The methods of species formation are as follows.
- Imperfective verbs are formed from perfective verbs with the help of suffixes -а-, -я-: finish - finish, speed up - speed up; -yva-, -iva-: postpone - postpone, give away - give away; -va-: put on - put on, give - davad / gb.
- Perfective verbs are formed, as a rule, by attaching prefixes to imperfective verbs: on-, on-, o- (ob *, obo-), for-, u-, etc. For example: draw - draw, whiten - whiten, decrepit - decrepit, angry - angry, strangle - strangle, sting - sting.
In some cases, species pairs are formed from different roots. For example: take (non-sov.) - take (owl), catch (non-sov.) - catch (sov.), put (non-sov.) - put (sov.).
Often, during the formation of verb types, an alternation of vowels and consonants in the root is observed. For example: start (sov.) - start (non-sov.); compress (owl) - compress (non-compressed); freeze (owls) - freeze (non-sov.), etc.
Exercise 249. In the text below, find the verbs and determine their form.
Behind the Khrebtov Pass, south of Goryachiy Klyuch, a small detachment of ten people, Lieutenant Kuguelov, operated for quite a long time. He made his way to the fascist rear, brought "tongues", mined the roads. In October, Kuguelov performed a brilliant operation that cost him his life.
Here is how it was. On one of the foggy October nights, Lieutenant Kuguelov led his detachment to the rear of the Nazis. The hunters passed the “neutral” village of Pyatigorskoye, went deep into the forest, and by dawn came out on a wide road near Goryachiy Klyuch... The sun had already risen. Solitary enemy soldiers were moving along the road, carts loaded with mines were occasionally passing by, motorcyclist liaison officers were passing by... But then a large staff bus appeared in the distance. Kuguelov knew that officers usually travel in such comfortable buses, and ordered his people to get ready.
The bus approached slowly. The road went uphill, and it was heard that the driver was driving a heavy car at first, then at second speed ... When the bus approached the place where the hunters were sitting, Kuguelov gave a signal. Grenades flew into the car ...
V. Zakrutkin.
Exercise 250
Charge, distinguish, strengthen, convince, conquer, manifest, dress, push, marry, erase, inscribe, certify, throw, drown, divide, cancel, offer, arrest, frighten,
command, listen, injure, swoop in, see, telegraph, issue, mine, vernalize, sow, sing.
Exercise 251. From the perfective verbs below, using the suffixes -iva-, -yva-, form imperfective verbs. Put emphasis. Explain the features of the formation of the species, using information about the alternation of vowels in the root.
Strengthen, wrinkle, touch, calm, heal, call, break out, soak, flood, chop, grind, weed out, carve out, feed, trample, earn, finish, honor.
Exercise 252. Match the following aspectual pairs of verbs with the prefix you-. Indicate in what form this prefix is under stress, and in what form it is unstressed.
Reveal - identify, perform - execute, subtract - subtract, choose - choose, endure - endure, cut - cut out, express - express, rake out - scoop out, clean out - ^ clean up.
Exercise 253. With the following pairs of verbs, make those sentences. Indicate how these verbs differ (meaning stress, aspect).
Cut - cut, scatter - scatter, pour - pour, fall asleep - fall asleep.
More on the topic § 77. Formation of verb types:
- § 24. The grammatical struggle for the recognition of the category of aspect and against the old theory of tenses in the first third of the 19th century.
- § 38. The teaching of acad. Fortunatov on the meanings of the perfect form of the Russian verb
Why do we need a verb form?
We all know what an abundance of verb tenses in English language. Or in French. Or in Spanish. This has its own unconditional charm - but certain difficulties also lurk. How can you remember all this - the past simple, the past continuous, the past, connected with the present, the past perfect and imperfect, the past ... And if we are talking about Romance languages, then a number of Modo Subjuntivo / Subjonctif forms must be added to what has been said, expressing all the same , but with the addition of a touch of subjectivity ...
In this regard, the Russian language - drum roll should sound here - is much, well, simply incomparably simpler! We have only three tenses: past, present, future. However, let's stop jubilation and think: how could we fully express our thoughts if everything was limited to this? Why, then we would not be interested in talking at all!
And so that our thought is formed precisely, beautifully, interestingly, variously - the Russian language has an excellent tool: it has a kind of verb! And in this sense, the form of the verb is our best friend, and not at all a blood enemy. Contrary to the popular point of view, the form of the verb was created not to hopelessly complicate our life, but to make it easier and more beautiful.
What is the form of the verb and how to learn it?
Forget that the form of the verb is a complex grammatical topic. In my life I have taught Russian to several hundred students. From the most different countries, from all, it seems, continents. And therefore I know that the bulk of the problems with the aspect of the verb can be completely removed if, from the very beginning, the meaning and use of the aspects are clearly explained and consolidated. In doing so, it is important to follow two conditions.
Condition one:
First you need to master and thoroughly consolidate the basics of this grammatical topic, and only then turn to more complex special cases.
Condition two:
Verb pairs (in the sequence “imperfective-perfective” - this is how they will be written in any textbook, grammar manual, and so on) must be memorized. Even if you're lazy, even if you don't feel like it, there's nothing you can do about it. The verb, especially in the everyday sphere, is the organizing center of the sentence. Give it to him already initial stage enough attention - and you will never regret it. Of course, at first we will talk about relatively in large numbers verbs (at the same time, you need to be able to actively use all grammatical forms, that is, both the imperfect form and the perfect form in the present, past and future tense), but gradually the list should expand.
In this article, we will talk about the basics of the topic. "kind of verb".
All verbs in Russian have the form: either imperfect (NSV) or perfect (CB). That is, every time you use a verb when building a phrase, you choose not only the time, but also the type of the verb. Without a form, a verb in Russian does not exist!
NSV verbs express an action in the course of its course. CB verbs denote an action limited by a limit (often we define this as "result").
Compare:
He is reading book(NSV): We imagine a person sitting at a table in a library or at home in a comfortable armchair. In front of him is an open book, he runs his eyes through page after page - that is, before our eyes unfolds process, course of action .
He read book(SV): Reading finished, book closed and put aside, maybe already back on the shelf or in the library. Before us - limit, result, end of action .
That is, when building your own sentence with this or that verb, you will first have to decide which type of verb to choose: imperfect or perfect. So, English verb read corresponds to the aspect pair "read (RSV)/read (CV)". If you want to say something about the process of an action, you will form the appropriate form from the infinitive "read" (NSV); if about a completed action that has a result - from "read" (CB). [The infinitive is the base form of the verb, the form you find in the dictionary].
Let's consider one more example with a new aspect pair: write (SV)/write (SV).
She writes letter(NSV) - process, course of action: lines appear one after another on a sheet of paper.
She wrote and the letter is two hours(NSV) - we again have the process of action, but this time it is relegated to the past. From this sentence, we learn that for a certain time a girl unknown to us sat with a sheet of paper and a pen at the table or in front of the computer. We do not know how this process ended. Was the letter completed? Has it been sent to the recipient? The proposal does not provide answers to these questions.
The situation is fundamentally different in the following example:
She wrote letter(SV). This sentence tells us that the action has been terminated, and a specific result has been reached: the letter is finished, lying on the table in an envelope, or already sent.
The Russian language has a small number of two-spectrum verbs (that is, verbs that can be used both in the sense of NSV and in the sense of SV) and a certain number of single-spectrum verbs (that is, verbs that do not have an aspect pair and are used only in one form). We will not dwell on them now, it would be somewhat premature. Now we will talk about verbs that form aspect pairs- because it is precisely these verbs in the Russian language that are the majority, and at the initial stage it is very important to understand the difference between the perfect and imperfect forms of the verb and learn how to use them in speech.
Formation of perfect and imperfect forms
By way of education verbs that form aspect pairs, can be divided into three groups:
2. suffixes, for example: to tell - tell
3. suppletive, for example: speak - say
Let's take a closer look at each of the groups.
- What happens with the verbs of the first group is called the word "perfection". It means that the perfect aspect ("perfect", hence the name) is formed from the imperfect aspect by adding a prefix or prefix (pro-, s-, po-, you-, etc.). It is impossible to guess with the help of which prefix the perfect form will be formed! Therefore, verb pairs can only be memorized. So, remember the minimum program:
read - about read write - on write, draw on draw, draw - on draw, do With do, photograph With take pictures, sing - With sing dance - With dance, play With play, know how With be able, be able With can, have With eat (something specific; e.g. eat an apple), eat - By eat, drink - By drink, drink - You drink (something specific: for example, drink a glass of juice), wash - By wash (or You wash), call - By call, think By think knock - By knock, donate By give, kiss - By kiss, have breakfast - By breakfast, lunch By lunch, dinner - By have dinner, meet By meet, change By change (or about change), look - By watch, listen - By listen, put - By put, know at know, see at see, hear - at hear, cook at cook, wait By wait, pay behind pay (or O to pay) and finally learn - You learn.
Exception: buy (NSV) - buy (SV)!
- The second group behaves in exactly the opposite way. Here "imperfection" occurs, and the direction is reversed: a prefix is added to the perfect aspect - and thus an imperfect aspect ("imperfect") appears. As in the case of the first group, what kind of suffix we need to form the aspect pair of each particular verb cannot be either guessed or deduced logically. Therefore, we remember the minimum program:
give - give, get tired - get tired, get up - get up, open - open, forget - forget, tell - tell, show - show, consider - consider, ask - ask, decide - decide, study - study, receive - receive, repeat - repeat, throw - quit, finish - finish, answer - answer, send - send, congratulate - congratulate, understand - understand, hug - hug, start - start, remember - remember, choose - choose. Well, if you have already learned this, then you can rest - rest!
- The verbs of the third group behave in a very special way and do not obey any rules. The only thing that can be said about them is that the imperfective form and the perfective form of these verbs are completely different from each other. Therefore, these verbs just need to be learned by heart. Don't be discouraged, there aren't many of them.
speak - say, take - take, put - put, seek - find, catch - catch.
Verb aspect in the present, past and future tense
Already at the initial stage of learning the Russian language, it is very important to understand and remember:
● imperfective verbs have three tense forms: present, past, future, for example:
I'm reading a magazine;
Yesterday I read a magazine.
● perfective verbs have only two forms of tense: past and future, for example:
I read your letter;
Tomorrow I will read your letter.
This is due to the meaning of species: the perfect species denotes an action limited by a limit, and the imperfect species denotes a process. In the present tense, we are always dealing with the process, and never with the result (compare: I read, you watch, he eats...). The limit, or result, may either have already been reached (in which case we use the past tense, for example: " He ate an apple”), or will be reached in the future (then the future tense will be used, for example: “ He will eat an apple»).
Basic meanings of verb types
To understand and remember the meanings of the verb types in Russian, analyze which of them are in your mother tongue, and which ones you just need to remember.
There are three main meanings for NSV: the first is “process/duration/duration of action”, the second is “regular/repeated action” and the third is “fact”, while VS has two – “result” and “once” (we will combine them into one meaning, as the line between them is often blurred).
Compare:
The first and second values of NE, as well as the only value of NE, usually do not present difficulties for foreign students: it is enough to understand the logic once and remember one or two simple examples.
He read, read the novel - and finally read(in the first part of the sentence, NE is used, since it is about the process of action; in the second - CB, since the action is completed).
He opened, opened the door - and finally opened(same situation: NSV-SV).
In the morning he looks through the newspapers(Used NE as regular action is being described).
He will read this book in two days(used ST, future tense: the sentence tells us that the result will be reached in two days).
He plays tennis every week(regularity = NSV).
In addition, these species meanings can be accompanied by certain words to facilitate the selection of the desired form. Let's write them in the form of a table:
Difficulties for foreigners are usually caused by the third value of the NE, designated as "fact". Therefore, I advise you to immediately pay attention to it, listen more and remember how the Russians use it, and also fix the use of this meaning with a large number of examples. For example:
Last night I washed, soaps dishes, cooked dinner and then watched TV.
Happy me walked to the Hermitage, and then dined with a Russian friend in the same cafe.
Thanks, I don't want coffee, I already drank coffee this morning.
From these offers you get general information about what your interlocutor was doing. In this case, you are not interested in whether this or that action was completed, whether this or that result was obtained.
It is important to understand that in these sentences it is possible to replace the NE with the meaning "fact" with the NE with the value "result". In this case, the tone of the phrase will inevitably change (foreigners often do not take this change in meaning into account). Saying " I did the laundry, washed the dishes, cooked dinner", the Russian means - cheers, I'm done, I'm free! " I went to the Hermitage”- it means that for a long time I could not get there, and finally I went, what happiness!
After you learn the species pairs and do training exercises, you will no longer feel insecure when using verb forms. And our professional teachers of Russian as a foreign language will be happy to help you make the process of learning Russian fun and effective. On our website, you can choose a teacher and order a free trial lesson with him.
Two ways are possible:
- the initial is the imperfective verb, from which the perfective verb is formed;
- the original is the perfective verb, from which the imperfective verb is formed.
Sometimes imperfect and perfect are expressed in words with different roots: yell - take, speak - say, put - put, heal - lie down, sit down - sit down.
Ways of forming perfective verbs from imperfective verbs
1. With the help of prefixes: do - With do, measure from measure, write on write, build By build, read about read. The most commonly used attachments by-, with- (co-) .
species pairs(a non-prefix verb of an imperfect form - a prefix verb of a perfect form) are formed only if the prefix does not change the lexical meaning of the verb: example, build - build.
Verbs build - rebuild, build - complete, build - attach do not form aspectual pairs, since the prefix changes the lexical meaning of the verb: rebuild- build differently. finish building- bring construction to completion attach- to build in addition to what has already been built.
2. With a suffix -Well-
, which indicates the completion of the action or its one-time: move - move Well to disappear - disappeared Well
th, shout - shout Well th, jump - jump Well be.
Note. Some verbs with suffix -Well-
belong to the imperfect form, and the perfect form from them is formed with the help of prefixes: perish - By die, freeze behind freeze.
3. With a suffix -And- , which in imperfect form corresponds to the suffix -and I- : throw - throw And to, to fulfill - to fulfill And th, decide And th. In this case, alternation of the final consonant of the stem is possible: return - return, meet - meet, announce - announce.
4. With the help of stress: moundA
t - us s go, cut A t - neg e zat.
Ways of forming imperfective verbs from perfective verbs
1. With the help of suffixes -yva- / -iva, -va- (in this case, alternations of vowels and consonants are possible): write - record ywa t, rebuild - peprestra willow th, pour out - howl wa th, give - give wa th,walk - walk wa th.
2. Alternating sounds in the root (often in combination with suffixation): choose - choose, send - send, crumple - crumple, eat - eat.
A few verbs combine in one form the meaning of the perfect and imperfect form: attack, command, marry, promise, organize, form. In the modern colloquial language, there is a noticeable desire to emphasize specific differences in such verbs in formal ways (there are forms form, organize, where the suffix -yva- indicates an imperfect aspect, or make a promise, where is the prefix By- indicates perfection).
A special place in the species system is occupied by verbs of motion representing movement in space. They have two imperfect forms and fall apart at the bottom of correlative groups:
Verbs run, carry, lead etc. denote a movement that takes place in one direction, at a certain moment, continuously. Verbs run, carry, drive etc. designate a movement that takes place in more than one direction, more than once, intermittently. Wed: He goes to the theater(V this moment, in a certain direction) - He goes to the theater(not once. in different time), He walks around the city(in different directions).
By adding prefixes denoting the direction of movement, perfective verbs are formed from the verbs of the first group, but always with an additional lexical meaning introduced by the prefix: run - run, carry - take away, lead - transfer, go - drive etc. Paired imperfective verbs can be formed from prefixed perfective verbs: come running(owl) - resort(non-Nov.), come — come, leave - leave etc.
- ← Formation of verb types →
The meaning of the verb, its morphological features and syntactic function
Verb - This independent part speech that denotes an action, state, or attitude and answers questions what to do? what to do?: work, clean, get sick, be afraid, desire, consist. All forms verb have morphological features of the species (there are perfect or imperfect species) and transitivity (they are transitional or intransitive). Among the verb forms there are conjugated(change in moods, tenses, persons or genders, as well as numbers) and non-conjugated(initial form verb, participles and participles).
In a sentence, conjugated verb forms play the role of a predicate (they have special forms of predicate - mood and tense forms), non-conjugated verb forms can be other members of the sentence. For example: Mermaid floated along the blue river, illuminated full moon... (M. Lermontov); So thought young rake, flying in the dust on the mail... (A. Pushkin).
Infinitive
The initial (dictionary) form of the verb is infinitive, or infinitive(from lat. infiniti - vus - "indefinite"). The infinitive denotes an action regardless of mood, time, person, number, that is, without its connection with the agent (subject).
The infinitive is an invariable form of the verb, which has only constant morphological features of the verb: aspect, transitivity / intransitivity, reflexivity / irreversibility, type of conjugation. (If in conjugated verb forms the ending is unstressed, then the type of conjugation is determined by the infinitive.)
The formal indicators of the infinitive are suffixes -ty, -ty(at school they are usually treated as graduations). Suffix -th comes after vowels (follow, think, sing) A -ti- after consonants (carry, carry, weave). Some verbs end in the infinitive with -ch: oven, cherish, flow, be able and etc.; historically in -whose merged infinitive -ti and final root sound [G] or [To]: type forms "pekti", "protect" as a result of phonetic changes, they were transformed into "bake", "save" and so on.
In a sentence, the infinitive can be any part of the sentence. For example: 1) Be in love others - a heavy cross ... (B. Pasternak); 2) He [Startsev] decided to go to the Turkins(for what purpose?) see what kind of people they are (A. Chekhov); 3) I acted carelessly, indulging in the sweet habit of seeing and hearing you every day (A. Pushkin); 4) The cleanest shirts orders put on the captain!_ (B. Okudzhava).
Note. Example (2) - with verbs of motion (leave, go etc.) or cessation of movement (stop, stay, sit down etc.) the infinitive is a circumstance of the goal (names the goal of movement or cessation of movement): Sometimes in the sands he stopped(for what purpose?) relax (K. Paustovsky).
Example (4) - the infinitive is not included in the predicate and is an addition in the sentence if it denotes the action of another person (object), not the one called the subject.
Verb stems
The verb has two basics: stem of the infinitive And basis of the present/simple future tense.(Sometimes it also stands out basis of past tense but for most verbs it coincides with the stem of the infinitive.) Part of the verb forms is formed from basics infinitive, and the other part - from basics present/simple future tense. These two basics many verbs are different.
To highlight the stem of the infinitive, you need to separate the formative suffix of the infinitive: carried- you, piss- t, speak- th, read- uh, rice- th.
To highlight the basis of the present / simple future tense, it is necessary to separate the personal ending from the form of the present / simple future tense (usually the form of the 3rd person is taken plural): carried- ut, write- uh, talk- yat, chita j - ut, pucyj - ut.
To highlight basis past tense, you need to discard the formative suffix -l- and the ending from the past tense form (any form can be used, except for the masculine form singular, since it can be represented by a zero suffix, which makes it difficult to select basics): carried- l-a, piss- l-a, speak- l-a, read- l-a, rice a- l-a.
There are verbs that have the same basics the infinitive and the present/simple future tense, and the basis of the past tense differs from them: id- ti, id- ut, sh- l-a. basics different: get wet- th, wet- ut, wet- l-a; tere- t, tr- ut, ter- l-a. There are verbs that have all three basics match up: carried- you, carried- ut, carried- la.
Verb forms that are formed from the stem of the infinitive | Verb forms that are formed from the basis of the present / simple future tense |
1. Forms of the past tense of the indicative mood: carried-l-a, wrote-l-a, spoke, read, drew-a. | 1. Forms of the present and the simple future tense of the indicative mood: I carry, write, I say, 4 umaj- y (spelling - read) pucyj- y(drawing). |
2. Forms of the conditional mood: would carry, would write, would speak, would read, would draw. | 2. Forms of the imperative mood: carry, write, speak, read) (read), drawing) (draw). |
3. Real past participles: carried, wrote, spoke, read, drew. | 3. Real participles of the present tense: carrier, write-ouch-th, speaking, chita j-ug-th (reading),pucyj-ug-th (drawing). |
4. Passive participles past tense: carried away, written, drawn-nn-yp. | 4. Passive participles of the present tense: carried-ohm-th, talk-i.ch-th, chitauem-th (readable), pucyj-um-th (drawable). |
5. Perfect participles: writing, speaking, reading, drawing. | 5. Imperfect participles: nes-i, saying, read" ja (reading)pucyj- a(drawing). |
Verb type
Verbs in Russian belong to one of two types: to imperfect or to perfect.
Verbs perfect look answer the question what to do? and denote an action limited in its duration, having an internal limit, completeness. Perfect verbs can denote an action that has ended (or will end) by achieving a result (learn, draw) an action that has begun (or will begin), and this very beginning of the action is understood as its border, limit (play, sing) single action (push, shout, jump- verbs with suffix -Well).
Verbs imperfect form answer the question what to do? and indicate an action without specifying
to its limit, without limiting its course in time, the action is long or repeated (learn, draw, play, shout).
Imperfect and perfect verbs form species pairs. The species pair is imperfective verb and a perfective verb that have the same lexical meaning and differ only in meaning kind: read- read, write - write, build- build.
Imperfect verbs formed from perfective verbs with suffixes:
1) -iva-, -iva-: consider- consider, ask- ask, subscribe- sign;
2) -wa: open- open, give- give, put on- put on shoes;
3) -a-(-z): save- save, rise- grow up.
Perfective verbs are formed from imperfective verbs in various ways:
1) using view attachments on-, off-, pro-, you-, on- and etc,: treat- cure, oven- bake, make- do, write - write, read- read, build- build, teach- learn etc. (But more often, with the help of a prefix, perfective verbs are formed, which differ from imperfective verbs not only in the meaning of the aspect, but also in the change in lexical meaning; such verbs do not form a specific pair: read- reread, reread, reread etc.);
2) using a suffix -uh-: get used to- get used to, nod- nod, jump- jump.
Some verbs that make up the aspect pair may differ only in the place of stress: scatter- sprinkle, cut- slice.
Separate aspectual pairs make up verbs with different roots: speak- say, search- find, put- put, take- take.
Some verbs are single-species. They do not form a species pair and are either only perfect look (find yourself, rush, sleep, scream etc.), or only imperfect form (predominate, be present, sit, be).
There are also two-species verbs that combine in one form the meaning with perfect and imperfect. Their appearance is set from the context: marry, execute, injure, command, as well as verbs with suffixes -ova (t), -irova (t): influence, use, automate, pave, telegraph etc. For example: The guns from the pier are firing, the ship is ordered to land (what are they doing?) (A. Pushkin); Would you like me to order (what will I do?) to bring a rug? (N. Gogol).
Verb type influences the formation of its forms (first of all, the forms of time): imperfective verbs in the indicative mood there are forms of all three tenses (moreover, in the future tense they have a complex form) and a full set of temporary forms of participles; at perfective verbs there are no forms of the present tense in the indicative mood (the form of the future tense is simple) and participles of the present tense.
Verbs transitive and intransitive
Differ transitive and intransitive verbs.
transitional Verbs denote an action that is directly directed at an object. They may carry a direct object in the accusative case without a preposition, answering the question whom?"/What?", write an article, knit a sweater, sing a song.
Instead of the accusative case, the object with a transitive verb can also be in genitive case no suggestion:
1) if there is a negative particle Not before a transitive verb: understood the task- did not understand the task; read a novel- did not read the novel; Waste time- do not waste time;
2) if the action does not transfer to the whole object, but only to its part: drank water(all the water in question) - drank some water(Part), fetch firewood- bring firewood.
When determining transitivity / intransitivity of verbs it is necessary to take into account the meaning of the noun in the form of the accusative case - it must name the object of the action. Wed: stand for an hour (in line) or live for a week (at sea), where the verbs are not transitive, although after them there are nouns in the accusative case without a preposition: All night long(vp with time value, not object) thundered(verb intransitive) a neighboring ravine, a stream, bubbling, ran to the stream (A. Fet).
Verbs that cannot carry a direct object are intransitive: engage(how?) sports, understanding(in what?) in music, refuse(from what?) from help.
Note. Transitivity / intransitivity closely related to the lexical meaning of the verb: in one meaning the verb can be transitive, and in the other intransitive. Wed: I'm telling the truth (I'm telling the truth“I say” is a transitive verb). The child is already talking- "talks" - intransitive verb); Tomorrow I will go alone, I will teach(intransitive verb) at school and I will give my whole life to those who may need it (A. Chekhov); learn lessons(transitive verb).
Reflexive verbs
TO reflexive verbs include verbs with a postfix -sya, -ss. All reflexive verbs are intransitive. They are formed as from transitive verbs (distinguish - differ, please- rejoice, dress- dress), and from intransitive (knock- knock, blacken- blacken). From ordinary derivational suffixes -sya differs in that it is attached to verb forms after the endings (knocking, knocking). Suffix -sya added after consonants -ss- after vowels (studied- studied); in participle forms and after vowels is added -sya, and not -s: different - different.
Joining transitive verbs, suffix -sya turns them into intransitives: wears whom? / what?- gets dressed. Joining intransitive verbs -sya reinforces the meaning of intransitivity: turns white- turns white.
Suffix -sya also serves to form impersonal forms from personal verbs: I am not sleeping- I can't sleep, I want- I would like to.
Among verbs with the suffix -sya there are also those that do not have parallel forms without this suffix: laugh, hope, bow, fight and etc.
Verb conjugations
Conjugation - this is a change of the verb in persons and numbers. (Term conjugated forms verb is used in a broader sense than the term conjugation . The conjugated forms of the verb include all forms, except for the infinitive, participles and participles, i.e. forms of all moods.)
Depending on personal endings in Russian, it is customary to distinguish two conjugations - I and II, which differ from each other in vowel sounds in the endings: carry, sing, speak, be silent, carry, sing, speak, be silent, carry, sing, speak, be silent, carry, sing, speak, be silent, carry, sing, speak, be silent
I conjugation | II conjugation |
||
If the ending is percussive, conjugation determined at the end: you call, you lead I conjugation, burn, sleep-II conjugation.
But most of the verbs conjugation has no accent on personal endings. In such cases conjugation determined by the infinitive (by the vowel that comes before the infinitive suffix).
Co II conjugation include those verbs with an unstressed personal ending, in which 1) the infinitive ends in -i-t (carry, cut, spend etc.), except for verbs shave, lay, rare verbs be based(“to build, to build”) and be ruffled("to vacillate, to sway, to swell"). (Verbs be based And be ruffled are used only in the form of 3 person units. and plural. numbers, other forms are not used.); 2) exception verbs whose infinitive ends in -e-t (look, see, hate, offend, depend, endure, twirl) and on -a-be (drive, hold, hear, breathe).
All other verbs with unstressed personal endings belong to I conjugation.
It should be remembered that prefixed verbs formed from non-prefixed ones are of the same type conjugations, which is unprefixed (drive- catch up- overtake- expel etc. - II conjugation). Verbs with -sya (-sya) belong to the same type of conjugation as without -sya (s) (drive- chase-II conjugation).
There are also heterogeneous verbs in the Russian language, in which one form is formed according to I conjugation, and others - according to II. These include: 1) want- in the singular changes according to I conjugation (Want- Want- wants), and in the plural - according to II (want- want to- want); 2) run, which has all forms, as in verbs of II conjugation (running- running- running- run- run), except 3rd person plural. numbers - run(according to I conjugation); 3) honor- changes according to II conjugation (revere- honors- honor- honor), except 3rd person plural. numbers (revere) although there is a form honor, which is now used less frequently than honor; 4) glimpse(“to dawn, to glow a little”) - is used only in the form of the 3rd person singular (snaps-II conjugation) and plural (squeamish-I conjugation): Dawn breaks a little; The stars twinkle faintly in the sky.
Uncharacteristic for verbs I and II conjugations verbs have an ending system (archaic) eat, get bored, give, create(and their prefix derivatives: overeat, overeat, surrender, give away, betray, recreate and etc.).
eat eat | ladies give give give |
|
eat eat eat | give dad-they will give |
Verb be also idiosyncratic. Rarely used forms of the 3rd person singular have survived from it in modern Russian. and plural. present tense numbers There is And essence: A straight line is the shortest distance between two points; The most common, accepted by almost all historians, general abstractions are: freedom, equality, enlightenment, progress, civilization, culture (L. Tolstoy), and the future tense is formed from another root: will- you will- will- we will- you will- will.
It should be remembered that verbs are conjugated (change in persons and numbers) only in the present and simple future tenses. If the form of the future is complex (in imperfective verbs), then only auxiliary be, and the main verb is taken in the infinitive. Verbs in the past tense do not conjugate (do not change by person).
verb mood
Verbs change according to moods. Form inclinations shows how the action relates to reality: whether the action is real (taking place in reality), or unreal (desired, required, possible under certain conditions).
In Russian, verbs have forms of three moods: indicative, conditional (subjunctive) and imperative.
Verbs in indicative mood denote a real action that is happening, has happened or will actually happen in a certain time (present, past or future). Verbs in the indicative mood change over time: doing(present tense) was engaged(past tense), I will study(Future tense).
Verbs in conditional mood do not denote real actions, but desired, possible ones. Conditional mood forms are formed from the stem of the infinitive (or the stem of the past tense) with the help of the suffix -l-(followed by an ending with the meaning of number and, in the singular, gender) and particles would (b)(which can be before the verb, after it, or can be torn off from it). For example: If I were a poet, I would live like a goldfinch and would not whistle in a cage, but on a branch at dawn (Y. Moritz).
IN conditional verbs change according to numbers and gender (in this mood there is no time and person): would pass, would pass, would pass, would pass.
Verbs in imperative mood denote an impulse to action (a request, an order), that is, they denote not a real action, but a required one. In the imperative mood verbs change in numbers and persons (there is also no time in this mood).
The most common forms are 2 person singular and plural, which express the motivation for action of the interlocutor (interlocutors).
Form 2 persons unit. number is formed from the basis of the present / simple future tense using the suffix -And- or without a suffix (in this case, the stem of the verb in the imperative mood is the same as the stem of the present/simple future tense): talk, look, write, hold, work(the basis of the present tense is pa6 omaj- ym), rest (rest) -ut), remember (rememberj-ut), cut (cut), get up (get up).
Form 2 persons pl. numbers are formed from the form of the 2nd person unit. numbers with ending -te: speak- \those\, hold- \those\, for-remember- \those\ And etc.
Forms 3 persons unit. and many others. the numbers express the motivation for action of one or those who are not participating in the dialogue. They are formed by particles let, let, yes + 3rd person forms or many indicative numbers: let it go, let it go, long live, long liveetc.: Yes they know the descendants of the Orthodox native land past fate (A. Pushkin).
Form 1 person pl. numbers expresses an impulse to joint action, of which the speaker himself is a participant. It is made up of particles. come on let's + infinitive of imperfective verbs (Let's, let's + sing, dance, play) or 4- form of the 1st person pl. indicative mood numbers of perfective verbs (come on, let's + sing, dance, play): Let's talk complimenting each other... (B. Okudzhava); Let's drop words like a garden- amber and zest... (B. Pasternak); comrade life, Let's faster stomp, stomp the rest of the five-year period ... (V. Mayakovsky).
Mood forms can be used not only in their direct meaning, but also in figurative meaning, that is, in a meaning characteristic of another mood.
For example, the imperative mood form can; have the meanings of the conditional mood (1) and indicative (2): 1) Do not be for that, God's will, they would not give up Moscow (M. Lermontov);2) Since he told him Tell:“I see, Azamat, that you really liked this horse” (M. Lermontov).
Verb in the indicative mood can be used as an imperative: However, it is already dark in the field; hurry up! went, went Andryushka! (A. Pushkin); The commandant walked around his army, telling the soldiers: “Well, kids, let's stand today for the mother empress and we will prove to the whole world that we are brave people and jurymen ”(A. Pushkin).
The form of the conditional mood can have the meaning of the imperative: papa, you would talk to Alexandra, she behaves desperately (M. Gorky).
verb tense
In the indicative mood, verbs change in tense. Forms of time express the relation of action to the moment of speech. In Russian, there are forms of three tenses: present, past and future. The number of tense forms and the way they are formed depends on the type of the verb. Imperfective verbs have three forms of tense, and their future form is complex. Perfective verbs have only two tense forms (they have no present tense), the future form is simple.
Form present time shows that the action coincides with the moment of speech or is carried out constantly, regularly repeated: On full steam rushing train, wheels twirls locomotive ... (B. Pasternak); Oh how deadly we are love, How V violent blindness of passions, we are most likely destroy, what is dear to our hearts! (F. Tyutchev).
Only imperfective verbs have present tense forms. They are formed with the help of endings that are attached to the basis of the present tense and indicate at the same time not only time, but also person and number. The set of endings depends on the conjugation.
Form past tense shows that the action precedes the moment of speech: We all learned little by little something and somehow ... (A. Pushkin).
Forms of the past tense are formed from the stem of the infinitive with the help of a suffix -l-, followed by an ending with the value of the number and in units. number - kind: sang, sang, sang, sang.
Some verbs have a suffix -l- absent in the masculine form: carried, rubbed, grew, shore, froze and etc.
Past verb tense go is formed from another stem, different from the stem of the indefinite form: go- walked, walked, walked, walked.
Form future tense indicates that the action will take place after the moment of speech: The cold will come, the sheets will crumble- and will be ice- water (G. Ivanov).
Imperfective verbs and perfective verbs also have forms of the future tense, but they are formed in different ways.
Shapes of the future tenses of verbs perfect form are formed from the basis of the simple future tense with the help of the same endings as the forms of the present tenses of verbs imperfect form (such a form is called a form simple future tense): I will write, I will tell, I will bring.
Shapes of the future tenses of verbs imperfect form are formed by joining forms will be, will be, will be, will be, will be, will be to the infinitive of the imperfective verb (this form is called the form complex future tense): I will write, I will tell, I will bear.
The forms of time can be used not only in their basic meaning, but also in a figurative meaning, characteristic of the forms of other times.
Present tense forms can indicate an action preceding the moment of speech (the use of present tense forms in a story about the past is called real historical): Just, you know, going out from the world, look- my horses stand quietly around Ivan Mikhailovich (I. Bunin).
Present tense forms can also denote an action following the moment of speech (the value of the future tense): I have everything ready, I'm in the afternoon send things. Baron and I tomorrow getting married tomorrow we are leaving to the brick factory, and the day after tomorrow I'm already at school, starts new life (A. Chekhov).
Forms of the past tense can be used in the meaning of the future tense: Run, run! Otherwise I dead (K. Fedin).
Forms of the future tense can have the meaning of the past tense: Gerasim looked, looked, but suddenly laughed (I. Turgenev).
Person, number and gender of the verb
Forms faces of the verb express the relation of the action indicated by the verb to the speaking person.
There are three faces of verbs: first, second and third.
Form first faces the only numbers denotes the action of the speaker: sing, I'll go.
Form first faces plural numbers denotes the action of a group of persons, which includes the speaker: let's go, let's go.
Form second faces singular indicates the action of the interlocutor: sing, go.
Form second faces plural denotes the action of a group of persons, which includes the interlocutor: sing, come in.
Forms third faces singular and plural designate the actions of one or those who do not participate in the dialogue, i.e. is not a speaker or interlocutor: sing, come in, sing, come in.
Category faces And numbers Verbs have only in the present and future tense of the indicative mood and in the imperative mood. Verbs in the past tense and in the conditional mood do not have a category faces, but change according to numbers And childbirth:(I, you, he) led \ \ - male genus, (I, you, she) led- female genus, (I, you, it) led-\o\- average genus, (we you they) led-\and\- plural number.
Not all Russian verbs have a complete set of personal forms.
In Russian there are so-called insufficient And redundant Verbs.
Insufficient verbs do not have a complete set of forms for one reason or another. Some verbs do not have the 1st form faces units numbers, as they are difficult to pronunciation:win, convince, convince, dissuade, find oneself, feel, eclipse, dare etc. In cases where it is still necessary to use the form of the 1st faces of these verbs resort to a descriptive method; I must win, I want to convince, I can find myself.
A number of verbs do not use the forms of the 1st and 2nd faces singular and plural numbers for semantic reasons (these verbs refer to processes occurring in nature or in the animal world): to calve, to whelp, to rust, to glimmer, to turn white, to brighten, to be distributed(about sound) flare up and so on.
In modern Russian, the opposite phenomenon also takes place, when for some verbs the formation of forms faces present (or simple future) time goes in two different ways: splash- splatter / splatter, drip- drip / drip, splash- splash / splash, poke- poke / poke, wave- waving / waving and etc.
Impersonal verbs
Impersonal verbs - these are verbs that name actions or states that occur as if by themselves, without the participation of the actor: shiver, vomit, be unwell, get light, dawn, get colder, evening, dusk etc. They denote the state of man or nature.
These verbs do not change by person and do not combine with personal pronouns. They are used as predicates impersonal proposals, and the subject of them is impossible.
Impersonal verbs have only the infinitive form (shine, shiver) 3rd person singular form (light, chill) and the neuter singular form (light, shivering).
Group impersonal verbs replenished with personal verbs by adding a postfix to them -sya: can't read, can't sleep, can't believe, easily breathe, live etc.
Quite often, personal verbs are used in the meaning of impersonal ones. Wed: Lilac smells(personal verb) good o And smells(personal verb in impersonal meaning) hay over meadows (A. Maykov); The wind bends the trees to the ground and makes me sleepy; Something dark in the distance And It gets dark early in winter.
Morphological analysis of the verb includes the selection of four permanent features (kind, recurrence, transitivity, conjugation) and five non-permanent ones (mood, tense, person, number, gender). The number of permanent features of the verb can be increased by including features such as the class of the verb, as well as the type of the stem.
Scheme morphological analysis verb. I. Part of speech. 1. Initial form (indefinite form). 2. Permanent signs: 2) recurrence; 3) transitivity-intransitivity; 4) conjugation. 3. Non-permanent signs: 1) inclination; 2) time (if any); 3) person (if any); 5) gender (if any). III. syntax function. Listen carefully, standing in a forest or among an awakened flowering field ... (I. Sokolov-Mikitov) | An example of the morphological analysis of the verb. I. Heed- verb, denotes an action: (what do you do?) listen. II. Morphological features. 1. The initial form is to listen. 2. Permanent signs: 1) perfect look; 2) returnable; 3) intransitive; 4) I conjugation. 3. Non-permanent signs: 3) 2nd person; 4) plural; III. In a sentence, it is a simple verbal predicate. |
In modern Russian, it is a paired (binary) opposition of the perfect and.
Perfective verbs denote an action limited by an internal limit.
Perfective verbs can have the following particular meanings:
1. Specific actual value.
Indicates a single action in its entirety: entered, wrote, shouted.
- - I has entered, the old man was reading a newspaper in an armchair ...
- (A. N. Tolstoy)
2. Total value.
Indicates the integrity of an action combined overall result or purpose; lexical indicators of type are used twice, thrice, several times and etc.
- Bulat-Tuganovskiy knocked three times short and decisive.
- (A. I. Kuprin)
- Mother baked a lot pancakes.
3. Cash-effective value.
The main thing is the end result of the action: the student came, the father returned.
- - You probably cold in my dancing shoes.
- (V. A. Soloukhin)
Grammatical features of perfective verbs
1. The perfective verbs will have two forms - and. They don't have forms. This is due to the incompatibility grammatical meanings perfect form and present tense.
2. Perfective verbs form synthetic forms of the future tense: look - look, sew - sew.
- write - write vsh oh, write nn th
- tell - story vsh uy, story nn th
4. Verbs of the perfect form form: say - tale V, look - look V, plant - plant V write - write V .
