Double consonants in words of foreign origin. How to spell double consonants at the root of a word - examples. What to look out for

Double consonants at the root or after a prefix is ​​a simple topic. But some words include oral speech a voiced sound that displays not one, but two letters on a letter. Examples in which doubled consonants occur are set out in the article.

To justify those who do not have one hundred percent literacy (and they are the majority), it is worth saying that the speech used by Pushkin is one of the most difficult in the world. Therefore, spelling rules must be repeated from time to time. Consider the most common spelling mistakes

Double "w"

There are many words in the Russian language, the spelling of which does not correspond to any rule. So, the double "g" is written in the following words:

• burning;
• yeast;
• rein;
• buzz;
• juniper.

But in the case of alternating sounds "zh" and "z" is written differently. For example, the verb "squeal" comes from the noun "scream". And therefore, despite the fact that doubled consonants are heard in oral speech, it is still written “zzh”.

Difficult words

Units of the language, called complex abbreviations, often raise doubts when writing. If the first part of a word ends with the letter that the second part begins with, double consonants occur.

• maternity hospital;
• head physician

These cases should not be confused with words formed from two parts, one of which includes doubled consonants:

• gramophone record (gramophone record);
• cavalry (horse army).

But if the adjective is formed from a stem in which there are doubled consonants, the above rule is observed. It must be followed when writing other parts of speech. The main condition is that the double consonant precedes the suffix. The following are examples of sentences containing words with double consonants.

1. Gauls- these are the tribes that existed in the so-called Gallic period.
2. His work was rated five points By five-point system.
3. Hunnic bow - a weapon created by nomads who are known in history as Huns.
4. After nine members left the project, it was no longer group, but a small small group.
5. The postman used to use diminutive forms in his speech: a letter, telegram, parcel.

Exceptions

But there are lexical units formed from words with double consonants, but not falling under the rules given above. These exceptions must be remembered.

• crystal, but crystal;
• Finn, but Finnish;
• column but column;
• ton, but five tons.

Exceptions can also include derivatives of proper names.

• In those distant times, she was not yet Alla Petrovna - a formidable and domineering woman, but stupid and naive Alcoy.
• One of the characters in Furmanov's work was a girl named Anna, better known as Anka- machine gunner.
• His name was Philip. And of all the works of classical literature, he most of all disliked Tolstoy's story " Filipok».

At the junction of prefix and root

In such cases, the spelling of words with double consonants is used. But this rule also has exceptions. In words such as call out or fake, the prefix ends with the letter that the root begins with.

Do not confuse the spelling of the verbs "succumb" and "succumb." In the first case, we are talking about an action that can be expressed as follows: "be influenced, agree", in the second - "go".

Words of foreign origin

The spelling of borrowings should be checked in a spelling dictionary. Or learn foreign languages. After all, words such as abbreviation, accommodation and application are of Latin origin. Studying is optional. Derivatives from many Latin words found in modern English, German and French.

For those who do not want to spend time on grammar and phonetics foreign language, you need to remember the spelling of foreign words. The following are sentences in which there are borrowings with doubled consonants.

1. Aggression often the result of alcohol poisoning.
2. Symptoms acclimatization manifest differently in each person.
3. In this store you can buy not only clothes, but also various accessories.
4. Ammonia has high level toxicity.
5. Finishing is a complex and laborious process.
6. The method of replacing one object with another is called approximation.
7. collegiateassessor, who lived next door, was a mysterious, secretive man.
8. The witch brewed incense potions, prepared strange essences.
9. There were many in the city heaps, to which visitors often took for real mountains.
10. Representatives of the Russian intelligentsia in search of salvation were forced to leave their homes.

Borrowings with one consonant

There are a number of words of foreign origin in which there are no double consonants, but for some reason mistakes are often made in their spelling:

• attribute;
• balustrade;
• dealer;
• amateur;
• impresario;
• wolverine.

And, finally, a well-known word in which there are double consonants in the root: a quarrel. Of course, in a verb derived from it, it is not necessary to write three letters “c” (quarrel). Words formed according to this scheme can include only two consonants.

Russian language is a basic subject at school. But over the years, the skills acquired in childhood and adolescence are lost. In writing texts, people who seem to be educated often make gross mistakes. Not everyone can answer the question of when it is necessary to write double consonants. And only a select few are gifted with the so-called innate sense of language. Therefore, the rules of the Russian language must be repeated throughout life.

Spelling of consonants in the root includes three types of rules:

1) spelling of voiced / deaf consonants;
2) spelling of unpronounceable consonants;
3) double consonants.

Rules 1 and 2 are considered by us in paragraph 1.14. Changes in consonants in speech, p. 1.15. Spelling of consonants. In this paragraph, we will dwell in more detail on spelling. double consonants in the root.

On the spelling of double consonants at the junction of morphemes, in suffixes, prefixes, see paragraph 2.5. Prefixes, p. 2.7. Suffixes. Postfixes.

1. At the root of the word, double consonants are usually written in borrowed words.

Alley, assembly, ballad, column, correspondent, repression, tennis, tone, terrace, effect.

Word score matter:

1. "a unit of assessment of the degree of something" ( wind force six);
2. "assessment in school, in sports, etc." ( passing score).

Word ball means "big dance party" ( prom).

2. In the roots of Russian words, two identical consonants are written in the following cases:

3. Root double consonants are preserved in derived words.

Wed: program - programming - software - program, Cannes - Cannes.

4. Exceptions:

Exercises for the topic “2.4. Spelling of consonants in the root "

• 2.4. Spelling of consonants in the root

The spelling of consonants consists of 5 basic rules: 1) checked consonants 2) unverified consonants, 3) spelling of unpronounceable consonants, 4) double consonants in foreign words, 5) doubling of consonants in Russian words.

This abstract discusses last two rules (4 and 5). The first three rules in the abstract.

Double consonants in foreign words

In Russian spelling, the doubling of consonants can be caused by various reasons.

1. Many borrowed words retain source language spelling and double consonants are written in such cases according to tradition, for example: antenna, grammar, colossus . The spelling of double consonants in words of foreign origin is determined in dictionary order, for example: letter of credit, appeal, appendicitis, fiction, boss, hippo, dilemma, indifferent, irrational, college, ratio, pessimism, symmetry, shelving, chlorophyll, ellipse, essence, effect and others.
2. However with one consonant words are written: aluminum, attribute, bachelor, balustrade, volleyball, gallery, landing, dessert, amateur, Qatar, midget, privilege, producer, resources, sidewalk, etc.
3. In suffix -ess- two are written With (poet, stewardess ), in the suffix -is- one With (actress, director ).
4. In words formed from stems ending in two identical consonants, double consonants before suffixes are usually retained, For example: program - program, telegram - telegram, score - nine points, Gallic - Gallic . Wed: Cannes Film Festival, Bonn Government, Lausanne Conference and so on.
5. But in a number of words, as well as in diminutive proper names of persons in this case, it is written one consonant, For example:

A) operetta - operetta, column - column, ton - three-ton, finn - fink a (usually double n is contracted into one n before the suffix -k-), Finnish;
b) Anna - Anka, Kirill - Kirilka, Rimma - Rimka, Philip - Filipka, Emma - Emka .

Doubling consonants in Russian words

1. In the roots of Russian words, doubling of consonants is rare. So, SS written in word argument , Learn- in words yeast, buzz, juniper and in related words formed from them: quarrel, buzz, juniper, yeasty and others, as well as in the word burning .

2. Double AND written in words and forms derived from the verb burn (burn) using alternation: burn, burn, burn etc. Compare: kindle - kindled, kindle .

Note. When alternating zg/zzh, zd/zzh it is written ZZh, not ZhZh (contrary to pronunciation), for example: squeal - squeal, arrival - arrive .

3. in different parts of speech.

4. In other cases, doubling of consonants occurs at the junction of prefix and root(For example, tell ), root and suffix (fog ), and then the spelling of words obeys the morphological principle: we keep the same spelling of each of the morphemes. Therefore, you should carefully analyze the composition of the word if the prefix ends and the root begins with the same consonant, for example: appeal, support, dawn . Wed: give in - give in. The door gave way under the blows (stopped in its original position). - The door succumbed to the blows of crowbar (did not hold back pressure, pressure).

5. Double consonants are written in compound words, if one part ends and the other begins with the same consonant, for example: head physician (chief physician).

Note. In the first part of compound words, which is a stem that ends in a double consonant, only one consonant is written, for example: gramophone record, bureau .

It came unexpectedly, silver streams ran along the loose paths. Winged wanderers have returned from distant lands, these feathered workers build their nests tirelessly.

The spring picture conveyed by this text makes us remember the rules for writing doubled consonants.

in loanwords

If the spelling of double consonants in a word cannot be checked in any way, then they are called double. These words are to be remembered. As required by this rule, we memorize the words with doubled consonants below.

1. Some Alla, Anna, Vassa, Inessa, Ella, Rimma, Cyril, Savva.

2. terrace, ton, effect, tennis, repression, program, column, correspondent, assembly, alley, ball, etc.

3. Some native Russian words: Russia, burns, buzzes, yeast, quarrel.

4. In all words that are cognate with the above.

Differences of words with different number of consonants

When there is one consonant in some words, and double consonants in others, the rules are as follows:

1. If it differs in the number of consonants, then this is most likely different words having different lexical meaning:

• ton - a measure of weight, tone - the case form of the word tone - a shade of sound or color;
• cash desk - a device for storing money, touch - connection at some point;
• point - a unit of assessment, ball - an evening of relaxation with dancing.

Suggestion examples:

• A ton of coal has already been loaded onto the ship.
• Igor had never heard such a pure tone.
• The box office is closed today.
• The touch was weak.
• I got a high score in the exam.
• Natalia was invited to the ball.

2. There are cases when the number of identical letters does not affect the lexical meaning of words: Alla - Alka, crystal - crystal, art - skillful, correspondent - junkor, column - column, Finn - Finnish, ton - five tons.

No double consonants

If we take, for example, the word "aluminum", then it has one letter "l". Remember words that don't have double consonants. Word examples:

• apartments;
• balustrade;
• gallery;
• humanist, humanistic;
• decibel;
• dealer, dealer;
• dilettante, dilettante;
• drama, dramatic, dramatic;
• imitation, imitate;
• corridor, corridor;
• midget;
• producer, producer.

with double consonants

Usually words are carried by syllables: ma-shi-na. doubled consonants are:

• Part of the word with one consonant remains on one line, and part of the word with the second consonant is transferred to another: column-na, ton-na, Al-la, Russia.
• The transfer of words with doubled consonants should be carried out, if possible, in a place where there is no doubled consonant: art, terrace, correspondent.

Unfortunately, even adults are sometimes mistaken, well, or they don’t know how to properly transfer such words. So that embarrassment does not happen to you, let's discuss in which cases the transfer of words with double consonants is unacceptable. Examples:

• all-her;
• terrace;
• art.

In addition, the rules for transferring double consonants prohibit transferring words with one vowel sound: class, score, burns.

At the junction of morphemes

When the end of a prefix and the beginning of a root, the end of a root and the beginning of a suffix, or the suffix are the same letter, doubled consonants appear. The rules dictate this:

• permanent;
• fearless;
• selfless;
• toothless;
• lawless;
• provoke;
• open;
• story;
• get angry;
• pick;
• dissect;
• dry up;
• be pinched with cold;
• vestibule;
• give in;
• pry;
• thaw;
• outflow;
• beat;
• enter,
• up;
• entrusted;
• art;
• Russian;
• sailor;
• Novocherkassk;
• picture;
• old;
• true;
• cardboard;
• coaster;
• windowsill;
• supporter;
• wanderer;
• chosen one;
• pickpocket;
• raspberry;
• aspen.

Doubled consonants appear when adding abbreviated stems:

• head physician;
• maternity hospital.

In adjective suffixes

In Russian, one of the most complex orthograms is one and two letters H in suffixes that are found in words of different parts of speech. Consider spelling -n- And -nn- in adjectives. A table will help us with this.

There are several exceptions to this rule: windy (windless), glass, tin, wood.

It is especially worth mentioning the words that are formed without a suffix:

• pork;
• mutton;
• young;
• scarlet;
• blue;
• green.

In participle suffixes

To apply the rule correctly, words with double consonant-participles must be distinguished from adjectives. They are formed from verbs:

• proceed - well-groomed;
• paint - painted;
• write - written;
• expel - exiled;
• wish - desired;
• buy - bought;
• eradicate - eradicated;
• elect - elected;
• red-hot - red-hot;
• fry - fried;
• wake up - awakened;
• delimit - delimited;
• print - printed;
• draw - drawn;
• interrogate - interrogated;
• seize - seized.

Words to remember: unseen, unexpected, unexpected, unexpected, unread.

In adverb suffixes

In adverbs, the same amount is written H, how many in the generating word. This is the simplest rule. Words with double consonants with this spelling exist in Russian along with those that are written with one letter:

• sincere - sincerely;
• unintentional - inadvertently;
• beautiful - beautiful;
• interesting - interesting.

Test

Now that the topic "Double consonants" has been studied, the rules are familiar and understandable, you can check how high the level of assimilation of the educational material is.

A. Ball. B. Group. B. Class. G. Alley. D. Gallery.

A. You need to leave both letters on the line.

B. Both letters must be transferred to the next line.

A. Definitely need to check.

B. No, you need to remember.

A. Saturday. B. Telegram. B. Story. G. Hockey.

5. In what word are LJs written? Write it _____________________

• bry ... chewing liquid;
• zadrebe ... scarlet iron;
• drive through the bridge;
• annoying and ... burning;
• ra ... reap a trap;
• ra .. complain to mom;
• ye...wife earth;
• bred ... zhannaya horse;
• see... a squeezing child.

beech a (l / ll) her, television (n / nn) ante (n / nn) a, dra (m / mm) atic co (l / ll) izia, friendly team (l / ll) ective, interesting pie (s/ss)a, capture(n/nn)te(r/rr)itoria, (s/ss)fight with friends, old dro(f/lj)i, show gu(m/mm)anism, krista (l / ll) honesty, file a (p / pp) e (l / ll) ation, a (l / ll) yuminium alloy, inventive claim (s / ss) art, a (k / kk) decompose urately, intelligently talk, go to the opera (t / tt) y, ma (s / ss) onskaya box, I’m fond of be (l / ll) etristy, a (n / pp) etitny pie, art (n / nn) th ha (l / ll) here.

Tasks in the GIA format

• The snow has already melted.
• The shores of ... are heated in the spring.
• The sun mercilessly eats away the snow drifts.
• Rays be… pitifully burn the yellowed fields.
• Streams and .. dried up.
• Travelers wandered along the road along ... holding each other.
• Everyone sat down around the fire.

• It is a pleasure to walk with a full bucket along a barely visible path to the hut.
• He liked everything here and delighted him: how large drops flopped, breaking from the leaves of trees, how peaceful ... about the fire crackled and the forest land smelled breathtakingly.
• Grandmother collected herbs: St. John's wort, plantain, fern, and always told me about their healing mysteries ... properties.
• His tanned face was furrowed...with deep wrinkles.
• The owner spoke unusually ... oh tenderly, talking to the pigeons.
• We approach the house and see that the gate is open: it is clapping from the wind, and the heck is torn off ... but.
• The next day, the gate was more beautiful ... ah, its hinges are greased ... s.
• In the square at the very entrance of the tree ... there is a bench.
• Near the bench were new poles vkopa..y.
• Waves lazily crawled onto the sand and slowly crawled away, leaving behind an edge of snow-white foam.
• The dog stood and looked into the distance of the sea, numb, with a lowered ... tail.
• Grandmother was sitting at the table, silent and slowly ... about chewing bread.
• The dog was huge, with a big head and lion paws.
• He was wearing faded, impossibly wide canvas pants.
• Posters were pasted all over the city.
• Everyone left, and only the sleek faces of the lackeys flickered in the corridors.
• In the center of the room stood a table covered with a woven gold tablecloth.

3. Select the sentences in which the numbers are correctly indicated, in the place of which HH are omitted.

• On the table there are (1) a lot of vases with flowers and a throw (2) and a bunch of branches, so that the dishes stand, as if in a sacrament (3) more often. (3)
• At the end of the nineteenth century, the variable filling thermometer was invented. Behind such a wise (2) name was a device intended (3) for measuring temperature in a small interval. (13)
• On a hot day, I sat by a tree (1) pier and ate ice cream (2) with crushed (3) nuts. (1)
• On the table are (1) s peaches, prepared (2) for compote, not yet cleaner .. s. (2)
• The glazed (1) doors were loose (2), and their standing (3) ringing merged with the ringing of the chandelier. (13)
• At the end of the long (1) corridor there was a fence (2) and a closet that served as a guest (3). (1)

Answers

1. Which word is spelled wrong?

D. Gallery.

2. What is the answer to the question: “How to transfer a word?” will be true?

B. Leave one letter on the line, and transfer the other.

3. Answer: is it possible to check double consonants?

B. No, you need to remember.

4. In which word is not a double, but a doubled consonant?

B. Story.

5. In what word are LJs written? Write it: scorched.

6. One or two letters are missing in brackets:

Beech alley, television antenna, dramatic conflict, art gallery, friendly team, interesting play, occupied territory, quarrel with friends, old yeast, show humanism, crystal honesty, file an appeal, aluminum alloy, inventive art, neatly decompose, intelligently talk, go to the operetta, the Masonic lodge, I am fond of fiction, an appetizing pie.

Tasks in the GIA format

1. What sentences contain words that are written with double consonants?

• The streams have dried up.
• The travelers walked along the road, supporting each other.
• Everyone sat around the fire.

2. Which sentences contain words with two letters H?

• It is a pleasure to walk with a filled bucket along a barely visible path to the hut.
• He liked everything here and delighted him: how large drops flopped, falling from the leaves of trees, how peacefully the fire crackled and the forest land smelled breathtakingly.
• Grandmother collected herbs: St. John's wort, plantain, fern, and always told me about their healing mysterious properties.
• The owner spoke with unusual tenderness when talking to the pigeons.
• There is a wooden bench in the square near the entrance.
• Waves lazily crawled onto the sand and slowly crawled away, leaving behind an edge of snow-white foam.
• The dog stood and looked into the distance of the sea, numb, with its tail lowered.
• Grandmother sat at the table, was silent and slowly chewed bread.

For the third task, the answers are given in the text itself, in brackets.

§ 107. The spelling of double consonants in the roots of borrowed (foreign) words is determined in dictionary order, for example: abbreviation, acclimatization, accompaniment, accreditation, neat, alley, antenna, appeal, apparatus, association, attraction, bacillus, gross, buddhism, bath, watt, gram, grammar, flu, group, illusion, illustration, immigration, irrigation, cash desk, cassette, killer, class, collection, column, comment, commune, compromise, correspondent, bullfight, corrosion, corruption, mass, metal, mission, short story, opposition, pizza, press, press, program, professor, rabbi, spinning, shelving, saturday, terrace, terror, ton, thriller, troupe, chlorophyll, hockey, kurtosis, essence .

Wed foreign words with single consonants: aluminum, gallery, dessert, dealer, amateur, impresario, corridor, office, official, offshore, report, race, soffit, torero, sidewalk, plug, emigration and many others.

Double consonants are also written in some proper names, for example: Haggai, Apollo, Vissarion, Gennady, Hippolyte, Cyril, Philip, Alla, Anna, Apollinaria, Bella, Henrietta, Inna, Rimma; Akkerman, Bessarabia, Bonn, Holland, Essentuki, Odessa .

Note. In options diamond - brilliant and derived words ( brilliant - brilliant, brilliant - brilliant, brilliant - brilliant) the second members of these pairs are written with one letter l before b . The same applies to options like million - millionth, millionth - millionth, billion - billionth(the second members of such pairs, limited in use, are more common in poetry).

Section 108. Double With −ess (A), for example: poetess(from poet), patroness, baroness, viscountess, princess, stewardess, clown, criticess. Double T written in borrowed suffix −ett (A), −etto(in musical terms): symphonietta(from symphony), operetta, arietta, canzonetta, allegretto, larghetto, gruppetto; but in words cigarette, diskette- one T .

§ 109. In words formed from stems ending in two identical consonants, double consonants before suffixes are preserved, for example: group - group, group, group; program - program, program, program; score - five points, Gauls - Gallic, metal - metal, metallurgist; class - class, class, classmate; compromise - compromise, kilowatt - kilowatt, libretto - librettist, Normans - Norman, antenna - aerialist, bath - bathtub, Dardanelles - dardanelles, Calcutta - Calcutta, Cannes(And Cannes) - Cannes, Ravenna - Ravenna .

However, instead of a double consonant, one consonant is written in the following cases:

1) in diminutive and familiar forms of personal names with a suffix −k (A), for example: Alla - Alka, Stella - Stelka, Emma - Emka, Zhanna - Zhanka, Inna - Inka, Rimma - Rimka, Vassa - Vaska, Mirra - Mirka, Marietta - Marietka, Savva - Savka, Cyril - Kirilka, Philip - Filipka(Also: Filipok, genus. P. Filipka And Filipchik);

2) single letter n - in any words with a suffix −k (A), for example: Finnish(cf. Finn), five-ton, three-ton (ton), column (Column), antenna (antenna);

3) in the following words: crystal (crystal), Finnish (Finn), operetta (operetta).

Note. In affectionate forms of names on −point, −ear (Zhannochka, Allochka, Filippushka, Kirillushka etc.) double consonants are retained.

§ 110. When abbreviating words containing a double consonant, only one consonant is retained as part of complex abbreviated words, for example: record (gramophone record), bureau (correspondent office), terrorist attack (terrorist act), groupcom, grouporg, special correspondent .

Note 1. In the first part compound words, written with a hyphen, double consonants are preserved, for example: mass indicator, mass culture, mold, press center, express analysis, watt-second; same in word wattmeter .

Note 2. At the end of words Donbass, Kuzbass (−bass from pool) is written double With .

Note 3. It is necessary to distinguish between the spelling of compound words and graphic abbreviations: the latter retain double consonants at the end before the dot, for example: special correspondent, correspondent, But: specialist. corr., sob. corr.(see § 209).

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All topics in this section:

Letter - The name of the letter
Aa - a Bb - be Vv - ve Gg - ge Dd - de Her, Yoyo - e, yo Zhzh - same Zz - ze II - and Yy - and short Kk - ka

The basic principle of the use of letters
The general rules for the use of letters determine the transmission of paired hard and soft consonants, as well as the sound (“yot”) in writing. Alpha between sounds and letters

The basic principle of conveying significant parts of words in writing
The rules of Russian spelling are based on the principle of non-designation in writing of the change of sounds under the influence of the position in the word. The sounds in the composition of the word are in unequal conditions. IN

Features of writing some categories of words
In words of foreign origin (especially in proper names), as well as in abbreviations, there are spellings that deviate from the general rules for the use of letters. For example, in some

Letters a - i, u - u
§ 1 . The letters a, y are used: To convey vowels a, y at the beginning of a word and after vowels, for example: hell, aly

Letters e - e
§6. The letter e is written at the beginning of the root to convey the vowel e (without the preceding j): 1.

Letters and - s
§ eleven . The letter and is written: 1. To convey a vowel both at the beginning of a word and after vowels, for example: name, long ago,

Letters a, y
§ 13 . After w, w, h, u, c, the letters a, y are written (and I, u are not written), for example

Letters i, s
§ 14 . After w, w, h, u, the letter i is written (and not written s), for example: zhi

Letters o, e, e in place of stressed vowels
§17. After w, h, w, u, the letter e is written to convey the stressed vowel e, for example:

Letters o, e in place of unstressed vowels
§ 20 . In an unstressed position, after w, h, w, u, the letter e is written - in accordance with the shock

Letters o and e after c
§ 22. After q, to ​​transfer the stressed vowel o, the letter o is written, to transfer the stressed

The letter e after hissing and c
§ 25. The letter e is written after the letters w, h, w, c only in the following special cases. 1. In an abbreviation

Letter y
§ 26. The letter y is written to convey the sound (“yot”) after vowels at the end of a word or before consonants, for example: ma

The letter ь as a sign of softness of the consonant
§ 29. The letter ь is written to indicate the softness of a double consonant at the end of words, for example: dove, leave, notebook, dirt, sorry, seven,

Not after sizzling
§ 31. The letter ь is written (regardless of pronunciation) in the following grammatical forms: a) in complex numbers before

After the sizzling
§ 32. After w, w, h, u, the letter b is traditionally written in the following grammatical forms: a) on k

Spelling of unstressed vowels
§ 33. General rule. The spelling of letters in place of unstressed vowels is established by checking other words and forms, where in the same significant part of the word (in the same

Unstressed vowels in roots
§ 34. In accordance with the general rule (see § 33), the spelling of letters in place of unstressed vowels in roots is established by checking words and forms with the same root

Features of writing individual roots
§ 35. There are roots in which the spelling of letters in place of unstressed vowels does not correspond to the general rule, but is subject to tradition. These include the following roots

Unstressed vowels in prefixes
§ 38. In accordance with the general rule (see § 33), writing letters in place of unstressed vowels in prefixes (except for the prefix raz-/ros-, see § 40)

Unstressed vowels in suffixes
§ 42. In accordance with the general rule (see § 33), the spelling of letters in place of unstressed vowels in suffixes is established by checking words and forms with the same su

Features of writing individual suffixes
§ 45. -enn-, -yan-. In adjectives formed from nouns, one should distinguish between the suffixes -enn- and -

Unstressed fluent vowels in roots and suffixes of nouns and adjectives
Introductory remarks. The correct spelling of a letter in place of an unstressed vowel in some cases is determined by the fluency of this vowel. A runaway vowel appears

Unstressed connecting vowels
§ 65. When combining the stems of two or more words into one compound word, as well as when forming compound words with constituent parts international character uses

Unstressed vowels in case endings
§ 67. In accordance with the general rule (see § 33), the spelling of letters in place of unstressed vowels in endings is established by checking the forms of words with the same ending

Case forms of nouns in -i, -i, -i
1. Nouns with a non-monosyllabic stem masculine. and environments, genus into −i and −i in preposition. n. and wives. genus in −ia in dates. and suggestion. p. units h. have in an unstressed position

Vowels in verb endings
§ 74. The spelling of unstressed vowels in verb endings follows the general rule (see § 33): unstressed endings are checked by the corresponding stressed ones. Application

Impactless particles are not and neither
§ 77. There are two particles different in meaning and use - not and neither. Wed occasions when they will perform

Voiceless and voiced consonants
§ 79. General rule. Paired deaf consonants p, f, t, s (and the corresponding soft ones), k, sh at the end of a word and before deaf consonants

Silent consonants
§ 83. In groups of consonants, one of the consonants may not be pronounced: in combinations stn, stl, zdn, rdts, rdch, sts, zds, ntsk, ndsk, ndts, ntsv, stsk

Groups of consonants at the junction of significant parts of the word
§ 84. Adjectives with the suffix -sk-, formed from words with a vowel stem +sk, end in -

Double consonants at the junction of significant parts of the word
§ 93. Double consonants are written at the junction of the prefix and the root, if the prefix ends and the root begins with the same consonant, for example: lawless, be

Double n and single n in adjective and noun suffixes
§ 97

Full Forms
§ 98. Suffixes of full forms are written with nn passive participles past tense: -nn- and -yonn-

Short forms
§ 100. Short forms of passive past participles are written with one n, for example: chitan, chitana, chitano, chitany; read

Double n and one n in words formed from adjectives and participles
§ 105. Adverbs in -o, nouns with suffixes -ost, -ik, -its (a), formed from adjectives and are passive

Double consonants in Russian roots
§ 106. Double consonants are written in the roots of Russian (not borrowed) words in the following cases. Double w is written in words

Slash
§ 114. Scope of the sign / (slash) - scientific and business speech. It is used in the following functions. 1. In a function close to unions and

Apostrophe
§ 115. The apostrophe sign - a superscript comma - has limited use in Russian writing. It is used when transferring foreign surnames with initial letters D

accent mark
§ 116. The stress mark is the sign ́, which is placed above the vowel corresponding to percussive sound. This sign can be used consistently and selectively.

General rules
§ 117. The following categories of words are written together. 1. Words with prefixes, for example: a) with Russian prefixes: trouble-free, beskass

Common names
§ 119. The following categories of nouns are written together. 1. Nouns whose continuous spelling is determined by general rules: slo

Names, aliases, nicknames, nicknames
§ 123. Written separately: 1. Combinations of a Russian name with a patronymic and a surname or only with a surname, for example: Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin,

place names
§ 125. They are written together: 1. Names with second parts - city, - city, - gift, - burg, for example: Zvenigorod, B

Adjectives
§ 128. The following categories of adjectives are written together. 1. Adjectives, the continuous spelling of which is determined by general rules: words

numerals
§ 132. They are written together: a) quantitative numbers with the second part - twenty, - eleven, - ten, - one hundred, -

pronominal words
Pronominal words (as opposed to significant words) act as nouns (e.g., who, what), adjectives (e.g., what, such), adverbs (e.g.

Adverbs
Introductory remarks. Adverbs formed with the help of prefixes from words of various parts of speech, in accordance with the general rules of continuous and separate writing write

Service words and interjections
§ 140. The following service words and interjections are written together. 1. Prepositions formed from prepositional case combinations: in view of,

Combinations with particles
§ 143. Combinations with the following particles are written with a hyphen. 1. With particles −de, −ka, −te, −that, −s,

The spelling is not
§ 145. Regardless of the grammatical affiliation of the word, negation is not written together in the following cases. 1. If after

Corrective rules
(coordination rules) Introductory remarks. The purpose of these rules is to prevent the appearance of such spellings that follow from the basic laws.

Proper names of people, animals, mythological creatures and words derived from them
§ 159. Personal names, patronymics, surnames, pseudonyms, nicknames are written with a capital letter, for example: Olga, Alyosha, Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin, Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, A

Geographical and administrative-territorial names and words derived from them
§ 169. In geographical and administrative-territorial names - the names of continents, seas, lakes, rivers, hills, mountains, countries, territories, regions, settlements

Astronomical names
§ 178. In titles celestial bodies, constellations and galaxies, all words are written with a capital letter, except for generic names (star, comet, constellation, planet, astero

Names of historical eras and events, calendar periods and holidays, public events
§ 179. In the names of historical eras and events, calendar periods and holidays, the first word (which may be the only one) is written with a capital letter, for example:

Names related to religion
The spelling of names associated with religion is subject to general rules, however, the traditional ways of presenting individual groups of names that have developed in the church

Names of authorities, institutions, organizations, societies, parties
§ 189. In the official compound names of authorities, institutions, organizations, scientific, educational and entertainment institutions, societies, political parties and associations

Names of documents, monuments, objects and works of art
§ 194. In the compound titles of the most important documents and collections of documents, state laws, as well as architectural and other monuments, objects and products

Job titles, ranks, titles
§ 196. The names of positions, ranks, titles are written with a lower case letter, for example: president, chancellor, chairman, minister, prime minister, deputy minister

Names of orders, medals, awards, insignia
Section 197

Names of trademarks, product brands and varieties
§ 198. The names of species and varieties of crops, vegetables, flowers, etc. - the terms of agronomy and horticulture - are quoted and written with lowercase b

Capital letters in special stylistic usage
§ 201. Some names are written with a capital letter in the texts of official documents, messages, agreements, for example: High Contracting Parties, Extraordinary

Abbreviations and derived words
Introductory remarks. Abbreviations are nouns consisting of truncated words included in the original phrase, or from truncated parts of the original compound with

Graphic abbreviations
Graphic abbreviations, unlike abbreviations, are not independent words. When reading, they are replaced by the words of which they are abbreviated; exception: i. O. (is

Transfer Rules
Introductory remarks. When placing text on a page (printed, typewritten, handwritten), it is not uncommon for the end of a line to mismatch with a space character, due to

On the purpose and principles of punctuation
Serving the needs of written communication, punctuation has a clear purpose - to help break down the written text to make it easier to understand. Dismemberment may have

Punctuation at the end of a sentence
§ 1. Depending on the purpose of the message, the presence or absence of emotional coloring of the statement, a period is put at the end of the sentence (narration,

Unromantic person
They say that youth is the most happy time in life. This is said by those who have long been young and have forgotten what it is (Tok.). A dot is placed after the first sentence

Punctuation at the beginning of a sentence
§ 4. At the beginning of a sentence to indicate a logical or meaningful break in the text, a sharp transition from one thought to another (at the beginning of a paragraph), put

§ 5. When semantic underlining individual members of an interrogative or exclamatory sentence, punctuation marks are placed after each of the members that are designed

Dividing a sentence with a dot
§ 9. When parcelling (i.e., when dividing a narrative sentence into independent parts), a point is put: After ten years, I got a job as a postal worker

§ 10. Between subject and nominal predicate a dash is put in place of the missing link if the subject and predicate are expressed by nouns in fo

Dash in an incomplete sentence
§ 16. In incomplete sentences a dash is put in place of the missing members of the sentence or their parts. 1. In parts of a complex sentence with pairs

Dash in join function
§ 19. A dash is placed between two (or more) words, which, combined with each other, mean limits (meaning "from ... to") - spatial, temporal

Dash in selection function
§ 21. A dash is placed before the members of the sentence to emphasize them, emphasize them (for stylistic purposes). Such members of the sentence are called connecting.

Punctuation marks for nominative topics
§ 23. The nominative case (the nominative of the topic or presentation) as a syntactic structure that precedes the sentence whose topic it represents is separated

Punctuation marks for homogeneous members of a sentence with and without unions
§ 25. Homogeneous members of the proposal (main and secondary), not connected by unions, are separated by commas: There were brown barkhas in the office

Punctuation marks for homogeneous members of a sentence with generalizing words
§ 33. If the generalizing word precedes a series of homogeneous members, then a colon is placed after the generalizing word:

Punctuation marks for homogeneous definitions
§ 37. Homogeneous definitions, expressed by adjectives and participles and standing before the word being defined, are separated from each other by a comma, not the same

Punctuation marks for repeating sentence members
§ 44. Between the repeating members of the sentence, a busy one is placed. For example, repetition emphasizes the duration of the action: Food, food

Punctuation marks with separate agreed definitions
§ 46. Defining phrases are isolated (highlighted or separated) by commas, i.e. definitions expressed by participles or adjectives with

Punctuation marks for separate inconsistent definitions
§ 53. Inconsistent definitions expressed by nouns in the form of indirect cases with prepositions and related to common nouns,

Punctuation marks in isolated circumstances
§ 68

Punctuation marks with restrictive-excretory turns
§ 78

Punctuation marks with clarifying, explanatory and connecting members of the sentence
§ 79. Specifying members of a sentence are separated by commas. Referring to this or that word in a sentence, they narrow the concept they designate or to

Punctuation marks in meaningful combinations with subordinating conjunctions or allied words
§ 87. In indecomposable combinations that include expressions that are integral in meaning, a comma is not put. 1. In indecomposable combinations

Punctuation marks for comparative turns
§ 88. Comparative turns that begin with comparative unions (as if, as if, exactly, than, rather than, as if, like, what, as well as others), stand out

Punctuation marks for introductory words, word combinations and sentences
§ 91. Introductory words and word combinations are highlighted or separated by commas: Misha Alpatov, of course, could hire horses (Pr

Punctuation marks when inserting
§ 97. Plug-in constructions (words, combinations of words, sentences) are distinguished by brackets or dashes. They contain additional information

Punctuation marks when addressing
§ 101. Appeal, i.e. words and combinations of words that name the addressee of the speech, is highlighted (or separated) by commas. With increased emotionality, put

Punctuation marks for interjections and interjectional sentences
§ 107. Interjections are distinguished (or separated) by commas: - Oh, there is a fire somewhere! (Boon.); - But, but

Punctuation marks for affirmative, negative and interrogative-exclamatory words
§ 110. The words yes and no, expressing affirmation and negation, are separated or separated by a comma in the sentence: - Yes

Punctuation marks in a compound sentence
§ 112. A comma is placed between parts of a compound sentence. At the same time, connecting relations are established between them (unions

Punctuation marks in a complex sentence
§ 115. In the subordinate parts of a complex sentence, unions and allied words like, where, for free what, if (if ... then), because, why,

Punctuation marks in a non-union complex sentence
§ 127. A comma is placed between the parts of an union-free complex sentence when listing: The ocean with a rumble walked behind the wall with black mountains, a blizzard

Punctuation marks in complex syntactic constructions
§ 131. In complex syntactic constructions, that is, in complex sentences with heterogeneous syntactic connection (with composition and subordination; with composition and union-free

Punctuation marks in direct speech
§ 133. Direct speech, that is, the speech of another person, included in the author's text and reproduced verbatim, is drawn up in two ways. If direct speech is

Quote punctuation marks
§ 140. Quotations are enclosed in quotation marks and punctuated in the same way as direct speech (see § 133-136): a) Marcus Aurelius said: “

Quoting quotation marks and "foreign" words
§ 148. Quotation marks (foreign speech) included in the author's text, including direct speech (see § 140-145). without quotes

Quoting unusually used words
§ 150. Quotation marks indicate words that are alien to the writer's lexicon: words used in an unusual (special, professional) meaning, words belonging to a special

The combination of punctuation marks and the sequence of their location
§ 154. When combining question and exclamation marks, the main sign is first placed, indicating the purpose of the statement - a question mark

Interaction of punctuation marks in complex constructions
§ 161. In different parts of complex syntactic constructions, according to the conditions of the context, there may be two colons, a colon and a dash.

Punctuation marks in the design of lists and rubrication rules
§ 164. Business, as well as scientific, special texts often include various lists, components that require symbols. Such lists are

End of sentence
period at the end of a declarative sentence § 1 question mark at the end of a sentence that concludes a question § 1 at the end of a rhetorical question §

End-of-sentence signs within a sentence
question and exclamation marks with semantic underlining of individual members of an interrogative or exclamatory sentence § 5 when included in

Dash between subject and verb
between subject and predicate, expressed nouns § 10 before the predicate with the words here, this is § 11 when expressing the subject and the predicate (

Homogeneous members of the sentence
between homogeneous members, not connected by unions § 25 with repeated unions (such as and ... and, neither ... nor). § 26 with a double repetition of the union and § 26

In the presence of generalizing words
a colon after the generic word before the enumeration. § 33 in the absence of a generalizing word in business and scientific text§ 33, approx. dash before o

With homogeneous definitions
comma for definitions denoting features of different objects § 37 for definitions expressing similar features of one subject § 37

With agreed definitions
commas at participial revolutions or adjectives with dependent words, standing after the word being defined § 46 when defining turns, facing the definition

With inconsistent definitions
commas in oblique case definitions with prepositions referring to common nouns if that name already has a definition § 53

under circumstances
commas with adverbial phrases § 68 with adverbial phrases after conjunctions of coordinating (except for a), subordinating and allied words §

At limiting-defining turns
commas at turns with prepositions except, along with, besides, excluding, with the exception of, including, over, etc. in the absolute beginning of the sentence § 78 between subject

With connecting members of the proposal
commas at the members of the sentence with the words even, in particular, especially, mainly, including, in particular, for example, and moreover, and therefore; yes and, yes and only, yes and only

In meaningful expressions
the comma is not placed in indecomposable combinations with subordinating conjunctions and allied words as if nothing had happened, to do it right, by all means, whoever does what

At comparative speeds
commas with revolutions with unions as if, as if, exactly, than, rather than, as if, etc.

Introductory constructions
commas at introductory words and combinations of words: - indicating the degree of certainty - indicating the degree of commonality § 91, note. 1, item b)

Plug-in designs
dash when inserted inside a sentence § 97, note. 1 when inserted inside another bracketed insert § 99, note. dash or brackets

Appeals
commas when addressing at the beginning, in the middle and at the end of a sentence § 101 when breaking up an address § 101 exclamation point when addressing

Interjections and interjections
commas with interjections and interjections at the beginning and in the middle of a sentence § 107,109 exclamation point with interjections with increased emotional

Affirmative, negative and interrogative-exclamatory words
a comma with the words yes, no, yeah, well, well, well, so § ON; § 110, approx. 3 exclamation mark for affirmative and negative words,

In a compound sentence
comma between parts of a compound sentence (with connecting, adversative, separating, joining and explanatory unions) § 112

In a complex sentence
a comma between the main and subordinate parts of the sentence § 115 before the words especially, in particular, namely, and also, and (but) only, etc., if they are

Use of quotation marks
with direct speech located in a line (in selection) § 133, paragraph 1; 134-137 when highlighting quotes § 140-148 when highlighting other people's words in the author's text ... § 14

Sequence of signs
question mark, exclamation mark(?!) § 154 question mark or exclamation point with ellipsis (?..) (!..) (?!.) § 154 comma, t

Listing and categorization rules
Roman numerals and capital letters in the list of § 164, para. V); G); g) Roman numerals and uppercase letters outside the text (as headings) § 164, paragraph e) lowercase letters and Arabic q

Conditional abbreviations
Av. – L. Avilova Ait. - Ch. Aitmatov Akun. – B. Akunin Am. – N. Amosov A. Mezh. – A. Mezhirov Ard. - V. Ardamatsky As. – N. Aseev