Comparative particle examples. How to recognize a particle in a sentence. Particles in Russian. Spelling "not" is merged with words

Instruction

If you need to learn how to find particles in the text, then first of all remember that this is a service part of speech. Therefore, you will not be able to put a question to this word, as, for example, to independent parts speech (noun, verb, adverb, etc.).

Learn to distinguish the particle from other service parts of speech (prepositions, conjunctions). It is also impossible to put a question to them, as well as to particles. But conjunctions do a different job in a sentence. If prepositions link words in syntactic constructions, and conjunctions either simple sentences as part of a complex one, then we need particles, for example, in order to form a mood in a verb.

Use the verb "to be friends" in the imperative and in the conditional. You need to use shape particles for this. So, the particles "would", "b" form the conditional mood "would be friends." But such particles as "let", "let", "yes", "come on", "let's" will help you express some kind of request or order, i.e. use a verb in the form: "let them be friends."

Keep in mind that particles are also necessary in order to express your thoughts: to clarify something, to express an affirmation or denial, to point out some detail, to soften the requirement, etc. For example, the particles "not" and "neither" will help you communicate the absence of something, the particles "only", "only" - to clarify something, etc. And in the sentence "Over there, beyond the mountains, the sun appeared," the particle "out" indicates action.

Learn to distinguish the particle "neither" from the repeated union "neither". For example, in the sentence "I can neither cry nor laugh," the words "no-no" are a repeated conjunction, because they connect homogeneous predicates. But in the sentence "Wherever he was, he found friends everywhere," the word "neither" is a particle, because. introduces an additional meaning (statement) into the given syntactic construction.

Learn to distinguish between the particle "that", which is necessary to soften the requirement, from suffixes in indefinite pronouns or adverbs. So, in the sentence "Did you manage to exercise?" the particle "that" helps to add an additional shade. But in the adverb "somewhere" or in the pronoun "someone", "that" is a suffix, with the help of which new words are formed from interrogative pronouns and adverbs. Remember that the particle "that" is written with a hyphen with nouns.

Be aware that particles are not members of a sentence, like all other auxiliary parts of speech. But in some cases, for example, when using a verb with particles "not", "would", "b", they will play a syntactic role simultaneously with the predicate.

Particle- this is an invariable service part of speech that will give, clarify or specify various semantic (gradual, evaluative, optative, etc.), modal, emotional and expressive meanings of words, parts of a sentence or sentences and participate in the formation of individual morphological categories, and also expresses attitude speaking to reality or reported. For example: I sameI will give my life for you; The enemy is near Notsuffer etc. Wed: [Chatsky] For what so secret? - [Molchalin] In my summers Not must dare / Have one's own judgment. – [ Chatsky] Have mercy, we are with you Not guys / why same other people's opinions only holy? (A. Griboyedov); Only the Black Sea is noisy ... (A. Pushkin); Here the master will come - the master will judge us (N. Nekrasov); Here is the mill! She already fell apart (A. Pushkin); Here youth! .. read! ., and then grab! (A. Griboedov), etc.

By structure particles can be primitive(not, is it, just) And derivatives (just everything was etc.). In its turn, derivatives particles are divided according to the nature of the relationship with those parts of speech from which they originated:

• – adverbial (simply, directly, exactly);
• – pronominal (all);
• – verbal (was, used to be, give);
• - excretory particles associated with unions(What thethe charm of these tales; I, however,I won't follow you)
• - particles similar in meaning to prepositions (like).

In terms of performance functions particles are:

• A) shaping(let, come on, let, let, would (Let it burst out stronger storm! (M. Gorky)) and derivational(derivational. then, or etc. (someone, anyone and so on.));
• b) semantic, emotional and expressive And modal.

TO semantic include the following particles:

• - index (here, there, this);
• - definitive and clarifying (exactly, exactly, exactly, almost);
• - excretory-restrictive (. only);
• - amplifying ( same, directly, after all, simply);

TO emotionally expressive(they are pronounced with force, pressure) particles are what for, something, where is it, what is there, well, well, well And etc.

TO modal, expressing the subjective attitude the speaker to the reported, the particles are added:

• - affirmative (Yes of course);
• – negative (neither, no, no, not at all, how);
• - interrogative (and, is it really);
• - comparative (exactly, as if, as if);
• - pointing to someone else's speech (de, they say – I say I don't know and so on.).

In texts works of art particles express

various semantic shades words, phrases and sentences:

Wed: I same told you! Said same I to you! Or me whether you Not talked about it? Is I to you Not talked about it? Knew whether you about it? etc. - What the aces in Moscow live and die! (A. Griboyedov). I whether to you Not own, i whether to you Not close, / I am the memory of the village or not cherish? (S. Yesenin).

In Russian, two particles are distinguished expressing the meaning denial, not And neither. In connection with the particle Not particle neither receives amplifying meaning: Neitherdrops NotI'm afraid; Neithertrait NotI know. The scope of the particle Not in Russian is very wide, especially since it "merged two homonyms that previously differed phonetically (Not And n)". The complexity of the grammatical nature of the particle Not expressed in fluctuations in its use. She has prefix agglutination. (indecent, independent etc.) and the negative particle function.

Particle neither expresses negation or in the very structure of a non-extended sentence (not a soul; not a sound; not moving) or when spreading a negative sentence, combining the meaning denial with meaning amplification (We didn't hear anysound) or with the value of the allied transfers (For you no letter, no parcel,neither telegrams). In a particle neither there is an element of the meaning of the completeness of the absence or the categorical nature of the negation. Particle neither reinforces negation and participates in the formation of "hidden" meanings in the structure of counter opposition. Qualitative enhancement of the feature particle neither expresses itself. Wed:

Not bad, not good, not average.

All of them in their places

Where neither the first nor the last...

They all rested there.

(A. Akhmatova)

// There are no bad ones, no good ones, no average ones, no first ones, nolatest... // = "none" is the lowest degree of the attribute.

Terminology issues

In modern Russian studies, there is an opinion that particles are not a special part of speech, but a special function words. As an argument, the linguistic fact is given that the modified word can also be a particle.

Particles team up with pretexts And unions syntactic nature of the meaning: they do not express concepts they are assigned those semantic increments that the statement receives when a particle is introduced into it. For example, in sentences I drink in the morning only coffee with milk And I drink in the morning coffee with milk it is reported that coffee with milk is the only drink which (I) drink in the morning. Since the above sentences differ in composition only by the word only, we can say that the indicated restrictive-selective meaning is introduced by the particle, is its meaning. If in a proposal Rain is coming introduce a particle even if, the content of its syntactic modality will change: instead of the denoted real fact the sentence will call desirable(optimal) fact. As a result even if turns out to be a particle with a desirability value.

Particles are part of one or another member of the sentence, if these particles are shape-building. Would say you tell me about it(form subjunctive inclinations); Yes, shine your name (form imperative inclinations). Some modal particles are also part of the members of the sentence, for example, the particle not: He told me did not believe.

Different parts of speech can pass into the category of particles. For example: In the audience only girls or In the room stood one table(one/one = "just; nothing/nobody else"); On the street one prank,grows here one nettle - the formation of particles from the names of numerals. Another example - Think: giveI'll say maybe I'll believe – shows education verbal particles. Or compare: Allthe space was occupied by roses, He did Alldepending on him – cases of using pronouns, according to: And he everything is silent and silent -everything is amplifying particle.

Particles are widely used in sentences, communicative purpose which is expression of the degree of the attribute value. For example, low the degree of the attribute is conveyed by the amplifying particle Just in the meaning of "perfectly": Our business is very badus just nothing to live(A. Ostrovsky) // just nothing to live = we have absolutely nothing to live on.

Restrictive particle only appears in the statement in the first and second meanings of the particle only:

• 1) "not more than so much, nothing else but "- It's only worth (= "only; total" five rubles // It's only worth it(just only)five rubles, that's just(= "only") Start // This just the beginningand to be continued;
• 2) "only, exclusively" Only(= "only") in the villageResting // I rest only in the village, nowhere else, Only(= "only") Youpity me // Only you feel sorry for me, no one else. Wed: union only carries the meaning "as soon as": Just enteredshe meets him // How just enteredshe is facing him.

High the degree of manifestation of the feature is expressed by the amplifying particle only(or combined "not + verb") in preposition in relation to the pronoun and adverb in negative sentences, used to reinforce the idea of in large numbers, volume, girth, etc. For example: Who hasn't beenin Gorky's house, who did not writeto him, what kind of things were not interested inHe!(P. Pavlenko) // Who just doesn't... + verb = "very many (almost all)"; what only (affairs) Not + verb= "very many (almost all)".

With a numeral, with a word Total or without it, particle only used in the sense of "no more than, just": He raged only three hoursbut laid down two hundred and forty spawners and an uncountable offspring(I. Ilf, E. Petrov). With a word more or without particle only indicates the limitation of the action, the phenomenon of the initial, preliminary, etc. moment in the meaning of "still, yet": It's just(= "still") Start , expresses the meaning gains - Everyone has been at work for a long time, and he only(= "still") dressing up, only(= "yet") seven weekshow he received the regiment(L. Tolstoy). Wed: union only combined with words as, only, barely or without them attaches a temporary or conditional subordinate clause in the meaning "at that moment, as, now, as": Just sayI will come // As soon as you say, I will come. Like an adversarial union only used in the sense of "however, but, on condition": I agree to go just not nowI agree to go however, not now.

Particle even used to emphasize and strengthen the word to which it refers: Evenhe will come; Here Pasha Emilievich, who possessed a supernatural instinct, realized WhatNow hiswill be beaten, maybe even kicking(I. Ilf, E. Petrov).

In modern Russian, the lexeme Just functions as particle, adverb, predicate(short form of adjective simple), union And state category word.

As particles lexeme Just functions in the preposition position in the following combinations:

• – simple + adjective(Justclumsy) ,
• – Just + noun (It was just a boyfrom the next street, It's just a mockery preposition in relation to the predicate expressed by the noun);
• – Just + verb (he just doesn't lookon me, me just wanthome – V impersonal offer);
• – simple + state category word (Just can'tbelieve, here just deep).

In modern Russian adverb- one of the most productive and semantically full-fledged grammatical categories. On its periphery, transitional types of words are observed, close to particles, conjunctions and prepositions. As an adverb, a lexeme Just occurs mainly in the position of postposition in relation to the predicate expressed by conjugated and non-conjugated forms of the verb: He said Just; Write Justand clear.

lexeme Just belong to the class predicatives(short adjectives) based on the expression quality state and syntactic role predicate. The solution to the problem is quite Just ,Everything was Just ,war / / Just - short form of adjective simple in the function of a part of a composite nominal predicate: Solution (was) Just,The state of affairs was extreme Just ,All Justand clear.

As union lexeme Just speaks for communication homogeneous members sentences and in compound sentences: He didn't hit Justlowered his fist on the table; ... my haste was not due to the fact that I was happy to be released from classes, JustI tried to do as quickly as possible what the teacher told me(F. Iskander).

The element is expressive enough Just in the variant of gradational union not only but. Such expressiveness is created as a result of the adjective inherited from the name simple, adverbs Just and particles Just values. The only feature of sememes is the seme "not complex" (archiseme "measure, degree"). In all sentences as part of the gradation union, the element Just conveys the meanings: 1) "not containing many parts"; 2) "easier - more difficult"; "without intention - with a purpose"; "ordinary - extraordinary, standing out from others." The first meaning is present in composing sentences with gradational unions.

Element Just as part of a gradational union marks an equal component denoting a simple action, and with its lexical meaning indicates that the value of the first peer component is simple compared to the value of the second peer component : He not easynoticed errors but alsotried to fix them. The first equal component is notice – contains the sememe "see, discover", the second component - try to fix – Sememe "try to eliminate shortcomings in something." The second component causes in the minds of the speaker and listener what is named by the first: one action, indicated by the predicate notice is a precondition for the other try to fix. Such a ratio of two equal components of the syntactic construction creates material grade, because one of the peer components actually includes another peer component in its content. Element Just as part of the union emphasizes the importance material gradation.

Particle even in terms of implementation gradual semantics and grading sentence-statement is a productive amplifying agent and is freely used in combination with all the syntactic elements of the sentence as predicative so non-predicative plan. Particle even freely combined with the words of all significant parts of speech in all their forms.

amplifying Components and, but, well either alone or in combination with other gradators (cf. and even, but even, well, even; and simple, but simple, well, simple; and more, by (a) more, well (a) more etc.), highlighting the word with which they are used, often require the statement of this word at the beginning of the syntagma: And the poor man can be happy!(A. Chekhov).

Particle more in different contexts expresses a number of meanings, for example, in the text of I. Ilf and E. Petrov: The janitor stood at the workshop three more minutesfilled with the most venomous feelings... additional value; Viktor Mikhailovich for a long timeswaggered; Never beforeVarfolomey Korobeinikov was not so vilely deceived- in combination with the pronoun particle more used to emphasize something. When used after pronouns and adverbs more acts as a particle to enhance expressiveness: Which one elsegift to him! In colloquial speech what else is used in the meaning of "amazing, wonderful, exceptional", and the combination nothing yet - in the sense of "satisfactory to some extent": This nothing yet!He's been doing this for years and never got caught Where more with previous union and yes stands in the meaning of "besides, in addition, in addition, in addition." Particle more expresses the presence of sufficient time, sufficient conditions for some action:

In the center such subtropics long gone, but on the periphery, in the field - still found; Madame Kuznetsova for a long time she would tell about flour, about the high cost, and about how she found Claudia Ivanovna lying by the tiled stove...

Combination and also... used in the meaning of reproach, irony, condemnation ( And also a doctor!); to strengthen the expression of a greater degree:

And Ostap Bender told Ippolit Matveyevich a story, the amazing beginning of which excited all secular Petersburg, and an even more amazing end was lost and passed completely unnoticed by anyone in recent years.

Wed: Didn't I know that this would be the case?? ABOUT, how else did you know! knew very well(N. Sergeev-Tsensky); What elseMishka? NoneBears Don't know(M. Gorky) - amplifying particle more used in the adverb How(or pronoun what) to emphasize a sign, a fact - I knew very well; Didn't know any Mishka. Like a bounding particle more used to clarify, emphasize any sign, fact: Here, see where still at the bottomrows of mowed hay lie, here is the bridge(L. Tolstoy).

The functioning of the particle in the text

Particle more very productive and is used in constructions with the following values:

• 1) recall, reference to the known: But Lizaveta, the merchant, you don’t know ? She went down here. More made your shirt(F. Dostoevsky);
• 2) concerns: ... He will come, yes, perhaps more rude(M. Saltykov-Shchedrin);
• 3) inconsistencies (more often with complicated elements a, i): I am a peasant, but I will not do this. And alsonobleman! (N. Gogol); Ek far enough! Alsoclever man...(N. Gogol);
• 4) condemnation, discontent, doubts: Here is the beast, still talking! (V. Garshin); Yes, where did you get? Sister is healthy. - Hurry up some more!(A. Ostrovsky);
• 5) assumptions;
• 6) Accent: More, as if on purpose, with the newest pieces of paper(N. Gogol);
• 7) amplification (with pronominal words how, what)". And how else draws beautifully...; What elsedexterous...

Particle All can bring into the sentence a variety of meanings and shades. This is an adverbial particle used in constructions with the meaning long-term, permanent And dominant feature : Do you know why he is like that? Allsad, Allsilent, you know? (I. Turgenev). lexeme All in this sentence it is a particle, introduces a semantic ring of a long and permanent sign, emphasizes that someone for a long time unhappy, sad, silent etc. The proposal is two-part; particle All is part of the nominal predicate (not so funny) and into the composition of the verb predicate (everything is silent) located immediately before the significant word (funny- adjective, is silent- verb). The particle introduces into the sentence, in addition to semantic, a stylistic shade of colloquialism. Similarly: The father will even be glad; he keeps pushing me to serve, and I keep trying ill health(F. Dostoevsky).

A touch of colloquialism gives the statement a complicated anyway. Wed: He lies day and day in a hole, he doesn’t sleep at night, he doesn’t eat a piece, and still thinks: "It seems that I'm alive? .."(M. Saltykov-Shchedrin) - particle All introduces into the sentence the meaning of the constancy of the action and the predominance of the mental process of the face, and the morph - That, adjoining the particle, highlights, emphasizes, accentuates the semantic ring of the verb-predicate thinks.

Complex particle so in modern Russian it functions in verb sentences with the following meanings:

• 1) intensively And full emerging predicative sign (Rain so it pours; Sun so it burns);
• 2) sign like completion or identifying prior state (I'm leaving, – so I don't know truth; Bed so it was unfinished);
• 3) confident and defiant (So scared of you!).

A. A. Shakhmatov saw in combination so"an adverb meaning relationship, i.e. one or another degree of manifestation of a feature" and, accordingly, "a complementary circumstance". According to him, building " so + verb in the form present, past,(less common) future time" in modern Russian colloquial speech are extremely common. For example: Boards below it so they bend, so they crack(I. Turgenev) - present tense verb; So it blew misfortune from his figure(L. Tolstoy) - past tense; Me so it shook laughing(A. Chekhov) - past tense.

Particle So may be complicated by the element Here, and then the syntactic construction conveys the meaning of direct and unimpeded detection of the predicative feature:

All the lower back hurts, and the leg, which is higher than the bone, so it breaks(N. Gogol); So All and hide in the shop when you see him (N. Gogol); “How I love your Pokrovskoye,” he said, interrupting the conversation. - So would all life and sat here on the terrace (L. Tolstoy).

Combination so is also used in η constructions with the value completion or identifying a previous condition. A predictive sign expressed by a combination so and, characterized as the result or natural completion of another sign that prepared it, independent and dissimilar to the final one ( cried all night sofell asleep), close and similar to it ( been sick for a long time so he died), or the same sign emanating from the past, which lasted for some time and naturally ended by itself ( never arrivedvisit). Meaning of syntactic parts with so revealed as a result of comparison, cf. so she fell asleep, so she died, and did not come and so on.: ... he realized that he was gone, that there was no return, that the end had come, completely the end, but doubt it is not allowed, it will remain sodoubt(L. Tolstoy).

The meaning of "very, to a large extent" is conveyed amplifying particle Where in colloquial speech: WhereYou cold and dry!(A. Pushkin). In combination with an adjective (or an adverb in a comparative degree) a particle Where means "significantly, incomparably, much" (MAC) and is characteristic of colloquial speech: Much prettier, Much cheaperWork in progress much friendlier;...our oil pipeline - much more deservingan object for literature than all the charms primevaltaiga(V. Azhaev).

with a particle Where formed infinitive sentences with the meaning of confident denial of the possibility of performing an action - the dative subject is usually used as part of the sentence (as a rule, the particle begins the sentence): Whereme, catechumen, to go to big bars ...(M. Saltykov-Shchedrin). Usually this particle is complicated by amplifying elements already, there, here, same:

Well, where are should she marry, should she marry? Here I marry, so I marry (Gogol); Oh, no, sir... don't take me to the hospital, don't touch me. I'll just take more flour there. Where can I be treated!.. (I. Turgenev).

Particle sentences Where, conveying the meaning of negating the possibility of performing one or another action, can only consist of a particle and the following dative subject: Where to him! Where are you going! Where are you here!

Particle same way has the meaning of mocking disapproval, irony, assertion of the inconsistency of the sign with the internal capabilities, qualities of its carrier. The particle can be used both at the beginning and at the end of a syntactic construction - a one-part, nominal or verbal sentence: Every creature same wayclimbs to love! (I. Goncharov); Same way,from funny...(A. Griboyedov).

Widespread sentences that use complicated amplification particle Well -Well; well... same; well, and; well, yes and ... well; well; well and :

Well, ball! Well, Famusov! (A. Griboyedov); Well you have a build, brother (A. Rybakov); Well was and the pig is a real lion! (K. Paustovsky); Well, really house! I got to the spot! (A. Ostrovsky); Well, really and glad same I saw you! (I. Turgenev); Well stupid same this girl... kind, but... stupid - unbearably! (M. Gorky).

The meaning of the graded assessment, conveyed by these linguistic units, is supported by the lexical meaning of the words that make up the sentence. A negative or positive assessment is revealed directly from the sentence itself, the modal meaning of which can be defined as an accentuated assessment in combination with surprise caused by a certain quality or nature of a feature, process, object or phenomenon.

Function amplification transmits a particle already in constructions where the predicative unit includes a word with a qualitatively characterizing meaning - a verb or a name denoting a sign that manifests itself to a greater or lesser extent, an adverb of measure and degree or a pronominal such, as:

And here we are fighting, so we are fighting with money... How necessary, how necessary!(A. Ostrovsky); I don't understand how you can deal with such a fool. So stupid Here already true varmint! (L. Tolstoy); And the dowry: a stone house in the Moscow part, about two eltazh, so profitable that true pleasure (N. Gogol).

Complicated particle - too; already and ... same; really ... then; and already; really- often used in one-part nominal sentences, less often - in verbal or two-part sentences. Such uses are characteristic primarily of colloquial and artistic speech:

Already and bear same was (I. Gorbunov); Already and horse! Kabardian lov-brand (L. Tolstoy); Don't blink your eyes when it's all over. And I'm a grandmother, a midwife! (K. Fedin); Already not angry whether He? (A. Ostrovsky); What does it mean? Already not suitors whether? (N. Gogol).

Accent particle Yes quite productive in terms of use, including in sentences with gradual semantics. characteristic feature particles is the fact that Yes in sentences with meaning accentuated opposition is located between the opposing components, which can be any members of the sentence, but with the obligatory condition that the predicate, the main member of the sentence or the entire predicative basis enter into this group. Wed: you yesdon't you understand? – With him - Yesnot agree? (I. Turgenev); yes youwork, go, you can't! – Minesweeper, Yescan not!(Yu. Nagibin) - the discrepancy between the predicative feature and its carrier (object) is emphasized.

From the point of view of pronunciation, such constructions differ more long pause between matched words. The pause is intensified and emphasized also in the case when the particle is followed by so that dividing the structure of the sentence into two parts: With his ability Yesnot to study! // With his ability yes tonot to study; At the forester yes tothere was no money! (A. Chekhov).

Among the sentences of accentuated opposition, the meanings concessionary restriction(N. Yu. Shvedova) and "affective expression"(A. A. Shakhmatov).

In offers concessionary restriction(with an unknown subject, object or circumstance) must include adverbs or pronouns something, somebody, somewhere, somewhere, for some reason:

And always anything yes stuck to his uniform ... (N. Gogol); to someone yes to be killed or wounded - that's right (L. Tolstoy); Mechanics and me something yes standing (A. Krylov).

Such sentences convey the meaning of such an accented sign, which is always combined with the meaning of confidence in its presence: "at least something (someone, something, etc.), but be sure ..." - stick; will be killed or wounded; has a price etc.

Offers affective expression are replicas of a dialogue in which a message is emphasized (not always an answer) with an emotional connotation of meaning - irritation, bewilderment, confidence, evaluation, etc. In such utterances, the particle always starts a replica, and the accentuation of the sentence is enhanced due to the complication of the construction by the particle same, following the logically selected word.

Wed in the works of L. Tolstoy:

• “Natasha, lie down in the middle,” said Sonya.
• “No, I’m here,” Natasha said. . - Go to bed, she added with annoyance.
• (War and peace)

Vasily Lenidich I told you - those shoes. I can't wear these! Gregory. Yes and those they are standing there.

Vasily Leonidich. Yes, where is it?

Gregory. Yes there same.

Vasily Leonidich. You're lying!

Gregory. Yes here you will see.

(Fruits of enlightenment)

Obviously, the presence of particles in a sentence-statement implies both the selection of one of the words and a wide plan of messages, and an attempt to remove particles narrows, impoverishes and even distorts the content of the statement. The role of the particle is not only and not even so much in allocation, how many in instructions on broader meanings. values. These shades are usually worn measuring character.

• Wed: Starodumova E. A. Russian particles (written monologue speech): monograph. Vladivostok, 1996; Shibanova A. E. Semantic-functional characteristic of a particle even// Russian language at school. 1974. No. 1. S. 33-35; Nagorny I. A. Expression of predicativity in sentences with modal-persuasive particles: author's abstract, thesis .... Dr. philol. Sciences. M., 1999.
• Shakhmatov Λ. A. The syntax of the Russian language. (1941). S. 404.
• See additional: Kolesnikova S. M. Particle "here" in the Russian sentence: grammatical transformation, desemantization and gradual function // Russian language at school. 2013. No. 6. P. 92–97.

By meaning in the linguistic literature, no.

Vinogradov V. V. singled out 8 discharges of particles:

1. Reinforcing-restrictive, or excretory particles: only, only, at least.
2. Attaching particles: too, also.
3. Determinative particles: exactly, truly, just.
4. Pointing particles: here, there, this.
5. Indefinite particles: -something, -either, -anything, something.
6. Quantitative particles: almost, exactly, exactly.
7. Negative particles: not and neither.
8. Modal-verbal particles: would, yes, at least, if only.

Shansky N. M. and Tikhonov A. N. distinguish four categories of particles according to their meaning: semantic, modal, emotionally expressive, formative.

Sense Particles

Semantic particles express different semantic shades of meanings.

They are divided into several subgroups:

1. Indicative particles. They point to objects and phenomena of the outside world: here, out, this, it, in.

• Here front entrance.
• (N. A. Nekrasov)
• Who This come?
• It Of course it's easy to say.

2. Defining-clarifying, or defining particles. Clarify individual significant words in the sentence: exactly, exactly, exactly, almost, truly, just.

• To me just here it is necessary.
• This exactly that house?

3. Excretory-restrictive particles. With their help, there is a logical selection of words or phrases: only, only, only, perhaps, although, at least, at least, everything, exclusively, only.

• This only Start.
• You at least call.

According to N. M. Shansky and A. N. Tikhonov, semantic particles are also amplifying particles that act as secretions: even, (even and), but, after all, already (already), well, not, yet, then, simply, directly, positively, definitely, decisively.

• All this Just little things maybe...
• (J. Gordon Byron)
• Even do not think!

modal particles

Modal particles express attitude towards the reliability of the statement.

There are several subgroups:

1. Affirmative particles: yes, so, exactly, yeah, yeah, definitely, how.

• To me definitely I like the way he thinks.

2. Negative particles: not, neither, no, not at all, not at all.

• In the sky neither cloud.

3. Interrogative particles: is it, is it really, how, what, or what, but, yes.

• Is is it possible to do so?
• Really all behind?

4. Comparative particles: as if, as if, exactly, as if, like, as if, as if.

• She like has changed.
• Exactly you didn't know.

5. Particles used to convey someone else's speech: they say (Old Russian child “says” + tell), they say (said), -de, allegedly.

• And when I see de that the penalty is small for him,
• I'll hang all the judges around the table right there.
• (I. A. Krylov)
• Allow me to leave
• Say , case dear,
• Like, since a local resident,
• To the courtyard - a stone's throw.
• (A. T. Tvardovsky)
• So tell me: Arkady, say , Ivanovich Svidrigailov bows.
• (F. M. Dostoevsky)

Emotionally Expressive Particles

Emotionally expressive particles enhance the expressiveness of an emotional statement: what for, well, where there, how, like this, where, where there, what is there, something, here.

• Well what the neck, what the eyes!
• (I. A. Krylov)
• Where you compete with me
• With me, with Balda himself?
• (A. S. Pushkin)

Shaping particles

Shaping particles are used to form surreal(particle would) and: yes, let, let, yes, let's.

• Let's compliment each other.
• (B. Okudzhava)
• I wanted would live and die in Paris,
• If b there was no such land - Moscow.
• (V. V. Mayakovsky)

Babaitseva V.V. and Chesnokova L.D. include here the words most, more and less, which are used to form analytical forms of degrees of comparison of adjectives. In addition, following V.V. Vinogradov, they attribute something, something, something, something to form-building particles.

Particle- one of the official parts of speech. It brings additional shades of meaning to the sentence.into words, phrases and sentencesand can also form word forms.The main role of particles (general grammatical meaning) - to introduce additional shades into the meanings of other words, groups of words or sentences. Particles clarify, highlight, strengthen those words that are necessary for a more accurate expression of the content: « Already the sky breathed in autumn, Already the sun shone less.» ( Pushkin A.S.) Already is a particle with an amplifying value.

Particles arose later than other parts of speech. By origin, particles are associated with different parts of speech: with adverbs ( just, just, just, just, just and etc.); with verbs ( let, let, come on, give, it would, after all, you see and etc.); with unions (and, yes, and and etc.); with pronouns ( everything, it, what for, then, this, yourself etc.), with interjections ( out, well and etc.). Some particles are not related to other parts of speech in origin: here, is it and etc.

There are few particles in Russian. In terms of frequency of use, they are in the first hundred most used words (as well as prepositions, conjunctions and some pronouns). This hundred of the most frequent words includes 11 particles ( not, well, here, only, yet, already, well, not, even, whether, after all ).

In their structure and functions, the particles are close to adverbs, conjunctions and interjections.

Particles differ from significant parts of speech in that they do not have lexical meanings, therefore particles are not members of a sentence, but can be part of sentence members. Particles differ from prepositions and conjunctions in that they do not express grammatical relationships between words and sentences, i.e. the particle never binds anything.

At parsing the particle is singled out together with the word to which it refers or not singled out at all.

In the science of the Russian language, there is no consensus on the classification of particles. Different authors have different classifications.

Particles are divided into 3 categories - semantic, negative And shaping.
Shape-forming particles are let's, yes, let's, would, b, it happened, let, let. Unlike semantic particles, formative particles are part of the verb form and the same member of the sentence as the verb: I would not know if he had not told.

Particle- one of the official parts of speech. It introduces additional shades of meaning into the sentence, and can also form word forms.

Shaping particles: let, let, yes, let's - form an imperative form together with the verb, for example: let them run, let's put up, let there be peace.

Particle would forms the conditional mood of the verb: I would like, I would say, I would go.

Particles that introduce different semantic shades are divided into

affirmative(yes, yes, exactly, well, yes)

negative(no, no)

interrogative(really, is it, is it, or what),

comparative(like, as if, as if, exactly, as if, like, as if),

amplifying(even, still, after all, already, everything, after all, simply, directly),

index(out, this, here)

clarifying(precisely, exactly, exactly, exactly),

excretory-restrictive(only, only, at least, only, exclusively)

exclamatory(what for, then, how, well, after all),

expressing doubt(hardly, hardly).

The meaning and negative particles are presented below in the form of a table.

Particles must be distinguished from interjections Oh, uh, ah, oh etc., used to express an intensifying connotation, which (unlike interjections) are not separated by commas (and are not accented).

In a sentence. Particles in Russian are designed to give a variety of additional shades to words or even whole sentences. The second role of particles is word formation, with their help forms of words are formed.

For example:

1. Only he needs you.

Particle only reinforces the meaning of the pronoun You in a sentence.

2. Let will be the way you want.

With the help of a particle let the imperative mood of the verb is formed: let will.

Although the particles in the Russian language are not members of the sentence, they are inextricably included in its composition. For example:

1. Not the wind noise outside the window and not rain.

Particles needed:

imperative ( yes, let, let, let, let): let will try;

Conditional ( would, b): sat down would, told would ;

2) in the formation of adverbs and adjectives, the degrees of their comparison - less, more, most. For example: more important,less interesting, most brave, more powerfully, less brightly;

3) when creating a discharge: something, something, something, something. For example: something, someone, anyone, somebody and etc.

The role of such particles is close to the role of morphemes.

Particle Values

Particles in Russian give different shades to a sentence as a whole or to one word.

Particles really, is it, is it (l)- interrogative. They are often used in questions. For example: Really forgiven? Is is there anything more interesting?

exclamation particles what the how convey indignation, surprise, delight. For example: How the world is wide! What the charm!

Amplifying particles ( after all, after all, even, after all, after all) are used when you need to strengthen a single word. For example: Even do not think! Still Great! He same himself to blame!

In Russian it is Not And neither. They approach denial in different ways. Particle Not makes both the word and the whole sentence negative:

1. Not to be this! The whole sentence is negative.

2. Not the wind broke the branch. The only negative word is wind.

In the case of two particles Not in a sentence, instead of a negative, they create positive value: I Not Can Not agree with you!

Neither- a particle designed to reinforce the meaning of the negation, especially if the sentence already contains a negation or a particle Not. For example: From the sky Not fell neither drops. Not in the forest neither mushroom, neither berries.

In Russian, these are those that are associated with the expression of shades of meaning, attitude or feeling. This group includes the above categories and some others. Non-modal particles, not associated with the expression of feelings, were classified by Vinogradov as semantic.

This category of particles includes:

A group of definitives, such as exactly, exactly, simply etc. For example: exactly this, smooth as many.

A group of excretory-restrictive particles - only, only, exclusively etc. For example: only This, exclusively white color.

Pointing particles here, out, which seem to point to an object worthy of attention. For example: Here road!

All particles in Russian perform a grammatical, lexical and derivational function. With skillful use, they are able to enrich our speech, make it more colorful and diverse.