Perfective verbs denote. Formation of imperfective and perfective verbs. One-dimensional verbs and verbs with two forms

Two ways are possible:

1. the initial is the imperfective verb, from which the perfective verb is formed;
2. the original is the perfective verb, from which the imperfective verb is formed.

Sometimes imperfect and perfect are expressed in words with different roots: yell - take, speak - say, put - put, heal - lie down, sit down - sit down.

Ways of forming perfective verbs from imperfective verbs

1. With the help of prefixes: do - With do, measure from measure, write on write, build By build, read about read. The most commonly used attachments by-, with- (co-) .

species pairs(a non-prefix verb of an imperfect form - a prefix verb of a perfect form) are formed only if the prefix does not change the lexical meaning of the verb: example, build - build.
Verbs build - rebuild, build - complete, build - attach do not form aspectual pairs, since the prefix changes the lexical meaning of the verb: rebuild- build differently. finish building- bring construction to completion attach- to build in addition to what has already been built.

2. With a suffix -Well- , which indicates the completion of the action or its one-time: move - move Well to disappear - disappeared Well th, shout - shout Well th, jump - jump Well be.
Note. Some verbs with suffix -Well- belong to the imperfect form, and the perfect form from them is formed with the help of prefixes: perish - By die, freeze behind freeze.

3. With a suffix -And- , which in imperfect form corresponds to the suffix -and I- : throw - throw And to, to fulfill - to fulfill And th, decide And th. In this case, alternation of the final consonant of the stem is possible: return - return, meet - meet, announce - announce.

4. With the help of stress: moundA t - us s go, cut A t - neg e zat.

Ways of forming imperfective verbs from perfective verbs

1. With the help of suffixes -yva- / -iva, -va- (in this case, alternations of vowels and consonants are possible): write - record ywa t, rebuild - peprestra willow th, pour out - howl wa th, give - give wa th,walk - walk wa th.

2. Alternating sounds in the root (often in combination with suffixation): choose - choose, send - send, crumple - crumple, eat - eat.

A few verbs combine in one form the meaning of the perfect and imperfect form: attack, command, marry, promise, organize, form. In the modern colloquial language, there is a noticeable desire to emphasize specific differences in such verbs in formal ways (there are forms form, organize, where the suffix -yva- indicates an imperfect aspect, or make a promise, where is the prefix By- indicates perfection).

A special place in the species system is occupied by verbs of motion representing movement in space. They have two imperfect forms and fall apart at the bottom of correlative groups:

Verbs run, carry, lead etc. denote a movement that takes place in one direction, at a certain moment, continuously. Verbs run, carry, drive etc. designate a movement that takes place in more than one direction, more than once, intermittently. Wed: He goes to the theater(V this moment, in a certain direction) — He goes to the theater(not once. in different time), He walks around the city(in different directions).

By adding prefixes denoting the direction of movement, perfective verbs are formed from the verbs of the first group, but always with an additional lexical meaning introduced by the prefix: run - run, carry - take away, lead - transfer, go - drive etc. Paired imperfective verbs can be formed from prefixed perfective verbs: come running(owl) - resort(non-Nov.), come — come, leave - leave etc.

• ← Formation of verb types →

CLASS

The verb is a part of speech. Not with verbs.

A verb is a part of speech that denotes an action and responds
to questions what to do? what to do?think, draw; listen, make noise.

Verbs change by tense: are in present, past or future tense.

In the present and future tenses, verbs change in person and number,

and in the past tense - by numbers and gender (in the singular).

In a sentence, the verb is usually predicate.
Peterjumping through puddles. snow heatdoes not give.

Not verbs are written separately. The exception is those verbs that are not used without Not.

Not gives verbs a negative meaning. Do not lie, do not make noise; hate, resent.

Infinitive.

Every verb has an initial form. It is called the indefinite form of the verb. Verbs in the indefinite form answer questions what to do? what to do? they end in t, ty, whose:decide, carry, protect.

The initial form of the verb shows no time, no number, no person, no gender.

In the indefinite form of the verb after the letter h spelled soft sign: save, take care

Spelling -tsya and -tsya in verbs.

The letter ь is written in the indefinite form of the verb, which answers questions

what to do? what to do?Started in heaven(what to do?) the first stars appear.

Letter b not written in verb forms that answer questions
what is he doing? what will he do?
In heaven soon(what will they do?) the first stars will appear.
Sasha(what is he doing?) learning to read.

If the sentence does not have a subject, and You can't put a question on a verb

so this verb is in the form of the 3rd person singular. hours and written without z.

Always learningcome in handy. no good she is young!

Perfective and imperfective verbs.

Verbs perfect look point to completion of action its result, the end of an action or its beginning.

what to do?
For example: run, buy, ring, build, sing.

Past tense: what did they do? what did you do? What did you do? what did?
ran up, saw, found, ascended.

Future simple tense: what will they do? what will I do? what will he do? etc.
come out, buy, sail, count.

Note: at verbs perfect look there is only two forms of time: past and future simple. The present tense is missing.

Verbs imperfect form denote long or repetitive actions, without indicating their completion.
In a vague way they answer the question what to do?
For example: sing, boil, run, dream, reread, jump.

Past tense:what they were doing? what did you do? what did you do? what did it do?
ran, jumped, searched, stopped by.

Present tense:what do they do? what do we do? what is he doing? etc.
sunbathing, building, pulling up, buying.

Future hard time:what will they do? what will i do? etc.
they will jump, I will laugh, we will listen, they will dance.

Verbs imperfect form have everything three forms of time: past, present and future are complex.

The meaning of the verb, its morphological features and syntactic function

Verb - This independent part speech that denotes an action, state, or attitude and answers questions what to do? what to do?: work, clean, get sick, be afraid, desire, consist. All forms verb have morphological features of the species (there are perfect or imperfect species) and transitivity (they are transitional or intransitive). Among the verb forms there are conjugated(change in moods, tenses, persons or genders, as well as numbers) and non-conjugated(initial form verb, participles and participles).

In a sentence, conjugated verb forms play the role of a predicate (they have special forms of predicate - mood and tense forms), non-conjugated verb forms can be other members of the sentence. For example: Mermaid floated along the blue river, illuminated full moon... (M. Lermontov); So thought young rake, flying in the dust on the mail... (A. Pushkin).

Infinitive

The initial (dictionary) form of the verb is infinitive, or infinitive(from lat. infiniti - vus - "indefinite"). The infinitive denotes an action regardless of mood, time, person, number, that is, without its connection with the agent (subject).

The infinitive is an invariable form of the verb, which has only constant morphological features of the verb: aspect, transitivity / intransitivity, reflexivity / irreversibility, type of conjugation. (If in conjugated verb forms the ending is unstressed, then the type of conjugation is determined by the infinitive.)

The formal indicators of the infinitive are suffixes -ty, -ty(at school they are usually treated as graduations). Suffix -th comes after vowels (follow, think, sing) A -ti- after consonants (carry, carry, weave). Some verbs end in the infinitive with -ch: oven, cherish, flow, be able and etc.; historically in -whose merged infinitive -ti and final root sound [G] or [To]: type forms "pekti", "protect" as a result of phonetic changes, they were transformed into "bake", "save" and so on.

In a sentence, the infinitive can be any part of the sentence. For example: 1) Be in love others - a heavy cross ... (B. Pasternak); 2) He [Startsev] decided to go to the Turkins(for what purpose?) see what kind of people they are (A. Chekhov); 3) I acted carelessly, indulging in the sweet habit of seeing and hearing you every day (A. Pushkin); 4) The cleanest shirts orders put on the captain!_ (B. Okudzhava).

Note. Example (2) - with verbs of motion (leave, go etc.) or cessation of movement (stop, stay, sit down etc.) the infinitive is a circumstance of the goal (names the goal of movement or cessation of movement): Sometimes in the sands he stopped(for what purpose?) relax (K. Paustovsky).

Example (4) - the infinitive is not included in the predicate and is an addition in the sentence if it denotes the action of another person (object), not the one called the subject.

Verb stems

The verb has two basics: stem of the infinitive And basis of the present/simple future tense.(Sometimes it also stands out basis of past tense but for most verbs it coincides with the stem of the infinitive.) Part of the verb forms is formed from basics infinitive, and the other part - from basics present/simple future tense. These two basics many verbs are different.

To highlight the stem of the infinitive, you need to separate the formative suffix of the infinitive: carried- you, piss- t, speak- th, read- uh, rice- th.

To highlight the basis of the present / simple future tense, it is necessary to separate the personal ending from the form of the present / simple future tense (usually the form of the 3rd person is taken plural): carried- ut, write- uh, talk- yat, chita j - ut, pucyj - ut.

To highlight basis past tense, you need to discard the formative suffix -l- and the ending from the past tense form (any form can be used, except for the masculine form singular, since it can be represented by a zero suffix, which makes it difficult to select basics): carried- l-a, piss- l-a, speak- l-a, read- l-a, rice a- l-a.

There are verbs that have the same basics the infinitive and the present/simple future tense, and the basis of the past tense differs from them: id- ti, id- ut, sh- l-a. basics different: get wet- th, wet- ut, wet- l-a; tere- t, tr- ut, ter- l-a. There are verbs that have all three basics match up: carried- you, carried- ut, carried- la.

Verb type

Verbs in Russian belong to one of two types: to imperfect or to perfect.

Verbs perfect look answer the question what to do? and denote an action limited in its duration, having an internal limit, completeness. Perfect verbs can denote an action that has ended (or will end) by achieving a result (learn, draw) an action that has begun (or will begin), and this very beginning of the action is understood as its border, limit (play, sing) single action (push, shout, jump- verbs with suffix -Well).

Verbs imperfect form answer the question what to do? and indicate an action without specifying

to its limit, without limiting its course in time, the action is long or repeated (learn, draw, play, shout).

Imperfect and perfect verbs form species pairs. The species pair is imperfective verb and a perfective verb that have the same lexical meaning and differ only in meaning kind: read- read, write - write, build- build.

Imperfect verbs formed from perfective verbs with suffixes:

1) -iva-, -iva-: consider- consider, ask- ask, subscribe- sign;

2) -wa: open- open, give- give, put on- put on shoes;

3) -a-(-z): save- save, rise- grow up.

Perfective verbs are formed from imperfective verbs in various ways:

1) using view attachments on-, off-, pro-, you-, on- and etc,: treat- cure, oven- bake, make- do, write - write, read- read, build- build, teach- learn etc. (But more often, with the help of a prefix, perfective verbs are formed, which differ from imperfective verbs not only in the meaning of the aspect, but also in the change in lexical meaning; such verbs do not form a specific pair: read- reread, reread, reread etc.);

2) using a suffix -uh-: get used to- get used to, nod- nod, jump- jump.

Some verbs that make up the aspect pair may differ only in the place of stress: scatter- sprinkle, cut- slice.

Separate aspectual pairs make up verbs with different roots: speak- say, search- find, put- put, take- take.

Some verbs are single-species. They do not form a species pair and are either only perfect look (find yourself, rush, sleep, scream etc.), or only imperfect form (predominate, be present, sit, be).

There are also two-species verbs that combine in one form the meaning with perfect and imperfect. Their appearance is set from the context: marry, execute, injure, command, as well as verbs with suffixes -ova (t), -irova (t): influence, use, automate, pave, telegraph etc. For example: The guns from the pier are firing, the ship is ordered to land (what are they doing?) (A. Pushkin); Would you like me to order (what will I do?) to bring a rug? (N. Gogol).

Verb type influences the formation of its forms (first of all, the forms of time): imperfective verbs in the indicative mood there are forms of all three tenses (moreover, in the future tense they have a complex form) and a full set of temporary forms of participles; at perfective verbs there are no forms of the present tense in the indicative mood (the form of the future tense is simple) and participles of the present tense.

Verbs transitive and intransitive

Differ transitive and intransitive verbs.

transitional Verbs denote an action that is directly directed at an object. They may carry a direct object in the accusative case without a preposition, answering the question whom?"/What?", write an article, knit a sweater, sing a song.

Instead of the accusative case, the object with a transitive verb can also be in genitive case no suggestion:

1) if there is a negative particle Not before a transitive verb: understood the task- did not understand the task; read a novel- did not read the novel; Waste time- do not waste time;

2) if the action does not transfer to the whole object, but only to its part: drank water(all the water in question) - drank some water(Part), fetch firewood- bring firewood.

When determining transitivity / intransitivity of verbs it is necessary to take into account the meaning of the noun in the form of the accusative case - it must name the object of the action. Wed: stand for an hour (in line) or live for a week (at sea), where the verbs are not transitive, although after them there are nouns in the accusative case without a preposition: All night long(vp with time value, not object) thundered(verb intransitive) a neighboring ravine, a stream, bubbling, ran to the stream (A. Fet).

Verbs that cannot carry a direct object are intransitive: engage(how?) sports, understanding(in what?) in music, refuse(from what?) from help.

Note. Transitivity / intransitivity closely related to the lexical meaning of the verb: in one meaning the verb can be transitive, and in the other intransitive. Wed: I'm telling the truth (I'm telling the truth“I say” is a transitive verb). The child is already talking- "talks" - intransitive verb); Tomorrow I will go alone, I will teach(intransitive verb) at school and I will give my whole life to those who may need it (A. Chekhov); learn lessons(transitive verb).

Reflexive verbs

TO reflexive verbs include verbs with a postfix -sya, -ss. All reflexive verbs are intransitive. They are formed as from transitive verbs (distinguish - differ, please- rejoice, dress- dress), and from intransitive (knock- knock, blacken- blacken). From ordinary derivational suffixes -sya differs in that it is attached to verb forms after the endings (knocking, knocking). Suffix -sya added after consonants -ss- after vowels (studied- studied); in participle forms and after vowels is added -sya, and not -s: different - different.

Joining transitive verbs, suffix -sya turns them into intransitives: wears whom? / what?- gets dressed. Joining intransitive verbs -sya reinforces the meaning of intransitivity: turns white- turns white.

Suffix -sya also serves to form impersonal forms from personal verbs: I am not sleeping- I can't sleep, I want- I would like to.

Among verbs with the suffix -sya there are also those that do not have parallel forms without this suffix: laugh, hope, bow, fight and etc.

Verb conjugations

Conjugation - this is a change of the verb in persons and numbers. (Term conjugated forms verb is used in a broader sense than the term conjugation . The conjugated forms of the verb include all forms, except for the infinitive, participles and participles, i.e. forms of all moods.)

Depending on personal endings in Russian, it is customary to distinguish two conjugations - I and II, which differ from each other in vowel sounds in the endings: carry, sing, speak, be silent, carry, sing, speak, be silent, carry, sing, speak, be silent, carry, sing, speak, be silent, carry, sing, speak, be silent

If the ending is percussive, conjugation determined at the end: you call, you lead I conjugation, burn, sleep-II conjugation.

But most of the verbs conjugation has no accent on personal endings. In such cases conjugation determined by the infinitive (by the vowel that comes before the infinitive suffix).

Co II conjugation include those verbs with an unstressed personal ending, in which 1) the infinitive ends in -i-t (carry, cut, spend etc.), except for verbs shave, lay, rare verbs be based(“to build, to build”) and be ruffled("to vacillate, to sway, to swell"). (Verbs be based And be ruffled are used only in the form of 3 person units. and plural. numbers, other forms are not used.); 2) exception verbs whose infinitive ends in -e-t (look, see, hate, offend, depend, endure, twirl) and on -a-be (drive, hold, hear, breathe).

All other verbs with unstressed personal endings belong to I conjugation.

It should be remembered that prefixed verbs formed from non-prefixed ones are of the same type conjugations, which is unprefixed (drive- catch up- overtake- expel etc. - II conjugation). Verbs with -sya (-sya) belong to the same type of conjugation as without -sya (s) (drive- chase-II conjugation).

There are also heterogeneous verbs in the Russian language, in which one form is formed according to I conjugation, and others - according to II. These include: 1) want- in the singular changes according to I conjugation (Want- Want- wants), and in the plural - according to II (want- want to- want); 2) run, which has all forms, as in verbs of II conjugation (running- running- running- run- run), except 3rd person plural. numbers - run(according to I conjugation); 3) honor- changes according to II conjugation (revere- honors- honor- honor), except 3rd person plural. numbers (revere) although there is a form honor, which is now used less frequently than honor; 4) glimpse(“to dawn, to glow a little”) - is used only in the form of the 3rd person singular (snaps-II conjugation) and plural (squeamish- I conjugation): Dawn breaks a little; The stars twinkle faintly in the sky.

Uncharacteristic for verbs I and II conjugations verbs have an ending system (archaic) eat, get bored, give, create(and their prefix derivatives: overeat, overeat, surrender, give away, betray, recreate and etc.).

Verb be also idiosyncratic. Rarely used forms of the 3rd person singular have survived from it in modern Russian. and plural. present tense numbers There is And essence: A straight line is the shortest distance between two points; The most common, accepted by almost all historians, general abstractions are: freedom, equality, enlightenment, progress, civilization, culture (L. Tolstoy), and the future tense is formed from another root: will- you will- will- we will- you will- will.

It should be remembered that verbs are conjugated (change in persons and numbers) only in the present and simple future tenses. If the form of the future is complex (in imperfective verbs), then only auxiliary be, and the main verb is taken in the infinitive. Verbs in the past tense do not conjugate (do not change by person).

verb mood

Verbs change according to moods. Form inclinations shows how the action relates to reality: whether the action is real (taking place in reality), or unreal (desired, required, possible under certain conditions).

In Russian, verbs have forms of three moods: indicative, conditional (subjunctive) and imperative.

Verbs in indicative mood denote a real action that is happening, has happened or will actually happen in a certain time (present, past or future). Verbs in the indicative mood change over time: doing(present tense) was engaged(past tense), I will study(Future tense).

Verbs in conditional mood do not denote real actions, but desired, possible ones. Conditional mood forms are formed from the stem of the infinitive (or the stem of the past tense) with the help of the suffix -l-(followed by an ending with the meaning of number and, in the singular, gender) and particles would (b)(which can be before the verb, after it, or can be torn off from it). For example: If I were a poet, I would live like a goldfinch and would not whistle in a cage, but on a branch at dawn (Y. Moritz).

IN conditional verbs change according to numbers and gender (in this mood there is no time and person): would pass, would pass, would pass, would pass.

Verbs in imperative mood denote an impulse to action (a request, an order), that is, they denote not a real action, but a required one. In the imperative mood verbs change in numbers and persons (there is also no time in this mood).

The most common forms are 2 person singular and plural, which express the motivation for action of the interlocutor (interlocutors).

Form 2 persons unit. number is formed from the basis of the present / simple future tense using the suffix -And- or without a suffix (in this case, the stem of the verb in the imperative mood is the same as the stem of the present/simple future tense): talk, look, write, hold, work(the basis of the present tense is pa6 omaj- ym), rest (rest) -ut), remember (rememberj-ut), cut (cut), get up (get up).

Form 2 persons pl. numbers are formed from the form of the 2nd person unit. numbers with ending -te: speak- \those\, hold- \those\, for-remember- \those\ And etc.

Forms 3 persons unit. and many others. the numbers express the motivation for action of one or those who are not participating in the dialogue. They are formed by particles let, let, yes + 3rd person forms or many indicative numbers: let it go, let it go, long live, long liveetc.: Yes they know the descendants of the Orthodox native land past fate (A. Pushkin).

Form 1 person pl. numbers expresses an impulse to joint action, of which the speaker himself is a participant. It is made up of particles. come on let's + infinitive of imperfective verbs (Let's, let's + sing, dance, play) or 4- form of the 1st person pl. indicative mood numbers of perfective verbs (come on, let's + sing, dance, play): Let's talk complimenting each other... (B. Okudzhava); Let's drop words like a garden- amber and zest... (B. Pasternak); comrade life, Let's faster stomp, stomp the rest of the five-year period ... (V. Mayakovsky).

Inclination forms can be used not only in their direct meaning, but also in a figurative sense, that is, in a sense characteristic of a different mood.

For example, the imperative mood form can; have the meanings of the conditional mood (1) and indicative (2): 1) Do not be for that, God's will, they would not give up Moscow (M. Lermontov);2) Since he told him Tell:“I see, Azamat, that you really liked this horse” (M. Lermontov).

Verb in the indicative mood can be used as an imperative: However, it is already dark in the field; hurry up! went, went Andryushka! (A. Pushkin); The commandant walked around his army, telling the soldiers: “Well, kids, let's stand today for the mother empress and we will prove to the whole world that we are brave people and jurymen ”(A. Pushkin).

The form of the conditional mood can have the meaning of the imperative: papa, you would talk to Alexandra, she behaves desperately (M. Gorky).

verb tense

In the indicative mood, verbs change in tense. Forms of time express the relation of action to the moment of speech. In Russian, there are forms of three tenses: present, past and future. The number of tense forms and the way they are formed depends on the type of the verb. Imperfective verbs have three forms of tense, and their future form is complex. Perfective verbs have only two tense forms (they have no present tense), the future form is simple.

Form present time shows that the action coincides with the moment of speech or is carried out constantly, regularly repeated: On full steam rushing train, wheels twirls locomotive ... (B. Pasternak); Oh how deadly we are love, How V violent blindness of passions, we are most likely destroy, what is dear to our hearts! (F. Tyutchev).

Only imperfective verbs have present tense forms. They are formed with the help of endings that are attached to the basis of the present tense and indicate at the same time not only time, but also person and number. The set of endings depends on the conjugation.

Form past tense shows that the action precedes the moment of speech: We all learned little by little something and somehow ... (A. Pushkin).

Forms of the past tense are formed from the stem of the infinitive with the help of a suffix -l-, followed by an ending with the value of the number and in units. number - kind: sang, sang, sang, sang.

Some verbs have a suffix -l- absent in the masculine form: carried, rubbed, grew, shore, froze and etc.

Past verb tense go is formed from another stem, different from the stem of the indefinite form: go- walked, walked, walked, walked.

Form future tense indicates that the action will take place after the moment of speech: The cold will come, the sheets will crumble- and will be ice- water (G. Ivanov).

Imperfective verbs and perfective verbs also have forms of the future tense, but they are formed in different ways.

Shapes of the future tenses of verbs perfect form are formed from the basis of the simple future tense with the help of the same endings as the forms of the present tenses of verbs imperfect form (such a form is called a form simple future tense): I will write, I will tell, I will bring.

Shapes of the future tenses of verbs imperfect form are formed by joining forms will be, will be, will be, will be, will be, will be to the infinitive of the imperfective verb (this form is called the form complex future tense): I will write, I will tell, I will bear.

The forms of time can be used not only in their basic meaning, but also in a figurative meaning, characteristic of the forms of other times.

Present tense forms can indicate an action preceding the moment of speech (the use of present tense forms in a story about the past is called real historical): Just, you know, going out from the world, look- my horses stand quietly around Ivan Mikhailovich (I. Bunin).

Present tense forms can also denote an action following the moment of speech (the value of the future tense): I have everything ready, I'm in the afternoon send things. Baron and I tomorrow getting married tomorrow we are leaving to the brick factory, and the day after tomorrow I'm already at school, starts new life (A. Chekhov).

Forms of the past tense can be used in the meaning of the future tense: Run, run! Otherwise I dead (K. Fedin).

Forms of the future tense can have the meaning of the past tense: Gerasim looked, looked, but suddenly laughed (I. Turgenev).

Person, number and gender of the verb

Forms faces of the verb express the relation of the action indicated by the verb to the speaking person.

There are three faces of verbs: first, second and third.

Form first faces the only numbers denotes the action of the speaker: sing, I'll go.

Form first faces plural numbers denotes the action of a group of persons, which includes the speaker: let's go, let's go.

Form second faces singular indicates the action of the interlocutor: sing, go.

Form second faces plural denotes the action of a group of persons, which includes the interlocutor: sing, come in.

Forms third faces singular and plural designate the actions of one or those who do not participate in the dialogue, i.e. is not a speaker or interlocutor: sing, come in, sing, come in.

Category faces And numbers Verbs have only in the present and future tense of the indicative mood and in the imperative mood. Verbs in the past tense and in the conditional mood do not have a category faces, but change according to numbers And childbirth:(I, you, he) led \ \ - male genus, (I, you, she) led- female genus, (I, you, it) led-\o\- average genus, (we you they) led-\and\- plural number.

Not all Russian verbs have a complete set of personal forms.

In Russian there are so-called inadequate And redundant Verbs.

Insufficient verbs do not have a complete set of forms for one reason or another. Some verbs do not have the 1st form faces units numbers, as they are difficult to pronunciation:win, convince, convince, dissuade, find oneself, feel, eclipse, dare etc. In cases where it is still necessary to use the form of the 1st faces of these verbs resort to a descriptive method; I must win, I want to convince, I can find myself.

A number of verbs do not use the forms of the 1st and 2nd faces singular and plural numbers for semantic reasons (these verbs refer to processes occurring in nature or in the animal world): to calve, to whelp, to rust, to glimmer, to turn white, to brighten, to be distributed(about sound) flare up and so on.

In modern Russian, the opposite phenomenon also takes place, when for some verbs the formation of forms faces present (or simple future) time goes in two different ways: splash- splatter / splatter, drip- drip / drip, splash- splash / splash, poke- poke / poke, wave- waving / waving and etc.

Impersonal verbs

Impersonal verbs - these are verbs that name actions or states that occur as if by themselves, without the participation of the actor: shiver, vomit, be unwell, get light, dawn, get colder, evening, dusk etc. They denote the state of man or nature.

These verbs do not change by person and do not combine with personal pronouns. They are used as predicates impersonal proposals, and the subject of them is impossible.

Impersonal verbs have only the infinitive form (shine, shiver) 3rd person singular form (light, chill) and the neuter singular form (light, shivering).

Group impersonal verbs replenished with personal verbs by adding a postfix to them -sya: can't read, can't sleep, can't believe, easily breathe, live etc.

Quite often, personal verbs are used in the meaning of impersonal ones. Wed: Lilac smells(personal verb) good o And smells(personal verb in impersonal meaning) hay over meadows (A. Maykov); The wind bends the trees to the ground and makes me sleepy; Something dark in the distance And It gets dark early in winter.

Morphological analysis of the verb includes the selection of four permanent features (kind, recurrence, transitivity, conjugation) and five non-permanent ones (mood, tense, person, number, gender). The number of permanent features of the verb can be increased by including features such as the class of the verb, as well as the type of the stem.

One of the Russian language is the Verb. The verb denotes an action, a state of an object. His main questions are: what to do? what to do? This part of speech has a lot on which its place in speech and syntactic role in the sentence depend. The topic of this article is “Perfect Verbs”, therefore, before talking about them, you need to find out the meaning of their category: aspect. The aspect category is grammatical; it is inherent in all its forms and shows the action in time. The verb "decided" and "decided" are similar in meaning, but grammatically different. Decided - perfect verb. kind, it indicates a completed action, that it is completed and limited. Decided - the verb is imperfect. kind and does not contain the limits or completeness of the action. There are two types of verbs in Russian: perfect and imperfect.

Already by one name - a perfective verb - one can understand that we are talking about an action that has begun, completed, there is a limit, a border, the result of an action. Therefore, the questions of the perfect form of the verb are: what to do? what did (a) do? what did they do? what will you do?

For example: in the past tense

"I have read the book" means: I have read the whole book to the end;

"I wrote a letter" means: the letter is ready;

"I learned the language" means: I know the language;

"We sang the song" means: to the end.

Whereas the sentences: “I wrote a letter”, “I read a book”, “I sang a song”, “I studied the language”, mean that the action took place, but whether it was completed is unknown.

Verb types differ mainly in meaning and tense forms. Perfective verbs have a past and future simple tense: I did (I do), I wrote (I will write), I played (I will play), I read (I will read), I studied (I will study). The endings in the future simple are the same as in the present tense for imperfect verbs. type: I read, I play.

Imperfect verbs. species have forms present., past. and future difficult time. The sentences "We will build", "We will study" only say that the actions will be performed, but not whether they will be completed. Whereas the sentences “We will build”, “We will study” say that something will be built to the end, will be studied and we will know. This, with different formation of temporary forms, leads to errors in using the present instead of the future, the future instead of the present in speech.

So, instead of the correct formation of the future tense: I will say, I will go, I will take, I will start, people who do not speak the language mistakenly say: I will say, I will go, I will start.

Education and species pairs

The initial form of the formation of perfective verbs is mainly imperfective verbs. species with the addition of prefixes, suffixes, opposition of suffixes, alternation at the root, movement of stresses, expression of species by different roots, words. Species pairs are formed.

1. Perfective verbs are formed by adding the suffix -nu- to imperfective verbs: jump-jump, swing-swing. These verbs give meaning to brevity and instantaneousness.

Some verbs with the suffix -nu- have the last consonants before the suffix: throw-throw, drown-drown, whisper-whisper. The suffix -nu- in perfective verbs indicates the result, the limit, the completeness of the action (disappear, reach), the one-time action (push, shout, wave), the intense beginning of the action (gush, burst)

2. Prefixes give the verb the meaning of completeness, without changing the main lexical meaning of the word: write-write, write off; go blind; go blind; to go gray; to go gray; build-build; do-do; strengthen - strengthen.

But often prefixes give a new lexical meaning to the verb perfect. type: read - reread, read, finish reading

Prefixes, along with the meaning of completeness, can bring other shades to verbs, indicate the relationship of action to time. So, the prefix in some verbs adds the meaning of limited action in time, for example: today I read, worked, took a walk (I read for some time and stopped, worked for some time and stopped working, walked for a short time.)

The prefixes for-, on-, when combined with some verbs, bring the meaning of the beginning of the action into the word: sing-sing (began to sing); make noise - make noise (began to make noise); fly-fly (began to fly)

For example:

The forest rang, groaned, crackled, the Hare listened and ran away. ( N. Nekrasov)

The eagles whistled and squealed even more plaintively. Then the eagle suddenly screamed loudly, spread its wings and flew heavily towards the sea ... ( L. Tolstoy)

3. Sometimes aspectual pairs of verbs are formed from different roots, words: put-put. Remember the words and combinations with which perfective verbs are used: suddenly, unexpectedly, suddenly, once, as, immediately, as suddenly, once.

Exercise!

Here is an illustrated text. Find perfective verbs in the text. Explain the difference in the meaning of the verbs perfect. and imperfect. kind.

Hunting

A handsome eagle slowly makes a circle over the sea. His flight is so calm and graceful. Here he stopped for a moment in the air, as if someone was holding him by the thread. Something happened. This predator saw prey in clear water. Suddenly and swiftly the eagle began to fall down like a stone.

And already at the very water, on the fly, he grabbed his victim with his beak and abruptly rose up. The fish wags its tail, tries to free itself from its beak, but the eagle holds its prey in a stranglehold, without interrupting the flight.

The aspect of the verb is one of the topics in school curriculum, which is forgotten by students or even “flies by”. Without a doubt, if you do not understand the easy rules of this section, you will not be able to understand the other, more complex ones. Students often confuse an imperfect verb with a perfect one, but they don’t even imagine, everything is so easy and simple, you just need to clearly sort out what is what.

View is such a unit, without which not a single verb in the Russian language can exist. It is worth remembering that it can always be determined! In some cases, the answer is on the surface, and in some you have to dig. In our language, there are two types of verbs: perfect (CB) and imperfect (NSV).

Perfect view

This is a form that denotes an already completed action, most often we use it in the past tense. If we draw a parallel with the English language, there the completed action can be indicated by such tenses as Past Simple and Present Perfect. It should be taken into account that the verbs CB direct us to the result, the end of the action or its beginning. For example: "He read a book." How can you know that this is not an imperfective verb? You just need to ask the question: “What did you do?”. Such a hint is given by teachers to children in almost all schools, explaining that if the predicate has the prefix “s” in the question, then this is a perfective verb.

This type can also be used in the future tense, questions to test: “what will (will) do?” etc.

You should take into account the fact that the present tense is completely absent from the NE, so if you saw the verb of this tense, know that it is NSV.

Imperfect species

The imperfective verb indicates the duration of the action, without emphasizing the result. The process can be regular, that is, someone does something every day. Or simply repetitive, in other words, someone does something infrequently. IN English language there are also tenses denoting a process, for example, Present Continious. Adverbs in a sentence can also “give out” the imperfect form of the verb. Examples: constantly, often, always, regularly, usually, for a long time - they all indicate the absence of an end to the action.

To easily determine the imperfective verb, one has only to ask him the question: “What to do?” (the question does not contain the letter “s” indicating NE, therefore, this is NE). For example: Marina loves to sing (what to do?).

The verbs of this group can be both the present tense (what do (do)? Etc.), and the future (what will I do (will I do)? Etc.) and the past (what did (do)? Etc.). d.).

One-dimensional verbs and verbs with two forms

Many verbs in Russian have a pair of the opposite form (to give (SV) - to give (NSV)). They are formed by alternating vowels and consonants and syllables:

• o / a - late / late (SV / NSV);
• o / s - sigh / sigh (SV / NSV);
• I / them - raised / will raise (SV / NSV);
• at / them - took out / took out (SV / NSV);
• d / w - escorted / escorted (SV / NSV);
• t/h - answered / will answer (SV/NSV);
• p / pl - strengthened / strengthened (SV / NSV);
• st / u - treated / will treat (SV / NSV).

In addition to such verbs, there are also monospecies, which in no case can have a pair, they have only one form of the two: imperfect or perfect. Among them: to be, to be present, to be absent, to be inactive (only NE), and also: to scream, to be needed, to gush, to find oneself (only NE).

Examples of imperfective and perfective verbs

As it turned out, NE and NE are quite easy to find on the question, however, most often, students begin to understand the topic only after the teacher analyzes it with examples.

Imperfect appearance: boils, takes, takes care, will play, sheared, searched, sawed, interfered, I will sleep, etc.

Perfect view: pour, score, clean, bought, disappeared, displaced, opened, sit down, etc.

These are just some examples of perfective and imperfective verbs.