the sentence serve to specify, clarify. They are inextricably linked by a syntactic function with one or another member of the sentence, the meaning of which they, in fact, explain.
When are qualifying members of a sentence separated?
1. Separate clarifying members of a sentence can be expressed by a definition. Example: “It was dark all around, very dark, I would say. So much so that it seemed like someone in this world just turned off all the lights.” In this case, the phrase “even very dark” has a clarifying meaning and is separated by commas on both sides.
It is worth noting that definitions with a clarifying meaning can be highlighted with a dash when writing. Example: “There were a lot of things in the house - both his personal ones and those that clearly did not belong to him.”
2. Circumstances that are relevant are singled out. They can be expressed as nouns with prepositions, as well as adverbs. For example:
- “Just a second passed - and somewhere nearby an explosion thundered, right behind him.”
- “Once upon a time here, in a quiet, little-known village, life flowed.” The third example: “It happened quite recently, just a couple of days ago.”
Explanation: in the first and second examples, the clarification is in the nature of a place. In the third - the nature of time. Often the isolation of clarifications depends on the author of the place.
3. Clarifications are isolated, attached with the help of the words “or”, “that is”, “precisely”. For example:
- “Whatever his name was. There were rumors that he was either a magician, or a mage, or a superhuman.”
- “It was a balanced, individual, that is, not imposed on him by anyone, decision.”
- “A lot was said about the terrible battle that took place here, namely: helmets and fragments of uniforms, craters from artillery shells, shells.”
4. The clarifying members of the sentence are separated, which are joined with the help of such words as “even”, “especially”, “including”, “in particular”. For example:
- “Everyone remembers that no one could defeat a magician, even those who tried to do it in a crowd.”
- “The victory was a joy for everyone, especially for those who sacrificed a lot for this.”
- “Another second - the detachment went on a breakthrough, including him.”
- “Many countries welcome Russian tourists with great joy, in particular Turkey is doing this now.”
Separation of add-ons
The types of separate members of the proposal include a group of additions. This is nothing but case forms applied to nouns. They are used with combinations such as “except”, “instead of”, “except”, “along with”, “excluding”, “besides”. Thus, it can be seen that phrases in such use have meanings corresponding to substitution and inclusion, exclusion.
Separation occurs depending on what is the semantic load, whether the author has a desire to highlight this fragment:
- “He was already feeling more or less stable, except that his leg was still a little sore.”
- “In addition to the rain promised the day before, the sky lit up with branches of purple lightning, leaving their bright mark on the retina for a moment.”
- “Along with the questions that were waiting to be resolved at work, something had to be done with household chores.”
- “In addition to all this, there was another significant flaw in the product, which decisively deterred the purchase.”
- “And everything was fine, except, of course, some points.”
Note that if the preposition “instead of” is used in the meaning of “instead of”, then it is not isolated. Example: “In return for all the money promised, as he thought, by his friends, he received only promises, words and nothing more.”
Separation of circumstance
Separate members of the sentence are called, as we found out earlier, secondary members, distinguished intonation and with the help of punctuation marks. When do circumstances separate? This is what will be discussed further.
- The circumstance is separated by commas on both sides, regardless of its location in the text, if it is expressed by a participial phrase. Example: “The two of them, holding their breath and holding their breath, waited for the shadow to slip further, past them.” Explanation: here “with bated breath” are homogeneous and isolated members of the sentence, expressed by adverbial turnover. There is an exception to this rule. The adverbial turnover is not isolated if it is a phraseological unit.
- The circumstance is separated by commas on both sides, regardless of its location in the text, if it is expressed by a single participle. Example: "He left without looking back, although he understood what he had just done." Explanation: here “without turning around” acts as a single gerund. There is also an exception here. A single gerund is not isolated if it merges with an adverb in its meaning. Example: “While someone was saying something to me, I stood thinking.”
- Usually two gerunds connected by the union “and” (as well as two single gerunds) are separated as one turn. Example: “I, despite the mistakes of others and not listening to common sense, continued to persistently trample my own path.” Explanation: here “despite the mistakes of others” and “not listening to common sense” are homogeneous adverbial phrases. However, they refer to the same word, so they are equal. Therefore, there is no comma between them.
- A circumstance is isolated if it is presented as a comparative turnover. Usually in comparative terms, words like “exactly”, “as if”, “like” are used. There are some exceptions to the separation of comparative turns, they are not separated in all cases. In general, the isolation of comparisons and comparative phrases refers to the isolation of secondary members of sentences only sometimes, so we will not talk much about this in this article. Example: “My head hurt, as if something massive had been walked over it.”
There is such a concept in Russian syntax - optional. It means "at the discretion of the author". So, circumstances are optionally isolated in two cases:
- If the circumstance is presented as a noun. In this case, the pretext may or may not be present. But most of all, when circumstances are isolated, which are expressed by a combination of nouns with certain prepositions. These are: “thanks to”, “despite”, “contrary”, “according to”, “depending on”, “to avoid”, “in view of”. Examples:
- "Thanks to the availability of free time, he was able to solve almost all his problems."
“Despite the rain, they still decided to go on a picnic.”
- "Despite the threats, he did not change his policy in the slightest."
- “According to the plan, all tasks were completed on time.”
- "Depending on what decision will be made, a different fate awaited him."
- "In order to avoid a fight, the people who were nearby parted them in different corners."
“Due to unforeseen circumstances, it was necessary to decide something quickly, but thoughtfully.” - If there is a specification of the place, time. Example: “And yet it was impossible not to notice that here, in this place forgotten by civilization, some company once worked and prospered.”
How can you find isolated circumstances in the text? To do this, you must first find an ordinary circumstance. And then see if it really is separated by punctuation marks. After that, you can begin to analyze the question of how the isolated circumstance is expressed. It is easiest to start the search with gerunds, as well as single gerunds. Comparative phrases are no worse visible, which, as you remember, are also separate circumstances along with clarifications of place and time, the manner of a person's action. There is a questionnaire called the “Separate Members of a Sentence Test”. It usually gives tasks to search for isolations. There is a task according to which it is necessary to find a separate circumstance in the text, expressed by a participial phrase. It is logical that there will be not one gerund, but a certain set of dependent words. Clarifying circumstances can be found just as easily. To do this, simply search for words that are expressed by nouns in oblique cases. Next to them there should be adverbs, prepositions. These, in most cases, are isolated circumstances expressed by clarifications of place and time.
Signs of isolation
According to the rules of the Russian language, the signs of isolated members of the sentence can be divided into four groups. The first group is semantic features. The second is grammar. The third is intonation (that is, pauses and highlighting intonation). And the last, fourth group is punctuation marks. As mentioned earlier, punctuation marks such as commas are most often used as punctuation marks. But it is possible that the separation will be carried out with the help of a dash. Copyright punctuation is a rather complicated thing.
The role of isolation in Russian
Isolation often allows you to endow this or that fragment of a text or phrase with some special meaning, to give it an informational weight that is different from that of other parts of the sentence. That is, due to isolation, a peculiar emphasis is placed on certain facts. During a conversation, we often, talking about something, without noticing it ourselves, highlight some words and even phrases with intonation. Accordingly, we are trying to achieve attention to these fragments, they play some special role in this or that situation. It may make some clarifications as well. Thus, summing up, we can say that the role of isolated members of the proposal lies in increasing the information load.
Test “Isolated members of a sentence”
Before proceeding to the final part of the article, where we will summarize its results, I would like to write my own, unique test with suggestions to help the reader consolidate the knowledge gained about the isolation of secondary members. Perhaps the test may seem easy to some, but in fact, it is precisely this kind of tasks that are used to identify knowledge among middle school students. educational institutions. Next, there will be a task to which you need to give an answer, then answer options, and after that an explanation for those who answered the task incorrectly and the correct answer.
1. What numbers correctly represent ALL the commas that should be in the text? “He went to the lake (1) which overflowed into sunshine(2) and went somewhere further”.
Options: a) only 1; b) only 2; c) 1 and 2.
Explanation: “which shimmered in the sunlight and went somewhere further” - a construction consisting of two participial revolutions. Participle turnover is one example of a separate definition. “Shimmered in the sunlight” and “went somewhere further” are two equal participial phrases that refer to the same word. So there is no comma between them.
Correct answer: a.
2. In all the following cases, a sentence will be written immediately in which commas must be correctly placed. “Everything was fine (1) except (2) that a group of clouds (4) gathered into one whole was already looming on the horizon (3) predicting a thunderstorm (5) and heavy rain.”
Options: a) 1, 2, 5; b) 1, 3, 4; c) 2, 5; d) 1, 2, 4.
Explanation: “except” is an example of a stand-alone object. It does not stand at the beginning of the sentence and not at the end, therefore it is isolated from two sides at once. “A group of clouds gathered together” is a common definition, which is expressed by participial turnover. There will be no isolation at the checkpoint (3). But between the “clouds” and the “predicting” necessary comma. “Thunderstorm” and “shower” are two equal complements that refer to the same word. Therefore, there is no need for a comma between them.
Correct answer: Mr.
3. “The sky (1) gradually (2) darkened (3) occasionally illuminating with forks of lightning (4) and somewhere in the distance (5) thunder was heard (6) foreshadowing bad weather.”
Answers: a) 1, 2, 5; b) 2, 3, 4, 5; c) 3, 4, 6; d) 1, 5, 6.
Clarification: omissions 1 and 2 will not contain a comma, because there is no clarification there. “Sometimes illuminating with ramifications of lightning” is a common isolated circumstance, expressed by adverbial turnover. It will separate from two sides. "Foretelling bad weather" - participial at the end of a sentence. It separates on one side.
Correct answer: c.
Conclusion
So, what did we find out in the course of this article?
- Firstly, the use of isolated members of the sentence is done in order to endow the isolated fragment with independence and increased information load.
- Secondly, commas and dashes are used to isolate punctuation, and intonation is used in conversation.
- Thirdly, isolated members of a sentence can only be secondary.
Separate members of the proposal, the table for which will be presented below, may have the purpose of clarifying the time and manner of action, place. Often they are also expressed by gerunds, participles and turnovers. Comparisons are not ruled out at all.
One of the sections of the syntax is precisely the isolated members of the sentence. The Russian language presupposes the presence of such minor isolated members as: additions, circumstances, definitions, clarifications and comparisons.
