1. A dash is placed when there is a pause in the so-called elliptical sentences (independently used sentences with missing predicate):To the left, in the corner, at the door, on a stool - a bucket of water for those who are thirsty.(Rem.); Behind the gate - the third parade ground, drill, of extraordinary size(Cupr.); Men - for axes ...(A. T.); And you are with your daughter?(Fed.); And in the door - jackets, overcoats, sheepskin coats ...(M.); Behind the night window - fog(Bl.); The Olympic flame is on our land!(Gas.); In the role of offended - small children; And then a moment's silence; Watermelons and melons - mountains; Cows - two; In response - complete silence; Ahead - A. Karpov.

In the absence of a pause, a dash is not put in an elliptical sentence: And in the house there is a knock, walking ...(Gr.); Suddenly there is a deep rut in front of me(L.); The creak of steps along the white streets, the lights in the distance(Fet); Khokhol is on fire! (M. G.); Revolver on the table!(K. T.); On the right is the door to the next room, on the left is the exit to the terrace(this is how remarks are made in plays); This is the whole point.

2. A dash is placed in incomplete sentences with parallelism of constructions (sentences or parts of a sentence): Turkin - next. The author follows(TV); Fence - no. Gate - no. There are no borders. In front of the house - a flower garden, a fence, behind - a square courtyard strewn with fresh sand(Cat.); Her [literature] beauty is in truth, its main meaning is in truth(Kor.); In all the windows - curious, on the roofs - the boys(A. T.); Instead of bread - a stone, instead of teaching - a mallet(S.‑SH.); Here - ravines, further - steppes, even further - desert, at the other end - forests, swamps, moss(Fed.); And above this plow - all the dreams, and under this plow - the whole earth, and the soul - as in the first moment of goodbye, and the soul - like the sail of a ship.(Bl.); Oh, I want to live insanely, to perpetuate everything that exists, to humanize the impersonal, to embody the unfulfilled!(Bl.); Milk soup - for the first, pancakes with cottage cheese - for the second.

3. A dash is placed in incomplete sentences of a special structure, the basis of which is formed by two nouns- in the forms of the dative and accusative cases, without subject and predicate, with a clear intonation division into two parts: Skiers - a good base; Massam - culture; Youth is education. Usually such sentences are used as slogans and newspaper headlines.

4. A dash is placed in dissected (binary) headings, which are incomplete verbless sentences that contain words with the meaning of the subject / object of the action, circumstances (answer the questions: “who - what?”, “Who - where?”, “What - where?", "What - how?", "What - where?" etc.):Masters of Arts - youth; Tourism is for everyone; Detachments - on the road; Heroes are nearby; Cares and joys - in half; New books are hot.

5. A dash is placed in an incomplete sentence, which is part of a complex sentence, when the missing member (usually a predicate) is restored from the previous part of the phrase and a pause is made at the gap: Yermolai fired, as always, victoriously; i'm pretty bad(T.); A hummocky plain floated outside the car window, bushes ran, the distant ones slowly, the near ones raced(A. T.); The voices of the officers grew louder every minute, the words sharper, the arguments more irreconcilable.(Goal.); The world is illuminated by the sun, and man by knowledge(Last); Pick up a few more examples, which ones don't matter; In his eyes - how to get rid of me as soon as possible; Now I understand why he attracts everyone - inflexibility; We set to work cheerfully, they even enthusiastically; It was difficult to determine which of them was right and which was wrong.(cf. without auxiliary verb: It was hard to determine who was right and who was wrong);Some voted for the proposed resolution, while others voted against it.(cf.: Some voted for, others against.);It was dangerous to go further through the quagmire, and to stay too; Only steel alloys can withstand such a temperature, and from light metals, only titanium alloys; Great construction work lay ahead, and most importantly, the construction of a water supply system; You have been here for a long time, and I have only been here for a few days; Some work, pestering their business as common to all, others - trying to benefit only for themselves; Passengers ... stuffed suitcases, bags, bundles, carried pillows, some - to lie with their heads away from the window, some - to head to the window(Ros.); The pockets were double: the inner one was made of linen, the outer one was made of gray calico.(South.); One sodium atom replaces one hydrogen atom, one zinc atom replaces two hydrogen atoms, and one aluminum atom replaces three hydrogen atoms.

In the absence of a pause, a dash is not put in the place where a sentence member is skipped: Yegorushka looked at him for a long time, and he looked at Yegorushka.(Ch.); From of our battery, only Solyony will go on a barge, but we with a combat unit(Ch.); Alyosha looked at them, and they at him(Dost.); The thief has one sin, and the owner and I have ten(Sharp); …You make things long and I make things short(Leon.).

6. A dash is placed in parts of a complex sentence of the same type when a member is omitted (sometimes without a omission): They looked at each other: Raisky with cold curiosity, she with impudent triumph.(Gonch.); In everyone's life there was such a girl. One met his in the laboratory, the other - in the radio room, the third - in the geological party, the fourth - at sea, the fifth - in the sky, at the intersection of air roads(Hump.); Witnesses were talking in the hall - hastily, in discolored voices, judges - reluctantly and indifferently.(M. G.).

1. Dash is put in the presence of a pause in the so-called elliptical sentences (independently used sentences with a missing predicate): To the left, in the corner, at the door, on a stool - a bucket of water for those who are thirsty(Rem.); Behind the gate - the third parade ground, drill, of extraordinary size(Cupr.); Men - for axes ...(A.T.); And you are with your daughter?(Fed.); And in the door - jackets, overcoats, sheepskin coats ...(M.); Behind the night window - fog(Bl.); Olympic flame - on our land!(gas.); In the role of offended - small children; And then - a moment's silence; Watermelons and melons - mountains; Cows - two; In response - complete silence; Ahead - A. Karpov.

In the absence of a pause in elliptical sentences, a dash is not put: And in the house there is a knock, walking ...(Gr.); Suddenly there is a deep rut in front of me(L.); The creak of steps along the white streets, the lights in the distance(Fet); Khokhol is on fire! (M.G.); Revolver on the table!(Tr.); On the right is the door to the next room, on the left is the exit to the terrace(this is how remarks are made in plays); This is the whole point.

2. Dash is put in incomplete sentences with parallelism of constructions (sentences or parts of a sentence): Her[literature] beauty is in truth, its main meaning is in truth(Kor.); In all the windows - curious, on the roofs - the boys(A.T.); Instead of bread - a stone, instead of teaching - a mallet(S.-SH.); Here - ravines, further - steppes, even further - desert, at the other end - forests, swamps, moss(Fed.); Turkin - further. Author - after(TV); And above this plow - all the dreams, and under this plow - the whole earth, and the soul - as in the first moment of goodbye, and the soul - like the sail of a ship(Bl.); Oh, I want to live insanely, to perpetuate everything that exists, to humanize the impersonal, to embody the unfulfilled!(Bl.); Fence - no. Gate - no. There are no borders. In front of the house - a flower garden, a fence, behind - a square courtyard strewn with fresh sand(Cat.); Milk soup - for the first, pancakes with cottage cheese - for the second.

3. Dash is put in incomplete sentences of a special structure, the basis of which is formed by two nouns - in the forms of the dative and accusative cases, without a subject and a predicate, with a clear intonational division into two parts: Skiers - a good base; Massam - culture; Youth - education. Usually such sentences are used as slogans and newspaper headlines.

4. Dash is put in dissected (two-part) headings, which are incomplete verbless sentences, in which there are words with the meaning of the subject of the action, object, circumstances, answering the questions “who - what?”, “Who - where?”, “What - where?” , “what - how?”, “what - where?” and so on.: Masters of Arts - Youth; Tourism is for everyone; Detachments - on the road; Heroes - nearby; Cares and joys - in half; New books are hot.

5. Dash is put in an incomplete sentence that is part of complex sentence when the missing member (usually a predicate) is restored from the previous part of the phrase and a pause is made at the gap: Yermolai fired, as always, victoriously; i am pretty bad(T.); A hummocky plain floated outside the car window, bushes ran, the distant ones slowly, the near ones racing(A.T.); The voices of the officers were getting louder every minute, the words were sharper, the arguments were more irreconcilable.(Goal.); The world is illuminated by the sun, and man - by knowledge(last); Pick up a few more examples, which ones - it doesn't matter; In his eyes - how to get rid of me as soon as possible; Now I understand why he attracts everyone - inflexibility; We set to work cheerfully, they - even with enthusiasm; It was difficult to determine which of them was right and which was wrong.(cf. without auxiliary verb: It was difficult to establish who was right and who was wrong); Some voted in favor of the proposed resolution, while others voted against it.(cf.: Some voted for, others against.); It was dangerous to go further through the quagmire, to stay too; Only steel alloys can withstand such a temperature, and from light metals - only titanium alloys; Great construction work was ahead, and most importantly, the construction of a water supply system; You have been here for a long time, and I - only a few days; Some work, understanding their business as common to all, others - trying to benefit only for themselves; Passengers ... stuffed suitcases, bags, bundles, carried pillows, some - to lie with their heads away from the window, some - to head to the window(Ros.); The pockets were double: inner - made of linen, outer - made of gray calico(South.); One sodium atom replaces one hydrogen atom, one zinc atom replaces two hydrogen atoms, and one aluminum atom replaces three hydrogen atoms.

In the absence of a pause, a dash is not put in the place where a sentence member is skipped: Yegorushka looked at him for a long time, and he looked at Yegorushka.(Ch.); From our battery, only Solyony will go on a barge, while we with a combat unit(Ch.); Alyosha looked at them, and they at him(Dost.); The thief has one sin, and the owner and I have ten(Sharp); …You make things long and I make things short(Leon.).

1. Dash is placed between the subject and the predicate in the absence of a link, if both main members of the sentence are expressed by nouns in the form of the nominative case: Lonelinessin creativity - heavything(Ch.); Nextstation - Mytishchi;Moscowgames- beautifulacademysports creativity(gas.).

Usually, dash put:

1) in sentences that have the character of a logical definition: Geometry - departmentmathematicians, studying the spatial forms and relations of bodies;

2) in sentences of book-writing styles (scientific, journalistic, official business) containing a description, assessment of an object or phenomenon: Matter- objectivereality,existing outside and independently of human consciousness;Disarmament- decreetime;

3) in sentences of identity (subject and predicate express the same concept): Moscow is the capitalRussia;

4) after homogeneous subjects: Kazan, Nizhny Novgorod, Saratov, Volgograd, Astrakhan- the largestcitiesthe Volga region;

5) with structural parallelism of parts of the sentence: Diligentin the brigadetreasure, lazy- heavy burden;

6) to clarify the meaning of the proposal; compare: Olderhis sister - teacher;Oldersister is his teacher.

Note. In some cases, the dash is usually not put:

1) in sentences of a colloquial style of speech that are simple in composition: My mother is an engineer; My brother is a schoolboy;

2) if the role of the ligament is comparative conjunctions as, as if, as if, exactly, as if, as if and so on.: speeches as speeches(Furm.); The stars are like small diamonds; The clouds are like fabulous monsters; Today the sky is like a sea.

Deviations from this position among classical writers and among modern authors are associated with the previous punctuation norms or with the desire to emphasize the shade of comparison contained in the predicate: Your words are like a sharp knife(L.); Such a phrase is like a big helmet in jumble(T.); This girl is like a holiday!(Azh.); The duration of the war - what is the life of a century(TV);

3) if the predicate is preceded by negation not: This officer is not like you(Fed.); … The Ussuri tiger is not a fairy tale at all, almost reality(March.); Poverty is not a vice(line); The heart is not a stone(line); Analogy is not proof.

Setting a dash in this case aims to logically and intonationally emphasize the predicate: But an explanation is not an excuse(M.G.); His views on family etiquette - is it not a prejudice ?;

4) if there is an introductory word between the subject and the predicate, sometimes an adverb, union, particle: Dubava seems to be a friend of Korchagin(AND ABOUT.); Risk, as you know, is a noble cause; Totally reckless actstepdangerous;Sergeevnow famousartist; FirSametreeresinous;MarchonlyStartspring. Wed the presence or absence of a dash, depending on the specified conditions: Ivanov- goodchess player; Ivanov,seems to be goodchess player(Availability introductory word); Ivanovnow experiencedchess player(the presence of an adverb); Ivanovalso a famous chess player(the presence of a union); Ivanovjust a beginnerchess player(presence of a particle);

5) if the predicate is preceded by a minor member of the sentence related to it: Stepanusneighbour(Sh.); Kolyato meFriend;

6) if the predicate precedes the subject: Beautifulman Ivan Ivanovich!(G.); gloriousplacethisvalley!(L.); PicturesqueIndian people(Gonch.); not badstudentthisboy. The setting of the dash in this case emphasizes the intonational division of the sentence into two compositions: gloriouspeople are neighborsmy!(N.); amazingcase- dream(T.); Psychologicalcuriosity - my mother(Ch.); Nimblelittle thing - umishkohuman(M.G.); coffin - road(TV);

7) if the subject in combination with the predicate forms an indecomposable phraseological phrase: penny pricetheory that captures some patterns(Goal.); Two of a Kind(pom.).

2. Dash is placed between the subject and the predicate if both of them are expressed in the indefinite form of the verb (infinitive) or if one of the main members is expressed in the nominative form of the noun, and the other in the indefinite form of the verb: About what was decidedspeak- onlyconfuse(M.G.); Our duty is to protecta fortress until our last breath(P.); Of course it's bigart - wait(Inc.); Teadrink- not firewoodchop(last); forceturn me off the right path -pipes!; Writemediocre thingsit doesn't take any talent(infinitive in the function of the nominative theme, the predicate is expressed in a whole sentence); It would seem that,which is easier to writeresponse letter(cf.: Writing a letter is easy).

But (with inversion and no pause): Whichhappinesssonhug!(dolm.)

3. Dash placed before words it, it is, it means, it means, here, adding the predicate to the subject: Catchruff or perch - this isbliss!(Ch.); Sports and culture - here are two keysto joy, beauty(gas.); To understand is to forgive; Latestautumn - Thiswhen the rowan shrivels from frost and becomes,as they say,"sweet"(Prishv.) - the whole sentence acts as a predicate.

4. Dash is put if both main members of the sentence are expressed by cardinal numbers or if one of them is expressed by the form of the nominative case of the noun, and the other by the numeral or turnover with the numeral: twenty years- goodthing(Sim.); Partings and meetings- twomainparts,from which someday there will be happiness(Dolm.); Three times five is fifteen; The speed is sixty kilometers per hour.

Note. In the specialized literature, when characterizing an object, a dash is often not put in this case: Crane lifting capacity 2.5 t, boom reach 5 m; The melting point of gold is 1063°C.

5. Dash is placed between the subject, expressed in an indefinite form of the verb, and the predicate, expressed by the predicative adverb (state category) on -o, if there is a pause between the main members of the sentence: Giving in is shameful(Tendr.); This is veryunbearable - move(Gonch.); Thisawful - scareat the last moment; It's fuckingfun - rideon the boat[cf. without pause: Rideon the boatfunny; Judgea man in disfavoreasily(L.T.)].

6. Dash is placed before the predicate, expressed phraseological phrase: Both woman and mannickel couple(Ch.); And the porchGod bless another prince(A.T.); He now earnsBe healthy;Seryozha - seventh water on jelly for you and me.

7. With the subject expressed by the word This,dash is put or not put depending on the logical selection of the subject and the presence or absence of a pause after it. Wed:

This is the beginningall beginnings. - It's not badStart; This is loneliness(Ch.). - This is homeZverkova(G.).

8. A dash is usually not put if the subject is expressed by a personal pronoun, and the predicate is expressed by the nominative form of the noun: He is a corruption, he is a plague, he is an ulcerlocal places(Cr.); I'm honestHumanand never give compliments(Ch.).

Dash in this case put:

1) with logical underscore: I am pageto your pen. I will accept everything. I am white page. I -the keeperyour good...(Color);

2) in opposition: I am a manufacturer, you are a ship owner(M.G.); She is completeclewnot ditches, butHe - embodimentOlympic tranquility;

3) in case of structural parallelism of sentences or parts of a sentence: Without youI- starwithout light. Without youI- creatorwithout peace(Br.); We - Peoplerestless becauseWe - in replyfor the planet, Two people, he and she, walked side by side: he is youngHumanin a dark suit, she is young, very prettyyoung womanin a flowery dress;

4) with the inversion of the main members of the proposal: Herothis performance - I; Exampleto that he.

9. A dash is not put if one of the main members is expressed by an interrogative pronoun, and the other by a noun in the form of a nominative case or a personal pronoun: Tell me,Whois yoursFriend,and I'll tell youwho are you;Thiswhose book?Who are you?

10. A dash is usually not put if the predicate is expressed by an adjective, a pronominal adjective, a prepositional-nominal combination: The weather is unbearable, the road is bad, the driver is stubborn ...(P.); The earth is great and beautiful(Ch.); Cherrymy garden!(Ch.); Sky withoutunifiedcloud; PeopleHereextraordinary kindness.

Dash before the predicate-adjective is placed:

1) with logical or intonational division of a sentence: Pupils - feline, long(Sh.); Heightnear the scattered houses of the farm -command(Kaz.);

2) in the presence of homogeneous predicates: Rhythm Suvorov School - clear, fast, military (gas);He has changed a lot:gait, movements, facial features,evenlook - softer, calmer, simpler;

3) with structural parallelism of parts of the sentence: The night is warm, the sky is blue, the moon is silver, the stars are brilliant.

11. In footnotes, a dash separates the explained word from the explanation, regardless of the form of the predicate: Poseidon - in ancient Greek mythology, the god of the seas;Pegasus - considered a symbolpoetic inspiration.

1. Dash is put in the presence of a pause in the so-called elliptical sentences (independently used sentences with a missing predicate): To the left, in the corner, at the door, on a stool - a bucket of water for those who are thirsty(Rem.); Behind the gate - the third parade ground, drill, of extraordinary size(Cupr.); Men - for axes ...(A.T.); And you are with your daughter?(Fed.); And in the door - jackets, overcoats, sheepskin coats ...(M.); Behind the night window - fog(Bl.); Olympic flame - on our land!(gas.); In the role of offended - small children; And then - a moment's silence; Watermelons and melons - mountains; Cows - two; In response - complete silence; Ahead - A. Karpov.

In the absence of a pause in elliptical sentences, a dash is not put: And in the house there is a knock, walking ...(Gr.); Suddenly there is a deep rut in front of me(L.); The creak of steps along the white streets, the lights in the distance(Fet); Khokhol is on fire! (M.G.); Revolver on the table!(Tr.); On the right is the door to the next room, on the left is the exit to the terrace(this is how remarks are made in plays); This is the whole point.

2. Dash is put in incomplete sentences with parallelism of constructions (sentences or parts of a sentence): Her[literature] beauty is in truth, its main meaning is in truth(Kor.); In all the windows - curious, on the roofs - the boys(A.T.); Instead of bread - a stone, instead of teaching - a mallet(S.-SH.); Here - ravines, further - steppes, even further - desert, at the other end - forests, swamps, moss(Fed.); Turkin - further. Author - after(TV); And above this plow - all the dreams, and under this plow - the whole earth, and the soul - as in the first moment of goodbye, and the soul - like the sail of a ship(Bl.); Oh, I want to live insanely, to perpetuate everything that exists, to humanize the impersonal, to embody the unfulfilled!(Bl.); Fence - no. Gate - no. There are no borders. In front of the house - a flower garden, a fence, behind - a square courtyard strewn with fresh sand(Cat.); Milk soup - for the first, pancakes with cottage cheese - for the second.

3. Dash is put in incomplete sentences of a special structure, the basis of which is formed by two nouns - in the forms of the dative and accusative cases, without a subject and a predicate, with a clear intonational division into two parts: Skiers - a good base; Massam - culture; Youth - education. Usually such sentences are used as slogans and newspaper headlines.

4. Dash is put in dissected (two-part) headings, which are incomplete verbless sentences, in which there are words with the meaning of the subject of the action, object, circumstances, answering the questions “who - what?”, “Who - where?”, “What - where?” , “what - how?”, “what - where?” and so on.: Masters of Arts - Youth; Tourism is for everyone; Detachments - on the road; Heroes - nearby; Cares and joys - in half; New books are hot.

5. Dash is put in an incomplete sentence, which is part of a complex sentence, when the missing member (usually a predicate) is restored from the previous part of the phrase and a pause is made at the gap: Yermolai fired, as always, victoriously; i am pretty bad(T.); A hummocky plain floated outside the car window, bushes ran, the distant ones slowly, the near ones racing(A.T.); The voices of the officers were getting louder every minute, the words were sharper, the arguments were more irreconcilable.(Goal.); The world is illuminated by the sun, and man - by knowledge(last); Pick up a few more examples, which ones - it doesn't matter; In his eyes - how to get rid of me as soon as possible; Now I understand why he attracts everyone - inflexibility; We set to work cheerfully, they - even with enthusiasm; It was difficult to determine which of them was right and which was wrong.(cf. without auxiliary verb: It was difficult to establish who was right and who was wrong); Some voted in favor of the proposed resolution, while others voted against it.(cf.: Some voted for, others against.); It was dangerous to go further through the quagmire, to stay too; Only steel alloys can withstand such a temperature, and from light metals - only titanium alloys; Great construction work was ahead, and most importantly, the construction of a water supply system; You have been here for a long time, and I - only a few days; Some work, understanding their business as common to all, others - trying to benefit only for themselves; Passengers ... stuffed suitcases, bags, bundles, carried pillows, some - to lie with their heads away from the window, some - to head to the window(Ros.); The pockets were double: inner - made of linen, outer - made of gray calico(South.); One sodium atom replaces one hydrogen atom, one zinc atom replaces two hydrogen atoms, and one aluminum atom replaces three hydrogen atoms.

In the absence of a pause, a dash is not put in the place where a sentence member is skipped: Yegorushka looked at him for a long time, and he looked at Yegorushka.(Ch.); From our battery, only Solyony will go on a barge, while we with a combat unit(Ch.); Alyosha looked at them, and they at him(Dost.); The thief has one sin, and the owner and I have ten(Sharp); …You make things long and I make things short(Leon.).

6. Dash is put in parts of a complex sentence of the same type when a member is omitted and even without a omission: They looked at each other: Paradise - with cold curiosity, she - with audacious triumph(Gonch.); In everyone's life there was such a girl. One met his in the laboratory, the other - in the radio room, the third - in the geological party, the fourth - at sea, the fifth - in the sky, at the intersection of air roads(Hump.); Witnesses spoke in the hall - hastily, in discolored voices, judges - reluctantly and indifferently(M.G.).

1. Dash put to indicate the place of disintegration simple sentence into word groups to emphasize or clarify semantic relations between members of a sentence, when the desired meaning cannot be expressed by other punctuation marks or word order. Wed:

I couldn't walk for a long time(i.e., was deprived of the opportunity to move for a long period, for example, after a serious illness). - Walk for a long time - could not(i.e., could not engage in long walking);

In case of need, please(i.e., if necessary, please contact me). - In case of need, please(i.e. I make a request when I am in need).

Such a dash is called an intonational dash, it can separate any part of a sentence: ... Unstoppable, irretrievably gushing life. Bring bowls and plates! Every plate will be small, the bowl will be flat(Color); Let's go to the club - read, play checkers, dance - a dash before homogeneous circumstances of the goal emphasizes their connection with the predicate (cf. also: I take binoculars - observe); Everyone loved him - for his inherent perseverance, willpower, for the full-bloodedness of his whole being; Pedestrians were approaching the station - with bundles, bags, suitcases - homogeneous members sentences refer to the predicate and have the meaning of an addition, and in the absence of a dash, they could be perceived as inconsistent definitions for the subject: I - what, you are a major specialist(cf.: Does he not agree to leave?).

2. There is also intonation dash, which is placed between the members of the sentence to express surprise or to indicate logical stress: And they threw the pike - into the river(Cr.); A few minutes later the chains rattled, the doors opened, and Shvabrin entered.(P.).

1. Dash is placed between two or more words to indicate limits ("from ... to"):

1) spatial: non-stop flightMoscow - Khabarovsk;Through this village it was possible to go to the big roadUralsk - Lbischensk - Sakharnaya - Guryev(Furm.);

2) temporary: CrusadesXI-XIII centuries;The theater's repertoireJanuary March;

3) quantitative: Manuscript volumeten - twelvecopyright sheets(same in numbers: 10 - 12 ); Cargo weighing 300 - 350 tons;5 - 7-fold superiority.

Note. If between two adjacent numerals it is possible to insert not words from to, a word or, then they connect hyphen:Will be on a business tripfive sixdays(but with a digital designation, a dash is put: ... 5 - 6 days).

2. Dash is placed between two or more proper names, the totality of which is called any doctrine, scientific institution, etc.: physical lawBoyle - Mariotte;MatchKarpov - Kasparov;MatchTorpedo Moscow - Metalist Kharkiv.

3. Dash placed between individual words to show the internal connection between them: Congress ended International Union architects, held under the motto"Architecture - Human - environment» (gas.); Yesterday Today Tomorrow.

1. Dash is put in the presence of a pause in the so-called elliptical sentences (independently used sentences with a missing predicate): To the left, in the corner, at the door, on a stool - a bucket of water for those who are thirsty(Rem.); Behind the gate - the third parade ground, drill, of extraordinary size(Cupr.); Men - for axes ...(A.T.); And you are with your daughter?(Fed.); And in the door - jackets, overcoats, sheepskin coats ...(M.); Behind the night window - fog(Bl.); Olympic flame - on our land!(gas.); In the role of offended - small children; And then - a moment's silence; Watermelons and melons - mountains; Cows - two; In response - complete silence; Ahead - A. Karpov.

In the absence of a pause in elliptical sentences, a dash is not put: And in the house there is a knock, walking ...(Gr.); Suddenly there is a deep rut in front of me(L.); The creak of steps along the white streets, the lights in the distance(Fet); Khokhol is on fire! (M.G.); Revolver on the table!(Tr.); On the right is the door to the next room, on the left is the exit to the terrace(this is how remarks are made in plays); This is the whole point.

2. Dash is put in incomplete sentences with parallelism of constructions (sentences or parts of a sentence): Her[literature] beauty is in truth, its main meaning is in truth(Kor.); In all the windows - curious, on the roofs - the boys(A.T.); Instead of bread - a stone, instead of teaching - a mallet(S.-SH.); Here - ravines, further - steppes, even further - desert, at the other end - forests, swamps, moss(Fed.); Turkin - further. Author - after(TV); And above this plow - all the dreams, and under this plow - the whole earth, and the soul - as in the first moment of goodbye, and the soul - like the sail of a ship(Bl.); Oh, I want to live insanely, to perpetuate everything that exists, to humanize the impersonal, to embody the unfulfilled!(Bl.); Fence - no. Gate - no. There are no borders. In front of the house - a flower garden, a fence, behind - a square courtyard strewn with fresh sand(Cat.); Milk soup - for the first, pancakes with cottage cheese - for the second.

3. Dash is put in incomplete sentences of a special structure, the basis of which is formed by two nouns - in the forms of the dative and accusative cases, without a subject and a predicate, with a clear intonational division into two parts: Skiers - a good base; Massam - culture; Youth - education. Usually such sentences are used as slogans and newspaper headlines.

4. Dash is put in dissected (two-part) headings, which are incomplete verbless sentences, in which there are words with the meaning of the subject of the action, object, circumstances, answering the questions “who - what?”, “Who - where?”, “What - where?” , “what - how?”, “what - where?” and so on.: Masters of Arts - Youth; Tourism is for everyone; Detachments - on the road; Heroes - nearby; Cares and joys - in half; New books are hot.

5. Dash is put in an incomplete sentence, which is part of a complex sentence, when the missing member (usually a predicate) is restored from the previous part of the phrase and a pause is made at the gap: Yermolai fired, as always, victoriously; i am pretty bad(T.); A hummocky plain floated outside the car window, bushes ran, the distant ones slowly, the near ones racing(A.T.); The voices of the officers were getting louder every minute, the words were sharper, the arguments were more irreconcilable.(Goal.); The world is illuminated by the sun, and man - by knowledge(last); Pick up a few more examples, which ones - it doesn't matter; In his eyes - how to get rid of me as soon as possible; Now I understand why he attracts everyone - inflexibility; We set to work cheerfully, they - even with enthusiasm; It was difficult to determine which of them was right and which was wrong.(cf. without auxiliary verb: It was difficult to establish who was right and who was wrong); Some voted in favor of the proposed resolution, while others voted against it.(cf.: Some voted for, others against.); It was dangerous to go further through the quagmire, to stay too; Only steel alloys can withstand such a temperature, and from light metals - only titanium alloys; Great construction work was ahead, and most importantly, the construction of a water supply system; You have been here for a long time, and I - only a few days; Some work, understanding their business as common to all, others - trying to benefit only for themselves; Passengers ... stuffed suitcases, bags, bundles, carried pillows, some - to lie with their heads away from the window, some - to head to the window(Ros.); The pockets were double: inner - made of linen, outer - made of gray calico(South.); One sodium atom replaces one hydrogen atom, one zinc atom replaces two hydrogen atoms, and one aluminum atom replaces three hydrogen atoms.

In the absence of a pause, a dash is not put in the place where a sentence member is skipped: Yegorushka looked at him for a long time, and he looked at Yegorushka.(Ch.); From our battery, only Solyony will go on a barge, while we with a combat unit(Ch.); Alyosha looked at them, and they at him(Dost.); The thief has one sin, and the owner and I have ten(Sharp); …You make things long and I make things short(Leon.).

Incomplete sentences- these are sentences in which a member of the sentence is missing, which is necessary for the completeness of the structure and meaning of this sentence.

The omitted members of the sentence can be restored by the participants of the communication from the knowledge of the situation referred to in the sentence.

For example, if at a bus stop one of the passengers, looking at the road, says: "It's coming!", the rest of the passengers will easily restore the missing subject: Bus goes.

Missing sentence members can be restored from the previous context. Such contextually incomplete sentences are very common in dialogues.

For example: - Is your company assigned to the forest tomorrow? asked Prince Poltoratsky. - My. (L. Tolstoy). Poltoratsky's response is an incomplete sentence in which the subject, predicate, circumstance of place and circumstance of time are omitted (cf.: My the company is assigned to the forest tomorrow ).

Incomplete constructions are common in complex sentences:

Everything is obedient to me I am nothing (Pushkin). The second part of the complex unionless proposal (I am nothing) is an incomplete sentence in which the predicate is missing (cf.: I not obedient nothing).

Note!

Incomplete sentences and one-part sentences are different phenomena.

IN one-part sentences one of the main members of the sentence is missing, the meaning of the sentence is clear to us even without this member. Moreover, the structure of the sentence itself (the absence of a subject or predicate, the form of a single main member) has a certain meaning.

For example, the form plural verb-predicate in an indefinitely personal sentence conveys the following content: the subject of the action is unknown ( There was a knock on the door), not important ( He was wounded near Kursk) or hidden ( I was told a lot about you yesterday).

IN incomplete sentence any member of the sentence (one or more) can be omitted. If we consider such a sentence out of context or situation, then its meaning will remain incomprehensible to us (cf. out of context: My; I am nothing).

In Russian, there is one kind of incomplete sentences in which the missing member is not restored and is not prompted by the situation, the previous context. Moreover, the "missing" members are not required to reveal the meaning of the sentence. Such sentences are clear and out of context, situations:

(Peskov).

These are the so-called "elliptical sentences". They usually have a subject and a minor member - a circumstance or addition. The predicate is missing, and we often cannot tell which predicate is missing.

Wed: Behind the back located / located / visible forest .

And yet, most scientists consider such sentences to be structurally incomplete, since the secondary member of the sentence (adverb or object) refers to the predicate, and the predicate is not represented in the sentence.

Note!

Elliptic incomplete sentences should be distinguished: a) from one-part denominative ( Forest) and b) from two-part - with a compound nominal predicate, expressed in the indirect case of a noun or adverb with a zero connective ( All trees in silver). To distinguish between these structures, the following must be considered:

1) one-part nominal sentences cannot contain circumstances, since the circumstance is always associated with the predicate. Among the minor members in nominal sentences, the most typical are agreed and inconsistent definitions.

spring forest; Entrance to the hall;

2) The nominal part of the compound nominal predicate- a noun or adverb in a two-part full sentence indicates a sign-state.

Wed: All trees are in silver. - All trees are silver.

Omitting a member within a sentence in oral speech may be marked with a pause, in place of which a dash is put on the letter:

Behind is a forest. Right and left - swamps(Peskov); Everything is obedient to me, but I am nothing(Pushkin).

The most regular dash is placed in the following cases:

in an elliptical sentence containing a subject and a circumstance of place, an object, - only if there is a pause in oral speech:

Behind the night window - fog(Block);

in an elliptical sentence - in case of parallelism (uniformity of sentence members, word order, forms of expression, etc.) of structures or their parts:

in incomplete sentences built according to the scheme: nouns in the accusative and dative cases (with the omission of the subject and predicate) with a clear intonational division of the sentence into parts:

Skiers - a good track; Youth - jobs; Young families - benefits;

in an incomplete sentence that is part of a complex sentence, when the missing member (usually a predicate) is restored from the previous part of the phrase - only if there is a pause:

The nights are darker, the days are cloudier(in the second part, the link is restored become).

Incomplete sentence parsing plan

1. Specify the type of offer (full - incomplete).
2. Name the missing part of the sentence.

Sample parsing

Men - for axes(A.N. Tolstoy).

The offer is incomplete; missing predicate grappled.