Nizhnekamsk television. Scientific and technological revolution (NTR). II. Learning new material

The term "scientific and technological revolution" has been around for quite a few years now. More than half a century has passed since the process denoted by this term began. And so far, discussions about it do not subside. The reason for this is the fact that it continues. What this process includes, what are its signs and what it can lead to, we will just talk in this article.

The concept of scientific and technological revolution

The scientific and technological revolution is a process of abrupt transformation of all aspects of the life of society, which is based on the achievements of science and technology. Many believe that it began in the 40-50s of the last century. However, it is not. Many authors (D. Bell, E. Toffler and others) spoke about its beginning. a long time ago.

So, for example, Professor A.I. Rakitov said that starting with the invention of language and writing, the process of scientific and technological revolution had already begun. Writing has truly changed every aspect of people's lives. It has transformed people's ideas about time. After all, now it has become possible to read the words written by the ancestors. Writing made it possible to communicate with people over long distances.

Next, Rakitov has another important stage - the invention of printing, then the telephone and telegraph, and then the computer and the Internet. It is easy to see that the criterion for development, revolutions is the transformation of the way information is transmitted.

Of course, this is an important aspect of any scientific and technological revolution. But it's not just about him. If we understand this revolution only as a change in the ways of transmitting information, then we will inevitably simplify reality and imagine it one-sidedly. For example, the gopnik wrote on the fence a swear word, trolled other people on the Internet, and then published a swear book. Is this progress or what? Somehow, probably not.

Other authors (D. Bell and E. Toffler) in their works draw parallels between the concepts of "scientific and technological revolution" and "modernization". At the same time, they have a broader idea of ​​the content of the process we are considering.

D. Bell (1919 - 2011)

I must say right away that you need to understand what modernization is. This is, roughly speaking, bringing something into line with something, but simply borrowing Western forms of labor and production. Is it possible to consider the process under consideration as a purely Western phenomenon? Of course not. Then we deny the whole world development.

So. The first stage of scientific and technical progress, according to these authors, began with the invention of the steam engine in the 18th century. In fact, this invention turned the whole life of people upside down. Previously, several hundred people worked at the plant, but now a couple of dozen are enough. Unemployment is the first thing any such thing leads to.

Further, according to Bell and Toffler, the second stage of scientific and technological revolution was the invention of electricity. In fact, electricity has turned life upside down. Formerly people were sure it was impossible to see in the dark, it was impossible to move around the world faster than a horse, it was impossible to listen to other people from a distance or communicate with them - and now all this became possible. Children who grew up with the already invented telephone could not understand their parents in any way, why do they still correspond with letters? There is also a telephone, a telegraph and other benefits of civilization.

Or before you bought expensive tickets for a match, and now you can listen to it on the radio for free! That's where the real freebie is. Life has become more fun.

However, it was not electricity that finished off society, but computers. In fact, not even computers, but two people, Steve Jobs and Bill Gates. During their youth, no one thought that computers (computers - electronic computers) could be personal. By the way, I didn’t think about it either in my childhood, because I saw personal computers and communicators only on the covers of very expensive magazines.

The first Soviet supercomputer

So these two people truly made a scientific and technological revolution - they gave a computer to everyone who can speak, like Prometheus, who gave people fire. And what did people do with this gift? Believe it or not, true STD is only happening now that computer technology has truly become available to everyone. And it turns out that the real comes only now.

However, in my opinion, all these arguments are unconvincing. I realize that I am not a great thinker. But the advent of computers also cannot be considered a full-fledged scientific and technological revolution. Why? Because people use computers in different ways. Only 1% of users use them for the job they are designed for: computer modelling, really serious calculations. But after all, the remaining 99% of people use a computer as a typewriter, but for surfing the Internet. And in this network, people do not create their own sites ... no - they consume information: they watch movies, play games, read something.

Personally, I think that the criterion of scientific and technological progress is the number of scientific discoveries introduced into production. The higher this indicator, the greater the coefficient of a post-industrial society for a given society. How many scientific discoveries are made in Russia per year, and how many are put into production? How much of the same is done in the USA, Japan, China? When there is an answer to this question, then we will get a complete picture.

Signs of NTR

Versatility. The achievements of the scientific and technological revolution cover all spheres of society: political, economic, spiritual, social. Science has changed everything: now there is some kind of stability and security from hunger, of course, if the existing climatic conditions are more or less favorable.

Accelerating change. The further this process develops, the less time remains between scientific discovery and its implementation. In fact, when I was 8 years old, I dreamed that I would have my own personal computer and that I would work on it. Now you can work on a tablet or even a phone: typing, drawing, reading, surfing the Internet. And it's only been 20 years. And what will happen in another 20?

The need for continuous professional development. For example, you received an education 10 years ago: what kind of floor coverings are there and how to lay them down. And now everything is different: both the laying technology and the coatings themselves have changed: there are more varieties. So it turns out that the requirements for employees are increasing.

Progress Communications. We talked about this above: earlier you could write a swear word on a fence and be satisfied with your resourcefulness, and now you can send everyone an indefinite number of letters to Youtube. That is, EVERYONE!

I hope it became clearer about the scientific and technological revolution. Like, share with friends in social networks, subscribe to our news, and generally feel at home, but do not forget that you are visiting! 🙂

Sincerely, Andrey Puchkov

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Target: Show the features of the development of scientific and technological revolution, its characteristic features and components.

Teaching and educational tasks:

• Form the concept of scientific and technological revolution; introduce the features and parts of the NTR.
• To form the ability to listen and highlight the main thing in the content, schematically draw up a summary.
• Show the scale of scientific and technological achievements of mankind.

Lesson type: learning new material, lesson-lecture.

Lesson steps:

1. Distribute the lecture scheme, consisting of blocks and their parts, placed on an A4 sheet, to distribute to students. During the lesson, students will be able to make notes on it.
2. The same scheme is placed on the board. In the course of the lecture, we will return to it, marking what has already been completed.
3. During the lesson, students get acquainted with the key words-terms:
   • Geoinformatics;
   • Geoinformation systems.
4. Listening to a lecture is accompanied by a detailed summary.
5. At the end of the lesson, students formulate brief conclusions.

Equipment: textbooks, wall political map world”, atlas maps, handouts, computer, projector, screen, presentation.

During the classes

I. Organization of the class.

II. Learning new material.

Introduction to the topic.(Slide 1)

Definition of goals.

Today we must find out the characteristic features and components of the scientific and technological revolution, to show that the scientific and technological revolution is a single complex system.

Epigraph. (Slide 2)

Acquaintance of students with the stages of the lesson and with the task for the lesson. (Slide 3)

Lecture plan: (Slide 4)

• Scientific and technological revolution
• Character traits NTR.
• Components of NTR.
• The concept of geographic information systems.

1. Work with the concept of scientific and technological revolution. (Slides 5-6)

Teacher: When studying this topic, we have to turn to one of the most significant, global processes of development of the entire modern world - the scientific and technological revolution.

The entire history of the development of human society is inextricably linked with scientific and technological progress. But there are periods when there are rapid and profound changes in the productive forces of mankind.

Such was the period of industrial revolutions in the XVIII-XIX centuries. in a number of countries of the world, when machine labor replaced manual labor. In the 19th century, the steam engine was invented in England, a huge role in the development industrial production the invention of the conveyor played. It was first used in the United States in the manufacture of automobiles.

The steam engine became the "primary" cell of the industrial revolution in the century before last, and the computer became the "primary" cell of modern scientific and technological revolution. Modern scientific and technological revolution began in the middle of the 20th century. In all countries, it manifests itself in different ways, and therefore it can be said that it is far from being completed. But a new industrial revolution is already brewing in the world. What it will be - the future will show.

Conversation with the class

Questions:

• The word "revolution" in various dictionaries has the following interpretation. (Students quote the definition of "revolution" from different dictionaries)
• What unites all these definitions?
• How would you define NTR?
• What is the difference between the concepts of scientific and technological progress and scientific and technological progress?

Answer:

Exercise: Analyze the two formulations, compare them and find the main difference between the two phenomena?

Answer:

Modern science has become an industry of discovery, a powerful stimulus for the development of technology.

2. Characteristic features of scientific and technological revolution. (Slide 7)

1) Universality, inclusiveness. (Slides 8-10)

Scientific and technological revolution has affected all countries of the world and all spheres geographical envelope, space. Scientific and technological revolution transforms all branches of production, the nature of labor, life, culture, and the psychology of people. Scientific and technological revolution symbols: rocket, TV set, computer, etc.

The inclusiveness of scientific and technological revolution can be characterized geographically, since thanks to scientific and technological revolution, the words satellite, atom, robot appeared in our vocabulary.

Question: Name the new appliances that have appeared in your home over the past 10 years. What technique does your grandmother, mother, not know how to use?

2) Acceleration of scientific and technological transformations. (Slide 11)

It is expressed in a sharp reduction in the time between a scientific discovery and its implementation in production. Moral wear and tear occurs earlier than physical wear and tear, therefore, for some classes, car repair makes no sense (for example: computers, video cameras, TVs, etc.)

Working with the textbook

Exercise:

• Find an example in the additional text (p. 103) that would confirm this feature of NTR.
• Analyze the table and draw conclusions.

3) Increasing requirements for the skill level of labor resources. (Slide 12)

In all areas human activity the share of mental labor increased, its intellectualization took place.

In the era of scientific and technological revolution, workers with higher education increased the share of knowledge workers. This also applies to you. After graduating from high school, you will find it easier to find an interesting and well-paid job.

4) Military-technical revolution. (Slide 13)

It originated during the Second World War. An explosion heralded its beginning atomic bomb in Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945, after which an arms race began between the two powerful powers of the USA and the USSR. Throughout the entire period cold war» The scientific and technological revolution was focused on using the latest achievements of scientific and technical thought for military purposes. But after the commissioning of the first nuclear power plant and the launch of the first artificial satellite Lands, many countries are doing everything to direct the scientific and technological revolution to achieve peaceful goals.

3. Components of scientific and technological revolution.(Slide 14)

Scientific and technological revolution is a single complex system, the parts of which closely interact with each other.

1) Science and science intensity . (Slides 15-17)

Science in the era of scientific and technological revolution has become a complex body of knowledge. Science is both a complex of knowledge and a special sphere of human activity. For many countries, the development of science is task No. 1.

There are 5 to 6 million scientific workers in the world. At the same time, the USA, Germany, Japan, France and Great Britain account for more than 80% of scientific employees, more than 80% of all investments in science, almost all inventions, patents, licenses and Nobel Prizes awarded.

• In developed countries, in terms of the number of scientists and engineers, they occupy: 1st place - the United States, 2nd place - Japan, countries Western Europe(Russia is included in this group).

The connection between science and production is especially growing, which is becoming more and more knowledge-intensive(Science intensity is measured by the level (share) of research and development costs in the total costs of producing a particular product).

However, the differences between developed and developing countries in the field of science are especially large:

• Spending on science in developed countries is 2-3% of GDP;
• In developing countries, spending on science on average does not exceed 0.5% of GDP.

2) Technique and technology. (Slide 18)

Technique and technology embody scientific knowledge and discoveries.

The purpose of new technologies is to increase the environmental activity of production, labor productivity, resource saving and nature protection.

Germany and the USA stand out for the production of environmental protection equipment and the introduction of the latest environmental technologies. In addition to the fact that these countries are leaders in the production and use of environmental technologies, Germany is also the main country that supplies them to the world market.

Two ways of developing technology technology in the conditions of modern scientific and technological revolution:

1. evolutionary path
2. revolutionary path

(Slide 19)

a) Evolutionary path (Further improvement of engineering and technology)

(Slide 20)

Question for the class: Give examples of the evolutionary path of development of engineering and technology.

Answer:

Improving the technology that was produced at the beginningXXcentury - cars, aircraft, machine tools, blast furnaces, ships.

For example, in the early 50s, the largest sea tanker could hold up to 50 thousand tons of oil, in the 60s - 100, 200, 300 thousand tons, in the 70s. tankers with a carrying capacity of over 500 thousand tons appeared. The largest offshore tankers were built in Japan and France.

However, such megalomania does not always justify itself, since not all seaports can accept and serve such a large transport. After all, the length of the vessel reaches 480 m, the width is about 63 m, such a tanker has a draft with a load of up to 30 meters. The propeller is equal to the height of a three-story house, the deck occupies 2.5 hectares)

b) Revolutionary path (Transition to a fundamentally new technique and technology).

It finds its most striking expression in the production of electronic equipment. If earlier they talked about the “age of textiles”, “the age of the car”, now they are talking about the “age of electronics”.

The breakthrough to new technologies is also of great importance. "Second wave" of scientific and technological revolution, which manifested itself in the 70s. called the microelectronic revolution, because. the invention of the microprocessor in the history of mankind can be compared with the invention of the wheel, steam engine or electricity. (Slides 21-26)

Exercise: Analyze the text of the textbook on page 94, and also additional material on p.115.

Conclusion(students do it themselves): The revolutionary path is the main path in the development of engineering and technology in the era of scientific and technological revolution.

3) Production: six main areas of development.(Slides 27-29)

Question: What are the main directions of development of production. (Students have a handout that can be used to answer the question posed by the teacher)

a) Electronization means the saturation of all areas of human activity with the means of EWT. The electronics industry is the brainchild of scientific and technological revolution.

For example:

• in education - computerization of schools, their connection to the Internet;
• in medicine - ultrasound, computed tomography, development of microsurgery, computed radiography;
• in communication - cell phones.

The electronic industry is in the fullest sense the brainchild of scientific and technological revolution. It will largely determine the entire course of scientific and technological revolution.

This branch has received the greatest development in the USA, Japan, Germany, NIS of Asia.

b) Integrated automation. (Slides 30-34)

It began in the 1950s with the advent of computers. A new round of development occurred in the 70s of the XX century, and it is associated with the advent of microprocessors and microcomputers. Robotics is booming special success in this area has reached Japan. There are 800 robots for every 10,000 auto workers in the country, compared to 300 in the US. The scope of robots today is limitless.

c) Energy economy restructuring. (Slides 35-37)

The restructuring of the energy sector is associated with the ever-growing needs of the countries of the world for electricity. Existing traditional power plants can no longer cope with the load. Therefore, the greatest attention in the world is paid to the construction of nuclear power plants.

In the world to beginning of XXI century, more than 450 nuclear power units were involved. Leading countries: USA, France, Japan, Germany, Russia, Ukraine. However, in last years, due to the difficulties of using nuclear power plants, many countries are afraid of environmental consequences, and the developed countries of the world have paid attention to alternative energy.

d) Production of new materials. (Slides 38, 39)

The requirements of modern production for ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, as well as for the chemical industry, which produces synthetic polymers, are steadily increasing. But it brought to life fundamentally new compositional, semiconductor, metal ceramic materials. The chemical industry is mastering the production of optical fibers.

A special role in the production of new materials is assigned to the "metals of the XX century": beryllium, lithium, titanium. Titanium is currently the No. 1 metal for the aerospace industry, nuclear shipbuilding, as it is a light and refractory metal.

e) Accelerated development of biotechnology. (Slides 40-42)

The direction arose in the 70s and is developing at a faster pace. Biotechnology applies traditional knowledge and modern technology to change the genetic material of plants, animals and microbes in order to create new products.

Biotechnology makes a significant contribution to improving health, increasing food production, reforestation, increasing productivity in industry, disinfecting water, and cleaning up hazardous waste.

The results of biotechnology can already be seen. This includes the creation of clones and modified products. More and more often we hear about the discoveries of medical scientists in the field of genetic engineering.

Of great importance are biotechnological programs that are used in the extraction mineral resources. Biotechnologies are developing especially successfully in the USA, Japan, Germany, and France.

f) Cosmization. (Slide 43)

The development of astronautics has led to the emergence of another new science-intensive industry - the aerospace industry. The use of space only for military purposes ended with the Cold War.

Space is increasingly becoming a place where the countries of the world cooperate. It is used for earth exploration, in fishing, in agriculture, to obtain new materials in a vacuum.

It was space images that confirmed Wegener's theory "On the motion of lithospheric plates". The results of space research have a huge impact on the development of fundamental sciences.

4) Management: on the way to a high information culture. (Slide 44)

The current stage of scientific and technological revolution is characterized by new requirements for the management of modern production. It is incredibly complicated and requires special training.

For example: in the implementation of space programs, such as landing a lunar rover on the moon, research and landing of descent vehicles on planets solar system, landing a man on the moon, sometimes several tens of thousands of different companies are tied up, which must work in a coordinated mode.

Only people who are fluent in the science of management can manage such programs. At the end of the 20th century, a special science of management arose - cybernetics . At the same time, it is the science of information.

The information flow is growing every day. That is why the transition from paper to machine information is so important. New specialties appeared that did not exist before: a programmer, a computer operator, and others.

We live in an era of "information explosion". Nowadays, there is already a global information space. The Internet plays a big role in its creation.

This is a real telecommunications "web" that has enveloped the whole world. The use of the Internet is in full swing in education. She did not bypass the geographical science, which included a new direction - geographic informatics .

4. Geoinformatics contributed to the creation of geographic information systems.

(GIS is a complex of interconnected means of obtaining, storing, processing, selecting data and issuing geographic information.)

Geoinformatics is one of the main directions of combining geographical science with the achievements of the modern stage of scientific and technological revolution.

III. Lesson summary:

1) Checking the schematic outline.

2) Fixing:

Assignment on the topic of scientific and technological revolution: Determine the place of the following provisions in the table:

1. Production of new materials.
2. Complex automation.
3. Restructuring of the energy sector.
4. Accelerated development of biotechnology.
5. Acceleration of scientific and technological transformations.
6. Cosmization.
7. Increasing qualification requirements.
8. The birth of scientific and technological revolution as a military-technical revolution.
9. Versatility and inclusiveness.
10. Electronization.

There should be time for questions at the end of the lecture. Questions received at the lecture must be recorded, collected, systematized and studied.

IV. Homework

• Topic 4, §1 in V.P. Maksakovskiy "Economic and social geography of the world"
• Prepare presentations on topics:
• "Using the achievements of scientific and technological revolution in geography",
• "The development of biotechnology in modern world”, “Space and scientific and technological revolution”

Interesting Facts

In the first half of the 20th century, the volume scientific information doubled every 50 years, in the middle of the century - 10 years, in the 70s-80s - 5-7 years, in the XXI century - 3-5 years.

In 1900, 10 thousand magazines were published all over the world, and at the beginning of the 21st century - more than 1 million.

In geography alone, 700 journals are published today and 10,000 book titles are published a year.

And in total, 800 thousand titles of books and brochures are published annually in the world with a total circulation of more than 16 billion copies.

The modern scientific and technological revolution has led to fundamental changes in human society, in production, in the interaction of society with the environment.

However, it should be noted that scientific and technological revolution is developing most successfully in the developed countries of the world, while most countries in Africa, Oceania, some countries in Asia and Latin America are still far from developing the achievements of scientific and technological revolution in their country.

Literature

1. Gladky Yu.N., Lavrov S.B. Economic and social geography of the world. – M.: Enlightenment, 2006.
2. Gladky Yu.N., Lavrov S.B. Global geography. – M.: Enlightenment, 2001.
3. Maksakovskiy V.P. Toolkit"Economic and social geography of the world" - M .: Education, 2006.
4. Maksakovskiy V.P. New in the world. Figures and facts. - M .: Bustard, 1999

Of great importance for a correct understanding of the processes observed in public life, has an analysis of the modern scientific and technological revolution.

- this is a qualitative transformation, the transformation of science into a productive force and, corresponding to this, a radical change in the material and technical base of social production, its form and content, nature, .

• versatility - covers almost all industries National economy and affects all spheres of human activity;
• rapid development of science and technology;
• a change in the role of a person in the production process - in the process of the scientific and technological revolution, the requirements for the level of qualification increase, the share of mental labor increases.

The modern scientific and technological revolution is characterized by the following changes in the sphere of production:

Firstly, the conditions, nature and content of labor are changing due to the introduction of the achievements of science into production. Machine-automated labor is replacing the former types of labor. The introduction of automatic machines significantly increases labor productivity, removing from production restrictions in speed, accuracy, continuity, etc., associated with the psychophysiological properties of a person. This changes the place of man in production. A new type of connection "man-technique" is emerging, which does not limit the development of either man or technology. In the conditions of automated production, machines produce machines.

Secondly, new types of energy are beginning to be used - nuclear, sea ebb, earth's interior. There is a qualitative change in the use of electromagnetic and solar energy.

Third natural materials are replaced by artificial ones. Plastics and PVC products are widely used.

Fourth production technology is changing. For example, the mechanical effect on the object of labor is replaced by a physical and chemical effect. In this case, magnetic-impulse phenomena, ultrasound, super frequencies, electro-hydraulic effect, different kinds radiation, etc.

Modern technology is characterized by the fact that cyclic technological processes are increasingly being replaced by continuous flow processes.

New technological methods also impose new requirements on the tools of labor (increased accuracy, reliability, the ability to self-regulate), on the objects of labor (precisely specified quality, a clear mode of supply, etc.), on working conditions (strictly specified requirements for illumination, temperature regime in the premises, their cleanliness, etc.).

Fifth, the nature of control changes. The use of automated control systems changes the place of a person in the system of management and production control.

At sixth, the system of generation, storage and transmission of information is changing. The use of computers significantly accelerates the processes associated with the development and use of information, improves the methods of making and evaluating decisions.

Seventh, the requirements for vocational training frames. The rapid change in the means of production poses the task of constant professional improvement, raising the level of skills. A person is required to have professional mobility and more high level morality. The number of intelligentsia is growing, the requirements for its professional training are increasing.

Eighth, the transition from extensive to intensive development production.

Development of engineering and technology in the conditions of scientific and technological revolution

In the conditions of the scientific and technological revolution, the development of technology and technology occurs in two ways:

• evolutionary;
• revolutionary.

evolutionary path consists in the constant improvement of technology and technology, as well as in magnification power productivity of machinery and equipment, in growth load capacity Vehicle etc. Thus, in the early 1950s, the largest offshore tanker could hold 50,000 tons of oil. In the 1970s, supertankers with a carrying capacity of 500,000 tons or more began to be produced.

revolutionary path is the main through the development of engineering and technology in the era of the scientific and technological revolution and consists in the transition to a fundamentally new technique and technology. The revolutionary path is the main path for the development of engineering and technology in the era of scientific and technological revolution.

Manufacturing process automation

Technology in the period of the scientific and technological revolution enters a new stage of its development - automation stage.

The transformation of science into a direct productive force And production automation- This the most important characteristics of the scientific and technological revolution. They change the relationship between man and technology. Science plays the role of a generator of new ideas, and technology acts as their material embodiment.

• The first is characterized by the spread of semi-automatic mechanics. The worker supplements the technological process with intellectual and physical strength (loading, unloading machines).
• The second stage is characterized by the appearance of machine tools with program control based on computer equipment of the production process.
• The third stage is connected with the complex automation of production. This stage is characterized by automated workshops and automatic plants.
• The fourth stage is the period of completed automation of the economic complex, which becomes a self-regulating system.

The foregoing indicates that the scientific and technological revolution is expressed in qualitative transformation of the life support system of people.

The scientific and technological revolution transforms not only the sphere of production, but also changes the environment, life, settlement and other areas of public life.

• First, the scientific and technological revolution is accompanied by the concentration of capital. This is explained by the fact that the technical re-equipment of enterprises requires the concentration of financial resources and their significant costs.
• Secondly, the process of the scientific and technological revolution is accompanied by a deepening division of labor. Thirdly, the growth of the economic power of firms leads to an increase in their influence on political power.

The implementation of the scientific and technological revolution has some Negative consequences in the form of increasing social inequality, increasing pressure on natural environment, increase the destructiveness of wars, reduce social health etc.

One of the most important social tasks is the implementation of the need to maximize the positive consequences of the scientific and technological revolution and reduce the volume of its negative consequences.

The scientific and technological revolution (STR) is a period of time during which there is a qualitative leap in the development of science and technology, which radically transforms the productive forces of society. The scientific and technological revolution began in the middle of the 20th century, and by the 1970s it had increased its economic potential by several times. The achievements of scientific and technological revolution were primarily used economically, which turned them into an accelerator of scientific and technological progress.

The components of scientific and technological revolution are science, technology, technology, production, and management.

The most important features characterizing the scientific and technological revolution are the following.

1. Exceptionally rapid development of science, its transformation into a direct productive force. An extremely important economic indicator of the era of scientific and technological revolution is the cost of R&D (research and development work). A huge proportion of them are in developed countries:,. At the same time, US spending significantly exceeds the costs of other countries. In Russia, R&D spending is significantly lower than not only in the United States, but also in other countries, which, of course, is a consequence of the low technical level of production. It is obvious that the development of science cannot take place without modern system education. Significant successes of Japan in the development of science-intensive industries and in the implementation of the results of scientific and technological revolution in the industry are directly related to the education system - one of the best in the world.
2. Fundamental changes in the technical base of production. We are talking about the widespread use of computers, robots, the introduction of new technologies and the intensification of old methods and technologies, the discovery and use of new sources and types of energy, and the increase in labor efficiency due to a highly skilled workforce.
3. The scientific and technological revolution affects the sectoral structure of material production, while the share of industry in it increases sharply, since the growth of labor productivity in other sectors of the economy depends on it. Agriculture in the era of scientific and technological revolution acquires an industrial character. In the industry itself, the share of the manufacturing industry has increased, which accounts for 9/10 of the cost of all products. Chemical, electric power, on which scientific and technological progress primarily depends, and mechanical engineering, began to stand out among the industries. ABOUT state of the art Scientific and technological revolution is usually judged by the share of science-intensive products in the total volume of production. NTR has made major changes to the . The share of rail in the total volume of transportation has decreased, as its role has decreased. Most of the international trade is provided by maritime transport, but it almost does not participate in passenger traffic, which is "entrusted" to air transport.
4. Of particular importance in the era of scientific and technological revolution is the problem of managing modern production. Production management has become extraordinarily complicated and is associated with the coordination of the development of science, technology and technology and production. Management in the era of scientific and technological revolution requires special training. They are especially widely represented in the USA and Japan. Graduates of these schools - production managers - are called managers. Their preparation in recent years has also begun in Russia.

1. resource factor.

He determined the location of production with late XIX century to the beginning of the 20th century. Many resource basins have become centers of industry. For example, the Urals is the first base for the industrialization of Russia. In the era of the scientific and technological revolution, such a “binding” of industry to mineral resource bases is much less common, but the resource factor continues to be the main factor for the location of extractive industries. Since many old basins and deposits are severely depleted, it is in the extractive industry that there has been a shift in the first place to areas of new development, often with extreme conditions.

The resource factor still continues to play an important role in industrialization and has an impact on the location of production.

2. Knowledge-intensive factor.

One of important factors location of production in the era of scientific and technological revolution becomes the attraction to the centers of science and education. First of all, this circumstance determines knowledge-intensive industries, and they gravitate towards scientific centers, educational institutions. For some countries, a strong territorial concentration of scientific research is characteristic, for others, on the contrary, their dispersal. In the era of scientific and technological revolution, many Western countries are characterized by the integration of science and production. As a result, scientific and industrial complexes or technopolises appear. So, in Japan in the 80s, they began to create technopolises, selecting for them science-intensive areas: aerospace technology, robotics, computer production. Similar technopolises are also found in the United States.

3. The pull factor for a skilled workforce.

This factor has always influenced and continues to influence the location of production. Now any country needs not just, but highly qualified people capable of operating modern technology.

4. Environmental factor.

It existed before, but in the period of the scientific and technological revolution it acquired a special significance. Accounting for the environmental factor in the construction of economic facilities has become mandatory. The legislation provides for serious sanctions against persons who neglect this factor.

In the era of scientific and technological revolution, such factors as consumer, energy, and territorial have not lost their significance. Individual states continue to play a significant role.

Hello dear readers! In this article I would like to talk about how the development of science and technology on Earth took place. What are the development paths for this ...

The development of civilization is associated with scientific and technological progress. Separate periods of deep and rapid change productive forces. This process is based on the transformation of science into a direct productive force of society. Such periods are called scientific and technological revolution (NTR) .

The beginning of the modern scientific and technological revolution dates back to the middle of the 20th century, in which, as a rule, 4 main features are distinguished.

First, it's versatility. This revolution concerns all spheres of human activity and covers almost all branches of the national economy. With modern scientific and technological revolution, such concepts as television, nuclear power plants, spaceship, jet aircraft, computer, etc.

Secondly, it is the rapid development of technology and science. The distance from a fundamental discovery to its application in practice has sharply decreased. 102 years have passed since the discovery of the principle of photography to the first photograph, and for example, for a laser, this period has been reduced to only 5 years.

Thirdly, it is a change in the human role in the production process. Requirements for the level of qualification of labor resources are increased in the process of scientific and technological revolution. Part of mental labor, of course, increases in these conditions.

Fourthly, the modern scientific and technological revolution was born during the Second World War, as a military-technical one, and in many ways continued to remain so throughout the entire period after the war.

Today, the modern scientific and technological revolution is a complex system that consists of four interacting parts: 1) the science; 2) technology and technique; 3) production; 4) management.

In the era of scientific and technological revolution, science is a very complex component of knowledge. This is a large area of ​​human activity, which employs many people around the world. The connection between production and science has especially increased. Manufacturing has become more scientific, that is, Scientific research production costs rise.

The cost of science in developed countries becomes 2 - 3% of GDP. And in developing countries, these costs are only fractions of a percent.

The development of technology and technology in the conditions of scientific and technological revolution takes place along two paths - revolutionary and evolutionary.

revolutionary path- the main one in the development of technology and technology in the era of scientific and technological revolution. The essence of this path lies in the transition to a fundamentally new technology and technique. The second wave of scientific and technological revolution, which began in the 1970s, is often called the “microelectronic revolution” for a reason.

The transition to the latest technologies also has great importance. At the level with the traditional ways of improving production, intensively develop latest destinations production, of which 6 main directions can be distinguished.

1. Electronization. This is the saturation of electronic computing technology in all areas of activity.

2. Integrated automation or the use of robotics, and the creation of new flexible production systems, automatic plants.

3. Restructuring of the energy sector. It is based on the conservation of energy, the use of new energy sources, and the improvement of the structure of the fuel and energy balance.

4. Production of fundamentally new materials, for example, titanium, lithium, optical fiber, beryllium, composite, ceramic materials, semiconductor.

5. Accelerated development of biotechnology.

6. Cosmization and the emergence of the aerospace industry, which contributed to the emergence of new alloys, machines, devices.

evolutionary path It is manifested in an increase in the carrying capacity of vehicles, in an increase in the capacity of the productivity of equipment and machines, as well as in the constant improvement of technology and technology.

For example, the largest offshore tanker, in the early 50s, could hold 50,000 tons of oil, and in the 70s, they began to build super tankers that could hold 500,000 tons or more.

The new management requirements are characterized modern stage NTR. Modern humanity is going through a period of information revolution, which began with the transition from conventional (paper) to electronic (computer) information.

One of the newest science-intensive industries has become the production of various information technology. Informatics, in this situation, is of great importance. Computer science is the science of collecting, processing and using information.

Thus, the scientific and technological revolution is not in vain bears such a name. It, like any other revolution, brings all kinds of changes: in production, science and technology, it greatly helps modern humanity in development, and is already an integral part of everyday life.