Dutch language phonetics morphology. Dutch. Analysis of the sounds of stressed vowels

Dutch language! ABOUT! This is a silent song! This is a passionate moan! It's an intoxicating wheeze! In short, this is the ecstasy of phonetics! To hell with her grammar! Phonetics! ABOUT!!! Nooo! Anyone who has heard or tried to pronounce, which have already become classics - Hue moghren heharte menair! - and in response, with a smiling physique of this same meneir, hear - I! Yay ok hue! Nah, unforgettable!

The most cruel joke about the Dutch language (by the way, it’s more correct to say “Brabantian”, but somehow unusual) I heard from a German: the Dutch language was created by a Frenchman to communicate with drunken Germans. Don't know. Harshly said, but there is some truth. So, for example, Brabantian is a very old language, but the rules (grammar, syntax, etc.) are still constantly updated and _strong_ change! Most importantly, the process of word formation is still very stormy! Brabant absorbs hundreds of new English, German and French words! The Dutch are lazy and accommodating - if there is no verb that describes the activities associated with the Internet, then let's, without breaking our heads too much, let's say - interneten! Simple and understandable! And after all, no one shouts that national pride has been lost! And the fact that even the last lowered junkie can connect a couple of phrases in English! And the fact that out of more than 20 TV channels, only 5 or 6 are purely Dutch, and the rest of the figs you will understand whose, but they speak English or Turkish there! And the fact that the films here are not translated from the original language, but only subtitles with _very_ artistic translation are given! So I somehow broke off with "Taxi 2" - I don’t even understand French like a dog! That's it! The Germans and the French are quietly resting! Especially the French... uh, digression! :)

So, this happened to me in the first month of my stay in the Netherlands. Culture shock is at its peak: my eyes are round, my smile is stiff, my brain is crazy. I then rented a tiny little room in the attic of a scary house (not ... a domenka .. or even a home-made house), but in the center of the city! For this dubious pleasure, I paid an unspeakably large amount of money, but because of my shock, I considered it to be happiness! Local capitalism with centuries-old traditions sometimes has fits of senile insanity, and then it suddenly turns out that you can get some kind of financial support just for beautiful eyes! More specifically, a colleague at work, having found out how much I pay for my little room in a house, said that I was entitled to a subsidy for poor living conditions and exorbitantly high rent. I was on fire with ideas and decided to ruin the business of my Dutch aspid renter (local housemaster) with this subsidy. I am told that subsidies are distributed from 9 am to 5 pm at the local city executive committee (hemeinte hauz). Also me, connoisseurs, damn it! I'm good too! Ears hung! I believed! I'll go, I think, to ask. Well, I suddenly wanted to know something, but how to ask about this subsidy in an aboriginal way. They tell me "Hur subsidy"! Elementary! I think I’ll go in like this, I’ll speak casually and even lazily in the local language and I will have a triumph! Aha! Right now!

I'm coming. Healthy room. Everything is beautiful and no one cares about me there. Well, I'm already shy, marially depressed by the magnificence of the revolving doors. I go up to ... uh ... how is it in Russian - a receptionist ... well, the girl is so special, she sits at the entrance and smiles at everyone. I ask her: What about "hoor subsidies"? The girl swallowed like a stake. She straightened herself up like that, curled up, blushed, but asked again, they say, what do you want? Well, I'm dull to her and I repeat that I want a "khur subsidy"! Hur! Subsidy! Understand? Hur! And she suddenly got excited! Screamed at me! She wheezed all over with her inimitable Brabantian pronunciation ... I retreated of course! You are stupid, I think! Does she feel sorry for the subsidy or what?! I look, and next to me the second one is sitting, but already older and obviously more experienced, calmer. I to her! And so pitifully, aunty, we ourselves are not local, give khur a subsidy, as much as you can. I can't live without her. Give me a subsidy! Hur! Crap! Mother! Yours! Sub! My aunt looked at me so calmly over her glasses and in good English she replies with disgust that for the first time she hears about such a thing, they say, I made a mistake and turned to the wrong address, since the city executive committee, with all its desire, cannot give me this very aforementioned subsidy . I'm sad here! He snorted with his nose, his eyes froze so often, often ... Aunt took pity, entered into a position and said, they say, you are a foreigner, you don’t speak very well (very delicately said - I appreciated it!) maybe you want something else. I will not describe what gestures and facial expressions I showed her what I want. It was a one-man pantomime theater. A bunch of people ran to look at me. Guessed everything that I need. Finally, they figured it out and they say to me: - So you need a "khur subsidy"? Appreciate the idiocy!!! I freaked out! I say: - Well, yes! I want hoor subsidy! The people were embarrassed again. They avert their eyes, giggle so disgustingly. And they say: - No! What you need is not hoor subsidy, but hoor subsidy. - uh - yes, yes. Hur subsidy is not good! You want khur subsidy! - ... (complete stupor - only the eyes of a morgue-morgue) - For hoor subsidies, you need to apply there and there, fill out the form and get your hoor subsidy. Don't ask for more subsidies! We don't have one! And it's not quite normal at your young age to ask for a hoor subsidy!

Without words! In such a completely lost state of feelings, I was escorted out of the city executive committee. I went back to the colleague who advised me all this. I rewrote everything in order. He, too, at first looked at me with disbelief for a minute, and then how he began to laugh! Having laughed, this cheerful offspring of the Low Lands wrote two words huur - rent and hoer - whore (I'm sorry! :-]). Both the first and the second are pronounced as khur, but in the first case, "u" softens towards "o", and in the second, on the contrary, it becomes hard and short. Well, my simple and rude Slavic ear with the imprint of a bear's paw will never catch such subtle maxims .... just like that! Phonetics! :)

PS.
And they say that some Dutch cities have approved local hoor subsidies ("y" is solid! Do not confuse!) especially for old people over 70! Like to maintain dignity! hehe!
http://www.orangesmile.com/ru/glas/fonetika.htm

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF BELARUS

educational institution

MOGILEV STATE UNIVERSITY NAMED AFTER A.A. Kuleshov”

Department of Germanic-Romance Philology

DUTCH

Completed by: 2nd year student of the NF-23 group

Faculty of Foreign Languages

Korshunova Ksenia Alexandrovna

Head: Noskov Sergey Alexandrovich

Mogilev 2009

GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT THE LANGUAGE

HISTORY OF LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT

SPELLING

PHONETICS

MORPHOLOGY AND GRAMMAR

LANGUAGE AFRIKANS

LIST OF USED LITERATURE

GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT THE LANGUAGE

Niederlá ndish́ To- the language of the Dutch, belongs to the group of Germanic languages ​​(a subgroup of West Germanic languages) of the Indo-European language family. Dutch is often called Dutch or Flemish. In fact, these names refer to the corresponding groups of dialects (Holland is a region in the Netherlands, Flanders is the five Dutch-speaking provinces of Belgium). Writing based on the Latin alphabet (Dutch).1

The West Germanic languages ​​go back to the tribal languages ​​of the West Germans, according to the classification of Pliny / Engels, united by the beginning of our era into three groups of tribes - the Ingveons (Saxons, Angles, Frisians), Istveons (Franks) and Erminons (Swabo-Alemanni, Bavarians). In the future, several nationalities, and then nations, were formed from these tribes. The Northern Franks, separating themselves in the course of historical development, gave rise to the Dutch nation; from them the Flemings, the Germanic-speaking part of the population of Belgium, will introduce their origin.2

Dutch, or Dutch, is spoken in two countries. Firstly, it is the language of the Netherlands, where it is spoken by about 16 million people. Secondly, it is spoken in the northern provinces of Belgium (West Flanders, East Flanders, Antwerp, Limburg and partly Brabant), where it is spoken by 5 million people. Dutch, along with French, is one of the two official languages ​​of Belgium. In addition, it is the official language of Suriname and the official language of the Netherlands Antilles. The total number of Dutch speakers exceeds 21 million.3

The Dutch language is closely related to the Low German dialects. The Dutch language developed on the basis of the dialects of the tribes that lived in the territory of the present-day Netherlands and the northern part of Belgium - the Franks, Frisians and Saxons. Its main component was the Old West Low Frankish dialect; the influence of the tribal dialects of the Frisians and especially the Saxons was comparatively insignificant.

HISTORY OF LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT

There are three periods in the history of the Dutch language - Old Dutch, Middle Dutch and New Dutch.

Old Dutch period (400 - 1100). There are no written monuments. During this period there were:

consonant lengthening;

vowel lengthening in an open syllable;

the transition of al, ol to ou (German halten - nid. houden);

transition Yu > d;

transition [g] to [γ].

The reduction of unstressed vowels had not yet taken place, thanks to which there was a rich system of conjugation and declension.

Middle Dutch period (1100 - mid-16th century). Numerous literary monuments (knightly novels, religious and didactic literature). During this period, the dialect basis of the language of literature changed several times (Flemish - Brabant - Dutch (since the 16th century). The modern literary norm of the Dutch language combines a number of Flemish, Brabant and Dutch features. The following changes have occurred:

reduction of unstressed endings > restructuring of the inflection system;

loss of aspiration of voiceless stops p, t, k;

stunning voiced stop and fricative at the end of the word before the deaf;

voicing f > v, s > z at the beginning and middle of a word.

The influence of the French language is growing.

New Netherland period (from the middle of the 16th century). After the Dutch bourgeois revolution of 1566, literature actively developed and, accordingly, formed on the basis of the Dutch dialect under the strong influence of the Flemish-Brabant literary tradition, the foundations of a single norm of the literary language. Activities began to normalize the language and streamline spelling. Hendrik Spiegel's Grammar (1584), Kilian's Great Dictionary (1574), Petrus Montanus' Grammar (1635), David van Hoogstraten's Notes on Noun Gender (1700) are published. Major grammarians of the 18th century - Balthasar Heudekoper and Lambert ten Cate.

New spelling rules (mostly valid even now, although with modifications) were published in 1865 by L.A. those by Winckel and M. de Vries. A further simplification of spelling was proposed in 1891 by R.A. Kollewein, but officially the new spelling (te Winkel and de Vries with modifications of Kollewein) was adopted only in 1947 (in Belgium in 1946).4

SPELLING

Basic principles:

Vowel length in an open syllable is usually not specially indicated; in a closed syllable it is indicated by doubling the letter (loop - running).

Vowel shortness in closed syllable not indicated, doubling the consonant is used before the vowel (bommen-bombs).

In the language-specific digraph ij at the beginning of a sentence and a proper name, both letters are capitalized: IJsland.5

PHONETICS

Dutch vowels are divided into short and long vowels, but the long ones are actually semi-long (compared to the long German or English ones), the really long ones occur only before r. Short vowels are more open.

As in all West Germanic languages, there are no long consonants, no aspirated voiceless stops p, t, k. No stop [g], only fricative [γ]. Dutch is characterized by a combination (in the letter sch - school) and the disappearance of the end -n in colloquial speech.

MORPHOLOGY AND GRAMMAR

The morphology of the Dutch language is relatively simple. Over the past hundred years, there have been significant changes in the morphological structure of the literary language in order to bring it closer to the spoken language. The case declension of nouns has been simplified (the dative and accusative cases have fallen out, and the genitive is also rapidly dying); adjectives ceased to agree with the noun in the case, leaving insignificant remnants of the difference between weak and strong declension.

Noun has the categories of gender, number, case and certainty/uncertainty. There are actually two grammatical genders in the modern language. The distinction between masculine and feminine has been erased. However, most dictionaries traditionally distinguish three genders - masculine, feminine and neuter. The replacement of nouns of the general (masculine and feminine) gender by masculine and feminine pronouns is not uniform across dialects of the Dutch language. There are two numbers in Dutch - singular and plural. The leading way in the language of plural formation is the ending “-(e) n”, less common is “-s”: een linde- linden, some nouns show fluctuations in plural formation, for example: een natie - natiёn / naties. Several neuter nouns end in "-eren": een kind - kinderen, een ei - eieren.

Articles in Dutch there are two - indefinite and definite. The indefinite article has a single form for all genders - "een". The definite article has the form "de" for the singular masculine and feminine, as well as the plural of all genders. In the singular, the neuter definite article has the form "het" and "dat" in the neuter gender.

In the spoken language, the old declension of names has been lost; in the written language, the genitive case forms from feminine nouns in the singular and all genders in the plural are very rarely used. Genitive singular forms from masculine and neuter nouns are considered archaic.

Adjective retains in the modern colloquial language only the remnants of strong and weak declension, speaking in two forms - in the form without an ending and in the form on "-e": een klein boek - het kleine boek - kleine boeken - de kleine boeken.

Dutch Verbs divided into strong, weak and various kinds of irregular. Strong verbs, as in other Germanic languages, form the preterite and participle form II with the alternation of the root vowel in ablaut: grijpen (grab) - greep - gegrepen, lezen (read) - las - gelezen. Weak verbs form basic forms with the help of the dental suffix "-d / -t" (or zero in case of assimilation): maken (to do) - maakte - gemaakt.

The analytic forms of the verb in Dutch include the following basic constructions: perfect, pluperfect, futurum I - futurum II, future I in the past (subjunctive I), future II in the past (subjunctive II).

There are two passive voices - the passive of the action and the passive of the state:

het boek wordt gelezen (reading a book)

het boek is gelezen (book read)

Imperative: lees! - read (those)! Polite form: leest u! - read!

System pronouns The Dutch language is quite rich: personal pronouns, demonstrative pronouns, interrogative and other pronouns.7

LANGUAGE AFRIKANS

Afrikaans language(previously called the Boer language) - since 1925, the second, along with English, the state language of South Africa. It is spoken by about 3.5 million people. It is the youngest of all Germanic languages.8

Afrikaans developed in the 17th century on a mixed Dutch dialect basis - with a predominance of the original northern (Dutch) specifics - in difficult conditions of contact with other European languages ​​\u200b\u200b(German, English, French, etc.), and partly also with local African languages. It is very significant that Afrikaans arose in isolation from its original linguistic and dialectal basis, on a new, extremely narrow territorial base, in isolation from the written and literary tradition and from the emerging literary norm of the Dutch language. Afrikaans emerged as a literary language in an extremely short period of time (30-50 years).9

The phonetics and spelling of the language are similar to Dutch. And in terms of grammar, Afrikaans can be described as the most analytical of all Germanic and even all Indo-European languages. The systems of declension and conjugation underwent a radical simplification in the process of its formation. The noun has lost its generic distinctions, the verb has lost its forms of person and number.10

Until 1925, Afrikaans was considered a dialect of Dutch.

LIST OF USED LITERATURE

ru. (Materials of "Wikipedia" - the free encyclopedia).

Introduction to German Philology: Textbook for Philol. fak. un-tov / L.N. Solovieva, M.G. Arsenyeva, S.P. Balashova, V.P. Berkov. - 3rd ed., Rev. and additional - M .: Higher. school, 1980. - 319 p. (p. 235).

Typology of Germanic literary languages: collection of articles / Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Institute of Linguistics. - M.: Nauka, 1976 (p. 119-120).

2 Introduction to German Philology: Textbook for philol. fak. un-tov / L.N. Solovieva, M.G. Arsenyeva, S.P. Balashova, V.P. Berkov. - 3rd ed., Rev. and additional - M .: Higher. school, 1980. - 319 p. (p. 166).

3 en. (data 2005)

4 Introduction to German Philology: Textbook for philol. fak. un-tov / L.N. Solovieva, M.G. Arsenyeva, S.P. Balashova, V.P. Berkov. - 3rd ed., Rev. and additional - M .: Higher. school, 1980. - 319 p. (pp. 224-227).

5 Introduction to German Philology: Textbook for philol. fak. un-tov / L.N. Solovieva, M.G. Arsenyeva, S.P. Balashova, V.P. Berkov. - 3rd ed., Rev. and additional - M .: Higher. school, 1980. - 319 p. (p. 228).

6Ibid. (p. 228)

8 Introduction to German Philology: Textbook for philol. fak. un-tov / L.N. Solovieva, M.G. Arsenyeva, S.P. Balashova, V.P. Berkov. - 3rd ed., Rev. and additional - M .: Higher. school, 1980. - 319 p. (p. 235).

9 Typology of Germanic literary languages: collection of articles / USSR Academy of Sciences, Institute of Linguistics. - M.: Nauka, 1976 (p. 119-120).

10 Introduction to German Philology: Textbook for philol. fak. un-tov / L.N. Solovieva, M.G. Arsenyeva, S.P. Balashova, V.P. Berkov. - 3rd ed., Rev. and additional - M .: Higher. school, 1980. - 319 p. (p. 236-238).

Similar abstracts:

The history of the penetration of English into Jamaica. Most Creole languages ​​have roots in African languages. The Creole languages ​​of the Caribbean are closer in syntax than in language structure, despite phonetic and lexical similarities.

The essence and features of the morphological norms of the Russian literary language. Basic Rules difficult cases use of nouns. Analysis of the content of the concepts of "purity of speech", "relevance" and "comprehensibility of speech". The jargon nature of professionalism.

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Categories of gender, number and case of adjectives. Qualitative, relative and possessive adjectives. Long and short form quality adjectives. Some cases of the formation of short adjectives. Stress types of short adjectives.

Adjectives of three endings, two endings and one ending, exceptions. Predicative function of verbal definitions. Participium conjunctum.

Peculiarities grammatical categories Latin. Tenses, forms, mood, voice and person of verbs. Cardinal and ordinal numbers: features of declensions and agreement with nouns. Example of text translation from Latin.

Dutch (Dutch)(in nider. Nederlands) belongs to the West Germanic languages ​​and has about 20 million speakers, mainly in the Netherlands and Belgium. Small communities of native Dutch speakers are found in northern France near Dunkirk, as well as on about. Aruba, the Netherlands Antilles, Suriname and Indonesia.

The official or standardized variant of Dutch is called Algemeen Beschaafd Nederlands (ABN), "general Dutch". It is taught in schools and used in public institutions in the Netherlands, Flanders (Belgium), Suriname and the Netherlands Antilles. An association called Taalunie (Language Union), organized by the government of the Netherlands and Flanders, regulates the orthography and spelling of the common Dutch language. Alternative names for Common Dutch are Algemeen Nederlands (AN), Common Dutch, and Standaardnederlands, Standard Dutch.

The dialects of Dutch in Belgium are collectively known as "Flemish" (Vlaams). To some extent, they differ from the Dutch language used in the Netherlands in their intonation and pronunciation, as well as minor differences in vocabulary, including loanwords from French and English, which are not available in Standard Dutch.

Standard Dutch originated from the Low Frankish dialect (Niederfränkisch) of Low German. The earliest references to the Old Frankish language are found in a Latin manuscript of the 9th century. under the title "Laws of the Salic Franks", as well as in translations of the psalms. Some poetic works written in the Middle Dutch language during the period of the 12th-13th centuries have also been preserved. Translation of the Bible into Dutch, the Staten-Bijbel, dated 1619-1637. became the first major work in modern Dutch.

Dutch alphabet (Nederlands alphabet)

Note:

The digraph, IJ ij (lange ij) was originally written in the form of the letter Y y, which is currently used mainly in loanwords of foreign origin.

Phonetic transcription of the Dutch language (Nederlandse uitspraak)

Vowels and diphthongs

Consonants

Notes:

• b = [p] at the end of a word, [b] in other positions
• d = [t] at the end of a word, [d] in other positions
• e = [ǝ] in unstressed syllables
• g = [x] at the beginning of a word, [ʁ] in other positions (in some regions of the Netherlands). In some dialects g = [ɣ]
• r is usually not pronounced before q. In other positions = [r]. In some dialects r = [ʁ] or [ʀ]

Before proceeding to perform phonetic analysis with examples, we draw your attention to the fact that letters and sounds in words are not always the same thing.

Letters- these are letters, graphic symbols, with the help of which the content of the text is conveyed or the conversation is outlined. Letters are used to visually convey meaning, we will perceive them with our eyes. The letters can be read. When you read letters aloud, you form sounds - syllables - words.

A list of all letters is just an alphabet

Almost every student knows how many letters are in the Russian alphabet. That's right, there are 33 of them in total. The Russian alphabet is called Cyrillic. The letters of the alphabet are arranged in a certain sequence:

Russian alphabet:

In total, the Russian alphabet uses:

• 21 letters for consonants;
• 10 letters - vowels;
• and two: ь (soft sign) and ъ ( solid mark) that indicate properties but do not by themselves define any sound units.

You often pronounce the sounds in phrases differently from how you write them down in writing. In addition, the word can be used more letters than sounds. For example, "children's" - the letters "T" and "C" merge into one phoneme [ts]. Conversely, the number of sounds in the word "blacken" is greater, since the letter "Yu" in this case is pronounced as [yu].

What is phonetic parsing?

We perceive sound speech by ear. Under the phonetic analysis of the word is meant the characteristic of the sound composition. In the school curriculum, such an analysis is more often called “sound-letter” analysis. So, in phonetic parsing, you simply describe the properties of sounds, their characteristics depending on the environment, and the syllabic structure of a phrase united by a common word stress.

Phonetic transcription

For sound-letter analysis, a special transcription in square brackets is used. For example, the correct spelling is:

• black -> [h"orny"]
• apple -> [yablaka]
• anchor -> [yakar"]
• tree -> [yolka]
• sun -> [sontse]

The phonetic parsing scheme uses special characters. Thanks to this, it is possible to correctly designate and distinguish between the letter record (spelling) and the sound definition of letters (phonemes).

• the phonetically parsed word is enclosed in square brackets - ;
• a soft consonant is indicated by a transcription sign ['] - an apostrophe;
• shock [´] - with an accent;
• in complex word forms from several roots, a secondary stress sign [`] is used - grave (not practiced in the school curriculum);
• the letters of the alphabet Yu, Ya, E, Yo, b and b are NEVER used in transcription (in the curriculum);
• for double consonants, [:] is used - a sign of the longitude of pronouncing the sound.

Below are detailed rules for orthoepic, alphabetic and phonetic and parsing words with examples online, in accordance with the general school norms of the modern Russian language. For professional linguists, the transcription of phonetic characteristics is distinguished by accents and other symbols with additional acoustic features of vowel and consonant phonemes.

How to make a phonetic parsing of a word?

The following diagram will help you conduct a letter analysis:

• Write down the necessary word and say it out loud several times.
• Count how many vowels and consonants are in it.
• Mark the stressed syllable. (Stress with the help of intensity (energy) singles out a certain phoneme in speech from a number of homogeneous sound units.)
• Divide the phonetic word into syllables and indicate their total number. Remember that the syllable division in differs from the hyphenation rules. The total number of syllables always matches the number of vowels.
• In transcription, disassemble the word by sounds.
• Write the letters from the phrase in a column.
• Opposite each letter, in square brackets, indicate its sound definition (how it is heard). Remember that sounds in words are not always identical to letters. The letters "ь" and "ъ" do not represent any sounds. The letters "e", "e", "yu", "I", "and" can mean 2 sounds at once.
• Analyze each phoneme separately and mark its properties with a comma:
  • for a vowel, we indicate in the characteristic: the sound is a vowel; shock or unstressed;
  • in the characteristics of consonants we indicate: the sound is consonant; hard or soft, voiced or deaf, sonorous, paired / unpaired in hardness-softness and sonority-deafness.
• At the end of the phonetic analysis of the word, draw a line and count the total number of letters and sounds.

This scheme is practiced in the school curriculum.

An example of phonetic parsing of a word

Here is an example of phonetic analysis by composition for the word "phenomenon" → [yivl'e′n'iye]. In this example, there are 4 vowels and 3 consonants. There are only 4 syllables: I-vle′-ni-e. The emphasis falls on the second.

Sound characteristic of letters:

i [th] - acc., unpaired soft, unpaired voiced, sonorous [and] - vowel, unstressed in [c] - acc., paired solid, paired sound [l '] - acc., paired soft, unpaired . sound, sonorous [e ′] - vowel, percussion [n '] - consonant, paired soft, unpaired. sound, sonorous and [and] - vowel, unstressed [th] - acc., unpaired. soft, unpaired sound, sonorant [e] - vowel, unstressed ____________________ In total, the phenomenon in the word is 7 letters, 9 sounds. The first letter "I" and the last "E" represent two sounds.

Now you know how to do sound-letter analysis on one's own. The following is a classification of sound units of the Russian language, their relationship and transcription rules for sound literal parsing.

Phonetics and sounds in Russian

What are the sounds?

All sound units are divided into vowels and consonants. Vowel sounds, in turn, are stressed and unstressed. A consonant sound in Russian words can be: hard - soft, voiced - deaf, hissing, sonorous.

How many sounds are there in Russian live speech?

The correct answer is 42.

Doing phonetic parsing online, you will find that 36 consonants and 6 vowels are involved in word formation. Many have a reasonable question, why is there such a strange inconsistency? Why does the total number of sounds and letters differ for both vowels and consonants?

All this is easily explained. A number of letters, when participating in word formation, can denote 2 sounds at once. For example, pairs of softness-hardness:

• [b] - peppy and [b '] - squirrel;
• or [d] - [d ’]: home - do.

And some do not have a pair, for example [h '] will always be soft. If in doubt, try to say it firmly and make sure that this is impossible: stream, pack, spoon, black, Chegevara, boy, rabbit, bird cherry, bees. Thanks to this practical solution, our alphabet has not reached a dimensionless scale, and the sound units are optimally complemented, merging with each other.

Vowel sounds in the words of the Russian language

Vowel sounds unlike melodic consonants, they flow freely, as if in a singsong voice, from the larynx, without barriers and tension of the ligaments. The louder you try to pronounce the vowel, the wider you will have to open your mouth. And vice versa, the louder you strive to pronounce the consonant, the more vigorously you will close the oral cavity. This is the most striking articulatory difference between these classes of phonemes.

The stress in any word forms can only fall on a vowel sound, but there are also unstressed vowels.

How many vowels are in Russian phonetics?

Russian speech uses fewer vowel phonemes than letters. There are only six percussive sounds: [a], [i], [o], [e], [y], [s]. And, recall, there are ten letters: a, e, e, and, o, y, s, e, i, u. The vowels E, Yo, Yu, I are not "pure" sounds in transcription are not used. Often, when parsing words alphabetically, the letters listed are stressed.

Phonetics: characteristics of stressed vowels

The main phonemic feature of Russian speech is the clear pronunciation of vowel phonemes in stressed syllables. Stressed syllables in Russian phonetics are distinguished by the strength of exhalation, increased duration of sound, and are pronounced undistorted. Since they are pronounced clearly and expressively, sound analysis syllables with stressed vowel phonemes are much easier to carry out. The position in which the sound does not undergo changes and retains the main form is called strong position. Only a stressed sound and a syllable can occupy such a position. Unstressed phonemes and syllables remain in a weak position.

• The vowel in the stressed syllable is always in a strong position, that is, it is pronounced more distinctly, with the greatest force and duration.
• A vowel in an unstressed position is in a weak position, that is, it is pronounced with less force and not so clearly.

In Russian, only one phoneme "U" retains unchanging phonetic properties: kuruza, plank, u chus, u catch - in all positions it is pronounced distinctly like [u]. This means that the vowel "U" is not subject to qualitative reduction. Attention: in writing, the phoneme [y] can also be indicated by another letter “Yu”: muesli [m’u ´sl’i], key [kl’u ´h’], etc.

Analysis of the sounds of stressed vowels

The vowel phoneme [o] occurs only in a strong position (under stress). In such cases, "O" is not subject to reduction: cat [ko´ t'ik], bell [kalako´ l'ch'yk], milk [malako´], eight [vo´ s'im'], search [paisko´ vaya], dialect [go´ var], autumn [o´ s'in'].

An exception to the rule of strong position for "O", when unstressed [o] is also pronounced clearly, are only a few foreign words: cocoa [cocoa" o], patio [pa" thio], radio [ra" dio], boa [bo a"] and a number of service units, for example, union no. The sound [o] in writing can be reflected by another letter “e” - [o]: turn [t’o´ rn], fire [kas’t’o´ r]. Parsing the sounds of the remaining four vowels in the stressed position will also not be difficult.

Unstressed vowels and sounds in Russian words

It is possible to make the correct sound analysis and accurately determine the characteristics of the vowel only after placing the stress in the word. Do not forget also about the existence of homonymy in our language: for "mok - zamok" and about the change in phonetic qualities depending on the context (case, number):

• I'm at home [ya to "ma].
• New houses [but "vye da ma"].

IN unstressed position the vowel is modified, that is, it is pronounced differently than it is written:

• mountains - mountain = [go "ry] - [ga ra"];
• he - online = [o "n] - [a nla" yn]
• witness = [sv'id'e "t'i l'n'itsa].

Similar vowel changes in unstressed syllables are called reduction. Quantitative, when the duration of the sound changes. And a qualitative reduction, when the characteristic of the original sound changes.

The same unstressed vowel can change its phonetic characteristic depending on its position:

• primarily with respect to the stressed syllable;
• at the absolute beginning or end of a word;
• in open syllables (consist of only one vowel);
• under the influence of neighboring signs (b, b) and a consonant.

Yes, different 1st degree of reduction. She is subject to:

• vowels in the first prestressed syllable;
• open syllable at the very beginning;
• repeated vowels.

Note: To make a sound-letter analysis, the first pre-stressed syllable is determined not from the “head” of the phonetic word, but in relation to the stressed syllable: the first to the left of it. In principle, it can be the only pre-shock: not-here [n'iz'd'e´shn'y].

(bare syllable) + (2-3 pre-stressed syllable) + 1st pre-stressed syllable ← Stressed syllable → stressed syllable (+2/3 stressed syllable)

• forward-re -di [fp'ir'i d'i´];
• e-ste-ve-nno [yi s’t’e´s’t’v’in: a];

Any other pre-stressed syllables and all pre-stressed syllables in sound analysis refer to reduction of the 2nd degree. It is also called "weak position of the second degree."

• kiss [pa-tsy-la-va´t '];
• model [ma-dy-l’i´-ra-vat’];
• swallow [la´-hundred-ch'ka];
• kerosene [k'i-ra-s'i'-na-vy].

The reduction of vowels in a weak position also differs in steps: the second, third (after hard and soft consonants, - this is beyond curriculum): to learn [uch’i´ts: a], to become numb [atsyp’in’e´t’], hope [over’e´zhda]. In a letter analysis, the reduction of a vowel in a weak position in a final open syllable (= at the absolute end of a word) will appear very slightly:

• cup;
• goddess;
• with songs;
• turn.

Sound letter analysis: iotized sounds

Phonetically, the letters E - [ye], Yo - [yo], Yu - [yu], I - [ya] often denote two sounds at once. Have you noticed that in all the indicated cases, the additional phoneme is “Y”? That is why these vowels are called iotated. The meaning of the letters E, E, Yu, I is determined by their positional position.

During phonetic analysis, the vowels e, e, u, i form 2 sounds:

◊ Yo - [yo], Yu - [yu], E - [ye], I - [ya] in cases where there are:

• At the beginning of the word "Yo" and "Yu" always:
  • - cringe [yo´ zhyts: a], Christmas tree [yo´ lach’ny], hedgehog [yo´ zhyk], capacity [yo´ mkast’];
  • - jeweler [yuv ’il’i´r], yule [yu la´], skirt [yu´ pka], Jupiter [yu p’i´t’ir], briskness [yu ´rkas’t’];
• at the beginning of the word "E" and "I" only under stress *:
  • - spruce [ye´ l '], I go [ye´ f: y], huntsman [ye´ g'ir '], eunuch [ye´ vnuh];
  • - yacht [ya´ hta], anchor [ya´ kar’], yaki [ya´ ki], apple [ya´ blaka];
  • (*to perform sound-letter analysis of unstressed vowels “E” and “I”, a different phonetic transcription is used, see below);
• in the position immediately after the vowel "Yo" and "Yu" always. But "E" and "I" in stressed and unstressed syllables, except when the indicated letters are located behind the vowel in the 1st pre-stressed syllable or in the 1st, 2nd stressed syllable in the middle of words. Phonetic analysis online and examples for specific cases:
  • - reception mnik [pr’iyo´mn’ik], sing t [payo´t], kluyo t [kl’uyo ´t];
  • -ay rveda [ayu r’v’e´da], sing t [payu ´t], melt [ta´yu t], cabin [kayu ´ta],
• after the separating solid “b” sign “Yo” and “Yu” - always, and “E” and “I” only under stress or at the absolute end of the word: - volume [ab yo´m], shooting [syo´mka], adjutant [adyu "ta´nt]
• after the dividing soft "b" sign "Yo" and "Yu" - always, and "E" and "I" under stress or at the absolute end of the word: - interview [intyrv'yu´], trees [d'ir'e´ v'ya], friends [druz'ya´], brothers [bra´t'ya], monkey [ab'iz'ya´ na], blizzard [v'yu´ ha], family [s'em'ya´ ]

As you can see, in the phonemic system of the Russian language, stresses are of decisive importance. Vowels in unstressed syllables undergo the greatest reduction. Let's continue the literal analysis of the remaining iotated sounds and see how they can still change their characteristics depending on the environment in the words.

◊ Unstressed vowels"E" and "I" represent two sounds and in phonetic transcription and are written as [YI]:

• at the very beginning of a word:
  • - unity [yi d'in'e´n'i'ye], spruce [yilo´vy], blackberry [yizhiv'i´ka], his [yivo´], egoza [yigaza´], Yenisei [yin'is 'e´y], Egypt [yig'i´p'it];
  • - January [yi nva´rsky], core [yidro´], sting [yiz'v'i´t'], label [yirly´k], Japan [yipo´n'iya], lamb [yign'o´nak ];
  • (The only exceptions are rare foreign word forms and names: Caucasoid [ye wrap’io´idnaya], Eugene [ye] vge´niy, European [ye wrap’e´yits], diocese [ye] pa´rchia, etc.).
• immediately after a vowel in the 1st pre-stressed syllable or in the 1st, 2nd stressed syllable, except for the location at the absolute end of the word.
  • in a timely manner [piles vr'e´m'ina], trains [payi zda´], let's eat [payi d'i´m], run into [nayi zh: a´t '], Belgian [b'il'g'i´ yi c], students [uch'a´shch'iyi s'a], sentences [pr'idlazhe´n'iyi m'i], vanity [suyi ta´],
  • bark [la´yi t '], pendulum [ma´yi tn'ik], hare [za´yi ts], belt [po´yi s], declare [zai v'i´t '], I will manifest [prayi in 'l'u´]
• after a separating hard "b" or soft "b" sign: - intoxicates [p'yi n'i´t], express [izyi v'i´t'], announcement [abyi vl'e´n'iye], edible [sii do´bny].

Note: The St. Petersburg phonological school is characterized by "ekanye", while the Moscow school has "hiccups". Previously, the yottered "Yo" was pronounced with a more accentuated "ye". With the change of capitals, performing sound-letter analysis, they adhere to Moscow standards in orthoepy.

Some people in fluent speech pronounce the vowel "I" in the same way in syllables with a strong and weak position. This pronunciation is considered a dialect and is not literary. Remember, the vowel “I” under stress and without stress is pronounced differently: fair [ya ´marka], but egg [yi ytso´].

Important:

Letter "I" after soft sign"b" also represents 2 sounds - [YI] in sound-letter analysis. (This rule is relevant for syllables in both strong and weak positions). Let's conduct a sample of sound-letter online analysis: - nightingales [salav'yi´], on chicken legs [on ku´r'yi' x "no´shkakh], rabbit [cro´l'ich'yi], no family [with 'yi´], judges [su´d'yi], draws [n'ich'yi´], streams [ruch'yi´], foxes [li´s'yi] But: The vowel "O" after a soft sign "b" is transcribed as an apostrophe of softness ['] of the preceding consonant and [O], although when pronouncing the phoneme, iotization can be heard: broth [bul'o´n], pavillo n [pav'il'o´n], similarly: postman n , champignon n, shigno n, companion n, medallion n, battalion n, guillotina, carmagno la, mignon n and others.

Phonetic analysis of words, when the vowels "Yu" "E" "Yo" "I" form 1 sound

According to the rules of phonetics of the Russian language, at a certain position in words, the indicated letters give one sound when:

• sound units "Yo" "Yu" "E" are under stress after an unpaired consonant in hardness: w, w, c. Then they denote phonemes:
  • yo - [o],
  • e - [e],
  • yu - [y].
  Examples of online parsing by sounds: yellow [yellow], silk [sho´ lx], whole [tse´ ly], recipe [r'ice´ Fri], pearls [zhe´ mch'uk], six [she´ st '], hornet [she´ rshen'], parachute [parashu´ t];
• The letters "I" "Yu" "E" "Yo" and "I" denote the softness of the preceding consonant [']. Exception only for: [w], [w], [c]. In such cases in a striking position they form one vowel sound:
  • ё - [o]: voucher [put'o´ fka], light [l'o´ hk'y], honey agaric [ap'o´ nak], actor [act'o´ r], child [r'ib' o´ nak];
  • e - [e]: seal [t'ul'e´ n '], mirror [z'e´ rkala], smarter [smart'e´ ye], conveyor [kanv'e´ yir];
  • i - [a]: kittens [kat'a´ ta], softly [m'a´ hka], oath [kl'a´ tva], took [vz'a´ l], mattress [t'u f'a ´ k], swan [l'ib'a´ zhy];
  • yu - [y]: beak [kl'u´ f], people [l'u´ d'am], gateway [shl'u´ s], tulle [t'u´ l'], suit [kas't 'mind].
  • Note: in words borrowed from other languages, the stressed vowel "E" does not always signal the softness of the previous consonant. This positional softening ceased to be a mandatory norm in Russian phonetics only in the 20th century. In such cases, when you do phonetic analysis by composition, such a vowel sound is transcribed as [e] without the preceding softness apostrophe: hotel [ate´ l '], shoulder strap [br'ite´ l'ka], test [te´ st] , tennis [te´ n: is], cafe [cafe´], puree [p'ure´], amber [ambre´], delta [de´ l'ta], tender [te´ nder], masterpiece [shede´ vr], tablet [tablet´ t].
• Attention! After soft consonants in prestressed syllables the vowels "E" and "I" undergo a qualitative reduction and are transformed into the sound [i] (excl. for [c], [g], [w]). Examples of phonetic parsing of words with similar phonemes: - grain [z'i rno´], earth [z'i ml'a´], cheerful [v'i s'o´ly], ringing [z'v 'and n'i´t], forest [l'and snowy], blizzard [m'i t'e´l'itsa], feather [n'i ro´], brought [pr' in'i sla´], knit [v'i za´t'], lay down [l'i ga´t'], five grater [n'i t'o´rka]

Phonetic analysis: consonant sounds of the Russian language

There is an absolute majority of consonants in Russian. When pronouncing a consonant sound, the air flow encounters obstacles. They are formed by organs of articulation: teeth, tongue, palate, vibrations of the vocal cords, lips. Due to this, noise, hissing, whistling or sonority occurs in the voice.

How many consonant sounds are there in Russian speech?

In the alphabet for their designation is used 21 letters. However, performing a sound-letter analysis, you will find that in Russian phonetics consonants more, namely - 36.

Sound-letter analysis: what are consonant sounds?

In our language, consonants are:

• hard - soft and form the corresponding pairs:
  • [b] - [b ’]: b anan - b tree,
  • [in] - [in ’]: in height - in June,
  • [g] - [g ’]: city - duke,
  • [d] - [d ']: dacha - d elfin,
  • [h] - [h ’]: z won - z ether,
  • [k] - [k ’]: to onfeta - to engur,
  • [l] - [l ’]: l odka - l lux,
  • [m] - [m ’]: magic - dreams,
  • [n] - [n ’]: new - n ectar,
  • [n] - [n ’]: n alma-p yosik,
  • [p] - [p ’]: r chamomile - r poison,
  • [s] - [s ’]: with uvenir - with a surprise,
  • [t] - [t ’]: t uchka - t tulip,
  • [f] - [f ’]: flag flag - February,
  • [x] - [x ’]: x orek - x hunter.
• Certain consonants do not have a hardness-softness pair. Unpaired include:
  • sounds [g], [c], [w] - always solid (life, cycle, mouse);
  • [h ’], [u’] and [y ’] are always soft (daughter, more often, yours).
• The sounds [w], [h ’], [w], [u’] in our language are called hissing.

A consonant can be voiced - deaf, as well as sonorous and noisy.

You can determine the sonority-deafness or sonority of a consonant by the degree of noise-voice. These characteristics will vary depending on the method of formation and participation of the organs of articulation.

• Sonorants (l, m, n, p, d) are the most sonorous phonemes, they hear a maximum of voice and a little noise: lion, paradise, zero.
• If, during the pronunciation of a word, both a voice and noise are formed during the sound analysis, then you have a voiced consonant (g, b, s, etc.): factory, b people, life from n.
• When pronouncing deaf consonants (p, s, t and others) vocal cords they don’t tense up, only noise is emitted: a stack, a chip, a dress, a circus, a sew up.

Note: In phonetics, consonant sound units also have a division according to the nature of formation: a bow (b, p, d, t) - a gap (g, w, h, s) and the method of articulation: labial-labial (b, p, m) , labio-dental (f, c), anterior lingual (t, d, h, s, c, f, w, u, h, n, l, r), middle lingual (d), posterior lingual (k, d, x) . The names are given based on the organs of articulation that are involved in sound production.

Hint: If you are just starting to practice phonetic parsing, try placing your hands over your ears and pronouncing the phoneme. If you managed to hear a voice, then the sound being studied is a voiced consonant, but if noise is heard, then it is deaf.

Hint: For associative communication, remember the phrases: “Oh, we didn’t forget a friend.” - this sentence contains absolutely the entire set of voiced consonants (excluding softness-hardness pairs). “Styopka, do you want to eat cabbage soup? - Fi! - similarly, these replicas contain a set of all voiceless consonants.

Positional changes of consonant sounds in Russian

The consonant sound, like the vowel, undergoes changes. The same letter can phonetically denote a different sound, depending on the position it occupies. In the flow of speech, the sound of one consonant is likened to the articulation of a nearby consonant. This effect facilitates pronunciation and is called assimilation in phonetics.

Positional stun/voicing

In a certain position for consonants, the phonetic law of assimilation by deafness-voicedness operates. The voiced double consonant is replaced by a voiceless one:

• at the absolute end of the phonetic word: but [no´sh], snow [s’n’e´k], garden [agaro´t], club [club´p];
• before deaf consonants: forget-me-not a [n’izabu´t ka], hug [aph wat’i´t’], Tuesday [ft o´rn’ik], tube a [corpse a].
• making sound letter parsing online, you will notice that a voiceless double consonant standing before a voiced one (except for [d'], [v] - [v'], [l] - [l'], [m] - [m'] , [n] - [n '], [r] - [r ']) is also voiced, that is, it is replaced by its voiced pair: surrender [zda´ch'a], mowing [kaz'ba´], threshing [malad 'ba´], request [pro´z'ba], guess [adgada´t'].

In Russian phonetics, a deaf noisy consonant does not combine with a subsequent voiced noisy consonant, except for the sounds [v] - [v’]: whipped cream. In this case, the transcription of both the phoneme [h] and [s] is equally acceptable.

When parsing by the sounds of words: total, today, today, etc., the letter "G" is replaced by the phoneme [v].

According to the rules of sound-letter analysis, in the endings of the "-th", "-his" names of adjectives, participles and pronouns, the consonant "G" is transcribed as a sound [v]: red [kra´snava], blue [s'i´n'iva] , white [b'e'lava], sharp, full, former, that, this, whom. If, after assimilation, two consonants of the same type are formed, they merge. In the school program on phonetics, this process is called contraction of consonants: separate [ad: 'il'i´t'] → the letters "T" and "D" are reduced to sounds [d'd'], silent smart [b'ish: u ´many]. When parsing by composition, a number of words in sound-letter analysis show dissimilation - the process is the opposite of assimilation. In this case, the common feature of the two adjacent consonants changes: the combination “GK” sounds like [hk] (instead of the standard [kk]): light [l'o′h'k'y], soft [m'a′h' k'iy].

Soft consonants in Russian

In the phonetic parsing scheme, the apostrophe ['] is used to indicate the softness of consonants.

• Softening of paired hard consonants occurs before "b";
• the softness of the consonant sound in the syllable in the letter will help determine the vowel that follows it (e, e, i, u, i);
• [u’], [h’] and [th] are only soft by default;
• the sound [n] always softens before the soft consonants “Z”, “S”, “D”, “T”: claim [pr'iten'z 'iya], review [r'icen'z 'iya], pension [pen 's' iya], ve [n'z '] spruce, face [n'z '] iya, ka [n'd '] idat, ba [n'd '] um, and [n'd '] ivid , blo[n'd'] in, stipe[n'd'] ia, ba[n't'] ik, wi[n't'] ik, zo[n't'] ik, ve[n' t '] il, a [n't '] personal, co[n't '] text, remo[n't '] to edit;
• the letters "N", "K", "R" during phonetic analysis of the composition can soften before soft sounds [h '], [u ']: glass ik [staka′n'ch'ik], changer ik [sm'e ′n'shch'ik], donut ik [po′n'ch'ik], mason ik [kam'e′n'sh'ik], boulevard ina [bul'var'r'shch'ina], borscht [ borsch'];
• often the sounds [h], [s], [r], [n] in front of a soft consonant undergo assimilation in terms of hardness-softness: wall [s't'e'nka], life [zhyz'n'], here [ z'd'es'];
• in order to correctly perform sound-literal analysis, consider the words of exception when the consonant [p] before soft teeth and lips, as well as before [h ’], [u’] is pronounced firmly: artel, feed, cornet, samovar;

Note: the letter "b" after a consonant unpaired in hardness / softness in some word forms performs only a grammatical function and does not impose a phonetic load: study, night, mouse, rye, etc. In such words, during literal analysis, a [-] dash is placed in square brackets opposite the letter “b”.

Positional changes in paired voiced-voiced consonants before sibilant consonants and their transcription in sound-letter parsing

To determine the number of sounds in a word, you need to consider them positional changes. Paired voiced-voiced: [d-t] or [s-s] before hissing (w, w, u, h) are phonetically replaced by a hissing consonant.

• Letter analysis and examples of words with hissing sounds: visitor [pr'iye´zhzh y], ascension [your e´stv'iye], izzhelta [i´zhzh elta], take pity [zhzh a´l'its: A].

The phenomenon when two different letters are pronounced as one is called complete assimilation in all respects. Performing sound-letter parsing of a word, you should designate one of the repeated sounds in transcription with the longitude symbol [:].

• Letter combinations with hissing "szh" - "zzh", are pronounced as a double solid consonant [zh:], and "ssh" - "zsh" - like [w:]: squeezed, sewn, without a tire, climbed.
• The combinations "zh", "zhzh" inside the root during sound-letter analysis is recorded in transcription as a long consonant [zh:]: I drive, squeal, later, reins, yeast, burnt.
• The combinations "sch", "sch" at the junction of the root and the suffix / prefix are ​​pronounced as a long soft [u':]: account [u': o´t], scribe, customer.
• At the junction of the preposition with the next word in place "sch", "zch" is transcribed as [sch'h']: without a number [b'esch' h' isla´], with something [sch'ch' em mta] .
• With a sound-letter analysis, the combinations "tch", "dch" at the junction of morphemes are defined as double soft [h ':]: pilot [l'o´ch': ik], young man ik [little´h ': ik], report ot [ah': o´t].

Cheat sheet for likening consonants at the place of formation

• mid → [u':]: happiness [u': a´s't'ye], sandstone [n'isch': a´n'ik], peddler [razno´sh': ik], cobbled, calculations, exhaust, clear;
• zch → [u’:]: carver [r’e´shch’: hic], loader [gru´shch’: hic], storyteller [raska´shch’: hic];
• ZhCh → [u’:]: defector [p’ir’ibe´ u’: ik], man [mush’: i´na];
• shh → [u’:]: freckled [v’isnu′shch’: common];
• stch → [u’:]: tougher [zho´shch’: e], whip, rigger;
• zdch → [u’:]: traverser [abye´shch’: ik], furrowed [baro´shch’: whit];
• ss → [u’:]: split [rasch’: ip’i′t ’], generous [rasch’: e′dr’ils’a];
• van → [h'sh']: split off [ach'sh' ip'i′t'], snap off [ach'sh' o'lk'ivat'], in vain [h'sh' etna], carefully [h' sh'at'el'na];
• tch → [h ':] : report [ah ': o't], homeland [ah ': izna], ciliated [r'is'n'i'ch ': i'ty];
• dh → [h’:] : underline [patch’: o’rk’ivat’], stepdaughter [pach’: ir’itsa];
• szh → [zh:]: compress [zh: a´t '];
• zzh → [zh:]: get rid of [izh: y´t '], ignition [ro´zh: yk], leave [uyizh: a´t '];
• ssh → [sh:]: bringing [pr’in’o′sh: th], embroidered [rash: y´ty];
• zsh → [w:] : inferior [n'ish: y'y]
• th → [pcs], in word forms with “what” and its derivatives, making a sound-literal analysis, we write [pcs]: so that [pcs about′by], ​​not for anything [n'e′ zasht a], anything [ sht o n'ibut'], something;
• thu → [h't] in other cases of literal parsing: dreamer [m'ich't a´t'il'], mail [po´ch't a], preference [pr'itpach't 'e´n' ie] and so on;
• ch → [shn] in exception words: of course [kan'e´shn a′], boring [sku´shn a′], bakery, laundry, scrambled eggs, trifling, birdhouse, bachelorette party, mustard plaster, rag, and also in female patronymics ending in "-ichna": Ilyinichna, Nikitichna, Kuzminichna, etc.;
• ch → [ch'n] - literal analysis for all other options: fabulous [fairytale'n], country [yes'ch'n], strawberry [z'im'l'in'i´ch'n th], wake up, cloudy, sunny, etc.;
• !zhd → in place of the letter combination “zhd”, a double pronunciation and transcription [u ’] or [pcs ’] in the word rain and in the word forms formed from it: rainy, rainy.

Unpronounceable consonants in the words of the Russian language

During the pronunciation of a whole phonetic word with a chain of many different consonant letters, one or another sound may be lost. As a result, in the orthograms of words there are letters devoid of sound meaning, the so-called unpronounceable consonants. To correctly perform phonetic analysis online, the unpronounceable consonant is not displayed in the transcription. The number of sounds in similar phonetic words will be less than letters.

In Russian phonetics, unpronounceable consonants include:

• "T" - in combinations:
  • stn → [sn]: local [m’e´sny], reed [tras’n ’i´k]. By analogy, you can perform a phonetic analysis of the words ladder, honest, famous, joyful, sad, participant, messenger, rainy, furious and others;
  • stl → [sl]: happy [w’: asl ’and’vy "], happy ivchik, conscientious, boastful (exception words: bony and spread, the letter “T” is pronounced in them);
  • ntsk → [nsk]: gigantic [g’iga´nsk ’y], agency, presidential;
  • sts → [s:]: sixs from [shes: o´t], eat up I [vzye´s: a], swear I [kl’a´s: a];
  • sts → [s:] : tourist cue [tur'i´s: k'iy], maximalist cue [max'imal'i´s: k'iy], racist cue [ras'i´s: k'iy] , bestseller, propaganda, expressionist, hindu, careerist;
  • ntg → [ng]: roentgen en [r'eng 'e´n];
  • “-tsya”, “-tsya” → [c:] in verb endings: smile [smile´ts: a], wash [we´ts: a], look, fit, bow, shave, fit;
  • ts → [ts] for adjectives in combinations at the junction of the root and the suffix: children's [d'e'ts k'y], fraternal [brother's];
  • ts → [ts:] / [tss]: athlete men [sparts: m’e´n], send [acs yla´t ’];
  • ts → [ts:] at the junction of morphemes during phonetic analysis online is written as a long “ts”: bratts a [bra´ts: a], ottsepit [atz: yp'i´t'], to father u [katz: y'];
• "D" - when parsing by sounds in the following letter combinations:
  • zdn → [zn]: late [po´z'n' y], starry [z'v'o´zn y], holiday [pra′z'n 'ik], gratuitous [b'izvazm' e′zn y];
  • ndsh → [nsh]: mundsh tuk [munsh tu´k], landsh aft [lansh a´ft];
  • ndsk → [nsk]: Dutch [gala´nsk ’y], Thai [taila´nsk ’y], Norman y [narm´nsk ’y];
  • zdts → [sts]: under the bridles [pad sts s´];
  • nds → [nc]: Dutch s [gala´nts s];
  • rdts → [rc]: heart [s’e´rts e], evina’s heart [s’irts yv’i´na];
  • rdch → [rch "]: heart-ishko [s’erch ’i´shka];
  • dts → [ts:] at the junction of morphemes, less often in roots, are pronounced and when parsing the word it is written as a double [ts]: pick up [pats: yp'i´t '], twenty [two´ts: yt '] ;
  • ds → [ts]: factory [zavats ko´y], kinship [rational tvo´], means [sr’e´ts tva], Kislovods to [k’islavo´ts k];
• "L" - in combinations:
  • sun → [nc]: sun e [so´nts e], sun state;
• "B" - in combinations:
  • vstv → [stv] literal analysis of words: hello [hello uyt'e], feelings about [h'u´stva], sensuality [h'u´stv 'inas't'], pampering about [pampering o´], virgin [d'e´st 'in: y].

Note: In some words of the Russian language, with the accumulation of consonant sounds “stk”, “ntk”, “zdk”, “ndk”, dropping out of the phoneme [t] is not allowed: trip [paye´stka], daughter-in-law, typist, agenda, laboratory assistant, student , patient, bulky, Irish, Scottish.

• Two identical letters immediately after the stressed vowel are transcribed as a single sound and a longitude character [:] in literal parsing: class, bath, mass, group, program.
• Doubled consonants in pre-stressed syllables are indicated in transcription and pronounced as one sound: tunnel [tane´l '], terrace, apparatus.

If you find it difficult to perform a phonetic analysis of a word online according to the indicated rules or you have an ambiguous analysis of the word under study, use the help of a reference dictionary. Literary norms orthoepies are regulated by the publication: “Russian literary pronunciation and stress. Dictionary - reference book. M. 1959

References:

• Litnevskaya E.I. Russian language: short theoretical course for schoolchildren. – Moscow State University, Moscow: 2000
• Panov M.V. Russian phonetics. – Enlightenment, M.: 1967
• Beshenkova E.V., Ivanova O.E. Rules of Russian spelling with comments.
• Tutorial. - "Institute for advanced training of educators", Tambov: 2012
• Rosenthal D.E., Dzhandzhakova E.V., Kabanova N.P. A guide to spelling, pronunciation, literary editing. Russian literary pronunciation. - M .: CheRo, 1999

Now you know how to parse a word into sounds, make a sound-letter analysis of each syllable and determine their number. The described rules explain the laws of phonetics in the format school curriculum. They will help you phonetically characterize any letter.