EINSTEIN ALBERT
(b. 1879 - d. 1955)
American theoretical physicist. One of the founders of modern physics, who made a significant contribution to the creation of quantum mechanics, the development statistical physics and cosmology, author of the theory of relativity, philosopher, humanist. Nobel Prize winner (1921).
At the end of 1999, Time magazine, summing up the results of the outgoing century, named Albert Einstein "the man of the century" for largest contribution in the development of civilization during the “reporting period”. According to the editors, the name of Einstein has become synonymous with human genius, and, judging by the results of the survey, the majority of the magazine's readers share this view, because this outstanding scientist and thinker turned the worldview of mankind upside down. Through his "ability to see things in the known that others did not, and his desire for logical simplicity," he offered an entirely new understanding of space, time, and gravity. And Einstein's jokes and aphorisms are no less famous than his scientific works. For example, what relativity is, he humorously explained as follows: “Hold your hand on a hot stove for a minute - and a minute will seem like an hour. Sit next to a pretty girl for an hour and it will seem like a minute. Behind his discoveries was a new world philosophy: firmly denying atheism, Einstein believed in "the god of Spinoza, manifesting himself in the harmony of all things."
The scientist used his fame to fight for the ideas of pacifism and liberalism. In an effort to establish harmony in the world, he was a humanist in relation to humanity as a whole: “A person exists for others - first of all, for those on whose smiles and well-being our happiness completely depends, then for those many who are unfamiliar to us, with destinies whom we are bound by ties of sympathy. A hundred times every day I remind myself that my inner and outer life are based on the work of others, living and dead, and I must endeavor to give as much as I have received and receive…”
Einstein was born on March 14, 1879 in the ancient city of Ulm (now the state of Baden-Württemberg in Germany), in the family of Hermann Einstein and Paulina Koch. He grew up in Munich, where his father and uncle had a small electrochemical business. Albert was a quiet, absent-minded boy, he had a penchant for mathematics, but he could not stand school with its mechanical cramming and barracks discipline. At the insistence of his mother, he studied music and later became an excellent violinist, although he played all his life solely for pleasure. In the dull years spent at the Luitpold Gymnasium in Munich, Einstein independently read books on philosophy, mathematics, and popular science literature. Great impression the idea of cosmic order produced on him, and at the age of 12 the boy decided to devote himself to solving the riddle of the "vast world", and his ideals along this path always remained "kindness, beauty and truth."
In 1895, his father's business fell into decline, the family moved to Milan, and Albert never received a certificate. Despite deep knowledge in mathematics and physics, acquired mainly through self-education, and independent thinking beyond his age, the young man by this time had not chosen a profession for himself. However, the father insisted that his son choose an engineering field, hoping that this would help improve the financial situation of the family. Albert went to Zurich, to the Federal Higher Polytechnic School, for admission to which a certificate of completion was not required high school and ... failed the exams in French and history. But the director of the school liked the young man, and he advised him to finish the last class of the school in order to still get a matriculation certificate. A year later, Einstein entered the pedagogical faculty of the Zurich Polytechnic without any problems. Here, one of his teachers was the excellent mathematician Hermann Minkowski (later it was he who gave the special theory of relativity a complete mathematical form), so Einstein could have received a solid mathematical training, but most of the time he worked in a physical laboratory, and the rest of the time he independently read the classical works of G. Kirchhoff, J. Maxwell, G. Helmholtz and others.
In the summer of 1900, Albert became a certified teacher of physics and mathematics, and in 1901 a Swiss citizen. Professor of physics G.-F. Weber, an adherent of the old order, did not leave a willful student in his department, so Einstein had to teach physics at Schaffhausen for some time and give private lessons.
Only in July 1902 did Albert manage to get a third class examiner at the Berne Federal Patent Office, where he served for seven years. At this time, his interest in physics increased. The circle of talented young people who formed a commonwealth, jokingly called the Olympia Academy, also contributed to the liberated thought.
In 1903, despite the categorical objection of his parents, Albert married his university girlfriend Mileva Marich, a Serbian by birth. From this marriage he had two sons, Hans-Albert and Eduard. But the woman who witnessed Einstein's first steps into the world of science did not understand her husband, for whom physics always came first. Their family life was unsuccessful, and with the outbreak of the First World War, they parted, and in 1919 they divorced. Despite this, Einstein generously gave his ex-wife and sons the cash reward from the Nobel Prize received in 1921. Immediately after his divorce from Mileva, Albert married his cousin Elsa Löwenthal, who already had two daughters from her first marriage.
In terms of scientific fruitfulness, historians often compare the Berne period in Einstein's life with the "plague years" spent by Isaac Newton in Woolsthorpe. In 1905, in the prestigious German monthly Annalen der Physik, four scientific papers of the young scientist were published one after another, which made a revolution in physics. The first revealed the theory of Brownian motion, the second - "A new definition of the size of molecules" - was accepted as a doctoral dissertation by the University of Zurich, and soon Albert became a doctor of science. The sensation that caused fierce debate in the scientific community was an article that outlined the dual nature of light, and received universal recognition only after 20 years. The fourth work - "On the electrodynamics of moving bodies" - formulated the special theory of relativity. It summed up many years of hard work of a young scientist on the problem of space and time (although it was written in just 6 weeks). In fact, the new theory destroyed the previous ideas about the foundations of the Universe (albeit in the part where events occur at speeds lower than the speed of light). The relative world of Einstein corresponded to light speeds, created a new mechanics, different from Newton's mechanics.
So Einstein became a famous scientist, and in the spring of 1909 he was appointed extraordinary professor of theoretical physics at the University of Zurich, and in early 1911 he was invited to head a department at the German University in Prague. A year later, Albert returned to Zurich and became a professor at the department of mathematical physics created especially for him at the Polytechnic, where he had once studied himself. In 1914, Einstein was elected a member of the Prussian Academy of Sciences and invited to Germany to become a professor at the University of Berlin and at the same time director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics (now the Max Planck Institute). Over the next 19 years, he lectured here, conducted seminars, regularly participated in the colloquium, which during school year once a week was held at the Physics Institute.
One day in a lecture, Einstein was asked how great discoveries are made. He thought for a moment and replied, “Let's assume everyone knows about something that it can't be done. However, there is one ignoramus who does not know this. He makes the discovery."
After several years of hard work, the scientist managed in 1915 to create a general theory of relativity that went far beyond the scope of special theory and replaced Newton's theory of the gravitational attraction of bodies with a space-time mathematical description of how massive bodies affect the characteristics of the space around them.
During this period, Einstein worked on other topics as well. For example, in 1916–1917, his works devoted to quantum theory radiation. In them, the scientist considered the probabilities of transitions between stationary states of the atom (Niels Bohr's theory) and put forward the idea of induced radiation. This concept has become theoretical basis modern laser technology.
Although the special and general theories of relativity were too revolutionary to bring immediate recognition to the author, they soon received a number of confirmations. One of the first was to explain the precession of Mercury's orbit, which could not be fully understood within the framework of Newtonian mechanics. An English expedition led by astrophysicist Eddington managed to observe a star hidden behind the edge of the Sun during a total eclipse in 1919. This fact testified that the rays of light are bent under the influence of the gravitational field of the planet.
When the messages of the Eddington expedition spread all over the world, Einstein gained worldwide fame. Relativity has become a familiar word, and already in 1920 its author was invited to the post of professor at the University of Leiden (Netherlands), the world center for physical research. In Germany, he was attacked because of his anti-militarist views and revolutionary physical theories. Some of Einstein's colleagues, including several anti-Semites, called his work "Jewish physics" and argued that his results did not meet the high standards of "Aryan science." The scientist remained a staunch pacifist, actively supporting the peacekeeping efforts of the League of Nations. He was a supporter of Zionism and put much effort into the establishment of the Hebrew University in Jerusalem in 1925.
In 1921, Einstein was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics "for his services to theoretical physics and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect." “Einstein's law has become the basis of photochemistry in the same way that Faraday's law has become the basis of electrochemistry,” said S. Arrhenius from the Royal Swedish Academy at the presentation of the new laureate.
In the mid-1920s, significant differences emerged between physicists working in the field of quantum mechanics. Einstein could not reconcile himself to the fact that the regularities of the microworld are only probabilistic in nature (his reproach addressed to Bohr is well-known that he believes "in God playing dice"). Albert did not consider statistical quantum mechanics to be a fundamentally new teaching, but regarded it as a temporary means to be resorted to until one succeeds in obtaining Full description reality. At the Solvay Congresses of 1927 and 1930, Einstein failed to convince either Bohr or his young colleagues, Heisenberg and Pauli, and from then on followed the work of the "Copenhagen school" with a deep sense of distrust.
Beginning in 1930, Einstein spent the winter months in the United States, in California, lecturing at the Pasadena Institute of Technology, and with the advent of Hitler to power (1933) he no longer set foot on German soil and announced his withdrawal from the Prussian Academy of Sciences. Einstein became professor of physics at the new Institute fundamental research, which was created in Princeton, New Jersey, and after seven years received American citizenship. In the years leading up to the Second World War, the scientist, feeling that only military force able to stop Nazi Germany, came to the conclusion that in order to "protect the rule of law and human dignity" it would be necessary to "join the battle" with the Nazis.
In August 1939, at the urging of several expatriate physicists, Einstein wrote a letter to President Franklin D. Roosevelt stating that in Germany, in all likelihood, work was underway to develop weapons of mass destruction. He pointed to the need for US government support for uranium fission research. Later, the scientist regretted that he "participated in the opening of this Pandora's box." Although Einstein was not directly involved in research and did not know anything about the creation of the American nuclear bomb until its use in Hiroshima in 1945, his name was persistently associated with the advent of the nuclear age.
After the end of World War II, shocked by the horrifying consequences of using atomic bomb against Japan and the accelerating arms race, Einstein became an ardent supporter of peace, believing that in modern conditions war would be a threat to the very existence of mankind. At the solemn meeting of the UN session in New York in 1947, he declared the responsibility of scientists for the fate of the planet, and in 1948 he made an appeal in which he called for the prohibition of nuclear weapons. Shortly before his death, he signed Bertrand Russell's appeal to the governments of all countries and warned them of the dangers of the use of the hydrogen bomb, and also advocated the free exchange of ideas and the responsible use of science for the benefit of mankind.
Among the many honors given to Einstein was an offer to become the President of Israel, which followed in 1952, which he, however, refused. In addition to the Nobel Prize, he was the recipient of numerous other awards, was an honorary doctorate from several universities and a member of the world's leading academies of sciences and learned societies.
The great scientist spent the last 22 years of his life at Princeton. According to the testimonies of those around him, life for Einstein turned into a performance that he watched with some interest, since he was never torn apart by the tragic emotions of love or hate. All his thoughts were directed beyond this world, into the world of phenomena. Einstein lived with his wife Elsa, her daughter Margot, and personal secretary Helen Doukas in a simple two-story house, walking to the institute where he worked on his unified field theory and talked with colleagues. During leisure hours, he played the violin and sailed in a boat on the lake. At Princeton, he became a local landmark. He was known as a world-famous physicist, and at the same time he was a kind, modest, affable and somewhat eccentric person for everyone.
On April 18, 1955, Einstein died in his sleep at the Princeton Hospital from an aortic aneurysm. Nearby on the table lay his last unfinished statement: "What I aspire to is only to serve truth and justice with my insignificant possibilities, at the risk of pleasing no one." On the same day, his body was cremated, and the ashes were scattered by friends in a place that should forever remain unknown. Even after his death, he wanted to be a citizen of the world, "never wholly owned by his country, his home, his friends, and even his family."
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Einstein, Albert It's funny to say, but in the last ten years the name of the famous physicist Einstein has been actively leaning in certain circles of the city of Tyumen, being one of the most topical, and at the same time one of the most hated, names in the world. That's why: because it is
Albert Einstein
Genius of the first half of the 20th century. A scientist - who began to be recognized all over the world. Interesting person, interesting life. Today we will tell you about the life of Albert Einstein in facts.
Theoretical physicist, one of the founders of modern theoretical physics, Nobel Prize winner in physics in 1921, humanist public figure. Lived in Germany, Switzerland and the USA. Honorary doctor of about 20 leading universities in the world, a member of many Academies of Sciences, including a foreign honorary member of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
Einstein was born into a Jewish family that was not rich. His father, Herman, worked in a company that stuffed featherbeds and mattresses. Mother, Paulina (nee Koch) was the daughter of a corn merchant.
Albert had a younger sister, Maria.
The future scientist did not live even a year in his hometown, since the family went to live in Munich in 1880.
In Munich, where Hermann Einstein, together with his brother Jakob, founded a small company selling electrical equipment.
Mother taught little Albert to play the violin, and he left music studies for the rest of his life.
Already in the United States in Princeton, in 1934, Albert Einstein gave a charity concert, where he played the works of Mozart on the violin in favor of scientists and cultural figures who emigrated from Nazi Germany.
In the gymnasium (now the Albert Einstein Gymnasium in Munich), he was not among the first students.
Albert Einstein received his primary education at a local Catholic school. According to his own recollections, in his childhood he experienced a state of deep religiosity, which ended at the age of 12.
Through reading popular science books, he came to the conclusion that much of what is stated in the Bible cannot be true, and that the state is deliberately deceiving the younger generation.
In 1895, he entered the Aarau school in Switzerland and successfully completed it.
In Zurich in 1896, Einstein entered the Higher Technical School. After graduating in 1900, the future scientist received a diploma as a teacher of physics and mathematics.
During World War II, Einstein was a technical consultant to the US Navy. It is known for certain that Russian intelligence sent their agents to him more than once for secret information.
In 1894, the Einsteins moved from Munich to the Italian city of Pavia, near Milan, where the brothers Hermann and Jacob moved their firm. Albert himself stayed with relatives in Munich for some time to complete all six classes of the gymnasium.
In the autumn of 1895, Albert Einstein arrived in Switzerland to take entrance exams at the Higher Technical School (Polytechnic) in Zurich.
After graduating from the Polytechnic, Einstein, in need of money, began to look for work in Zurich, but could not even get a job as an ordinary school teacher.
The famous picture of Einstein sticking out his tongue was taken for annoying journalists who asked the great scientist just to smile at the camera.
After graduating from the Polytechnic, Einstein, in need of money, began to look for work in Zurich, but could not even get a job as an ordinary school teacher. This literally hungry period in the life of the great scientist affected his health: hunger caused a serious liver disease.
After Einstein's death, they managed to find his notebook, which was completely filled with calculus.
With employment, Albert was helped by his former classmate, Marcel Grossman. On his recommendations, in 1902, Albert got a job as a third-class examiner in the Berne Federal Office for Patenting Inventions. The scientist until 1909 evaluated applications for inventions.
In 1902, Einstein loses his father.
Einstein worked at the Patent Office from July 1902 to October 1909, primarily as a peer reviewer of invention applications. In 1903 he became a permanent employee of the Bureau. The nature of the work allowed Einstein to devote his free time to research in the field of theoretical physics.
Since 1905, all the physicists of the world have recognized the name of Einstein. The journal "Annals of Physics" published three of his articles at once, which marked the beginning of scientific revolution. They were devoted to the theory of relativity, quantum theory, statistical physics.
Einstein had to work as an electrician.
“Why exactly did I create the theory of relativity? When I ask myself this question, it seems to me that the reason is the following. A normal adult does not think about the problem of space and time at all. In his opinion, he already thought about this problem in childhood. I developed intellectually so slowly that space and time occupied my thoughts when I became an adult. Naturally, I could penetrate deeper into the problem than a child with normal inclinations.
However, many scholars have considered new physics» too revolutionary. It abolished the ether, absolute space and absolute time, revised Newton's mechanics, which served as the basis of physics for 200 years and was invariably confirmed by observations.
Einstein could not pay alimony to his wife. He offered her to give all the money if she received the Nobel Prize.
Among the closest friends of the great scientist was Charlie Chaplin.
Taking advantage of the incredible popularity of his own person, for some time the scientist took one dollar for each autograph. He donated the proceeds to charity.
On January 6, 1903, Einstein married twenty-seven-year-old Mileva Marich. They had three children. The first, even before marriage, was the daughter Lieserl (1902), but the biographers failed to find out her fate.
Einstein spoke 2 languages.
Hans Albert, Einstein's eldest son, became a great specialist in hydraulics, a professor at the University of California.
Einstein's favorite hobby was sailing. He did not know how to swim on the water.
In 1914, the family breaks up: Einstein leaves for Berlin, leaving his wife and children in Zurich. In 1919, an official divorce took place.
More often than not, the genius did not wear socks because he did not like to wear them.
After his death in 1955, pathologist Thomas Harvey removed the scientist's brain and took photographs from various angles. Then, cutting the brain into many small pieces, for 40 years he sent them to various laboratories for research by the best neurologists in the world.
Eduard, the youngest son of the great scientist, was ill with a severe form of schizophrenia and died in a psychiatric hospital in Zurich.
In 1919, after obtaining a divorce, Einstein married Else Löwenthal (nee Einstein), his first cousin on his mother's side. He adopts two of her children. In 1936, Elsa died of a heart disease.
Einstein's last words remained a mystery. An American woman sat next to him, and he uttered his words in German.
Einstein received his Ph.D. in 1906. By this time, he was already gaining worldwide fame: physicists from all over the world write letters to him, come to meet him. Einstein meets Planck, with whom they had a long and strong friendship.
Albert Einstein was very fond of Maxims by the outstanding French thinker and politician Francois de La Rochefoucauld. He read them constantly.
In 1909 he was offered a job at the University of Zurich as an extraordinary professor. However, due to the small salary, Einstein soon agrees to a better offer. He was invited to head the Department of Physics at the German University of Prague.
The great genius was always made fun of in elementary school.
During the First World War, the scientist openly expresses his pacifist views and continues to scientific discoveries. After 1917, liver disease worsened, a stomach ulcer appeared, and jaundice began. Even without getting out of bed, Einstein continued his scientific research.
On the eve of his death, Einstein was offered an operation, but he refused, saying that "artificial life extension does not make sense."
Einstein's mother died in 1920 after a serious illness.
In literature, the genius of physics preferred Dostoevsky, Tolstoy and Bertolt Brecht.
In 1921, Einstein finally becomes a Nobel laureate.
In 1923, Einstein spoke in Jerusalem, where it was planned soon (1925) to open the Hebrew University.
In 1827, Robert Brown observed under a microscope and subsequently described the chaotic movement of pollen floating in water. Einstein, on the basis of molecular theory, developed a statistical and mathematical model of such a movement.
Albert Einstein's last work was burned.
In 1924, the young Indian physicist Shatyendranath Bose, in a short letter, asked Einstein to help him publish an article in which he put forward the assumption that formed the basis of modern quantum statistics. Bose proposed to consider light as a gas of photons. Einstein came to the conclusion that the same statistics can be used for atoms and molecules in general.
In 1925, Einstein published an article by Bose in German translation, and then his own article, in which he outlined a generalized Bose model applicable to systems of identical particles with integer spin, called bosons. Based on this quantum statistics, now known as the Bose-Einstein statistics, both physicists theoretically substantiated the existence of the fifth state of aggregation matter - Bose-Einstein condensate.
In 1928, Einstein saw off Lorentz on his last journey, with whom he became very friends in his last years. It was Lorentz who nominated Einstein for Nobel Prize in 1920 and supported it the following year.
My pacifism is an instinctive feeling that possesses me because killing a person is disgusting. My attitude is not based on any speculative theory, but is based on the deepest antipathy to any kind of cruelty and hatred.
In 1929, the world celebrated Einstein's 50th birthday with a bang. The hero of the day did not take part in the celebrations and hid in his villa near Potsdam, where he grew roses with enthusiasm. Here he received friends - scientists, Rabindranath Tagore, Emmanuel Lasker, Charlie Chaplin and others.
In 1952, when the state of Israel had just begun to form into a full-fledged power, the great scientist was offered to become president. Of course, the physicist flatly refused such a high post, citing the fact that he was a scientist, and he did not have enough experience to govern the country.
In 1931, Einstein again visited the United States. In Pasadena, he was very warmly received by Michelson, who had four months to live. Returning to Berlin in the summer, Einstein, in a speech before the Physical Society, paid tribute to the memory of the remarkable experimenter who laid the foundation stone of the theory of relativity.
In 1955, Einstein's health deteriorated rapidly. He wrote a will and told his friends: "I have fulfilled my task on Earth." His last work was an unfinished appeal calling for the prevention of nuclear war.
Albert Einstein died on the night of April 18, 1955 in Princeton. The cause of death was a ruptured aortic aneurysm. According to his personal will, the funeral took place without wide publicity, they were attended by only 12 people close and dear to him. The body was burned in the Ewing Cemetery crematorium, the ashes scattered to the wind.
In 1933, Einstein had to leave Germany, to which he was very attached, forever.
In the United States, Einstein instantly became one of the most famous and respected people in the country, gaining a reputation as the most brilliant scientist in history, as well as the personification of the image of an “absent-minded professor” and the intellectual capabilities of a person in general.
Albert Einstein was a committed democratic socialist, humanist, pacifist and anti-fascist. The authority of Einstein, achieved thanks to his revolutionary discoveries in physics, allowed the scientist to actively influence the socio-political transformations in the world.
Einstein's religious views have been a subject of longstanding controversy. Some claim that Einstein believed in the existence of God, others call him an atheist. Both those and others used the words of the great scientist to confirm their point of view.
In 1921, Einstein received a telegram from New York rabbi Herbert Goldstein: "Do you believe in God full stop 50 words." Einstein kept within 24 words: "I believe in Spinoza's God, who manifests himself in the natural harmony of being, but not at all in God, who is busy with the destinies and deeds of people." Even more bluntly, he expressed himself in an interview with The New York Times (November 1930): “I do not believe in a God who rewards and punishes, in a God whose goals are molded from our human goals. I do not believe in the immortality of the soul, although weak minds, obsessed with fear or absurd selfishness, find refuge in such a belief.
Einstein has received honorary doctorates from numerous universities, including: Geneva, Zurich, Rostock, Madrid, Brussels, Buenos Aires, London, Oxford, Cambridge, Glasgow, Leeds, Manchester, Harvard, Princeton, New York (Albany) , Sorbonne.
In 2015, in Jerusalem, on the territory of the Hebrew University, a monument to Einstein was erected by the Moscow sculptor Georgy Frangulyan.
Einstein's popularity modern world so great that there are controversial issues in the widespread use of the name and appearance of the scientist in advertising and trademarks. Because Einstein bequeathed some of his estate, including the use of his images, to the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, the "Albert Einstein" brand was registered as a trademark.
Signing one of the photographs with his tongue hanging out, the genius said that his gesture was addressed to all of humanity. How can it be without metaphysics! By the way, contemporaries always emphasized the subtle humor of the scientist and the ability to joke witty.
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Albert Einstein - the most Interesting Facts about the great genius updated: December 14, 2017 by: website
“Man begins to live only when
when he manages to surpass himself"
Albert Einstein - famous physicist, creator of the theory of relativity, author of numerous works on quantum physics, one of the creators of the modern stage of development of this science.
The future was born Nobel Laureate March 15, 1879 in the small German town of Ulm. The family came from an ancient Jewish family. Papa Herman was the owner of a company that stuffed mattresses and pillows with feathers. Einstein's mother was the daughter of a famous maize seller. In 1880, the family went to Munich, where Hermann, together with his brother Jakob, created a small business selling electrical equipment. After some time, the Einsteins have a daughter, Maria.
In Munich, Albert Einstein goes to a Catholic school. As the scientist recalled, at the age of 13 he stopped trusting the beliefs of religious fanatics. Having joined science, he began to look at the world differently. Everything that was said in the Bible now did not seem plausible to him. All this formed in him a person who is skeptical of everything, especially authorities. From childhood, Albert Einstein's most vivid impressions were Euclid's book "Elements" and the compass. At the request of his mother, little Albert began to get involved in playing the violin. The craving for music for a long time settled in the heart of the scientist. In the future, while in the States, Albert Einstein gave a concert to all emigrants from Germany, performing Mozart's compositions on the violin.
While studying at the gymnasium, Einstein was not an excellent student (except in mathematics). He did not like the method of memorizing the material, as well as the attitude of teachers towards students. Therefore, he often argued with teachers.
In 1894 the family moved again. This time to Pavia, a small town near Milan. This is where the Einstein brothers move their production.
In the autumn of 1895, the young genius comes to Switzerland to enter the school. He dreamed of teaching physics. He passes the exam in mathematics perfectly, but the future scientist fails the tests in botany. Then the director suggested to the young guy to take the exam in Aarau in order to re-enter a year later.
In the Arau school, Albert Einstein actively studied Maxwell's electromagnetic theory. In September 1897, he successfully passed the exams. Having a certificate in hand, he entered Zurich, where he soon met the mathematician Grossman and Mileva Marich, who would later become his wife. After a certain time, Albert Einstein renounces German citizenship and takes Swiss citizenship. However, for this it was necessary to pay 1000 francs. But there was no money, as the family was in a difficult financial situation. Albert Einstein's relatives move to Milan after going bankrupt. In the same place, Albert's father again creates a company selling electrical equipment, but without his brother.
Einstein liked the teaching style at the Polytechnic, because there was no authoritarian attitude of teachers. The young scientist felt better. The learning process was exciting also because the lectures were given by such geniuses as Adolf Hurwitz and Hermann Minkowski.
Science in Einstein's Life
In 1900, Albert completed his studies in Zurich and received a diploma. This gave him the right to teach physics and mathematics. Teachers evaluated the knowledge of the young scientist on high level but to help future career didn't want to. The following year, he receives Swiss citizenship, but he still cannot find a job. There were part-time jobs in schools, but this was not enough for life. Einstein starved for days, which caused a liver disorder. Despite all the difficulties, Albert Einstein tried to devote more time to science. In 1901, a Berlin journal published a paper on the theory of capillarity, where Einstein analyzed the forces of attraction in the atoms of a liquid.
Fellow student Grossman helps Einstein and gets him a job at the patent office. Albert Einstein has been working here for 7 years evaluating patent applications. In 1903 he worked in the Bureau on a full-time basis. The nature and style of work allowed the scientist to study problems related to physics in his spare time.
In 1903, Einstein received a letter from Milan stating that his father was dying. Hermann Einstein passed away after the son arrived.
On January 7, 1903, the young scientist marries his friend from the Polytechnic, Mileva Marich. Later, from his marriage with her, Albert has three children.
Einstein's discoveries
In 1905, Einstein's work on the Brownian motion of particles was published. The work of the Englishman Brown already had an explanation. Einstein, having not encountered the works of the scientist before, gave his theory a certain completeness and the possibility of conducting experiments. In 1908, the experiments of the Frenchman Perrin confirmed Einstein's theory.
In 1905, another work of the scientist was published, devoted to the formation and transformation of light. In 1900, Max Planck had already shown that the spectral content of radiation could be explained by considering the radiation to be continuous. According to him, the light was emitted in portions. Einstein put forward the theory that light is absorbed by parts and consists of quanta. Such an assumption allowed the scientist to explain the reality of the "red border" (the limiting frequency, below which the electrons are not knocked out of the body).
The scientist also applied the quantum theory to other phenomena that the classics could not consider in detail.
In 1921 he was awarded the title of Nobel laureate.
Theory of relativity
Despite the many articles written, the scientist gained worldwide fame thanks to his theory of relativity, which he first voiced in 1905 in one bulletin. Even in his youth, the scientist thought about what would appear before an observer who would follow the light wave at the speed of light. He did not accept the concept of ether.
Albert Einstein suggested that for any object, no matter how it moves, the speed of light is the same. The scientist's theory is comparable to Lorentz's formulas for transforming time. However, Lorentz's transformations were indirect, having no connection with time.
Professorship
At 28, Einstein was extremely popular. In 1909 he became a professor at the Zurich Polytechnic, later at a university in the Czech Republic. After a certain time, he nevertheless returned to Zurich, but after 2 years he accepted an offer to become director of the Department of Physics in Berlin. Einstein's citizenship was restored. Work on the theory of relativity lasted long years, and already with the participation of Comrade Grossman, outlines of the draft theory were published. The final version was formulated in 1915. It was greatest achievement in physics over the past decades.
Einstein was able to answer the question of what mechanism contributes to the gravitational interaction between objects. The scientist suggested that the structure of space could act as such an object. Albert Einstein thought that any body contributes to the curvature of space, making it different, and the other body in relation to the given one moves in the same space and is influenced by the first body.
The theory of relativity gave impetus to the development of other theories, which were later confirmed.
American period of the life of a scientist
In America, he became a professor at Princeton University, continuing to develop a field theory that would unify gravity and electromagnetism.
At Princeton, Professor Einstein was a real celebrity. But the people saw him as a good-natured, modest, strange person. His passion for music has not faded. He often performed in an ensemble of physicists. The scientist was also fond of sailing, saying that it helps to reflect on the problems of the universe.
He was one of the main ideologists of the formation of the State of Israel. In addition, Einstein was invited to the presidency of this country, but he refused.
The main tragedy of the scientist's life was the idea of the atomic bomb. Watching the growing power of the German state, he sent a letter to the US Congress in 1939, which prompted the development and creation of weapons of mass destruction. Albert Einstein later regretted this, but it was too late.
In 1955, at Princeton, the great naturalist died of an aortic aneurysm. But for a long time, many will remember his quotes, which have become truly great. He said that one should not lose faith in humanity, since we ourselves are people. The biography of the scientist is undoubtedly very fascinating, but it is the quotes written by him that help to delve into his life and work, which play the role of a preface in the "book about the life of a great man."
Some wisdom from Albert Einstein
At the heart of every difficulty lies an opportunity.
Logic can take you from point A to point B, and imagination can take you anywhere...
Outstanding personalities are not formed through beautiful speeches but by their own work and its results.
If you live as if nothing in this world is a miracle, then you can do whatever you want and you will not have obstacles. If you live as if everything is a miracle, then you will be able to enjoy even the smallest manifestations of beauty in this world. If you live in two ways at the same time, then your life will be happy and productive.
Albert Einstein (German Albert Einstein 1879─1955) is a brilliant theoretical physicist, one of the founders of modern theoretical physics, who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1921. Author over 300 scientific works, in which he described the developed physical theories, including general and special relativity, quantum theory, the theory of light scattering, and a number of others. Einstein predicted gravitational waves And " quantum teleportation”, studied the problem of unified field theory.
His discoveries underlie most modern technologies: lasers, photocells, fiber optics, astronautics, nuclear energy and much more owe their appearance to the great physicist. Einstein consistently spoke as a pacifist against the use of nuclear weapons and for world peace.
Childhood and youth
Albert Einstein was born on March 14, 1879 in the German city of Ulm to Hermann Einstein and Pauline Koch. The genealogy of both parents went back to Jewish merchants who lived for two centuries in the Swabian lands. The father of the future physicist was engaged in business, but soon after the birth of his son, he went bankrupt. This forced the family to move to Munich to live with Hermann's younger brother Jakob. Here, in 1881, Albert's younger sister Maria, who was always called Maya in the family, was born.
In early childhood, Albert avoided noisy games with his peers, preferring them to do things alone - building houses of cards, solving puzzles, moving a toy steam engine. So he made for himself the first discoveries that will forever remain in his life. One of the key moments of Einstein's childhood was, at first glance, an ordinary gift from his father - a compass. But this device brought the boy to an indescribable thrill from the realization of what unknown force controls the compass needles.
The son received one symbolic gift from his mother, who had a musical education. She taught him to play the violin, which would become a real inspiration for the physicist. It is the violin that will help Albert in solving the mysteries of the theory of relativity. As his son Hans Albert later recalled: “When it seemed to him that he had reached a dead end, he went into music and solved his problems there”. Einstein especially liked Mozart's sonatas, which he himself performed with pleasure.
At the age of six, his parents sent Albert to study at the Petersschule Catholic School, where he was often ridiculed because of his nationality. “I felt like an outsider,” Einstein would say. When he was 9 years old, he was transferred to the Luitpold Gymnasium. Contrary to popular belief, he was best student class and was well versed in mathematics, mastering school textbooks of older classes for summer holidays. The only thing that disgusted him was rote memorization foreign languages.
First steps in science
In 1894 due to financial problems the Einstein family moved to Northern Italy. Here he gained experience in dealing with electric generators, magnets and coils, writing at the age of 16 the first article "On the study of the state of the ether in a magnetic field." The ingenious physicist failed an attempt to enter the Zurich multidisciplinary technical school, having passed mathematics perfectly and unsuccessfully in the main exam, which included biology, literature, and languages. As a result, it was possible to enter only the second time after graduating from school in Aarau.
After receiving a diploma as a teacher of mathematical and physical sciences, Einstein at one time could not even get a job as an ordinary teacher. Only with the help of a friend, he gets a job at the Swiss Federal Patent Office, which did not prevent him from doing science. In 1905, which will be called the "year of miracles", in the journal "Annals of Physics" Albert publishes three articles on quantum physics, the theory of relativity and static physics, which made a splash in the scientific world. For example, in the article "On one heuristic point of view on the emergence and cessation of light," he suggested that homogeneous light consists of quanta that rush through space at the speed of light. In 1906, Einstein deservedly becomes a doctor of science.
Professorship
In 1909, Einstein was elected professor at the University of Zurich, and then at the German University in Prague. At this time, the scientist is working on the theory of gravity, seeking to develop a relativistic theory of gravity. Together with M. Grossman, Albert finishes work on the theory of relativity, in which he concluded that any large body creates a curvature of space, so any other body will experience the influence of the first in such space. In fact, space-time acts as a material carrier of gravity. In order to substantiate the proposed hypothesis mathematically, Einstein had to master tensor analysis and work on a four-dimensional pseudo-Marian generalization.
In 1911, at the First Solvay Congress, Einstein met with Poincaré, who met with hostility the theory of relativity. After the outbreak of the First World War, Einstein, in collaboration with G. Nicolai, wrote the "Appeal to the Europeans", in which he condemned "nationalist madness."
Berlin period
After some thought, Albert moves to the University of Berlin, at the same time heading the Institute of Physics. After the end of the war, he focused on the old topics of research and engaged in new developments. In particular, he was greatly interested in relativistic cosmology. In 1917, the article "Cosmological considerations for general theory relativity." Soon the scientist becomes seriously ill - in addition to chronic problems with the liver, he suffered from stomach ulcers and jaundice.
After recovering, Einstein begins active work. In the 1920s he was in great demand as a scientist, he was invited to give lectures best universities Europe. In addition, the physicist visited Japan and India, where he met with R. Tagore. In the United States, Congress passed a special resolution in honor of him.
After much deliberation, at the end of 1922, Einstein was finally awarded the Nobel Prize for 1921 officially for the theory of the photoelectric effect, and not other more famous works. Still, the scientific revolutionary nature of his ideas made itself felt.
After 70 years, their colleagues from the University of Colorado received such condensates. In addition, the scientist became interested in politics and repeatedly spoke about universal internationalism, the disarmament of the Old World and the abolition of compulsory military service. In 1929, the world community widely celebrated the 50th anniversary of Einstein, who hid from everyone in his villa, where he received only close friends.
American period
The growing crisis of the Weimar Republic, which resulted in the coming to power of the Nazis, forced Albert to leave Germany. Moreover, frank threats were poured into his address. Together with his family, he moves to the United States, deliberately renouncing German citizenship in connection with Nazi crimes. Overseas, Einstein will be appointed professor of physics at the Princeton Institute for Advanced Study. Here he had great recognition and was awarded an audience with US President F. Roosevelt.
Success in the scientific field alternated with troubles in his personal life. In 1936, an old friend and colleague M. Grossman died, his wife Elsa soon died. Einstein stayed with his beloved sister, stepdaughter Margo and secretary E. Dukas. He lived very modestly and did not even have a TV and a car, which amazed many Americans.
On the eve of the outbreak of World War II, the scientist put his signature under the appeal to the American President F. Roosevelt, initiated by the physicist L. Szilard. In it, representatives of the scientific community sounded the alarm about the possible creation of nuclear weapons by the Third Reich. The head of state shared this concern and launched his own project. Subsequently, Einstein will reproach himself for his involvement in the creation of the atomic bomb and utter the famous words: "We won the war, but not the peace".
During the war, the scientist was engaged in advising the US Navy, and after its completion, together with B. Russell, M. Born, L. Pauling and others, he became one of the founders of the Pugwash movement of scientists advocating scientific cooperation and disarmament. To prevent new war Albert even proposed the formation of a world government. Until the end of his days, Einstein studied the problems of cosmology and unified field theory.
In 1955, Einstein's health deteriorated markedly, and heart problems arose. This prompted him to tell his loved ones that he had fulfilled his destiny and was ready to die. He met his death with dignity, without unnecessary sentimentality. On April 18, 1955, the heart of the great scientist stopped. He did not like unnecessary pathos and did not allow it to be done in relation to himself after death. The funeral of Albert Einstein turned out to be very modest, attended only by close friends. After the memorial service, his body was burned, and the ashes were scattered to the wind.
Personal life
The first wife of the scientist was a Serbian Mileva Marich, who was a teacher of physics and mathematics by education. They married in 1903, but by that time they had a daughter, Lieserl, who died in infancy. Then two sons were born - Hans Albert and Eduard. The former will eventually become a professor at the University of California and become famous as a hydraulic scientist. The fate of the younger Eduard is more tragic - in the early 30s he will fall ill with schizophrenia and spend the rest of his days in a mental hospital.
Albert and Mileva agreed that in the event of a divorce, Einstein would give the money due for the Nobel Prize to his wife. And so he did in the end. They bought three houses in Zurich.
In 1919, Albert married a second time to his maternal cousin Else Löwenthal, adopting her two children, Ilse and Margot. They did not have joint offspring, but Einstein treated his adopted daughters as his own, surrounding them with care and attention. This marriage will last until the death of Elsa in 1936.
Name: Albert Einstein
State: Germany, USA
Field of activity: The science
Probably, not only in Germany, but throughout the world, there is no other scientist as famous and discussed as Albert Einstein. Despite the fact that he lived in the first half of the 20th century, his business still exists. Everyone has heard about the legendary theory of relativity. But not everyone knows what the work of the great scientist was, and not everyone knows the details of his biography. We will try to fill this gap.
early years
The future theoretical physicist was born on March 14, 1879 in Southern Germany, in the city of Ulm. His family was quite prosperous, but not very rich - his father owned a factory for stuffing mattresses and featherbeds with feathers. Mother was from a family of merchants. Both parents had Jewish roots. Shortly after the birth of their son, the family moved to Munich, where Albert's younger sister, Maria, was born. Receive elementary education his parents sent him to the Luitpold school in Munich.
In childhood, the boy was very religious - the upbringing and influence of teachers affected, because the school was Catholic. However, over time, Albert moves away from religion. It cannot be said that he was a diligent student - excellent grades he had only in mathematics and Latin.
Having become a little older, he began to come into conflict with teachers, defending his point of view. In the 1880s, the Polish medical student Max Talmud, who knew the Einsteins and often dined with them, introduced the boy to a children's science book, after reading which Albert thought about the movement and origin of light. Thus began the acquaintance of the future genius with physics. It can be said that it was the Talmud who became the mentor of the young scientist. Albert began to study the details of the origin of light and a few years later wrote his first research paper on the ether in magnetic fields.
In 1894, the family moved to Italy, to the town of Pavia near Milan, where Albert's father, together with his brother, opened his factory. For some time the young man still lives in Munich - he needs to finish his education. However, he never managed to do this and followed his family to Pavia. Note that there was another reason for the move: Einstein came of age and had to join the army. However, he managed to get a doctor's note about nervous exhaustion and quickly left Germany. Of course, such an act caused shock to the parents, but they quickly reconciled.
It's time to receive higher education. He tried to enter the Federal Polytechnic School in Zurich. Having excellently passed exams in mathematics and physics, he did not get points in biology and French. Because of this, he could not become a student of an educational institution. He was advised to finish school course V educational institution Arau, where Einstein could improve his knowledge and try next year. Albert obeyed.
Here he studies electromagnetic theories in detail, successfully completes his studies, receives a certificate and tries his hand at entering the Polytechnic University again. This time he manages to become a student. He meets other fellow students, including his future wife, Serbian Mileva Marich. During his studies, Albert makes an attempt to renounce German citizenship and take Swiss citizenship, but he had to pay for it, and the Einstein family did not have that kind of money. Only 5 years later, Albert was finally able to become a full citizen.
Years after graduation
In 1902, after a long search and hungry months, Albert became a clerk in the patent office. The work was not very dusty, not very busy, so Einstein had a lot of free time to develop his theories. Subsequently, they will become the basis for the future theory of relativity. Also during this period, he has a full-fledged family - three children are born in marriage with Mileva. True, the eldest daughter died in early age from post-illness complications.
The year 1905 has come. It went down in history as the year of miracles. Einstein publishes in scientific journals their articles on brownian motion and photoelectric effect. Also, two more articles were presented to the attention of physics lovers and professional scientists of the field - E = MC² and the theory of relativity, with which Albert will soon go down in history. In 1921, Einstein was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for explaining the photoelectric effect. The reader may ask a perfectly reasonable question: why was he not awarded for what he became famous for? The answer is quite simple: while the theory of relativity was still in doubt, the scientific world was not ready to accept it. After all, in fact, it broke all the knowledge and beliefs in the centuries-old history of Europe. What is the essence of the theory of relativity?
Theory of relativity
Einstein explains that objects move with uniform speed. There is also acceleration and gravity. The space-time and their correlation are mentioned. The main idea is the fact that the speed of light is a constant relative to any object. And no matter what the speed of the object, the light will still fly at the same speed.
As for space, Albert Einstein found out that it is four-dimensional. Together with time, it is combined into a single term - the space-time continuum. However, a person cannot perceive all four spaces. Of course, given the experience of the scientific fathers of past years and centuries, Albert Einstein could not help but understand that his theories and ideas would cause controversy. Not to mention the church, which has always jealously guarded scientific secrets.
In the 1930s, Einstein received an invitation to come to the United States to teach a course of lectures on physics. After several years in Germany, he was forced to leave Berlin. And very timely. The Nazi party NSDAP, led by the Nazis, outlawed all Jewish scientists.
They were fired from schools, universities. Many were able to leave their inhospitable home and move to the United States, like Albert.
last years of life
Of course, he himself did not expect to stay in America. But fate decreed otherwise - he never saw Germany again. He lived the rest of his days in Princeton, New Jersey. In 1935, he received a residence permit, and after another five years, American citizenship. he also met on American soil, helping build weapons systems.
In 1939, he wrote a letter to the President of the United States, noting that the Nazis were creating nuclear weapon. Therefore, America must get ahead of it. However, things did not turn out the way the great scientist expected. In 1945 American bombs were dropped on Japan. And Einstein began to call on the people and the state to abandon the large-scale use of this dangerous weapon.
In the 1950s, he was engaged in the development of quantum theory, developing a unified field theory - a kind of description of all physical theories based on the primary field. Health gradually begins to deteriorate. On April 18, 1955, he died at Princeton from a ruptured aorta. According to the will of the physicist, a magnificent funeral was not held, and the body was cremated, the ashes were scattered in the wind. Amazing Fact: His brain was removed from his skull to study the Einstein phenomenon. True, this was done with the consent of Albert himself, again under a will.
Be that as it may, many more years will pass, and generations who have never seen and did not know him, but only imagine a photograph with his tongue hanging out, and are also familiar only with the name "theory of relativity", will study this phenomenon more deeply. And you can be sure that the name of the great German will forever remain in the history of mankind.
