Personality traits (personality traits, personality traits) - traits and characteristics of a person that describe his internal (or, more precisely, deep) features. What you need to know about the peculiarities of his behavior, communication and response to certain situations is not specifically now, but during long-term contacts with a person.
Personal traits include deep features that have both a biological and a social nature, and determine more superficial, situational manifestations.
Conscientiousness, as a personality trait, in a particular situation will manifest itself as a willingness to bring the matter to the end.
Positive personality traits are often referred to as: personality traits.
What personality traits can be classified as personality traits? It is easier to note that it does not apply to personality traits. Characteristics that describe the following are not personality traits:
- Subjective attitude to personality (Unusual, Surprising, Unpleasant).
- The physical qualities of a person (dexterous, beautiful).
- Social characteristics and "titles" (Experienced, Wise, Foreman, Saint, Enlightened).
- A temporary, unstable state of a person, such as situational (Tired) or mood-dependent (Dejected or Radiating happiness). Unlike a position that can be quickly chosen, a personality trait does not change quickly. A personality trait is an unchanging circumstance that can only be reckoned with, used or overcome. Something like the weather outside the window: we cannot change it, but if it rains there, we can take an umbrella and go where we need to go.
Is it possible to bring full list personality trait? - It is impossible to create a complete, “correct” list of personality traits: on the one hand, it is endless (limited only by the capabilities of the language and the imagination of its owner), on the other hand, this list is created for the specific needs of a particular study and therefore is always arbitrary.
Trying to achieve a comprehensive description of the personality, R. Cattell began by collecting all the names of personality traits found either in dictionaries of the type compiled by G. Allport and H. Odbert, or in psychiatric and psychological literature. The resulting list of names (4500 characteristics) was reduced to 171 personality traits by combining explicit synonyms.
Further, whether some situational feature of a person is her chosen position or a stable trait, it is not always possible to say. Position, this is a certain way of thinking and attitude chosen by a person, then personality traits are stable personality traits. Unlike a position that can be quickly chosen, a personality trait does not change quickly.
If a person behaves like a Victim, is this a trait or a situational choice? To answer this question, you need to observe a person in different situations. Many of the personality traits can be simultaneously attributed to traits and positions, while noting the “predominance” of one or the other, characteristic of a particular culture of a given time. For example, today it is more often the position than the personality trait of an adult. Few people can definitely say what is inherent in him stable characteristic always take care of yourself and always only at your own expense. More often a person in a given situation quickly chooses this way of life, and in another situation he can make a different decision. However, we can also say that some people adhere to the position of the Consumer, having made a conscious choice and made it their stable habit. And in this sense - a personality trait.
The most common list of personality traits used in classical psychological tests: MMPI, Cattell's test and others. According to Kettel, these are, first of all: "isolation - sociability", intelligence, "emotional instability - emotional stability", "subordination - dominance", "restraint - expressiveness", "low normative behavior - high normative behavior", "timidity - courage "," Rigidity - sensitivity", " gullibility - suspicion", "practicality - daydreaming", "straightforwardness - diplomacy", "calmness - anxiety", "conservatism - radicalism", "conformism - non-conformism", "low self-control - high self-control ”, “relaxation - tension”, “adequate self-esteem - inadequate self-esteem" (primary test factors), as well as "anxiety", "extroversion - introversion", "sensitivity" and "conformity" (secondary factors of the test).
It seems that the list of personality traits that are relevant in life is easy to continue: these are adequacy, suggestibility, good breeding, sincerity, perfectionism, restraint, and many others.
It is difficult to make a coherent system of personality traits, primarily due to the fact that personality traits are related to each other not only linearly, but also hierarchically. For example, behavioral habits such as "Nodding", "Hooting" and "Flashing eyes" are components of the ability to give signs of listening - skills and habits more high level. In turn, the signs of listening, together with adjustments in the body, adjustments in the dictionary, are components of the ability to listen. In turn, the ability to listen together, the ability to speak in clear theses, the ability to operate with facts and specifics, and the habit of summing up are components of thoughtful communication, which in turn is part of effective communication. Effective communication is an element of effective leadership, and so on.
From the point of view of the needs of practice, the list of personality traits can be significantly narrowed by highlighting the root, fundamental, proper personality traits. These are considered to be
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Before proceeding with the classification and enumeration of human character traits, it is necessary to understand what meaning and concept is attached to this term. Translated from Greek, "character" means a difference, sign or sign. The personality of each person is multifaceted and in each there is an interweaving a large number personality traits that determine the behavior of a person in a given situation. What are the character traits?
Classification of personality traits
Conventionally, the main character traits are divided into three main groups.
- the first characterizes emotions;
- the second is will;
- the third is intellect.
There is also a division according to the direction of influence.
- First of all, this is characterized by the attitude to the external environment - society and the surrounding people.
- Secondly, by the attitude towards one's own person;
- In the third - to activity, that is, work and learning.
An emotional group that includes traits such as:
- aggressiveness;
- lethargy;
- artistry;
- irascibility;
- impressionability;
- good nature;
- cheerfulness;
- isolation;
- impulsiveness;
- capriciousness;
- love of love;
- melancholy and others
All of them are formed in early childhood, when the child's psyche undergoes a stage of formation under the influence of many different factors.
Strong-willed character traits are acquired throughout life:
- might;
- masculinity;
- assertiveness;
- resourcefulness;
- obsession;
- discretion;
- pedantry;
- devotion, etc.
The intellectual group includes:
- insight;
- reasonableness;
- prudence;
- independence;
- smartness;
- intelligence;
- wholeness, etc.
Of decisive importance here is the natural predisposition, which is influenced by hereditary genes and temperament.
However, the environment of the child cannot be discounted: it would be more correct to say that it plays the same role in the formation of the personality, as well as what is laid down by nature.
The kid grows, gains experience of interaction with the outside world and a set of positive and negative personality traits. This process continues throughout life and the list of existing character traits is constantly updated with new ones. personality traits. And if at first this process occurs unconsciously, reflexively, then later, when a person is aware of his actions, he can already make a choice. This conscious choice opens up opportunities for character transformation, that is, personal growth.
Basic personality traits
To date, the list of character traits consists of several hundred different definitions.
Their most different combinations can be found in the same person. But in general, the personal properties that exist today are divided into positive and negative.
However, it is impossible to say with absolute certainty that this is a bad character trait, and this is a good one.
For example, adventurism can be called both a negative trait and a positive one, depending on what effect it has on human behavior.
If he is excessively and thoughtlessly carried away by various adventures of an incomprehensible nature, then this, most likely, will not bring him to good.
The healthy adventurism inherent in a successful businessman allows him to move forward, invest in promising projects and prosper. Or, for example, envy. Everyone will say that this trait is extremely negative.
But psychologists say that it is the engine of progress, forcing people to strive forward and achieve more than others have. In most cases, it is worth talking about certain sets of properties that, depending on the current situation, can have a greater impact on a person. But from a social and moral point of view, they can all be divided into positive and negative.
Negative character traits
Here are some of them:
The negative qualities of a person include rudeness, boasting, familiarity, gloom, vanity, obstinacy, bitchiness, arrogance, licentiousness, etc.
List of positive personality traits
Here are some of them:
TO positive qualities personality can also be attributed meekness, sincerity, caring, gullibility, restraint, politeness, nobility, accuracy, etc.
How many people, so many characters, and it is impossible to predict a person's behavior in a certain situation, even knowing him well. Throughout life, you can cultivate positive traits in yourself and try to downplay the power of negative ones, but few can do this.
Only those who are ready to grow spiritually are able to change themselves and their lives for the better.
Properties or personality traits are called characteristics that most accurately describe the deep features of a person, something that gives an idea of his manner of communicating with society, responding to certain situations, not only at this particular moment, but also during long-term contact with others.
Personality traits can be of a social nature and be innate characteristics of a particular individual.
Classification of personality traits
The main character traits are usually divided into three groups:
- The attitude of the individual to society, the surrounding people (in other words, the attitude to the external environment).
- Attitude towards oneself.
- Attitude to learning and work, that is, to activity.
Emotional character traits, such as apathy or cheerfulness, aggressiveness or good nature, impulsiveness or isolation, lovingness, capriciousness, irascibility, melancholy, and so on, are formed at an early stage in the formation of the psyche, that is, in early childhood.
intellectual character traits ( prudence, insight, independence, etc.) and strong-willed(masculinity, assertiveness, prudence, pedantry, etc.) character traits, on the contrary, are acquired during life, being formed under the influence of various external situations.
Characteristics such as the following are not personality traits:
In the formation of a person's personality, natural predisposition will be of great importance, as well as the influence of temperament and hereditary genes on it.
However, one should not underestimate the role played by the environment of the child in the formation of his character. It is no less important than innate features. The kid will know the world and learns to act in different situations in one way or another. At first, this process occurs reflexively, and then becomes the result of a conscious choice. It is this choice that determines the further development of the personality, its growth..
Main character traits
In any person, you can find an interweaving of a wide variety of personality traits, both positive and negative. Although it is impossible to say with absolute certainty that a particular character trait is positive or, on the contrary, negative, for example, a propensity for all sorts of adventures can both help in prosperity and create huge problems, depending on how deliberately a person participates in adventures.
Envy, for example, is commonly referred to as an extremely negative personality trait, but it can encourage the envious person to move forward and achieve much more than others. In general, it can be said that the determining role is played not so much by a specific character trait as by the ability to apply it correctly, as well as its combination with other personality traits. But from a moral point of view, the most character traits personalities are usually divided into negative and positive.
Negative Traits
Positive features
The list of positive character traits can be very long, but the most significant include:
Of course, all of the above is not an axiom, and it is almost impossible to predict how a particular person will react to a particular situation, how he will behave in it, even knowing him closely. Besides, negative character traits can be:
- decrease,
- turn into positive.
However, this is achieved by long and hard work on oneself, and, unfortunately, not many people can do this.
Studying the personality of a person, whether it be a woman, a man or a child, one can always reveal a bad inclination to unseemly behavior due, for example, to mistakes in education, psychological trauma. But even bad heredity can be secured. Consider the main negative traits of human character.
Authoritarianism
The desire to dominate everything, ignoring any needs of other people. Explicit or implicit demand for submission and discipline from everyone with whom a person intersects. Someone else's opinion is not taken into account, any disobedience is stopped without an attempt to find a mutually beneficial solution. It is believed that this is a typical negative trait of the Russian character.
Aggressiveness
The desire to conflict with others. In early childhood, this is an obligatory negative character trait of a child who is learning ways to protect his interests. For an aggressive adult, provocative, sometimes deliberately false statements, raised tone, and insults are typical. Sometimes attempts are made to influence the opponent physically.
gambling
A painful desire to achieve the set goal, regardless of the size of the risks, ignoring one's own and others' logical arguments about the excess of spending over the value of the desired result. Often becomes the cause of situations leading to death, loss of health or significant financial losses.
Greed
Pathological desire for personal material gain in any situation. Gaining profit at any cost becomes the only source positive emotions in life. At the same time, the duration of pleasant sensations from the benefits received is extremely short-lived - due to the uncontrolled constant desire to enrich oneself even more.
apathy
The absence of an emotional reaction to most external stimuli due to a particular temperament or due to the body's defensive reaction to stress. It is one of the reasons for the impossibility of achieving even simple goals due to the inability or unwillingness to concentrate, to make strong-willed efforts.
carelessness
Careless fulfillment of obligations due to unwillingness to act according to the rules already known to all or misunderstanding of the algorithms necessary for the quick and least costly achievement of existing goals. Often this is a typical negative character trait of a woman who has just escaped from excessive parental care.
Indifference
Real or consciously demonstrated lack of interest in a particular subject, object, event, duties due to innate emotional coldness experienced severe stress or, instilled from infancy, a sense of superiority over people with a different social status, a different faith, nationality, race.
Irresponsibility
Consciously chosen, imposed during upbringing or due to moral immaturity, the position of refusal from a real awareness of the consequences of one's own actions, unwillingness to make decisions that affect one's own and others' quality of life. In difficult everyday situations, active actions are not carried out because of the expectation that the problem will resolve itself.
Facelessness
The absence of individual traits, because of which an individual subject is easily “lost” in the general mass of people like him. In the process of communication, the “gray man” does not arouse sympathy because of his obsession with uninteresting topics, in the team he is uninitiative, boring, afraid of innovations and opposes them in every possible way.
Ruthlessness
Emotional indifference to other people's troubles, inability or unwillingness to sympathize, sympathize with people in particular and living beings in general, experiencing physical or emotional pain. Sometimes it is deliberate inhumanity in actions that cause suffering and even death of the objects chosen as victims.
impudence
Intentional or unconscious violation of the norms, the sequence of actions adopted in a given society in relation to a particular situation. The reason for intentional swagger may be the desire to provoke a conflict or draw attention to one's own person, unconscious - errors in education, emotional immaturity.
talkativeness
A painful need to constantly participate in a dialogue with one or more interlocutors, regardless of the content of the conversation, the degree of enthusiasm for it by other participants, the relevance of the conversation. The main goal of such an interlocutor is not to receive new information, but the role of the narrator when in contact with someone. At the same time, he can disseminate information that others would prefer to keep secret.
Windiness
The inability to keep any promises and take into account the interests of others, the lack of the ability to move for a long time in order to achieve one goal, the desire for a constant change in the circle of friends, partners. The absence of principles and clear behavioral boundaries, the rapid fading of interest in a particular occupation, a person.
lust for power
Passionate desire for control over all and the expectation of unquestioning obedience, the desire for unlimited power, especially over the more educated and skillful. Intoxication with one's own superior position in situations where others are forced to seek help or seek protection, material support.
Suggestibility
In a pathological form, this is a subconscious tendency to perceive behavior imposed from outside without one's own conscious understanding and weighing the results of one's actions performed under the influence of someone else's authority. However, reduced suggestibility can cause learning difficulties.
Vulgarity
The inability to find a balance between originality and vulgarity in communication, when choosing clothes, social guidelines, and so on. For example, during a dialogue, the interlocutor communicates in raised tones, mannerisms, and does not disdain greasy jokes. When choosing an outfit, she prefers catchy things, and the constituent elements often do not fit well with each other.
stupidity
The inability or unwillingness to determine logically correct conclusions even from the simplest everyday problems, the tendency to see a healthy grain in pseudoscientific and populist statements, the inability to subject information from sources that are independently elevated to authoritative status to a reasonable critical analysis.
Pride
Confidence in the social, moral, mental insignificance of others, the inability to forgive for personal and other people's mistakes, the denial of the possibility of having worthy features in other subjects of society. It develops against the background of distortions made in education, degradation of the personality due to illness, immaturity of the personality, coupled with a high social status.
Coarseness
Unwillingness to adhere to a polite, accepted in a normal society format of communication with interlocutors due to personality deformation due to illness, injury, stress, or the frequent need to take a defensive position when encroaching on territory and rights. Typical manifestations: communication in raised tones, rudeness, obscene language.
Greed, avarice
The desire to minimize costs even to the detriment of health, basic hygiene and common sense. The pathological pursuit of material stability can manifest itself in the form of a refusal to get rid of garbage, rubbish, ignoring the reasonable requests of a loved one to purchase essentials.
Cruelty
The desire to cause discomfort to living subjects for the sake of personal moral satisfaction. The impact on the victim can be both intangible - in the form of insults and refusal to satisfy some important emotional needs, and physical - through causing pain, torment, encroachment on life.
Forgetfulness
The inability to remember some data necessary in everyday life, a combination of actions to achieve a specific goal, an algorithm for starting or turning off the device. It occurs due to age-related changes in the brain, information overload. May be the result of a stressful situation that you want to forget.
Addiction
The desire to enjoy the performance of actions or the use of a certain substance, even if the source of pleasant emotions is harmful to health, relationships with others, leads to large amounts of money, pushes to a crime because of the desire to achieve a "high", in the absence of legal access to it.
Envy
Inability to enjoy any personal benefits, achievements, qualities. The tendency to constantly compare the values of oneself and others. Moreover, the “crumbs” on the other side always seem larger, tastier and more desirable than their own “placers”. In a pathological form, it deprives of cheerfulness, the ability to soberly assess one's own and other people's merits.
Complexity
Constant belittling in one's own eyes of one's own natural talents, trained abilities, denial of the value of personal developments, inability to force oneself to declare personal achievements in a circle of authoritative persons. Formed due to overly strict upbringing, psychological trauma or illness nervous system.
boredom
The habit of teaching everyone and everywhere, repeatedly discussing the same topic, despite the obvious lack of interest in it among people who are trying to be drawn into a dialogue. The reason lies in the pathological love of attention and endless conversations on any topic, even if the instigator of the conversation is a complete layman in the topic under discussion.
Anger
An emotional manifestation of strong dissatisfaction with something, a landmark indicating the presence of conditions that are clearly uncomfortable for a person. In the absence of actions that eliminate the cause of the formation of feelings, over time it can push to commit an offense, so you should not ignore the manifestations of anger.
pampered
It is a bad habit to demand the fulfillment of one's desire as soon as possible, without taking into account the capabilities of the one to whom the claim is made. The refusal to control and restrain one's own needs, to endure the slightest inconvenience, and to personally make emotional and physical efforts to achieve what one wants.
Laziness
Lack of desire to strain for personal needs, a tendency to idle pastime all day long. In behavior, there is a desire to obtain comfort at the expense of the work of others, a deep aversion to useful activity even in the smallest quantities. When applying for a job, this negative character trait for a resume should not be indicated.
deceitfulness
Conscious systematic statement of unreliable information to interlocutors for slanderous purposes, for their own benefit or masking personal mistakes in some activity. The pathological form is inherent in self-doubt individuals who try to impress others with fictional stories about themselves.
Hypocrisy
Feigned assurances of love, sincere admiration and goodwill towards the interlocutor during a conversation with him. The purpose of such behavior is fawning and the desire to flatter for one's own benefit, while hiding the true, perhaps even malicious, moods towards the participant in the dialogue or the object of the conversation.
Flattery
The tendency to excessive constant praise aloud of other people's real and imaginary virtues, virtues, for the sake of their own self-interest. Knowingly negative actions, the actions of an influential person, specially whitewashed by a flatterer and voiced by him as the only correct decision in the situation under consideration, can also turn out to be an object of exaltation.
Curiosity
In a pathological form, this is the desire to find out information of interest, regardless of decency, personal feelings of the interrogated and the situation of the situation in which communication takes place. The cause of unhealthy curiosity is a painful desire to be aware of even those events that are not related to the person showing interest.
Pettiness
The habit of attaching great importance to their insignificant statements, actions. The widespread sticking out of their imaginary achievements as opposed to the really important and heroic deeds of the people around them. Attention to mediocre details at the expense of values, the desire for reporting on household expenses up to "one thousandth".
revenge
The tendency to focus personal attention on all minor and major troubles, worldly conflicts, far-fetched grievances, so that over time, it is imperative to pay handsomely to each of the offenders. At the same time, the duration of the time period from the moment of receiving a real or imaginary insult does not matter.
Impudence
Unceremonious behavior in any situation, the desire to achieve what you want at minimal cost and "over the heads" of others. Such behavior is formed due to improper upbringing, because of a difficult childhood, or, conversely, because of spoiledness, which has consolidated the habit of always getting what you want at any cost.
Arrogance
The perception of the majority of others as subjects of a deliberately lower category due to a fictitious difference in social status or a real difference in material, national, racial or other grounds. The reason may be a defensive reaction to the wounding of pride in the past or distortions in education.
Annoyance
Inability or unwillingness to independently deal with emerging problems, have fun or relax. The reason may lie in emotional immaturity, fear of loneliness, the desire to increase self-esteem through active participation in the lives of other people, even if they experience obvious discomfort from this and openly declare it.
narcissism
Unreasonable and unreasonable self-praise, narcissism under any circumstances, the desire to embellish the results of their actions and the actions taken themselves, selfishness, indifference not only to strangers, but also to close people, only interested in personal comfort and benefit.
Negligence
Unwillingness to qualitatively fulfill the obligations taken or assigned, neglect in behavior with people in domestic or professional relations, insufficient attention to entrusted values, inability - due to poor education or personal deformation, to understand the importance of diligence when working on something.
Touchiness
An increased negative reaction to everyday troubles due to hypertrophied egoism. It is because of him that you want the world to spin at your feet, and those around you, forgetting about your own needs, meet your expectations around the clock and all year round: they are polite, generous and caring, striving to provide someone else's comfort.
Limitation
Confidence that the true picture of the world is available only to you, and other explanations of the structure of the universe and the principles of interaction between man and environment- a complete invention of narrow-minded dorks. It arises due to insufficient education, a congenital developmental defect that prevents adequate assimilation of educational information.
Alarmism
The tendency to accept as reality the imaginary catastrophic consequences of any, even minor, incidents in own life and the world in general. It is a manifestation of a bad upbringing by a reinsurer, an overly violent fantasy or a disorder of the nervous system due to stress, illness.
vulgarity
A penchant for frilly outfits, demonstrating real or ostentatious material security through the acquisition of unnecessary luxury items. Or, and sometimes both, passion for sebaceous jokes, obscene anecdotes, often voiced in an absolutely inappropriate environment for the sake of causing a feeling of embarrassment in the majority of listeners.
Irritability
A negative reaction to an irritant, expressed in an excessive manifestation of emotions, the saturation of which does not correspond to the strength of the impact of an unpleasant factor for some reason. The cause of irritability can be external or internal, caused by congestion of the nervous system or exhaustion of the body by a disease.
extravagance
The inability to rationally spend income, including the desire to systematically or constantly make acquisitions for the sake of the process itself, and not for the purpose of exploiting the purchased item or thing. It is based on the desire to feel like a "master of the world", to correspond to the status of a financially secure person.
Jealousy
Showing dissatisfaction or distrust of the subject, which has a certain value for the jealous. It is expressed as a suspicion of infidelity or a greater emotional predisposition to another person (in the place of the accused there may be not only a spouse, but also a mother, sister, friend - the list can be endless).
Samoyedism
The habit of justifiably and unreasonably accusing oneself of a multitude of sins of various magnitudes. For example, in insufficient attention to the performance of duties, although in reality at work or in relationships a person gives all the best. Possible reasons: low self-esteem, actively supporting an interested environment, perfectionism.
self-confidence
Unreasonable exaltation of one's abilities, supposedly allowing one to cope with a certain or any task. It is the cause of bragging and risky acts, often committed with a rejection of the rules of safety, the laws of physics and the arguments of logic. It is based on inexperience, dependence on the desire to live on the verge of a foul.
weak will
Lack of ability to perform an effort of will for the sake of a desired goal or to resist dangerous, illegal temptations, morally degraded individuals. The tendency to submit to other people's decisions, even when they require serious sacrifices. Such a negative character trait of a man can make him the object of ridicule in the team.
Cowardice
The inability to resist the opponent due to insufficient developed strength will, exposure to phobias. It can be expressed as a flight from the scene of some events due to an imaginary or real danger to one's own health, life, despite the fact that other possible participants in the incident are left in danger.
Vanity
The desire to receive praise for real and imaginary merits. The desire to first of all have a positive image, and not be worthy of compliments. Illegibility in the quality of voiced approvals - flattery is also perceived favorably. Moreover, it is not always possible to distinguish it from sincere statements.
Stubbornness
The desire to act only according to one's own ideas about the correctness of the chosen path, the rejection of authorities, ignoring the well-known rules, purely because of the habit of acting the way one has decided. Lack of ability to be flexible in the face of a conflict of interests, unwillingness or inability to take into account the goals and capabilities of others.
selfishness
Conscious selfishness, the desire to live in comfort, regardless of the possible inconvenience that follows from this for others. Their interests are always exalted above the desires of other people, the opinions of the latter on this and other occasions are never taken into account. All decisions are based solely on self-interest.
