Spelling of the words "also" and "similarly" depends on what part of speech we have. The rule is this: the union is written together, the adverb with the particle is written separately.

Separate spelling

It is correct to write “same” if “so” is an adverb and “same” is a particle. They are used to compare objects.

• She strove to be like a friend in everything: she painted her lips just as brightly, spun in front of the mirror for a long time and drawled her words in a mannered way.
• It was April, and the snow was still falling in flakes outside.

Clue: try to insert after "the same" the phrase "like".

• Same as me She hates cream.
• Animals just like people who know how to love.

Consolidated spelling

"Also" is a union that was formed by merging an adverb with a particle. It needs to be written fluently.

• The artist was nervous before the performance, there was also excitement in the hall.
• The dollar, like the euro, also continues to grow rapidly.

Clue: the union "also" can be replaced by another union - "and".

• The artist was nervous before the performance, And there was excitement in the hall.
• AND The dollar, like the euro, continues to grow rapidly.

Ask a question

The spelling of the word also depends on the question. To the adverb with a particle, you can ask the question “how?”. But such a number will not work with the union, since it is not independent part speech.

Dropping a Particle

Consider this proposal:

• My day went the same as yesterday.

Keeping in mind that the particle "same" gives only the effect of amplification, let's try to discard it. What did we get?

• My day went the same as yesterday.

The sentence was absolutely not affected, which means that in this case, “the same” should be written separately.

Now another example:

• My friend loves sushi and rolls, I also love Japanese food.

Let's try again to drop the same. And here's what we get:

• My friend loves sushi and rolls, I love Japanese food so much.

There is clearly something wrong with the offer. No wonder, because in this case we did not discard the “same” particle, but tore off a piece of the union! Remember: in such a situation, our word is spelled together.

At the same time, if you replace also with the same, the meaning will not change. This is a compelling reason for continuous writing.

• My friend loves sushi and rolls, I also love Japanese food.

Synonyms

The following synonyms correspond to the adverb with the particle “same”:

1. in the same way
2. similar,
3. like,
4. as well as,
5. as well as,
6. like,
7. Seems like,
8. equally
9. similarly.

The union "also" can be replaced by the words:

1. Same,
2. equally,
3. at the same time,
4. in the same way.

Remember that a well-chosen synonym can solve a number of spelling problems.

Hard case

There are, however, difficult situations when the meaning can be determined only by a broad context, which includes several sentences, or by intonation.

• The girl was also very beautiful.(This girl was as beautiful as the other.)
• He was also determined.(And he was determined.)

Punctuation

Our words have their own punctuation features when written in writing. For example, after an adverb with the particle "same" the word "like" often follows. We are used to the fact that a comma is usually placed before "how". But this is not always fair. Let's look at examples:

• I, like most students, count on a scholarship.

(= I, like most students, count.)

• I, like most students, count on a scholarship.

(= I count in the same way, to the same extent.)

We hope our article helped you understand the difference between the conjunction "also" and the adverb with the particle "same". Always pay attention to the context - it will help resolve any difficulties. And also do not forget to be guided by the rules and tips. And for dessert - an instructive linguistic tale.

On the power of friendship

Once upon a time there was an adverb So and a particle Zhe. So she always shunned Zhe, because she considered herself superior to her.

- I am an independent word! And who is she? said Tak, turning up his nose.

But she silently endured insults and sometimes even left the offer so as not to be next to the arrogant Tak. Perhaps they would never have become friends, if not for one case.

Union And once fell ill. So much so that he could not get out of bed and take his rightful place in the sentence: "And friendship is important to us." And after all, as luck would have it, all his closest friends left - there was no one to replace the unfortunate one! Then the words decided to gather advice.

- How can we be! If I does not get into a sentence, it will lose its meaning!

- Sorry poor thing. But we can all lose our jobs.

And all the words quietly wept. Suddenly, Tak came up to Zhe and, lowering his head, whispered:

- I'm sorry. Let's be friends. I know we can help.

Zha smiled affably, held out her hand to Tak, and said:

Friendship is also important to us.

And then a miracle happened: the proposal made sense! The words raised astonished eyes to former enemies and beamed. They are saved!

Since then, Tak and Zhe have become such friends that you can’t spill water. And if they ended up in a proposal separately, they still supported each other.

E.V. Paducheva, 2017

1 General information about turnover one or the other

turnover one or the other actively participates in the expression of referential oppositions in the noun phrase. In frequency, it is comparable to some categories of pronouns; cf. any– 19324 entries in the Corps, one or the other– 14798 entry. So this turnover should be considered along with ordinary pronouns.

By distribution turnover one or the other close to non-referential pronoun some and acts in contexts of withdrawn affirmativeness (see Non-referential pronouns and [Paducheva 2005]). However, in many contexts, turnover one or the other interchangeable with pronoun some, whose main use is referential, although use in the meaning of ‘some’, non-referential is also acceptable (see Pronouns of obscurity). See examples where one or the other interchangeable with some in the meaning of ‘any’ and has a commitment to the context of sublated assertiveness. The examples emphasize the context that creates the removed affirmativeness.

(1) Accepting and implementing in life this or that decision, we proceed from the available knowledge and the possibilities for their application. [" Information Technology» (2004)] = some solution; = any solution

(2) Staging one or another questions in philosophy Always rather than answering the question. [IN. A. Uspensky. Wittgenstein and the Foundations of Mathematics (2002)]

(3) …three times a month published extensive articles on one way or another questions. [YU. O. Dombrovsky. The monkey comes for his skull (1943-1958)]

(4) I also feel bad, I also don’t know sometimes, how to solve this or that problem. [A. Kirillin. I won't take it with me (2012)]

(5) Firm periodically arrests this or that Russian state property abroad. ["Tomorrow" (2003)] = some, distributive context: in different cases different

In the context of example (6) some source could be understood as a single source, but or(as part of separate turnover anonymous or famous) prevents such an interpretation, so that a replacement is possible one or another on some with distributive meaning (i.e. there are many different sources):

In (7) the replacement one or the other on some would remove the multiplicity and therefore impossible:

(7) And suddenly something broke inside and it didn’t burn me anymore to appear in this or that place past life. [A. Ilichevsky. Persian (2009)]

Pronoun That easy to substantiate It was not a court, but a court). For one or the other substantiation is not normative:

(8) - We all die sooner or later from one or another. From something [T. Solomatina. Sonina America (2010)]

In the same function as one or the other, sometimes there is a combination one or the other:

(9) But there are times when we read the Gospel, and before us one or the other the passage does not come through. [Metropolitan Anthony (Bloom). On the Christian Life (1990)]

(10) It happens that a person commits one or the other like an insignificant act - and suddenly sees its consequences. [Metropolitan Anthony (Bloom). On Repentance (1995)]

2 Interchangeability with some And some

The main competitor of turnover one or the other- this is, as mentioned above, a pronoun some. Pronouns for -That are localized in the classification of indefinite pronouns as referential indefinite (specific indefinite). But they are used broadly, in the sense of non-referential indefinite (non-specific indefinite). turnover one or the other can be replaced with a pronoun - That in its function of non-referential indefinite. But the replacement for some in examples (2)–(5) is undesirable.

In many contexts one or the other can be replaced with some(the context that creates the removed affirmativeness is underlined):

(11) I thought she will say this or that meaningless word. [A. Hair. Real Estate (2000)] = some

(12) In the end All received one or the other typhus in addition to what they were brought with. [D. Granin. Bison (1987)] = some

(13) Then come back here, work up sides with one way or another herd. [AND. Boyashov. Mouri's Way (2007)] = c some

(14) In Morocco, it is convenient to find the main street: it Always named after one or another king. [M. Gigolashvili. Red Chills of Tingitana: Notes on Morocco (2006)] = some

(15) ...the Ministry of Economic Development and Trade is sure that one or the other a mechanism for collecting rent soon will accepted. [“Weekly Magazine” (2003))] = some

(16) Each work was evaluated, every The team has been commended for this or that nominations. ["Folk Art" (2003)] = some

(17) – If dad likes it one or the other kit, he says: “This is really la perla!” ["Brownie" (2002)] = some

In (18), the replacement is possible one or the other on some but not on some(which would remove the multiplicity):

(18) Only Sometimes, one or the other the idly staggering turret looked at the Skull - in order to once again be convinced of his complete madness. [AND. Boyashov. Tankman, or "White Tiger" (2008)] = some

One or the other fundamentally different in distribution from some something that is impossible in a uniquely episodic (veridicative) context, which for some is basic. Wed:

(19) He decided some difficult task - * He solved this or that difficult task.

One or the other is replaced by some in veridative contexts only as part of phrases in one way or another, more-less, see examples (20)–(23).

(20) He valued Athanasius as the only person in Belozersk, more-less familiar with foreign speech. [E. Vodolazkin. Laurel (2012)]

Usually in this case there is a plural object in the proposition, and different elements of the set have the predicable property to different degrees:

(21) Because you all more-less you are in the back. [AND. Naumov. Harlem–Detroit (2007)] ( different people to varying degrees)

(22) In the military campaign against Yugoslavia more-less took part 14 NATO members. ["Aerospace Defense" (2004)]

(23) Both wrote according to the book, both, in my opinion, more-less spoke unflatteringly about their former guards. [B. Grishchenko. Stranger in the Kremlin (2004)]

B (24) in one way or another used in a non-veridative context, but it can still be replaced only by to some extent and cannot be replaced by to some extent. To some extent And more-less- This stable combinations. So you can't say to some extent, *to some extent:

(24) Three "circles" of languages ​​can be distinguished, which necessary V this or that least proficient: [LiveJournal entry with comments (2004)] = to some extent

Words All, every, Sometimes, Always give rise to a distributive context: these are distributing sets. In the context of distributivity one or the other can be replaced by some.

In (25) rather one or the other = some; but also every time its own; possible replacement for some and on some:

(25) Sometimes they were called to famous offices, asked to illuminate one or the other an episode of a foreign trip - please cover it!.. [A. Azolsky. Lopushok (1998)]

In (26), distributivity arises from the fact that the verb has a multiple meaning.

(26) In the voice of grandfather Arseny requested Ustin give him one or the other instrument, but it turned out worse than Christopher's. [E. Vodolazkin. Lavr (2012)] – distributivity; = some; = some

turnover one or the other expresses distributivity better than some. Thus, in (27) it is impossible to replace this or that on some, since oil companies are different, and with some it turns out that the oil company is one

(27) The entire Caspian is divided into squares of private production this or that oil company. [A. Ilichevsky. Persian (2009)]

In (28), it is possible to change one or the other on some but not on some:

(28) ... on what grounds can a challenge be declared one way or another juror candidate? ["Newspaper" (2003)]

In (29) it is rather appropriate not some, A some(which gives significance to the object introduced into consideration, see Pronouns of weak definiteness); again, some inappropriate:

(29) Then he moved on to his favorite topic: since when this or that principality can be considered integral part countries? [M. Gigolashvili. Ferris Wheel (2007)]

So there are three possibilities:

1) Replacement possible one or the other on some and on some– example (1).

2) Can be replaced by some but not on some– examples (2)–(5), (28), (29) and as part of turnovers to some extent /degree.

3) Can be replaced by some but not on some– example (15).

3 Non-interchangeability with some And some

There are, however, contexts where one or the other cannot be replaced by some, nor on some. For example:

(30) Sometimes, if you look closely, it became noticeable that he was completely sober, and on this or that company throws attentive glances, listening to conversations. [D. Rubin. White dove of Cordoba (2008-2009)] = ‘first to one, then to another’, impossible some, impossible some

Let's consider such examples in more detail.

1) There is a large group of examples where one or the other expresses the certainty, the givenness of the object. It looks like this is the case when one or the other does not coincide in meaning with any of the indefinite pronouns of the Russian language, but has its own. Here it is possible to replace words close to pronouns definite or the.

(31) First it is necessary to determine what function should be performed in the state one or the other body, and then provide it with the necessary personnel and means. [“Domestic Notes” (2003)] = definite

(32) The state was especially generous in the distribution of air in 1996 - a wave of bills providing benefits fell upon the country one way or another categories. [“MN Time” (2003)] = certain; Not some; Not somehow

(33) Therefore, the number of those who, in a sociological survey, consider themselves to be this or that religious tradition - this is the "religious" resource of Russia. ["Weekly Magazine" (2003)] = to a certain; ≠ to some

(34) Citizens will be informed which international organizations it works with this or that department and what is its mailing address. [Izvestia (2003)] = every given

(35) ...children often cannot even read and translate a sentence correctly, let alone explain how Why selected one or the other Possible answer. [School Practice Report (2003)] = the, ≠ some

(36) The real elite sometimes traveled abroad, and the number and frequency of trips meant both the loyalty of a member of this elite to the regime and the favor of the regime to one way or another to a person. [WITH. Esin. Marquis Astolfe de Custine. Spirit mail, or Russia in 2007. Transcription to domestic Sergei Esina (2008)] = given; ≠ to some

(37) ... do not retreat from the first failure, but your own example show How need to go to this or that situations. [A. Lugovskaya. If a child is afraid to go to school (2002)] = given, ≠ some; one or the other shows that situations are different.

(38) Sometimes not only the client or agent cannot understand what lies behind this or that wording, but also the author of this wording. [“The Stock Exchange Plus Your Home” (2002)] = given, ≠ some

[show note]

The common property of this group of examples is the wide scope of the turnover one or the other, cf. in (31): For a particular body, it is important what role it will play in the state. In the examples where one or the other interchangeable with some, narrow scope.

2) In (39), (40) one or the other nothing can replace it - except that it can be omitted: one or the other Here it is similar in function to the indefinite article.

(39) But he cannot but look back when accepting one or the other decisions for high-ranking officials. ["Tomorrow" (2003)] ≠ some; ≠ certain

(40) - Cho-cho-cho-cho! - Bichiko mutters passionately, with a wave of one hand showing that the issue of supplying ice this or that outlet is not decided by him, but in a much more high spheres. [F. Iskander. Poor Demagogue (1969)] ≠ some; = some

B (41) one or the other can't be replaced either:

(41) Studied, How mortality depends one or the other organisms from the action of various doses of ionizing radiation. [D. Granin. Bison (1987)] ≠ some

3) It is categorically impossible to replace one or the other on some in examples (42), (43), where one or the other appears in its literal meaning (i.e. union or expresses disjunction):

(42) Soon, when all the predators flock to the feeder in turn, after having had their fill, they sit down to rest, while the new ones hunt, it will become clear to us How many lives in this area one or the other types. [A. Ilichevsky. Persian (2009)] = different

(43) If a steel ball is placed on mica, having previously heated it in the flame of an alcohol lamp, the ball will not remain in one place, but will roll into one way or another direction. [IN. Lukashik, E. Ivanova. Collection of problems in physics. 7-9 cells. (2003)] = now in one, now in the other; in different; ≠ in some

If the turnover is "broken", it can only have a literal meaning and cannot be replaced by some; so, in (44) in the first occurrence we can replace one or the other on some, but not in the second.

(44) Why one or the other the card lies in envelope or otherwise, unclear; it seems that he just stuffed them where he needed to. [A. Makushinsky. Valley City (2012)]

Another example of "broken" one or the other.

(45) To say that I can sensibly explain why Kolya called Togo human or otherwise, it's hard for me. [IN. Sharov. The Resurrection of Lazarus (1997-2002)]

4) In (46) this or that means relevant, Although one or the other it has no meaning - it is inspired by the context:

(46) The latter, by means of numerous sensors, analyzes the load and, depending on the situation, goes to this or that fuel and air program. ["Autopilot" (2002)]

5) In (47), in the context of negation, this or that means 'whatever':

(47) After that, he opened his eyes, slowly sobering up, listening to his sobering up, but slowly giving him this or that assessment. [F. Iskander. The way from the Varangians to the Greeks (1990)]

In (48), (49) one or the other used illegally - I must say, no, none:

(48) Nowadays one or the other type of anesthesia in isolation is practically not used. ["100% Health" (2002)]

(49) Don't preach one or the other abstract ideals. [T. Solomatina. Big Dog, or "An Eclectic Picturesque Babylonian Tale of the Buried" (2009)]

6) In some examples one or the other interchangeable with such and such. Wed the use of both expressions in a similar context in (50) and in (51):

(50) But in the end, art has some kind of constant value, which does not change from what you are in such and such testing time one or the other feelings. [G. A. Gazdanov. Evelina and Her Friends (1968)]

(51) Sometimes the multiplicity is such that one can justifiably assert: in such and such area cannot be placed this or that production. ["Chemistry and Life" (1970)]

4 Semantics of turnover one or the other: generalization

Thus, one or the other plays the role of a kind of joker, performing the functions of all indefinite pronouns, including whatever, some, some And such and such, and in addition, functions that no indefinite pronoun can perform. But most often one or the other synonymous some.

In all cases, when for one or the other a replacement for some pronoun was chosen, the feeling remains that the original sentence was better than the transformed one. Apparently because one or the other removes opposition different types uncertainty and leaves a freer, less semantically loaded version. Yes, replacing some possible in (52), but at the cost of stylistic impoverishment of the phrase.

(52) Some people were paid huge sums of money just for attending one way or another event. [A. Slapovsky. 100 years later. Letters to the Unborn Son (2009)] (meaning an element of many different activities)

B (53) one or the other has a literal meaning, i.e. meaning directly derived from its internal form. And here one or the other cannot be replaced by some, nor on definite, nor on some, nor on whatever:

(53) Almost all the astronomical works that I published during this time originate in this or that chapter of my first work… [“Knowledge is power” (2003)] = ‘in one or in another or in a third…’; disjunction, and the set is concrete-referential, defined

With such a wide range of contextually determined meanings, one can hardly think that turnover this or that it will be possible to assign one general or original meaning, from which all these particular meanings would follow under the pressure of the context. Attribute to turnover this or that some particular meanings, like other pronouns, is also not possible, cf. difficulties with some and with some.

It remains an indisputable fact that in the vast majority of examples it is possible to replace one or the other on some(or otherwise - one or the other means 'some'). But one or the other introduces into consideration a set of DIFFERENT from each other (from the point of view, important in this context) objects, see example (53), A some X, by itself, stands for one object, and for substitution to be possible, the multiplicity must arise from the context.

In a veridical context one or the other only allowed in combinations in one way or another/ degree, see examples (20)–(23). Out of these combinations one or the other in a veridative context it looks strange. Wed (54a), (55a), (56a) where the context is non-veridative, and (54b), (55b), (56b), where it is veridical.

(54) a. First, she<власть>eliminates the need to become the owner one or another body mass media and thus bear the cost burden. ["Top Secret" (2003)] = some not equal some

b. * Power has become the owner one or another media organ.

(55) a. … this includes all those who one form or another engages in entrepreneurial activities, with the exception of hired managers) ... [“Domestic Notes” (2003)] = in some

b. ??? He is doing business in one or another form.

(56) (=32) a. The state was especially generous in the distribution of air in 1996 - a wave of bills providing benefits hit the country one way or another categories. [“MN Time” (2003)]

b. *This law provides benefits one way or another categories .

5 Statistics

According to Corpus data, turnover one or the other stylistically not neutral. There is a noticeable difference in the frequency of circulation in different types of texts: the largest is in the Subcorpus of Written scientific texts, the smallest - in the Subcorpus of oral non-public speech, see Table 1 (modern texts).

Table 1. Turnover frequency one or the other in texts different types(texts from 1950)

turnover one or the other becomes common no earlier than the second half of XIX c., and from that moment on, its frequency increases markedly, see Graph 1.

Graph 1. Turnover frequency one or the other, ipm (Main body)

Separate uses, however, are found in the Corpus even earlier, cf. including a few examples of the middle of the 18th century that do not reveal any semantic differences from modern ones. The first entry in the Corps - 1750 (Tatishchev).

(57) More than that, it seems that perhaps it was the reason for him, when from the nobles, each according to his inclination this or that He praised faith, in order to more accurately show the truth of the difference to everyone, judged through this embassy to certify. [IN. N. Tatishchev. Russian history in seven volumes. Volume two (1750)]

After several examples of the 1750s - 1760s. (Tatishchev, Skovoroda, Catherine II) the next use in the Corpus dates back to 1823 and before the 2nd half. 19th century examples are occasional.

The data given above are not related to the stylistic imbalance of the Corpus (i.e., the fact that among the modern texts of the Corpus there is a higher percentage of scientific and journalistic texts), as one might assume (or at least they do not boil down to it), but really reflect diachronic trend, cf. a similar picture for the Fiction Subcorpus in Table 2.

Table 2. Turnover frequency one or the other in literary texts

IN literary texts turnover one or the other penetrates later. First occurrence - 1864 (Leskov), examples of the 19th century. are not numerous and are characteristic of specific authors (turnover was found only in 10 authors, i.e. in 9% of the total number of authors of texts of the 2nd half of the 19th century). Later, throughout the 20th century. turnover is growing significantly.

6 Appendix

The Appendix provides additional examples with turnover one or the other, interchangeable with some.

(58) - Generally All Men in to some extent robbers. [IN. Gubarev. Three on an Island (1950-1960)] = to a certain degree; sustainable combination

(59) Climbing plants are also suitable for masking old stumps, dried trees, which can be removed by this or that reason is not possible. ["Garden DIY" (2003)] = for some, ≠ for some

(60) Including one or the other objects in priority construction, the governor receives very important benefits. [" Soviet Russia» (2003)] = some

(61) ... at each point there is a big boss, and he requires to connect with one or the other division or unit. [A. Rybakov. Heavy Sand (1975-1977)] = with some

(62) It has long been noticed that when one or the other a country, this or that people is experiencing a turning point in its history, mostly tragic, associated even with global changes, then inevitably there are theories and individual ideologists who come forward with a refutation Slavic origin their peoples. [Vestnik RAS (2003)] = some

(63) Handicraft products were distributed throughout the territory of the Chernyakhov culture among its population regardless from belonging to one way or another ethnos. [Vestnik RAS (2003)] = to some, = to a certain

(64) Do you want to live in it? - Why not? If you are young, healthy and not subject to one way or another reasons for joining the army? [Izvestia (2002)] = for some

(65) You can write a book called: "Transformation Machine", in which to talk about the work of the artist, show how one or the other life impressions are transformed in the mind of the artist into images of art. [YU. K. Olesha. Speech at the First All-Union Congress Soviet writers (1934)] = some

(66) Practice, in fact, is not ahead of the curve, but only explains after the cause and effect one or the other events. [T. Solomatina. Nine months, or "Comedy of female positions" (2010)] = some

(67) Competitions are events that boil down to the subjective choice of one of many according to one way or another signs. [A. Slapovsky. 100 years later. Letters to an Unborn Son (2009)] = for some, for some

(68) With the existing approach, the determination of the amount of information is associated with the removal of uncertainty from the recipient of the message when solving this or that tasks. [Information Technology (2004)] = some

(69) …any there is a feeling one or the other degree of pain. [A. Ilichevsky. From the book "Donkey Jaw" (2008)] = some

(70) Every man in this or that degrees of selfishness. ["The Case" (2002)] = in some

(71) Over each detachment fluttered multi-colored bayraks (banners) with tribal signs on the panels and bunchuks with horse tails, indicating belonging to one hundred or another. [M. B. Salimov. The Tale of the Last Khan (2010)] = to some or to this

Currently, addiction is defined as “a painful desire of a person to replace his spiritual incompleteness through chemical substances, material objects, mental processes or human relations. In addition to chemical, there is dependence on drugs, nicotine, food, disease regimen, relationships. Thus, alcoholism and drug addiction are just the tip of the iceberg.
It is important to clearly understand that a person uses alcohol and drugs not because of his original depravity and propensity for a criminal lifestyle, but because an uncontrolled disease that does not depend on the will of a person arises. Thus, at first a person becomes ill, and as a result of this disease, his behavior becomes antisocial.

2. Main types of dependencies:
The disease has two main forms:
* physical (chemical) - the physiological need of the body for the next dose of a narcotic substance. If this substance does not enter the body, a person experiences an extremely painful condition - withdrawal syndrome. Its manifestations can be tremor of the extremities, headaches, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, hallucinations, disturbances of reason and memory may occur.
And the need for a drug and withdrawal do not depend on the will of a person, character, just as a cough in a patient with tuberculosis does not depend on his desire. Medicine is not yet able to treat such disorders, so diseases with chemical addiction chronic, progressive and incurable.

* Mental - spiritual need to return to a state of drug intoxication. (Unlike a bad habit, it is impossible to cope with mental dependence by willpower.) And this is also not a bad habit, but a disease. An addicted person can rejoice, experience positive emotions only by using drugs. This is largely due to the peculiarities of the disturbed innate metabolism: in particular, the lack of endorphins. Each time, everything is required to achieve the desired effect. large quantity drug. Alcohol or drug, from the point of view of Pezishkian's positive therapy, is a substance that gives a feeling of warmth, security, confidence and thus performs the function of a family, making life conflicts bearable.

3. The main signs and stages of alcoholism and drug addiction. ALCOHOLISM is a disease with a progressive (progressive) course, which is based on a pathological addiction to ethyl alcohol. The term was introduced by the Swedish physician M. Huss in the middle of the 19th century.
Alcohol has a euphoric (improves mood), sedative, relaxing effect on a person. Many people need to achieve this effect: neurotics, people with poor social adaptation, working with emotional and physical overload. However, even a heavy drinker may not be an alcoholic. If at any moment he can say “no” to himself and stop, he is not an alcoholic.
An alcoholic is a person who is in the grip of attraction, i.e. if he is not able to stop drinking after the first drink, having previously made such a decision. Practice shows that an alcoholic forever loses the ability to control himself when drinking alcohol and drink moderately, like other people. It is enough for an alcoholic to drink the first glass, and even after many years of abstinence, the craving phenomenon arises.
The book Alcoholics Anonymous relates this case: “An alcoholic businessman in his 30s realized that he couldn't get anywhere if he didn't stop drinking. And he decided that until he succeeded in business, he would not take a drop in his mouth. A man of exceptional will, he did not drink for 25 years and retired at 55 with a brilliant career and good health. And then he fell victim to the illusion, which all alcoholics feed, that long-term sobriety and self-control will allow him to drink like ordinary people. After 2 months, he was already in the hospital, and after 4 years he died, turning into a complete ruin. Thus, alcohol is a cunning, domineering, confusing mortal enemy.
In the development of alcoholism, a large role is played by: the social environment, the situation in the family, upbringing, traditions, heredity, the ability to adapt to stress. It is important to understand that this is a really dangerous deadly disease, and not weakness of will or promiscuity, as many people think.
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), death due to alcoholism is the 3rd after cardiovascular and oncological diseases. 60-70% of men who abuse alcohol die before the age of 50: alcohol poisoning, sudden cardiac arrest, injuries, suicides and murders (about half are committed while intoxicated). Concomitant diseases: peptic ulcer, cardiovascular disorders, injuries, further: cirrhosis of the liver, polyneuritis, brain disorders. In women - diseases of the gastrointestinal tract (pancreatitis, hepatitis, cholecystitis, gastritis). World statistics of recovery from chronic alcoholism is as follows: men 3%, women - 1%. Alas, the alcoholic is almost incurable. Since alcohol has no nutritional value, but contains only calories, a person is essentially starving himself to death. This is a slow form of suicide.

Degrees of intoxication:
- light: euphoria, relaxation, physical comfort, communication is facilitated, self-confidence, complacency and talkativeness. (In persons who have suffered a traumatic brain injury, psychopaths, an atypical form is possible - aggression)
- medium: there may be a transition to an irritable, even angry state, speech becomes slurred, temperature and pain sensitivity decreases, coordination is disturbed, unmotivated actions are possible. After the symptoms of intoxication: headache, thirst, weakness, apathy. (help: drink 2 liters of potassium permanganate solution and induce vomiting)
- severe: loss of consciousness up to coma, spontaneous defecation and urination. (help: urgently call an ambulance. Vomiting cannot be caused, aspiration of vomit is possible).

(Note: in persons with impaired nervous system(epilepsy, encephalopathy, psychopathy), as well as as a result of severe stress pathological intoxication may occur - strong arousal (fear, anger, rage, stupefaction and complete loss of consciousness). Duration - from several minutes to several hours, then - weakness and deep sleep. They are declared insane in case of an offense.)

Stages of alcoholism:
- First: loss of control, growing tolerance, the transition to systematic drunkenness.
- Second: the maximum tolerance of alcohol (up to 2 liters of vodka per day), daily drinking for many years (constant attraction and physical abilities). There is an abstinence syndrome (hyperemia of the face, palpitations, trembling in the body and tremor of the limbs, dyspepsia, pain in the heart), which is relieved after a "hangover". There may also be sleep disturbances, guilt, anxiety, depression, nightmares.
An alcoholic character and alcoholic thinking are formed: increased excitability, weakness of mind, tearfulness, at the same time emotional and moral indifference (all attention is only on alcohol).
Third: tolerance decreases, smaller doses are required, tk. the liver is no longer able to decompose alcohol, binges, irresistible attraction. Degradation of the body and spirit (deceit, theft, cynicism).

ADDICTION.
There are several types of drug addiction:

Substances Signs of use Manifestations of AS
OPIATES: poppy drugs, morphine, codeine, methadone, heroin, pinpoint pupils, moist eyes, nasal discharge, constant thirst, severe weight loss, dilated pupils, increased blood pressure, abdominal colic, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, pain in the body and joints
Psychostimulants: cocaine, crack, ephedrine, amphetamine, mephedrine, caffeine, theophylline, nicotine, antidepressants (enhancers) dilated pupils, absurd behavior, fever, overdose tremor, muscle spasms, anxiety, hallucinations depression, irritability, drowsiness
Depressants: barbiturates, tranquilizers, hypnotics: seduxen, relanium, elenium, tazepam, etc. reducers drowsiness, drunken gait, slurred speech, emotional disinhibition, nausea, vomiting, convulsions, seizures, hallucinations
HALLUCINOGENS (psychedelic):
psilobicine, peyote cactus mescaline, fly agaric, marijuana, LSD, atropine, medical anesthesia ketamine, callipsol dilated pupils, redness of the face and eyes, rapid, dryness of the mucous membranes of the lips, mouth, nose, increased appetite manifestations may be absent, strong mental addiction. Hippie, psychedelic art
INHALANTS:
gasoline, acetone, glue, aerosols nausea, vomiting, headaches, impaired coordination and control encephalopathy.

from Narcotics Anonymous:
"What is a drug addict? Our whole life and thoughts revolved around drugs - get it, take a dose, get the means to get more. We lived to use drugs and took drugs to live. It's very simple: a drug addict is a person whose life is controlled by drugs. We returned to normal many times - but only to start using them again. It turned out that the disease caught us in a trap. We were forced to manipulate people, lie, steal, trade ourselves, our spirit was broken, the ability to feel like a person was lost.

It is mental dependence, the spiritual need to return to a state of drug intoxication that is the reason why a person, even after undergoing expensive treatment, returns to the former. You can remove the breakage, encode, i.e. to remove physical dependence, but the addict is practically powerless to resist mental dependence. He does not know how to live full life, does not know how to rejoice, create normal relationships with people, he feels like a stranger at this celebration of life. And so the craving for "chemical joy" is irresistible.

The need for a drug does not depend on the will of a person, character, just as a cough in a patient with tuberculosis does not depend on his desire. Medicine is not yet able to treat such metabolic disorders, so diseases with chem. addiction recognized modern science chronic, progressive and incurable.

The only condition of life for an alcoholic and a drug addict is to completely refuse to take alcohol or drugs. It is extremely difficult to end an addiction, to achieve a state of purity. This usually happens when a person realizes that he is on the verge of life and death, and says to himself - "That's it, it can't go on like this." Psychologists call this state conversion.
Each person can only have their own personal experience conversions, therefore, unfortunately, we cannot force the other to change, even knowing that he is dying. I would like to recall a case when parents, trying to protect their child from drugs, chained him to a radiator for whole weeks so that he could not go out for another dose. Such a struggle is useless. It destroys the remnants of trust.

If drug trouble has come to the house, it is important to accept that there are no clear and quick recipes for salvation. In this situation, the primary duty of loved ones is to immediately seek help. Moreover, as practice has shown, help is required, first of all, to the family members of a drug addict. The situation will not resolve itself, but will only get worse. It is important to know how to live on so as not to become accomplices of the disease. Where to turn and what technique can help?

4. Psychotherapy when working with chemical addiction.
4.1. At stage 1, it is important to stop taking drugs, to stop their effect on the psyche. There must be complete and immediate abstinence. This is the doctor's job. Doctors at this stage often use Antabuse for alcoholics, cyclazocine or methadone for drug addicts. (If the addict begins to drink while taking these drugs, he begins a violent attack of the disease).
Then you need to find a replacement for the drug, something more interesting. Addicts are people who do not know how to rejoice, they do not love themselves and do not know how to love others. Once drug-free, they feel empty, discovering, as Eric Berne writes, that there is always something perverse or unpleasant in their relationships with people. If there is nothing to replace the drug, very little has been achieved.
World experience shows that people are the best substitute for the drug. The patient must learn to appreciate living people and relationships with them more than a drug. The technique that leads to success is to make a missionary out of a drug addict or alcoholic.
In terms of time, the replacement process takes at least a year, abstinence for a shorter period does not give stable results!)

4.2. Alcoholics Anonymous.

The 12-step program of Alcoholics Anonymous (AA), founded on June 10, 1935, has proven itself well. (Akron, Ohio).
Alcoholics, having experienced all possible methods of cure, realized that the only way to cope with this disease is to completely abandon alcohol as a deadly poison (you won’t drink potassium cyanide!). Life experience taught them that it is impossible for a person to overcome the pathological craving for the first glass. They admitted their powerlessness over alcohol.

This is the first step of the program: to give up, to admit that you are incapable of coping with the problem in this matter. Despite its obviousness, this is the most difficult step, it is easier for people who have already reached the last line.
The second step is the conviction that only a Power greater than man himself can help restore his sanity. This is the moment of gaining the highest power of the Creator to the extent that a person understands it.
(“From now on, something that can be called the Creator, God, Supreme Intelligence, Universal Intelligence will be our guide, and we will be the doers of His will. He is our father, and we are his children.”)
Awareness of presence Higher Power often produces rapid change in the state of an alcoholic, he acquires peace of mind, as if born again.
The third step is gaining confidence in the readiness to finally surrender to the will of the Creator.
(“Lord, I commit myself to you in order to create and create with my participation, as You please. Free me from the fetters of selfishness so that I can better fulfill Your Will. Remove what burdens me so that this victory will be a testament to those whom I wanted to help, relying on Your strength, Your love and understanding of the path You have ordained. May your will be done forever.")
Refusal of egocentrism, humility is a powerful psychotherapy.
The fourth step is inventory, putting things in order in your personal household. Honest Analysis past life, compiling a list of people, institutions, principles in relation to which anger, fear and resentment were experienced. Getting rid of negative feelings, forgiveness, gaining adequate self-esteem.
The fifth step is confession. You need to tell your whole life, not hiding any character flaws, or dark corners to a person who knows how to understand, keep a secret, not condemn. Such an understanding is more possible between recovering alcoholics who have experienced similar problems. Experience shows that an alcoholic cannot fully trust either relatives, or psychotherapists, or another healthy person.
The sixth and seventh steps are the willingness to get rid of your shortcomings and turning to the Creator:
(“I want, my Creator, that You accept me with everything that is in me, both good and bad. I ask You to free me from the shortcomings of my character that prevent me from being useful to You and others. Give me the strength to fulfill Your Will .").
Eighth step: making a list of people who have been harmed. A request to the Almighty to be filled with the desire to make amends.
Step 9: Faith without action is dead: making amends for the harm done to these people, unless it could harm someone else. Goal-setting: not just to put your life in order, but to change it in such a way as to bring maximum benefit to the world and people.
Tenth step: correcting mistakes on the new path, developing understanding and self-control. Here it is necessary to develop new models of behavior in oneself, replacing them with old, painful habits.
Step 11: Daily invocations to the Creator and deep reflection. May Your will be done!
Step 12: Help other addicts. It is in caring for the ward that the addict can forget about his problems.
AA has 3 simple mottos:
Live and let live.
First of all, the most important thing.
The quieter you go, the further you'll get.
and Prayer for Peace of Mind:
God give me reason and peace of mind
accept what I cannot change;
the courage to change what I can;
and wisdom to distinguish one from the other. Reinhold Niebuhr
So: Recovery is possible only with spiritual evolution.
It is important to know:
- what is the problem
- what to do to recover
- how to work to achieve the goal.

4.3. Active relaxation method
An important method of prevention and support of patients during the rehabilitation period is active relaxation (AR). As an integral part of the system of psychophysical recovery and self-improvement (PAPHOS), AR can become the basis of a powerful preventive effect, a healthy lifestyle style. The process of neuromuscular relaxation increases the efficiency of moving away from negative feelings and thoughts towards positive thinking. There is a desire to engage in health and self-improvement, there is an interest in one's appearance and its improvement, dietology, hardening, self-massage, various exercise therapy exercises, and aesthetic therapy. This is a strong support for spiritual and aesthetic development and the formation of immunity to addictions.

At the stage of treatment (even the initial phases), AR is only a powerful aid to special methods of treatment. In addition to the general health-improving role, reducing inadequate psychophysical stress, developing methods of self-control and self-assessment, it allows solving the following problems:
1. eliminate the vacuum of time, being an effective means of employment therapy, especially when cravings occur.

2. increase the level of endorphins, especially in temporary risk zones. It is known that under the influence of high psycho-physical loads, which are experienced, for example, by professional athletes, the concentration of endorphins in the body increases, the so-called. "Little addiction". Selection and phased correction individual programs Intense physical activity, in a satisfactory state of health, show that as AR is firmly introduced into the daily routine, endorphins are released, which reduces the need for poor anesthesia.

3. Great importance have special psychophysical exercises in combination with self-hypnosis formulas (recorded on cassettes), which, when constantly carried out, create a center of “competing dominant” in the cerebral cortex. Using these exercises when cravings occur can significantly reduce cravings.
4. In severe withdrawal syndrome, the emphasis is on the mental component with the gradual inclusion of somatics: ideomotorics - light massage - water procedures - light stretching - rhythmic walking - elements of aerobics, etc. All this is in a complex attitude towards AR as a lifestyle and rehabilitation.

4.4. Behavioral Therapy in AA
Behavior change is Long procces for which sufficient motivation is required. Desirable behavior is formed as a result of observing or imitating those role models that enjoy social approval.
Rhode Island J. Prochaska and C. Di-Clemente identified 5 stages of behavior change:
1. prethinking (information about the need for changes)
2. reflection (formation of motivation)
3. decision making (planning, goal setting)
4. action (help)
5. maintenance new form behavior (social support, positive reinforcement)

5. Working with the addict's family.
essence explanatory work in the patient's family consists in the rejection of categorical expectations, the development of readiness for possible breakdowns, the development of sanogenic (health) thinking, when the emphasis is not that “it broke, everything is in vain, nothing will work out”, but “lasted, you can stop drinking, next once you last even longer.. "

You need to understand that an alcoholic may not drink for many years, but he still remains a sick person, and he may have breakdowns, he cannot be provoked even by the situation. Pity, love, endure and not reproach, do not reproach even in thoughts, try to increase the periods of abstinence and patiently wait for the way out of breakdowns. It is important to constantly remind your loved one: "I love you, but I do not accept drunkenness", then you unite against a common enemy - alcohol. Otherwise, you are left alone and inevitably lose. “Misunderstanding” on the part of loved ones most often increases the desire to go into alcohol.
When it is clear that a relapse is imminent, make a promise to never drink on an empty stomach, at least drink 2 glasses of water and eat a piece of bread.

There was a desire to drink - you need to eat a hearty and tasty meal, take a sedative (seduxen, fenozepam, sonapaks - 1-2 tablets). Helps sweet, chocolate. If he can, let him reduce the strength of alcohol: he takes dry wines, dilutes vodka with water, in no case switching to fortified wines - they knock out the pancreas, affect the psyche. Try to postpone this moment as long as possible, understanding how hard it is for him, reminding him that every effort of will - even for an hour !!! - leaves a trace in the psyche, and the next effort will be easier. NO EFFORT IS WASTE - fixed conditioned reflex lays the foundation for more successful attempts. The longer you can hold out, the greater the success. Yes, there can be failures, but there is no absolute success either.
If spring drags on and May is still cold, we still have no doubt that summer will come. Therefore, try to get the maximum satisfaction from the “good” days” and patiently wait for the “bad” days to pass. Love, patience and sincerity help in this. Arrogance, pity, silent reproach, poorly concealed contempt - provoke a loved one to a breakdown. As Kipling wrote: "Know how to forgive and do not seem, forgiving, more generous and smarter than others."

6. CODEPENDENCE (CO)
Unfortunately, rare people succeed in such reasonable behavior. It is common knowledge that if there is an alcoholic or drug addict in the family, the whole family is sick. If the alcoholic is dependent on the drug, then his loved ones are dependent on his uncontrollable and often threatening behavior. Their psychological status is defined as "codependent".
Codependency, as defined by the 1st conference on this issue in 1989. (Arizona, USA) - "this is a stable state of painful dependence on compulsive forms of behavior and the opinions of other people, which is formed when a person tries to gain self-confidence, realize his own significance, define himself as a person."
SA is learned self-defeating behavior. These are the patterns that prevent people from forming more joyful, healthy relationships. At the heart of SZ is a deep rupture of a person with himself. Each member of a dysfunctional family has serious problems. In such a family, everyone lacks true love, care and warmth. The method of dependence on the self-defeat model is absolutely similar to the alcohol one. Therefore, the cure is successful according to the 12-step program (for relatives, this is Al-Anon).

The global problems of mankind - resource, food, demographic - all of them have, to one degree or another, access to environmental issues. But it also has a great influence on these and other problems of mankind. GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS OF HUMANITY

Until the very last period of the Earth's history, the living systems of the planet evolved in almost complete harmony with the atmosphere, lithosphere and hydrosphere, without being influenced by human activity. But as agriculture and industry developed, human impact on the environment became more noticeable. Widespread industrialization, especially during the last two centuries, has led to potentially dangerous levels of pollution.

ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS This is the problem of the relationship between society and nature, the preservation of the environment. The load on environment in the second half of the 20th century. Every hour: 55 people are poisoned and killed by pesticides and other chemicals; 1000 people die from poisoned water; 2000 tons of acid rain falls in the northern hemisphere.

Ozone hole - a local drop in the concentration of ozone in the ozone layer of the Earth. According to the theory generally accepted in the scientific community, in the second half of the 20th century, the ever-increasing impact of the anthropogenic factor in the form of the release of chlorine- and bromine-containing freons led to a significant thinning of the ozone layer. The problem of the ozone layer. Image of the Antarctic ozone hole, September 2000.

Life on Earth appeared only after the protective ozone layer of the planet was formed, covering it from cruel ultraviolet radiation. For many centuries, nothing foreshadowed trouble. However, in recent decades, intensive destruction of this layer has been noticed. The problem of the ozone layer arose in 1982, when a probe launched from a British station in Antarctica detected a sharp decrease in ozone at an altitude of kilometers. Since then, an ozone "hole" of varying shapes and sizes has been recorded over Antarctica all the time. According to the latest data for 1992, it is equal to 23 million square kilometers, that is, an area equal to the whole of North America. The problem of the ozone layer.

The problem of acid rain is one of the most acute global problems of the present and the foreseeable future is the problem of the increasing acidity of precipitation and soil cover. Every year, about 200 million solid particles (dust, soot, etc.), 200 million tons of sulfur dioxide (SO2), 700 million tons of sulfur dioxide are released into the Earth's atmosphere. tons of carbon monoxide, 150 mln. tons of nitrogen oxides, which in total is more than 1 billion tons. harmful substances. Acid rain (or, more correctly), acid precipitation, since the fallout of harmful substances can occur both in the form of rain and in the form of snow, hail, causes environmental, economic and aesthetic damage. As a result of acid precipitation, the balance in ecosystems is disturbed.

Areas of acidic soils do not know droughts, but their natural fertility is reduced and unstable; they are quickly depleted and their yields are low; metal structures rust; buildings, structures, architectural monuments, etc. are destroyed. Sulfur dioxide is adsorbed on the leaves, penetrates inside and takes part in oxidative processes. This entails genetic and species changes in plants. The acid rain problem

Soil pollution ground cover Earth is an essential component of the Earth's biosphere. It is the soil shell that determines many processes occurring in the biosphere. Soil pollution is difficult to classify; in different sources, their division is given in different ways. If we generalize and highlight the main thing, then the following picture of soil pollution is observed: garbage, emissions, dumps, sedimentary rocks; heavy metals; pesticides; mycotoxins; radioactive substances. Almost all pollutants that are initially released into the atmosphere end up on land and water. Settling aerosols may contain toxic heavy metals - lead, mercury, copper, vanadium, cobalt, nickel. Usually they are inactive and accumulate in the soil.

But acids also get into the soil with rain. By combining with it, metals can turn into soluble compounds available to plants. Substances that are constantly present in the soil also pass into soluble forms, which sometimes leads to the death of plants. Soil pollution

Water pollution The lack of water is exacerbated by the deterioration of its quality. used in industry, agriculture and in everyday life, water flows back into reservoirs in the form of poorly treated or generally untreated effluents. Currently, many rivers are heavily polluted - the Rhine, Danube, Seine, Ohio, Volga, Dnieper, Dniester, etc. Pollution of the World Ocean is growing. And here a significant role is played not only by pollution by sewage, but also by the ingress into the waters of the seas and oceans. a large number oil products.

From reasonable development The Earth's energy industry is also highly dependent on environmental well-being, because half of all gases that cause the "greenhouse effect" are created in the energy sector. The fuel and energy balance of the planet consists mainly of "pollutants" - oil (40.3%), coal (31.2%), gas (23.7%). In total, they account for the vast majority of the use of energy resources - 95.2%. "Pure" species - hydropower and atomic Energy- give in total less than 5%, and the "softest" (not polluting the atmosphere) - wind, solar, geothermal - account for fractions of a percent. energy problem

It is clear that the global task is to increase the share of "clean" and especially "soft" types of energy. First, let's consider the possibility of increasing the share of "soft" types of energy. In the coming years, "soft" types of energy will not be able to significantly change the fuel and energy balance of the Earth. It will take some time until their economic indicators become close to "traditional" types of energy. In addition, their ecological capacity is measured not only by the reduction of CO2 emissions, there are other factors, in particular, the territory alienated for their development. energy problem

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What is family? The people who need you. In joy and sorrow, in small things or in general, they come at the right moment and stay with you, no matter what.

I've had many troubles in my life, most of which never happened.

I don't know anyone who doesn't feel lonely in one way or another.

We think least of our loved ones when they are there, and we suffer the most when they are gone.

The older your children get, the more you need them and the less they need you.

In this world, I value only loyalty. Without it, you are nobody and you have nobody. In life, this is the only currency that will never depreciate.

In principle, a man is furious only in two cases: when with him - not the one ... and when she is not with him.

Whether we like it or not, each of us is forced to live in the reality that he has chosen for himself. The tragedy is that almost no one makes this choice consciously, so the reality often turns out to be the same ...

There are no difficult problems, only problems that are difficult for a certain level of intelligence. Move up a notch (in terms of intelligence), and some problems suddenly go from the category of "impossible" to the camp of "obvious". One more step up - and all of them will become obvious.

I'll try not to call again
Do not rave about you in the arms of the night.
And don't tell anyone else
What you need, dear, I really, really.

I'll try not to write anymore
And do not shed tears, thinking that the other
Ready to kiss as eagerly
Drowning in the arms I love.

I'll try not to dream anymore
After all, you're not mine, but I always wanted
So that every day and again and again
Your smile warmed my soul.

I'll try not to love anymore.
There really are a lot of people like you.
But you know... never forget
You... so dear...