Textbook Latin, Pokrovskaya Z.A., Katsman N.L., 1981.
The textbook is built on the principle of cyclicity. The material is divided into 17 sections, including theoretical information, training exercises, texts, lexical minimum. The theoretical information is presented with the involvement of both the necessary facts from the history of the Latin language, and comparative material from the native (Russian) and modern Western languages. European languages(English, French, German) Lexical minimum is given with Russian, English, French and German parallels. Several sections are combined into blocks, ending with control work. The first edition appeared in 1969.
BRIEF INFORMATION FROM THE HISTORY OF THE LATIN LANGUAGE.
§ 1. Latin is one of the Indo-European languages, which also include Slavic, Baltic, Germanic, Indian, Iranian, ancient and modern Greek, and others. Together with the ancient Ossian and Umbrian languages, Latin constituted the Italic branch. Indo-European family languages. In progress historical development ancient Italy, the Latin language supplanted other Italic languages and eventually took a dominant position in the western Mediterranean
Comparative-historical study revealed the links that exist between the Latin language and other languages of the Indo-European family. The origin of the Indo-European languages from one language-base is proved; their commonality can be clearly seen even when comparing a number of words included in the main vocabulary of Latin and new European languages.
Fragment from the text.
§ 129. The Latin perfect has two meanings:
a) The perfect expresses an action that ended in the past, regardless of its duration (perfectum historicum).
Veni, vidi, vfci "I came, I saw, I conquered * (Caesar). Here an event is reported that took place in the past for an immediately short period of time and has already ended.
In ea terra diu mansi "I stayed in that country for a long time *. Here the perfect mansi denotes an action covering a relatively large period of time in the past, but also ended.
b) The perfect expresses a state that continues in the present as a result of an action that took place in the past (perfectum praesens). Exegi monumentum I erected a monument" (and it still exists).
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3rd ed. - M.: 1987. - 368s. 2nd ed. - M.: 1981. - 351s.
17 sections of the textbook include information on the phonetics and grammar of the Latin language (in comparison with Russian, German, English and French), exercises, texts with guidelines on their analysis and translation into Russian and lexical minimum. After 5, 12 and 17 sections are placed test papers. The 3rd edition (2nd - 1981) includes guidelines for organizing independent work students, anthology of Latin adapted texts and a Latin-Russian dictionary. For students of correspondence and evening departments of humanitarian faculties of universities. Phonetics, grammar of the language, texts with guidelines translation, exercises, lexical minimum, tests. Reader of Latin texts, dictionary.
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CONTENT
Foreword
Guidelines for part-time students
Brief information from the history of the Latin language
Section I. Phonetics and graphics (14).- Table of the alphabet (15). - Vowels and diphthongs (15). - Consonants (17). - Syllable division and number of syllables (20). - Stress (21). about the verb (24).- Bases and basic forms of the verb (25).- Types of conjugation of the Latin verb (26).- Formation of personal forms of the verb (28).- Praesens ind. act. (29).- Imperallvus (29).- Ways of forming the bases of the perfect and supine (30).- Verb sum (32).
Grammar Analysis and Translation Methodology simple sentence(33). Exercises. Texts for translation. Lexical minimum (34).
Section II. General information about declension (DL).- Types of declension (39).- First declension (40).- Second declension (41).- Adjectives J and II declensions (44).- PiirUcipium perfecti passivi (41).- Personal and reflexive pronouns (45).- Possessive pronouns (46).- Demonstrative pronouns She, isle, is (46).- Definitive pronouns (4,7).- Pronominal adjectives (48). analysis of n repoda of a simple common sentence (50) - Exercises. Texts for translation. Lexical minimum (52).
Section III. Imperfectum ind. act. (56).- Futurutn I ind. act. (57).- The system of the infect (58).- The passive voice (passivum) of the system of the infect (58).- The syntax of cases in the passive construction (60).
Methods of grammatical analysis and translation of a simple sentence with a predicate in the passive voice (61).- Exercises. Texts for translation: De famil "ia Ro-mana. Lexical minimum (62).
Section IV. Third declension (66) .- Third consonant declension (66) .- Sigmatic nominative (67) .- Zero-ending nominative (67) .- Third vowel declension (70) declination (74). - Third mixed declension (75). - Rules for the gender of names of the III declension and the most important exceptions (76).
Technique for sweat shape reconstruction. sg names!P declensions according to the forms of indirect.chade "lei (/8). Exercises. Texts for translation: De Galtia antiqua. Lexical minimum (81).
Section V. The fourth declension (86).- The fifth declension (87).- The Latin declension system (88).- Degrees of comparison of adjectives (89).- Suppletive degrees of comparison (92).- Descriptive degrees of comparison (93).- Syntax cases with degrees of comparison (93). - Adverb (93). Exercises. Texts for translation: In ludo (- in schola). Lexical minimum (94).
Test No. 1 _
Option I (101): De servis Romanoium (103). Option? (103): De nummi? Romanorum (104). Option 3 (105): De animalTbus (106). Option 4 (107): De miiitlbus Romaiiorum (108). Option 5 (109): De diebus (110).
Section VI. Perfect system ( general information! (111).- Tenses of the perfect system of the active voice (111).- Tenses of the perfect system of the passive voice (114). Exercises. Texts for translation. Lexical minimum (116).
Section VII. Demonstrative pronoun hie (120).- Relative and interrogative pronouns (120).- Indefinite pronouns (121).- Negative pronouns (122) declension of numerals (126), syntax of numerals (127).
Methods of grammatical analysis and translation of a complex sentence with a predicate in the indicative mood (128). Exercises. Texts for translation: De cilharista (138), De nauta et agricola (138). Lexical minimum (138).
Section VIII. Prefixes (141).- Verbs complex with sum (142), verb possum (Hi).- Insufficient verbs (144).- Impersonal verbs (144). Exercises. Texts for translation. Lexical minimum (145).
Section IX. Depositional verbs (H8). - Semi-depositional verbs (151). Exercises. Texts for translation. Lexical minimum (151).
Section X. Participles (155): the relative-temporal meaning of the participle (155), rlgtic-ipium TutOri actrvi (156).- Participle turnovers(157): participium conjunclum (13s), ablatlvus absolutus (159).
Methods of grammatical analysis and translation of sentences with participles (1<:2). Упражнения. Тексты для переводов. Лексический минимум (/67).
Section XI. Infinitive (1 71).- Infinitive turns: accusativus cum infiiiitivo (li-), nominativus cum iiifinilivo (178).
Methods of grammatical analysis and translation of a simple sentence with infinitive phrases (180). Exercises. Texts for translation. Lexical minimum (184).
Section XII. Gerundius (168).- Gerundiv (190).- Supin (192).- Impersonal forms of the Latin verb (review) (193).
Methods of grammatical analysis and translation of a simple common sentence with a gerund and a gerund (194). Exercises. Texts for translation Lexical minimum (197).
Control work number 2.
Option 1 (202): De hirundimbus, victoriae nuntiis (203), Quomodo leo capifur (204), Festina lente (204), De Tantalo (204). Grnameii Uim matris (204). Option 2 (205): OedTpus et sphinx (206), De ThemistOcle (206). De Ni5ba (206). Option 3 (207): Roma a Gallis expugnalur (208). Option 4 (209): Ex Giceronis in Calilniam oratione (210). Variant 5 (211): Ulixes apud Cyclopes (213).
Section XIII. Subjunctive mood (2M).- Praesens conj. (215).- Imperfectum conj. (215).- Repeating table of tenses of the infect system (217).- Use of the subjunctive in independent sentences (218).- Subordinate clauses with the union uf: additional (2! 9), goals (221), consequences (221). - Definitive clauses with a touch of purpose or effect (222). - Clauses with conjunctions ut and quod explicalivum (226).
Methods of grammatical analysis and translation of a complex sentence with a predicate in the subjunctive (223). Exercise. Texts for translation. Lexical minimum (226).
Section XIV. Perfectum and plusquamperlectum conjunct Tvi (230). reasons (237), concessions (238).
Methods of grammatical analysis and translation of a complex sentence with a predicate in the subjunctive (continued) (238). Exercises. Text for translation. Lexical minimum (241).
Section XV. Rules for the use of the tenses of the conjunctiva in subordinate clauses (final review) (245): Consecutio temponim (246.) - Indirect question (247). - Indirect speech (248). - Attractio modi (249).
Methods of grammatical analysis and translation of a complex sentence with a predicate in the conjunctiva (end) (249). Exercises. Texts for translation. Lexical minimum (251).
Section XVI, Conditional Periods (254). Exercises. Texts for translation. Lexical minimum (257).
Section XVII. Irregular verbs (260): sum (260). fero(261). volo(263), eo(2f,3). But (265), edo (266), do (266). - Final review (266). Exercises. Texts for translation. Lexical minimum (267).
Control work number 3 ....
Option 1 (271): De crudelitate Darei (272), De leone et aslno et vulpe (272), De Micla (273), De morte Archimedis (273), De Alexandro Magno et Diogene (273), Latona et agrkolae Lycii ( 273). Variant 2 (274): Fraterni amoris exemplum (276), Vestigia terrtnt (275), De crudelitate Lucii Domitii (275), AmbTguum responsum (275), De Horatio Coclite (275). Option 3 (276): Zeuxis et Parrhasius (277), De Sophdcle (277), De Hannibale et Phormione (278). Deucalion et Pyrrha (278). Option 4 (279): Cum grano salis (280). Damfjclis gladius J280), Duke et decorum est pro patria mori (281). Option 5 (282): Responsum inhumanum (283), Desol;s defectione (283), Quomodo nuptiae agebanfur (283), Demosthenis astutia (283)
Case syntax: NominatTvus (284), GenetTvus (285), DatTvus (288), AccusaUvus (289), Ablatlvus (291). Designation of place, space, time (294).
Reader
From ancient mythology and history:
Orpheus et EurydTca (295).- De Pygmalione (296).- Fabula de Amore et Psyshe (296).- De Philemone et Baucjde (297).- De Pyramo et Thisba (298).- De morte HectO-ris (299 ).- De Androclo et leone (299).- Suum judicium quisque habere debet (300).- De Sabinis et Romanis (300).^ De Alexandro Magno et medico Philippo (301).- De bello a Pyrrho in Italia gesto ( 302).- De Hannibalis morte (302).- De morte Epaminondae (303).- EpistuJa et responsum (303).- Gaius Julius Caesar. "War with the Helvetians" (304). - Mark Tullius Cicero. "Speech in defense of the poet Archius" (310). - From the Roman history of the time of Nero (according to the "Annals" of Cornelius Tacitus) (314). - De Subrii Flavii virtute (31 4). - De Poppaea Sabma, Neronis uxore (314). - Pedanii Secundi caedes. Supplicium de f.ervis sumTtur (315).-Romae incendium. supplicium. Supplicium de Cbristianis sumitur (316).
Latin-Russian Dictionary
Systematic Grammar Index
Clauses with unions ut and quod explica tivum (271).<...>The first block combines sections I-V and covers the system infection the indicative mood of both voices, the system of declension of nouns and adjectives, participles, personal, possessive and some demonstrative pronouns.<...>It includes: system perfect the indicative mood of both pledges; verbs complex with essay, deferred and semi-deferred; other pronouns; numerals; morphology and syntax of nominal forms of the verb (infinitive and participial constructions, gerunds and gerunds).<...>31 e) in the presence of groups of three or more consonants, the syllable section passes within the group; while those specified in paragraphs. “c” and “d” combinations are not separated: jъnc tus"connected", castra "camp", monstro "showing"; e) the front-lingual fricative j in the position between vowels denotes two sounds, of which the first one ends the syllable, and the second one begins the next one, for example: major "larger"; g) the prefix stands out: inscrнbo “I enter”, abstнneo “I hold”, despнcio “I look down”, conscientia “consciousness ".<...>An open syllable ends in a vowel (including a diphthong), e.g.: in the words gloria “glory”, floreo “bloom, prosper”, saepe “often” all syllables are open ; in words accep tus“accepted”, passus “step”, vester “your” all syllables are closed; in most words, there are both closed and open syllables, for example: in the word libertas “freedom”, the first syllable is open, the second and third are closed; in the word invenio “I find, invent” the first syllable is closed, the rest are open.<...>An open syllable containing a long vowel (including a diphthong or digraph) is long: insŭlā "island" - the last syllable is long ( abl. sg. cm.<...>Examples: hones tus"honest", frumen tum"bread", trajec tus <...>
Latin_language_textbook_for_universities_(1).pdf
UDC 811.124(075.8) LBC 81.2Lat-923 K30 Reviewer: Department of Classical Philology, Moscow State Linguistic University (Head of Department - Professor M. A. Tariverdiyeva) Katsman, Nina Lazarevna. K30 Latin language: textbook. for students studying in the humanities. specialties and directions / N. L. Katsman, Z. A. Pokrovskaya. - 7th ed., revised. add. - M.: Humanitarian ed. center VLADOS, 2013. - 455 p. - (Textbook for universities). - ISBN 978-5-691-001893-0. I. Pokrovskaya, ZA Agency CIP RSL The textbook contains all the necessary and sufficient material for studying the elementary course of the Latin language in universities of the humanities. The structure of the textbook, namely: the distribution of all material in three cycles, each of which sums up the major topics of Latin grammar and ends with control tasks; a presentation of the methodology for the gradual mastery of the skills of grammatical analysis and translation of texts, in combination with a section on the functional significance of Latin cases in comparison with Russian ones; real and grammatical commentary to the texts, as well as the tests with keys contained in the Appendix to the textbook, provide the most favorable conditions for independent work, which allows it to be used not only in full-time, but also in distance learning, including in the system of self-education. All grammatical and lexical material of the textbook is given on the basis of comparison with Russian and modern Western European languages. For those who would like to continue studying Latin outside the university course, the textbook includes a Reader of Latin texts, compiled from articles of mythological and historical content, as well as from adapted author's texts. UDC 811.124(075.8) LBC 81.2Lat-923 © Katsman N.L., Pokrovskaya Z.A., 1999 © Katsman N.L., Pokrovskaya Z.A., 2013, amended ISBN 978-569101893 0 © VLADOS Humanitarian Publishing Center, 2013
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CONTENTS Preface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Guidelines for part-time students. . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Brief information from the history of the Latin language. . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 SECTION I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Phonetics and graphics (23). - Alphabet table (24). - Vowels and diphthongs (25). - Consonants (27). - Syllabic section and number of syllables (31). - Accent (33). - The most important phenomena of historical phonetics (34). - The grammatical structure of the Latin language (36). - General information about the verb (37). - Bases and basic forms of the verb (37). - Types of conjugation of the Latin verb (38). - Formation of personal forms of the verb (41). - Praesens ind. act. (42). - Imperativus (43). - Ways of forming the bases of perfect and supine (44). - Verb sum (46). Methods of grammatical analysis and translation of a simple sentence (48). Exercises. Texts for translation. Lexical minimum (49). SECTION II. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 General information about declination (54). - Declension types (55). - First declension (56). - Second declension (57). - Adjectives I and II declension (61). - Participium perfecti passivi (62). - Pronouns (62). - Personal and reflexive pronouns (62). - Possessive pronouns (63). - Demonstrative pronouns ille, iste, is (64). - Defining pronouns (65). - Pronominal adjectives (66). - Prepositions (67). Methods of grammatical analysis and translation of a simple common sentence (68). Exercises. Texts for translation. Lexical minimum (71). SECTION III. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Imperfectum indicativi activi (75). Futurum I indicativi acti (76). - Infection system (77). - Passive voice (passivum) of the infect system (78). - Syntax of cases in the passive construction (81). 3
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Methods of grammatical analysis and translation of a simple sentence with a predicate in the passive voice (81). Exercises. Texts for translation: De familia Romana. Lexical minimum (82). SECTION IV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 Third declension (87). - Third consonant declension (87). - Sigmatic nominative (88). - Nominative with zero ending (89). - Third vowel declension (92). - Adjectives III declension (92). - Nouns of III vowel declension (95). - Third mixed declension (96). - Rules for the gender of names of the III declension and the most important exceptions (98). Participium praesentis activi (99). Reconstruction technique for the form nom. sg. names of the III declension according to the forms of oblique cases (100). Exercises. Texts for translation: De Gallia antiqua. Lexical minimum (104). SECTION V. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 Fourth declension (109). - Fifth declension (110). - Latin declension system (111). - Degrees of comparison of adjectives (113). - Suppletive degrees of comparison (116). - Descriptive degrees of comparison (117). - Syntax of cases with degrees of comparison (117). - Adverb (118). - Exercises. Texts to be translated: In ludo (= in schola). Lexical minimum (119). Control work number 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .125 SECTION VI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 Perfect system. General information (139). - Tenses of the perfect system of the active voice (139). The tenses of the passive perfect system (142). Exercises. Texts for translation. Lexical minimum (144). SECTION VII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 Pronouns. Demonstrative pronoun hic (149). - Relative and interrogative pronouns (149). - Indefinite pronouns (150). - Negative pronouns (151). - The collective meaning of the middle gender of pronouns and adjectives (152). - Numerals: quantitative (153), ordinal (155). - Numerical dividing and numeral adverbs (155). - Declension of numerals (156). - Syntax of numerals (157). Methods of grammatical analysis and translation of a complex sentence with a predicate in the indicative mood 4
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(158). - Exercises. Texts for translation: De citharista, De nauta et agricola. Lexical minimum (170). SECTION VIII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 Attachments (174). - Verbs complex with sum (175). - Verb possum, potui, -, posse (176). - Insufficient verbs (177). - Impersonal verbs (178). - Exercises. Texts for translation. Lexical minimum (179). SECTION IX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 Depositional verbs (183). - Semi-depositional verbs (186). - Exercises. Texts for translation. Lexical minimum (187). SECTION X. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 Communions (191). The relative temporal meaning of participles (191). - Participium futuri activi (192). - Participles of irregular verbs (194). - Participle turnovers (195). - Participium conjunctum (195). - Ablativus absolutus (197). Methods of grammatical analysis and translation of sentences with participial phrases (200). Exercises. Texts for translation. Lexical minimum (205). SECTION XI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 Infinitive. Infinitive phrases (210). - Accusativus cum infinitivo (211). - Nominativus cum infinitivo (217). Methods of grammatical analysis and translation of a simple sentence with infinitive phrases (221). Exercises. Texts for translation. Lexical minimum (226). SECTION XII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230 Gerund (230). - Gerundiv (232). - Supin (235). - Impersonal forms of the Latin verb (236). Methods of grammatical analysis and translation of a simple common sentence with a gerund and a gerund (239). Exercises. Texts for translation. Lexical minimum (242). Control work number 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247 SECTION XIII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262 Subjunctive (262). - Praesens conjunctivi (263). - Imperfectum conjunctivi (263). - Irregular verbs (264). - The use of the subjunctive in independent sentences (266). - Relative clauses with conjunction ut 5
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(267). - Additional accessory clauses (268). - Adventitious purposes (269). - Additional consequences (270). - Definitive clauses with a touch of purpose or effect (271). - Clauses with conjunctions ut and quod explica tivum (271). Methods of grammatical analysis and translation of a complex sentence with a predicate in the subjunctive (272). Exercises. Texts for translation. Lexical minimum (275). SECTION XIV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280 Perfectum and plusquamperfectum conjunctivi (280). - Relative clauses with the union cum (283). - Adventitious time (284). - Additional causes (286). - Adverbial determinants with a touch of reason (287). - Subordinate concessions (288). Methods of grammatical analysis and translation of a complex sentence with a predicate in the conjunctiva (continued) (288). Exercises. Texts for translation. Lexical minimum (293). SECTION XV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297 Rules for the use of the tenses of the subjunctive in subordinate clauses (final review) (297). - Consecutio temporum (298). - Indirect question (300). - Indirect speech (301). - Attractio modi (303). Methods of grammatical analysis and translation of a complex sentence with a predicate in the conjunctiva (end) (303). Exercises. Texts for translation. Lexical minimum (305). SECTION XVI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309 Conditional periods (309). - Exercises. Texts for translation. Lexical minimum (312). SECTION XVII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315 Irregular verbs (315): sum (315), fero (316), volo (318), eo (319), fio (321), edo (321), do (322). - Final review (322). - Exercises. Texts for translation. Lexical minimum (323). Control work number 3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327 SYNTAX OF CASES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344 Nominativus (344). - Genetivus (345). - Dativus (348). - Accusativus (350). - Ablativus (352). - Designation of place, space, time (355). 6
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CHRESTOMATY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358 From ancient mythology and history. Orpheus et Eurydica (358). - De Pygmalione (358). - Fabula de Amore et Psyche (359). - De Philemone et Baucide (360). - De Pyramo et Thisba (361). - De morte Hectoris (362). - De Androclo et leone (363). - Suum judicium quisque habere debet (364). - De Sabinis et Romanis (364). - De Alexandro Magno et medico Philippo (365). - De bello a Pyrrho in Italia gesto (366). - De Hannibalis morte (367). - De morte Epaminondae (367). - Epistula et response (368). - Gaius Julius Caesar "War with the Helvetians" (370). - Mark Tullius Cicero "Speech in defense of the poet Archius" (378). - From the Roman history of the time of Nero (according to the "Annals" of Cornelius Tacitus): De Subrii Flavii virtute (383). - De Poppaea Sabina, Neronis uxore (383). - Pedanii Secundi caedes. Supplicium de servis sumitur (384). - Romae incendium. Supplicium de Christianis sumitur (386). LatinRussian Dictionary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389 Systematic index on grammar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455 Appendix I. Roman Calendar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .458 Appendix II. Roman names. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .463 Appendix III. Tests for self-examination of the assimilation of grammatical material. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .465 Keys. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .478 7
