The history of China from ancient times to the beginning of the XXI century: in 10 volumes. T. I. Ancient and ancient history(according to archaeological data): from the Paleolithic to the 5th century. BC. / Ch. ed. S.L. Tikhvinsky; resp. ed. A.P. Derevianko. - M.: Eastern literature, 2016. - 974 p. ISBN: 978-5-02-036576-6

The first volume of "History of China from ancient times to the beginning of the XXI century", which treats a diverse range of problems associated with the formation of modern man as species, the beginning of his instrumental activity, the adaptation of early human groups to the changing natural environment of the vast region of East Asia, is on the verge of interaction between natural sciences and humanitarian knowledge. Connecting archaeological data with information historical documents allows you to verify many points early history Chinese statehood, complex move historical process, which turned the disparate collectives of the agricultural population of North and South China into a single demographic structure, capable of with the same degree of stability to survive both bright ups and periods of decline, interspersed in the development of the country over the millennia.

To the reader (S.L. Tikhvinsky).....5
Introduction (A.P. Derevianko).....8

HISTORY OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH AND HISTORIOGRAPHY OF CHINESE ARCHEOLOGY

Chapter 1. History of archaeological research in China.....19

The origin of Chinese archeology (P.M. Kozhin, S.A. Komissarov).....19

Foreign scientific expeditions in China in the late 19th - early 20th centuries. (B.A. Litvinsky, I.F. Popova, Yu.S. Khudyakov, S.A. Komissarov).....24

Russian archaeologists in Manchuria (V.E. Larichev, S.V. Alkin).....32

Formation and development of the national archaeological school in China (A.P. Derevyanko, V.E. Larichev, S.A. Komissarov, P.V. Martynov).....35

Organization of archaeological science in Taiwan (after 1945) (Yu.A. Azarenko).....42

Chapter 2. Studying the Archeology of China Abroad.....45

Topics, methods, principles of research on archeology and ancient history of China in the West (P.M. Kozhin).....45

Russian School of Chinese Archaeologists (V.E. Larichev, S.A. Komissarov, P.V. Martynov).....50

PALEOLITH (A.P. Derevyanko)

Chapter 1. Paleogeography and climate of China in the Quaternary period ..... 56

Chapter 2

Early Pleistocene localities with pebble-flake industry.....67

Early Pleistocene localities with microlithic industry.....74

Middle Pleistocene localities in northern China.....84

Middle Pleistocene localities of Central and Southern China.....101

Chapter 3. Ancient Paleolithic (150-30 thousand years ago) ..... 107

Chapter 4. Formation of the Upper Paleolithic culture (30-15 thousand years ago).....112

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

NEOLITH (IX - middle of III millennium BC)

Chapter 1. Neolithic of the historical region of East Asia (D.V. Deopik, M.Yu. Ulyanov).....151

The Neolithic period as part of the historical process in East Asia.....151

Geographical division of the historical region of East Asia ..... 152

Ethnolinguistic situation.....158

On archaeological cultures and their identification.....160

Change of eras: about the appearance of ceramics and polished tools in the south of East Asia (outside the historical borders of the region).....161

Early Neolithic (9000-5500 BC).....162

The first stage (9000-7000 BC).....162

The second stage (7000-5500 BC).....168

Middle Neolithic (5500-3500 BC).....181

The first stage (5500-4500 BC).....181

The second stage (4500-3500 BC).....214

Late Neolithic (3500-2500 BC).....255

The first stage (3500-3000 BC).....257

The second stage (3000-2500 BC).....286

Chapter 2. Neolithic areas outside the historical region.....303

Northeast of modern China (S.V. Alkin).....303

Issues of paleoecology.....303

Characteristics of the cultures of the early Neolithic ..... 304

Hongshan Culture.....308

Fuhe Culture.....315

Xinle culture.....321

Northwest of modern China (Gansu Province) (D.V. Deopik, M.Yu. Ulyanov).....327

Tibet (E.I. Kychanov, P.V. Martynov, S.A. Komissarov).....328

South-east of modern China (prov. Fujian) (Yu.A. Azarenko, S.V. Laptev).....332

The southern regions of modern China (province Guangdong and Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region) (D.V. Deopik, M.Yu. Ulyanov).....340

Taiwan (Yu.A. Azarenko, S.V. Laptev, S.A. Komissarov).....354

General results of the development of East Asia in the Neolithic (P.M. Kozhin).....357

THE ORIGIN OF STATEHOOD. EARLY AND MIDDLE BRONZE (2500-1300 BC)

Chapter 1. Early Bronze Age of the historical region of East Asia (2500-1800 BC) ..... 363

Transition from the Age of Stone to the Age of Metal in East Asia (V.I. Molodin, P.M. Kozhin).....363

periodization bronze age in the region (D.V. Deopik, M.Yu. Ulyanov).....367

Monuments of the region, where early bronze items were found.....368

Minerals and metallurgical production (D.V. Deopik, M.Yu. Ulyanov).....370

The first stage of the Early Bronze Age (2500-2100 BC) (D.V. Deopik, M.Yu. Ulyanov).....371

Lower Yangtze.....371

Middle Yangtze.....389

Shandong.....396

Great Plain.....403

East of the Middle Yellow River.....403

West of the Middle Yellow River.....407

Upper Huanghe.....410

The second stage of the Early Bronze Age (2100-1800 BC) (D.V. Deopik, M.Yu. Ulyanov).....412

Lower Yangtze.....412

Shandong.....420

Great Plain.....421

Middle Yangtze.....422

West of the Middle Yellow River.....423

Upper Yellow River.....426

East of the Middle Yellow River.....429

Chapter 2

Lower Yangtze (D.V. Deopik, M.Yu. Ulyanov).....436

Shandong (D.V. Deopik, M.Yu. Ulyanov).....452

The Great Plain (D.V. Deopik, M.Yu. Ulyanov).....454

History of the Early Shang (XVII-XIV centuries BC) according to written and archaeological sources.....456

East of the Middle Yellow River.....459

Xiaqiuan culture (D.V. Deopik, M.Yu. Ulyanov).....459

"Northern City" (D.V. Deopik, M.Yu. Ulyanov).....460

Settlement Taysi (E.A. Girchenko, P.M. Kozhin).....469

Erlitou Culture (D.V. Deopik, M.Yu. Ulyanov).....470

Yanshi settlement (E.A. Girchenko, P.M. Kozhin).....479

Erligan Culture (E.A. Girchenko, P.M. Kozhin).....480

Middle Yangtze (S.A. Komissarov, A.V. Varenov).....481

Panlongchen Monument (about 1400-1300 BC).....481

West of the Middle Yellow River (D.V. Deopik, M.Yu. Ulyanov).....484

Upper Yellow River (A.V. Varenov).....485

The results of the development of the historical region of East Asia in the Middle Bronze Age (D.V. Deopik, M.Yu. Ulyanov) ..... 488

Chapter 3

Northeast of modern China (S.V. Alkin) ..... 489

The culture of the lower layer of Xiajiadian ..... 489

Northwest of modern PRC.....496

Monuments of the Bronze Age in the territory of Xinjiang (V.I. Molodin, B.L. Litvinsky, Yu.S. Khudyakov, S.A. Komissarov).....496

Zongzhi culture (S.A. Komissarov, P.V. Martynov).....499

Syba culture (V.I. Molodin, S.A. Komissarov, A.I. Soloviev).....502

Gumugou culture (Afanasievskaya) (V.I. Molodin, S.V. Alkin).....506

Xiaohe Culture (V.I. Molodin, S.A. Komissarov).....509

Chemurchek cultural phenomenon (A.A. Kovalev).....512

Southeast and south of modern China (S.A. Komissarov).....515

Cuntou shell mound culture (Yu.A. Azarenko, S.V. Laptev).....516

Huangguashan culture (Yu.A. Azarenko, S.V. Laptev).....519

Coastal monuments of Guangdong and Hong Kong (S.A. Komissarov, Yu.A. Azarenko).....519

PERIODS OF SHAN-YIN AND WESTERN ZHOU (late XIV - VIII century BC). LATE BRONZE AGE

Introduction (P.M. Kozhin).....525

Chapter 1

Sources on the history of the Shang (D.V. Deopik, M.Yu. Ulyanov) ..... 531

The political history of the Shang (D.V. Deopik, M.Yu. Ulyanov).....535

Historical and archaeological characteristics of the capital center of Shan (D.V. Deopik, M.Yu. Ulyanov with the participation of E.S. Anikushina).....547

Spiritual culture and socio-political structure (D.V. Deopik, M.Yu. Ulyanov).....602

Spiritual culture.....602

The structure of power and the apparatus of management ..... 609

Crafts and agriculture.....613

Military affairs ..... 614

Shan Neighbors and Relations with Them.....616

State formations outside the Shang (D.V. Deopik, M.Yu. Ulyanov) ..... 619

East of the Middle Yellow River.....619

Great Plain.....620

Shandong.....621

Middle Yangtze.....622

Lower Yangtze.....623

Northern neighbors Shang (U-shaped bend Huanghe and Upper Fenhe) ..... 625

Upper Yellow River.....625

Archaeological sites of the Early Zhou (about 1200 - 1027 BC) (S.A. Komissarov, S.I. Blumchen) ..... 626

Monuments of the district of the capitals - the cities of Feng and Hao ..... 633

The battle of Muya and the end of the Shang state (V.E. Larichev, S.A. Komissarov, M.A. Kudinova, E.G. Gienko).....639

Chapter 2. State of Western Zhou (1027-771 BC) ..... 647

Western Zhou epigraphy historical source(V.M. Kryukov).....647

Political history of Western Zhou (D.V. Deopik, M.Yu. Ulyanov).....658

Social structure and state structure (D.V. Deopik, M.Yu. Ulyanov) ..... 670

Social structure.....671

Beliefs and cults.....676

Religious ceremonies and religious utensils.....677

Possessions, sovereign states and peoples of East Asia in the XI-VIII centuries. BC. (D.V. Deopik, M.Yu. Ulyanov).....680

Jin.....680

Qin.....681

Zhongy.....683

Zheng.....685

Huai and.....686

Other States of Shandong.....689

Oriental and.....689

Archaeological Sites of the Western Zhou Period.....694

Locations of the Huang He Valley (S.A. Komissarov, M.A. Kudinova).....694

Monuments of the Yangtze Basin (S.V. Laptev, E.A. Solovieva).....714

Chapter 3. Late Bronze Age cultures outside the historical region of East Asia.....722

Xinjiang (A.I. Soloviev, S.A. Komissarov).....722

Kayao culture.....722

Gansu-Qinghai Plateau (S.A. Komissarov, A.I. Soloviev).....727

Xindian and Siwa cultures.....727

Upper reaches of the Yangtze (S.A. Komissarov, E.A. Girchenko).....729

Sanxingdui culture (about 1300 - 1000 BC).....729

Coastal monuments of Guangdong and Fujian.....736

The region of the Minjiang and Jiulongjiang rivers (S.V. Laptev, E.A. Solovieva).....736

Huangtulun culture (S.V. Laptev, Yu.A. Azarenko).....737

Cultures of Houshan and Fubin (S.V. Laptev, Yu.A. Azarenko, S.A. Komissarov).....739

Taiwan (Yu.A. Azarenko, S.V. Laptev, S.A. Komissarov).....742

Zhishanyan culture.....742

Yingpu culture.....743

Dahu culture.....743

Fanbitow Culture.....744

Beinan culture.....744

Qilin Culture.....748

Yuanshan culture.....749

Zhiyuan culture.....750

CHUNQIU PERIOD (771-453 BC).
EARLY IRON AGE

The beginning of the Iron Age in China (V.I. Molodin, P.M. Kozhin, S.A. Komissarov).....751

Chapter 1. History and culture of the East Asian region during the Chunqiu period (771-453 BC) ..... 755

Sources.....755

Inscriptions on bronze vessels (V.M. Kryukov).....755

Inscriptions on weapons (V.M. Kryukov).....757

Inscriptions on stone drums (shiguwen) (A.N. Chistyakova).....758

Written documents on bamboo and wooden planks (M.V. Korolkov).....759

Political history (D.V. Deopik, M.Yu. Ulyanov).....768

The structure of power and the apparatus of management (D.V. Deopik, M.Yu. Ulyanov) ..... 784

The system of training civilian and military personnel and the creation of "philosophical schools" (D.V. Deopik, M.Yu. Ulyanov) ..... 788

Beliefs and Priesthood (D.V. Deopik, M.Yu. Ulyanov).....789

Chapter 2

Van's personal possession (D.V. Deopik, M.Yu. Ulyanov).....793

Kingdom of Jin.....796

Political history (D.V. Deopik, M.Yu. Ulyanov).....796

Capital Complex (M.Yu. Ulyanov, P.V. Khalturina).....798

Tianma burial ground (S.A. Komissarov, A.N. Chistyakova).....800

Qi Realm.....805

Political history (D.V. Deopik, M.Yu. Ulyanov).....805

The capital of the Qi kingdom: Linzi monument (S.A. Komissarov, A.N. Chistyakova).....809

Kingdom of Lu.....814

Political history (D.V. Deopik, M.Yu. Ulyanov).....814

The capital of the kingdom of Lu: the city of Qufu (A.N. Chistyakova, S.A. Komissarov) ..... 818

Kingdom of Zheng (D.V. Deopik, M.Yu. Ulyanov).....819

Kingdom of the Songs (D.V. Deopik, M.Yu. Ulyanov).....823

Kingdom of Zhongshan (S.A. Komissarov, O.A. Khachaturian).....826

The Kingdom of Yan (A.V. Kostylev, S.A. Komissarov, A.L. Nesterkina).....830

Chu Realm.....832

Political history (D.V. Deopik, M.Yu. Ulyanov).....832

Material culture (S.V. Laptev, S.A. Komissarov).....843

The kingdoms of the Chu circle (Cai and Zeng) (S.A. Komissarov, S.V. Laptev).....849

Kingdom of U.....852

Political history (D.V. Deopik, M.Yu. Ulyanov).....852

Material culture (S.V. Laptev with the participation of E.A. Solovieva).....855

Yue Kingdom.....857

Political history (D.V. Deopik, N.O. Azarova, M.Yu. Ulyanov).....857

Material culture (S.V. Laptev with the participation of E.A. Solovieva).....858

Chapter 3

Political history (D.V. Deopik, M.Yu. Ulyanov, M.S. Tseluiko).....860

Material culture (S.A. Komissarov, O.A. Khachaturyan).....863

Chapter 4

Northeast of modern China (S.A. Komissarov).....871

Culture of the upper layer of Xiajiadian ..... 871

North of modern China (D.P. Shulga, S.A. Komissarov, E.S. Bogdanov).....876

Yuhuangmiao burial ground.....876

Monuments of the Taohunbala group.....876

Maoqingou culture.....878

Yanglang Monument Group.....882

Xinjiang.....885

Chauhu culture (S.A. Komissarov).....885

Yanbulak culture (S.A. Komissarov).....888

Ili Valley (Saki and Usun) (N.A. Sutyagina).....892

Gansu-Qinghai Plateau and Tibet.....895

Shajing culture (N.A. Sutyagina).....895

Culture Qigong (Choigong) (E.I. Kychanov, S.A. Komissarov, P.V. Martynov).....897

Monuments with stone boxes (S.A. Komissarov, P.V. Martynov).....900

Southwest and south of modern China ..... 902

Ba-Shu culture (S.V. Laptev, S.A. Komissarov).....902

Dongshon-Dyan civilization (VIII-III centuries BC) (S.V. Laptev, N.V. Polosmak, S.A. Komissarov).....909

Dongshon finds in Hong Kong (S.A. Komissarov, Yu.A. Azarenko).....915

Afterword (A.P. Derevianko, P.M. Kozhin).....918

Chronology of major historical events Shang and Zhou periods.....924

Selected Bibliography.....930

Name index.....950

Pointer geographical names.....954

Index of monuments and cultures.....958

Review of the fifth volume of the ten-volume "History of China from ancient times to the beginning of the 21st century"

HISTORY OF CHINA FROM ANCIENT TIMES TO THE BEGINNING OF THE XXI CENTURY.

In 10 vols. Ch. ed. S.L. Tikhvinsky.

T. V. YUAN AND MING DYNASTY (1279 - 1644)

Rep. ed. A.Sh. Kadyrbaev, A.A. Bokschanin. M.: Institute of Oriental Studies RAN, 2016. 678 p., ill.

At the end of 2016, the most ambitious project of Russian Sinology in the second decade of the 20th century approached the final stage. - publication of the 10-volume "History of China from ancient times to the beginning of the 21st century" (hereinafter "History of China"). Three of its most important volumes were published: 1st, 4th and 5th, which made up a third of the entire published corpus of 9 volumes and chronologically marked, on the one hand, the ancient origins of the original Chinese civilization, and on the other hand, the completion of its independent development in imperial form, caused by the fall in the middle of the XVII century. the last national dynasty and the end of the Ming era.

In 2017, it remains only to wait for the appearance of the yet unreleased 8th volume, dedicated to the Mao Zedong period of the PRC 1949-1976, which, due to the party-ideological conflict between the two communist giants of the USSR and the PRC, which even grew into a military-political confrontation and armed clashes, it is most difficult to make objective assessments in the current political situation, which, obviously, slows down the publication, oriented by the editor-in-chief of the entire 10-volume edition, Academician S.L. Tikhvinsky to deepen the provisions of the 2001 Treaty of Good Neighborliness, Friendship and Cooperation between the Russian Federation and the People's Republic of China.

Although some experts expressed reasonable doubt about the very possibility of implementing this project, since “it is possible that now domestic Sinology is not able to prepare an academic “History of China”” [Dmitriev, 2014, p. 575], while others proposed to preliminarily formulate the principles of creating academic history [Ulyanov, 2014, p. 546-548], this extremely ambitious enterprise claimed to surpass the famous 15-volume " cambridge history China" ("The Cambridge History of China"). Chief editor of the 10-volume book S.L. Tikhvinsky confidently asserted that "our work will be distinguished by greater completeness and attachment to the present" [Russian sinology - oral history, p. 361]. Alas, there can be no question of any greater completeness here, and “attachment to modernity” resulted in a slow reaction to acute problems and an obsessive repetition at the beginning of each volume of the already obviously outdated message of the editor-in-chief about “the official visit of Chinese President Xi Jinping to Moscow March 22, 2013".

The volumes of the "History of China" were published out of order, by different institutes of the Russian Academy of Sciences and two publishing houses ("Nauka" and "Oriental Literature"). The first was published in 2013. The 2nd volume, unfortunately, vividly illustrated the Russian proverb “The first pancake is lumpy”, which is shown in detail and convincingly in an extensive selection (more than 150 pages, i.e. approx. 10 a. l.) his hard-hitting assessments by well-known experts from Russia and abroad [Epohi Zhangguo…, 2014, p. 462-616], as well as in our long article "The History of China" as a Mirror of Russian Sinology" [Kobzev, 2014, p. 462-517] (see also [Kobzev, 2016, pp. 159-212]) and reviews [Kobzev, 2015, p. 193-212].

Analyzing this deplorable beginning, which revealed a rich bouquet of all kinds of vices up to plagiarism, I had to make bitter observations about the situation with Sinology in general (see, for example, [Kobzev, 2016, pp. 9-82, 213-280]). When such a number of already undisguised symptoms are present and a representative council says that it is too late to drink Borjomi, it would seem, following the instinct of self-preservation, for the sake of one's own salvation, and not the ghostly setting of a world record, if not self-improvement self-criticism, then at least adequate self-esteem from scammers, should have sounded, who, according to a fair description of one of the competent participants in the discussion, “they themselves put weapons into the hands of our enemies”, who only get the opportunity, as a result of analyzing one of the volumes of the History of China, “to openly accuse all Russian sinology of backwardness, insanity, helplessness and banal bad faith , in fact, to raise the question of the meaningfulness of state support for such a “science”” [Dmitriev, 2014, p. 575].

However, all these fairly timely fears and remarks for the most part remained in vain. One of the last in the "History of China", the 5th volume, with its unpretentiousness and hack-work, surpassed even the pioneering 2nd volume in this respect, completely unworthy of looping a project that was quite sound in design and in some parts useful. The vicious similarity of both volumes immediately betrays their record-breaking thinness for the publication. In vol. 2 - 687 pages, and in vol. 5 - 678 (here even the numbers are the same), while in vol. 1 - 974, in vol. 3 - 991, in vol. 4 - 942, and in v. 9 - almost a thousand (996) pages. Such brevity, alas, is not the “sister of talent”, contrasts unpleasantly with the significance of the periods described: v. 2 is devoted to the “golden age” of Chinese culture (Zhanguo), the first centralized empire (Qin), the longest and most exemplary empire (Han), and t. 5 - the epochs of the world power of China conquered by the Mongols (Yuan) and the highest flowering of autochthonous civilization during the last national dynasty (Ming).

In the review of vol. 2, we have already noted the confusion in the translation and interpretation of the same terms, characteristic of the entire 10-volume edition, as designations for dynasties, states (empires) and eras (periods) [Kobzev, 2015, p. 197-198]. A vivid example of such a discord is demonstrated by the very title of the newly published volume 4 “The Period of the Five Dynasties, the Song Empire, the states of Liao, Jin, Xi Xia (907-1279)”, denoting phenomena of the same order in different ways (“dynasty”, “empire”, “state ”) and is different from the nomenclature of other volumes, where not “empires” (like the Song), but “dynasties” appear (Ming and Qing in vols. 5 and 6).

The same nominative defect suffers to the full extent from v. 5, in which the main terms "Yuan" and "Ming" appear as designations for dynasties, empires, epochs and periods. It goes without saying that this fundamental and critically highlighted problem should be dealt with first, since it causes authors to constantly contradict themselves and each other. For example, A.Sh. Kadyrbaev in the same paragraph managed to report that the Yuan Empire was ruled by the Chinggisid dynasty, called the Yuan dynasty (pp. 125-126). If we translate this oriental wisdom into the language of native birches, it turns out that in Russian Empire ruled by the Romanov dynasty, called the Russian dynasty. It is unlikely that the “Russian public”, which is addressed by this popular science publication by its editor-in-chief, will cope with such a puzzle (pp. 6-7).

Equally incorrect and misleading "a wide circle of readers" is the named A.Sh. Kadyrbaev’s “literal” translation by the word “colour-eyed” (p. 149, 668) of the fundamental for the Yuan era category of Western foreigners se-mu 色目 (se-mu-ren 色目人), who occupied a middle position between the higher Mongols and the lower Chinese. In itself, the idea of dividing people according to the color or colorlessness of the eyes seems fantastic, because the latter do not exist in nature. This simple consideration should have prompted the author and the responsible editor in one person to make inquiries and discover that in this combination, used hundreds of years before Yuan times, the characters se and mu do not mean "color" and "eye", but, accordingly, "look, variety” and “code, nomenclature”, which is why se-mu (se-mu-jen) are different types (people or peoples) separated into a common (ethno-social) category, which, if desired, to preserve the color semantics of se can be called “ suit "with an overtone of privilege, conveyed by the derivative word" suitability ". For example, since the Tang era (618-907), Se-mu people called "examination board flowers" (bang-hua 榜花), i.e. successfully passed state exams Chinese with ordinary eyes, but rare surnames. Such information is easy to find in any reference and specialized literature, where, however, the cited A.Sh. Kadyrbaev, a very dubious synonym for se-mu and se-mu-jen - se-ren (色人).

The gaping white spots of vol. 2 were revealed by us earlier, and after the publication of vol. 1 in 2016, it additionally became clear that the most important period of Chunqiu (VIII-V centuries BC) generally “fell between two chairs”, without receiving any worthy reflection either in the 1st or in the 2nd volume. This failure is connected with the change of the title of Vol. covered the entire Zhou era, including not only Chunqiu, but also Zhangguo (V-III centuries BC) [History of China, vol. II, 2013, p. 7], and eventually became “Ancient and ancient history (according to archaeological data): from the Paleolithic to the 5th century BC. BC.". When the plan was realized, there was a retreat into the historical depth from the 3rd to the 5th centuries. BC. formally without the loss of Chunqiu, however, the general clarification "according to archaeological data" made it possible to reduce to an unacceptable minimum the description of this most important period, no less than globally connecting China with the world "axial time".

The chronological framework of vol. 2, entitled "The era of Zhangguo, Qin and Han (V century BC - III century AD)", excluded Chunqiu de jure from it, although de facto due to personal predilection executive editor L.S. Perelomov, Confucius (552/551-479 BC), who lived in this period, received a residence permit there. Of course, the significance of the Chunqiu period is not limited to the achievements of one, even such an outstanding personality, and its one-sided reflection in both volumes can by no means be considered satisfactory.

Moreover, the 1st volume has another chronological imbalance. Its executive editor A.P. Derevyanko in his "Introduction" attributed the Neolithic era in China to the V-III millennium BC. (p. 13), however, in the subsequent text, its beginning is dated as much as four millennia earlier and, accordingly, part 3, written by D.V. Deopik and M.Yu. Ulyanov, bears the title "Neolithic (IX - the middle of the III millennium BC)" (p. 151-362).

Unfortunately, our bitter prediction of 2014 also came true, that due to the flux-like professionalism of the compilers in volume 1, “history will be suppressed by archeology” [Extract…, 2014, p. 606]. Two years later, this was confirmed by the very first review of it: “For the 10-volume project of the History of China, the resulting volume is inferior (because history is reduced to archeology)” [Blumchen, 2016, p. 248].

These systemic failures are undoubtedly caused by the main flaw of the entire publication - the lack of a single concept and effective leadership for its implementation. For example, the editor-in-chief S.L. Tikhvinsky first suggested that S. Kuchera become the executive editor of vol. 1, but then he appointed A.P. Derevianko (see [Excerpt…, 2014, p. 611]). This scientific and moral miscalculation, first of all, excluded the most authoritative and competent specialist on this issue from work on the volume. An attempt to compensate for such a serious individual loss at the start was (apparently, consecrated by the dialectical law of the transition from quantity to quality) the formation of the widest possible team of authors. He reached a record 40 people with a typical value several times less, as, for example, 11 authors in vol. 10, 13 - in vols. 2 and 5, 14 - in volume 6.

The reverse side of this transition from high-performance sports to mass sports naturally became a significant decrease in the consistency of the author's views and combined materials, up to a direct conflict of positions and interests. In turn, this problem was to be solved by the creation, in addition to the main editorial board, of a special editorial board of this volume, which is not found in any of the other volumes. It included eight people: two academicians - A.P. Derevyanko and V.I. Molodin, two doctors of sciences - P.M. Kozhin and M.V. Shunkov, four candidates of sciences - S.V. Alkin, S.A. Komissarov, E.A. Solovyov and M.Yu. Ulyanov, of whom only five are Orientalists (according to the dictionary of S.D. Miliband), three are sinologists, and seven are the authors of the volume.

Despite the unprecedented introduction of a supernumerary regulatory body, the group of authors broke up into debating camps according to typical oppositions: center - periphery, capital - province, West - East, Europe - Asia, Muscovy - Siberia, Moscow - Novosibirsk; Research Institute - university, RAS - SB RAS, NSU - MSU; archeology - history, empiricism - theory. The largest and dominant camp was headed by the owner of the main administrative resource A.P. Derevyanko (scientific supervisor of the Institute of Economics and Engineering of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, who gave him a stamp), and a smaller, but the most creative camp was formed around D.V. Deopika and M.Yu. Ulyanova (both from ISAA MGU). Between them, “the differences in understanding the essence and direction of those processes that are being analyzed” turned out to be so great that, again, in a unique way for the entire project, the responsible editor had to specifically stipulate them in the “Introduction” (p. 17). About half of the volume has been written by the authors of the “Moscow” camp, but their views are characterized as insufficiently substantiated and “methodologically dubious” “hypotheses” (ibid.), which contradicts the general idea of the publication, which is intended to collect only firmly established facts and undeniable theories.

In particular, according to A.P. Derevianko, “the idea of transferring the center of the formation of Chinese civilization from the Huang He Valley to the regions of Eastern and Southern China is also methodologically doubtful” (ibid.). However, a little further, in the 1st part of the volume, V.E. Larichev, S.A. Komissarov and P.V. Martynov refuted the statement of the editor-in-chief and the head of the editorial board, arguing that in South and East China, which enjoy “increased attention from Russian archaeologists and sinologists”, “independent civilizational centers have been identified” and “the study of this promising area was started by R.F. Itsom, S. Kucheroy and D.V. Deopik, joined by M.Yu. Ulyanov, S.A. Komissarov, Yu.A. Azarenka, S.V. Laptev, E.A. Girchenko” (p. 55), and all those who joined are the authors of vol. 1.

In an almost mystical way, the idea of the multi-centric origin of Chinese civilization divided the centers of Russian sinology. Responding to this extraordinary situation and realizing that “if a house is divided against itself, that house cannot stand” (Mark 3.25), the capital’s “hypotheseers” were forced to further explain and argue their extraordinary position in a special publication [Deopik D. V., Ulyanov M.Yu., 2017], where, contrary to the opinion of A.P. Derevianko, made the Chinese Neolithic age even more ancient, attributing its beginning to the 10th millennium BC.

With the formation of the management of the authors' teams of the 5th and 8th volumes, a leapfrog similar to volume 1 took place. Without announcing the reasons, which involuntarily gives rise to assumptions about extra-scientific intrigues, their responsible editors changed. Contradictory information about them was published in different volumes: in volume 5, among those, along with A.Sh. Kadyrbaev and A.A. Bokshchanin at one time was listed as A.I. Kobzev, and V.N. Usov, then - Yu.M. Galenovich and, finally, again - V.N. Usov is already together with A.G. Yurkevich. If the deputy executive editor of the 1st volume P.M. Kozhin (1934-2016) just did not have time to see it published, then one of the nominal executive editors of the 5th volume of A.A. Bokschanin (1935-2014) did not participate at all in its final compilation and editing.

Although due to the unnatural unity of command in the preparation of volume 5, the problems of “diversity of centers” and “lengthy discussion” did not arise, as in volume 1, this did not save him from gaps, almost larger than in the first two volumes. With the absolute predominance of political history, it contains only homeopathic doses of economics, law, religion, science, art, literature, education, language and other fundamental components of material and spiritual culture, and some are practically absent. For example, a complete veil of silence, with the exception of an inadequate one and a half pages (pp. 457-459), is shrouded in philosophy, although it was in the Ming era that its traditional form reached highest development, which is described in detail in our monograph [Kobzev, 2002] listed in the bibliography (p. 627). The same helpless gaps yawn in the uncompensated absence of the sections “Legislation of the Ming Era” and “Chinese Art of the Yuan and Ming Periods”, specially written for the volume by the main Russian experts in these areas, N.P. Svistunova and M.A. Neglinskaya. And the oblivion of the Yuan theater and its one-page description in the Ming era, illustrated by a “drawing of the 13th century.” (p. 578-579), in the presence of several monographs specializing on this topic, but in no way, even bibliographically, not mentioned by S.A. Gray looks more than indecent. Leaving aside the pseudoscience and harmfulness of homeopathy, let us recall that, according to the standard adopted for the entire publication, half of the volume should be historical and cultural information, to which only four chapters are devoted in non-standard volume 5 (I.5, I.6, II.4, II .7), occupying a total of 106 s., i.e. 15% of all text.

Accordingly, the architectonics of the volume is simply ugly. First of all, the reasonable ratio of its two parts, covering the Yuan (1279-1368) and Ming (1368-1644) eras, is violated. The first lasted 89 years and is described on 333 pages (Part I, pp. 8-340), and the second is three times longer, 277 years, and played a much larger role in the history of China proper, but occupies only 262 pages (Part I). II, pp. 341-603), including the off-chronological section on Yuan literature (pp. 550-577). This blatant disproportion is easily explained by a harmful human factor, as in vol. 2, where 4 times fewer pages are allocated to the entire period of Zhangguo than Confucius, who is generally inappropriate here. The reason for such an anachronism was nothing more than the personal interest of the executive editor L.S. Perelomov, who wrote a lot about Confucius. The situation is similar in volume 5. It was published only by one of the two responsible editors indicated on the title - A.Sh., who dealt with the Yuan era and the Central Asian peoples adjacent to China. Kadyrbaev, since the second, a specialist in the Ming era and China proper - A.A. Bokschanin reposed two years earlier, and before that he had been seriously ill for several years and was not engaged in this work.

Part I vol. 5 was almost entirely prepared by one author, who too freely exercised his privilege of being virtually the only responsible editor and did not subject either his texts or the entire necessary procedure of scientific discussion. Among the most negative results of such a disregard for the matter can be called an unjustified and even defiant skimping on the works of distinguished scientists. In the section “Main sources and historiography for the Yuan era” (p. 20-28) A.Sh. Kadyrbaev himself noted that “the contribution to the study of the era of Mongol rule in China by the Sinologist N.Ts. Munkuev” and this topic “are devoted to the substantive works of E.I. Kychanova, M.V. Vorobiev, B.L. Riftina, T.I. Sultanova, I.T. Zograf, M.V. Kryukov, V.V. Malyavina, M.V. Sofronova, A.A. Bokshchanina, L.L. Viktorova, L.A. Borovkova, L.I. Duman, N.P. Svistunova, G.V. Melikhova, S. Kuchery, V.F. Sorokina, S.A. Shkolyara, I.S. Usmanova, V.A. Tyurina, A.Sh. Kadyrbaeva, S.V. Dmitrieva, N.N. Kradina, T.D. Skrynnikova, V.V. Trepavlova, R.P. Khrapachevsky, R. Pochekaev”, as well as for some reason separately named V.E. Eremeev (p. 25, 27), however, only three of this solid list of domestic colleagues were honored to become co-authors of the executive editor in writing the yuan part: V.E. Eremeev, S.V. Dmitriev and R.Yu. Pochekaev, probably due to the special complexity of their subjects (science, metropolitan urban planning and law).

This riddle has a simple but obscene answer. The necessary works of these specialists are included incognito in the publication with varying degrees of modification and without paying attention to the subtleties of copyright. For example, listed under the name A.Sh. Kadyrbaev, the section “The Conquest of the Chinese Empire of the Southern Song” (pp. 113-125) is a slightly edited article by N.P. Svistunova "The death of the state of the Southern Suns" [Svistunova, 1977, p. 282-305], and the section endowed with the same authorship “Revolts against the Mongol conquerors in China in the XIV century. and the Fall of the Yuan Empire” (pp. 331-340) - an abridged article by L.A. Borovkova "On the struggle of the Chinese people against the Mongol conquest in the middle of the XIV century." [Borovkova, 1977, p. 447-461]. It is easy to continue the list of examples, referring first of all to the collection “Tatar-Mongols in Asia and Europe” created almost half a century ago (M., 1970; supplemented reprinted in 1977).

Vol. 5 is distinguished not only by the shameless appropriation of other people's texts, especially those belonging to departed scientists, but also by their dashing processing. So, in the mentioned article by the late L.A. Borovkova said that “when the new Ming dynasty reigned, one of the Nan (South Chinese. - A.K.) advisers of Zhu Yuan-chang - Li Shan-chang, in the preface to “Yuan shi” taught wisdom and virtues allegedly inherent in the Yuan dynasty, which resorted to the confiscation of the wealth of landowners and merchants much less frequently than it was done during the Han, Tang and Song dynasties" [Borovkova, 1977, p. 450]. L.A. Borovkova, having given a link to the publication "Yuan shi" ("History of the [epoch] Yuan", in the series "Si-bu bei-yao". Shanghai, 1936 [ibid., p. 460, note 24]), retold in her own words Chancellor Li Shan-chang (李善長, 1314-1390), expressed by him after the accession of Zhu Yuan-chang. In the turned version of A.Sh. Kadyrbaev, this teaching without reference to the source, but in the form of a quotation was conveyed by direct speech and attributed to the time before the accession of Zhu Yuanzhang: the Yuan dynasty, which resorted to the confiscation of the wealth of landowners and merchants much less frequently than it was done under the Han, Tang and Song dynasties” (p. 332). The absurdity of this hacky alteration is emphasized by the past tense, clumsily repeated in the pseudoquotation (“were inherent”) in the characterization of the not yet overthrown “Yuan dynasty”.

In the next paragraph of Vol. 5, another unaddressed quote is given: “Chinese historiography attempts to prove that for the Chinese peasants and landowners of the Yuan Empire, only their class interests, and not the struggle against Mongol rule, were of decisive importance. And therefore, the uprisings that eventually overthrew the power of the Mongols in China were “first of all, the class struggle of the Chinese peasantry against the feudal lords” (p. 332). The archaic pathos of this naphthalene passage, reeking of vulgar sociologization of the bad memory of times, is easily explained by the original L.A. Borovkova, written during the worst period of Soviet-Chinese relations, immediately after the armed clashes on the border in 1969, and aimed against PRC historians hostile to the USSR, who “have had this page of history, along with others, began to be used to justify chauvinistic claims to the lands of neighboring countries and peoples” [Borovkova, 1977, p. 447]. The original text that aroused A.Sh. Kadyrbayeva’s passion for unjustified quoting, reports on the desire of Chinese historians “to prove that for the Chinese peasants and feudal lords of the Yuan Empire, only their class interests were of significant importance, but not contradictions with the Mongol conquerors. And therefore, the uprisings at the end of the Yuan were only a class war between the peasants and the feudal lords” [ibid., p. 450]. In support of his words, L.A. Borovkova referred only to one journal article by Chen Gao-hua published in 1964 [ibid., p. 460, note. 26], and A.Sh. Kadyrbaev did not refer to anyone at all, and from her retelling of a publication more than half a century ago, he concocted a self-made quote that supposedly characterizes modern Chinese historiography. This used to be done only in Odessa.

In the historiographical section "Sources and Scientific Literature on the History of China in the Ming Period" (p. 349-356) of Part II v. 5 A.A. Bokschanin also mentioned a number of authoritative colleagues who have written on this topic since the second half of the 20th century: N.I. Konrad, L.I. Duman, L.V. Simonovskaya, N.I. Fomin, E.V. Stuzhin, L.A. Borovkov, V.V. Malyavina, O.E. Nepomnina, V.B. Menshikov, Z.G. Lapin, A.A. Pisareva, N.P. Svistunov, B.G. Doronina, A.I. Korotkov, A.S. Martynova, M.V. Kryukova, M.V. Sofronova, D.V. Dubrovskaya, V.E. Eremeeva, A.I. Kobzeva, V.Ts. Golovacheva, O.V. Zotova, E.I. Kychanova, L.S. Savitsky, Yu.I. Drobysheva, D.G. Kukeyeva, M.A. Neglinskaya, T.B. Arapov and A.M. Pastukhov. Of this, even more impressive than that of A.Sh. Kadyrbaev, the list by co-authors of the second executive editor A.A. Bokshchanin in writing the Minsk part was also awarded to a few, only five people: V.Ts. Golovachev, Yu.I. Drobyshev, D.V. Dubrovskaya, O.V. Zotov and V.E. Eremeev.

Both enumerations of Russian specialists, despite their apparent complexity, are flawed by their obvious incompleteness and one-sidedness, and besides, they are blatantly dissonant with the List of authors of the volume (p. 672) both by the negligible presence of the indicated names in it, and by the presence in them for some reason not specified, namely: E.F. Bayaliyeva, V.S. Myasnikova, B.L. Riftin and V.F. Sorokin, among which, in particular, two academicians.

Yes, and the achievements of researchers are presented strangely. For example, in the historiographic introduction by A.A. Bokshchanin incorrectly said about the two parts of the translation of N.P. Svistunova "Laws of the Great Ming Dynasty" (p. 354 with inaccurate spelling of "great" with a lowercase letter), and in the bibliography it is correct - about three (p. 623); the same introduction reports that “A.A. Korotkova studied the aggravation of the internal political situation in the Ming Empire at the turn of the 16th-17th centuries. (pp. 354-355), but where and how she did it is not specified and her work is missing from the bibliography; further in the same place it is said that “the articles of A.I. Kobzev “The Study of Wang Yangming in Russia and the Specificity of Chinese Philosophy”, “Chinese Mysticism” (p. 355), however, the bibliography (p. 627) contains other works by this author and is much more important than the indicated articles (of which the second is on a different topic altogether). - mysticism) his missing both here and in the bibliography is a special monograph "The Teaching of Wang Yangming and Classical Chinese Philosophy" (M., 1983).

For the time of publishing the 10-volume edition, the executive editors of the 5th (A.A. Bokshchanin) and 10th (L.M. Gudoshnikov) volumes, as well as two members of the main editorial board (B.L. Riftin, M.L. Titarenko). In previous volumes, their names placed on the title and introductory pages were surrounded by mourning frames, but in vol. 5 this rule is not observed, if not due to simple negligence, then apparently out of fear of creating a mournful impression from the entire volume, which, indeed, all deserve a black frame.

Again, a parallel arises with the ill-fated 2nd volume, where at the beginning, in the list of members of the main editorial board of the 10-volume edition (p. 2), the name of B.L. Riftin, but at the end, the list of authors of the volume (p. 683) does not contain the dates of the life of the dead. In subsequent volumes, including the 5th (p. 672), this omission is corrected, but, as in vol. 2, where A.G. Aleksanyan is erroneously named a candidate of historical (instead of philosophical) sciences (p. 683), in v. 5 the degrees of the authors are confused: E.F. Bayalieva is presented as a candidate of historical (instead of philosophical) sciences, and V.F. Sorokin - doctor of philosophical (instead of philological) sciences (p. 672).

The amazing arithmetic illiteracy characteristic of volume 2, whose executive editor was not even able to accurately calculate the duration of the Han era, the main one for the volume, was not overcome here, increasing it one and a half times (p. 639). In volume 5, contrary to all common sense, the beginning of the Yuan era on the title, in the bibliographic description, annotation, conclusion of the Yuan part (part I) and table of contents of the book is dated 1279 (pp. 3, 4, 7, 340, 673), and in special chronological appendices - 1260 and 1271. (pp. 608, 620).

Our criticisms of the creators of volume 2 nevertheless had a certain, albeit strange, effect on the successors of this work. For example, we pointed out the absence of the “lists of illustrations and maps” promised in the preface by the editor-in-chief [Kobzev, 2015, p. 205]. In response, instead of carrying out the proposals put forward by S.L. Tikhvinsky of obligations and the compilation of these lists, the word “lists” was removed from his preface.

Another example from the field of chronology, concerning “a systemic error resulting from mixing real terms of government with their official fixations, marked, in particular, by the mottos of government (nian-hao)”, and easily eliminated “with the help of an excellent reference book by L.R. Kontsevich [Kontsevich, 2010], which the authors impermissibly missed and did not mention in the bibliography” [Kobzev, 2015, p. 197]. The reaction to our remark was the “clarification” of the “Chronological Tables” in vol. 5 according to the indicated book by L.R. Kontsevich (p. 620-621). However, such a clarification can make the average reader dizzy.

First, contrary to the title dating of the Yuan era 1279-1368. and the laws of logic in the Chronological Tables, its beginning is indicated by two other dates: 1260 and 1271. Aggravating this numerical chaos, A.Sh. Kadyrbaev, in a brief conclusion of the Yuan part, entitled "Instead of an epilogue", gave three possible dates for the beginning of the "dominion of the Mongol conquerors in China": 1215, 1234 and 1279, as if not noticing his own "Chronological Tables" with other dates.

Secondly, the compiler of the tables, stepping on the same rake as the authors of Vol. 2, confused the real terms of reign with the years marked by their mottos, for example, the same 1295 dated the beginning of the reign of Cheng-zong / Temur (1294 -1307) and his adoption of the motto Yuan-zhen (1295-1297), i.e. in the first case he made a mistake by a year (p. 620). The same mistake with Ren-zong/Ayurbaribada (1311-1320) looks even more absurd, since 1312 is given as the beginning of his reign, and the establishment of the motto Huang-qing is referred to 1311/1312, which allows for the opposite reality of the proclamation of the motto of government before the reign itself, and the meaning of the slash between the dates is not explained in any way. The founder of the Shih Tzu / Khubilai dynasty had such a discrepancy as much as 12 years (1260-1271). The end dates are also confused, for example, the reign of Shihzu / Khubilai under the motto Zhiyuan, which opened the Yuan era, ended in 1294, and not 1295, and the last reign of Hui Zong / Togon Temur under the motto Zhizheng - in 1370 , not 1368 (p. 620).

On the whole, like vol. 2 (see: [Kobzev, 2015, pp. 199-202]), vol. 5 demonstrates a complete misunderstanding of the traditional Chinese calendar, which is generally erroneously called lunar rather than lunisolar. In particular, citing the message "Yuan shi" about the event that occurred in the "8th moon" of 1328, A.Sh. Kadyrbaev explained that he meant August (p. 310). It is even hard to believe that a sinologist and doctor of historical sciences is not aware that the "8th moon" of the traditional Chinese calendar does not at all coincide with the 8th month of the European calendar. Even broad strata of the population, who are interested in the time of the celebration of the Chinese New Year (chun-jie), which differs significantly from both the Julian and the Gregorian, have now been spared such naive incompetence. Speaking specifically, the “8th moon” in 1328 corresponds to the period from September 5 to October 3 according to the Julian calendar [Tsybulsky, 1987, p. 263]. This chronological blunder turned into a direct anti-historicism, since it was about what happened after the death of Yesun-Temur (1223-1328), and in August 1328 he was still alive.

Another similar example of ignorant distortion of fact is contained in the "Introduction" by A.Sh. Kadyrbaev to the Minsk part (part II), where it is said that Zhu Yuan-zhang (1328-1398) proclaimed the creation of the Ming Empire "January 23, 1368 according to European reckoning (and according to the Chinese lunar calendar - on the first day of the new year)" (p. 341). It is enough to turn to the simplest reference book to find out that wu-shen corresponding to the European 1368/1369 Chinese year began on January 20, 1368 according to the Julian calendar [Tsybulsky, 1987, p. 270] and, consequently, Zhu Yuanzhang performed this ritual not on the first, but on the fourth day of the new year.

In addition to this chronological confusion, the Chinese name of Yesun-Temur - Tai-din-di (Emperor Tai-ding), derived from the motto of the reign of Tai-ding (1324-1328), is erroneously called a temple name (p. 620), although the assignment of such his opponents just interfered, who in the same 1328 overthrew his eight-year-old son Aragibag, who had been sitting on the throne for only a month, and declared them both illegal rulers. Aragibag, like his father, is officially named according to the motto of the reign of Tian-shun-di (Emperor Tian-shun), however, he, casually called Aragibag (p. 620) and Aragibaga (p. 311), is assigned the missing temple name, and not own, and common noun - Yu-zhu 幼主, literally meaning "juvenile ruler" (p. 620). For this little highly artistic amateur performance, L.R. Kontsevich is not responsible, because he does not have such a strange “temple name” (Kontsevich, 2010, p. 544), and it, together with a number of the above inaccuracies in dating, is apparently taken from another “Chronological Table” [Spiritual Culture of China, t 4, 2009, p. 869], which, in turn, came from some Chinese reference book of the first years of the PRC, when they did not pay attention to the subtleties of imperial names (see, for example, [Wan Guo-ding, 1958: 109]).

Volume 5 of The History of China is also distinguished by much more slovenly borrowings. For example, in the written by A.Sh. Kadyrbaev and D.V. Dubrovskaya section "Religions of confessional minorities: Islam, Christianity, Judaism" says: "From the time of the Ming, Chinese Jews had both Chinese and Jewish names. In 1421, the Ming emperor allowed the physician Yen Cheng to restore the synagogue and donated incense for it. In 1461, the synagogue was destroyed by a flood and restored only in 1489, which is recorded in the inscription of the same year on the stele, which gives the names of 17 leaders of the Jewish community” (p. 467). Here the question immediately arises about the logical connection between Chinese and Jewish names, the medical profession and the synagogue with incense. Further, I would like to know: Yen Cheng is a Chinese or Hebrew name.

To clarify this obscure passage, one should first of all turn to the encyclopedic article “Chinese Jews” available on the Internet [Brief Jewish Encyclopedia, vol. 4, 1988, stb. 319-325], from where it, together with the accompanying text, was rewritten shamelessly (without quotes) and clumsily (in violation of logic). A more informative and coherent original reads: “In 1390, the founder of the Ming Dynasty, Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang, granted land and certain privileges to the Jews. For the merit of a Jew who exposed a conspiracy in the imperial family in 1420, Chinese Jews received the right to bear Chinese family names (the adoption of Chinese names by foreigners was not encouraged at the beginning of the Ming era). In 1421, the emperor allowed the physician Yen Cheng to restore the synagogue and donated incense for it. In 1461, the synagogue was destroyed by the flood of the Yellow River and restored only in 1489, which is recorded in the inscription of the same year on the stele, which gives the names of 17 leaders of the community.

For complete clarity, one can refer to a solid sinological dictionary, which contains an adventurous biography of the correctly named leader of the Jewish community in Kaifeng, the physician An San 俺三 (or Yan San in accordance with a different reading of the first character 俺), whose name in the original, apparently, resembled Arabic Al-Hasan or Al-Hussein. In November 1420, he exposed the plot of his commander, the blood prince Zhu Su (1361-1425), who was the fifth son of Zhu Yuanzhang and the ruler of Kaifeng. However, the very next year, An / Yan San received permission from the forgiven prince to restore the synagogue, first built in 1163, and incense for it, and in 1423 he was awarded a high rank in the Life Guards and the purely Chinese name Zhao Cheng 趙誠 .

Thus, the clumsy name Yen Cheng was sloppily extracted by A.Sh. Kadyrbaev and D.V. Dubrovskaya from the Concise Jewish Encyclopedia, where his prototype Yen Cheng came from the Western transcription of Yen Tsheng, which corresponds to Yan Cheng in Cyrillic. One wonders how two professional sinologists failed to correctly transcribe Chinese characters, apparently mistaking them for a Jewish name, although an explanatory dictionary is indicated in the bibliography vol. 5 (p. 634).

Here we again come to the most unpleasant topic of gross plagiarism, which was also revealed earlier in vol. 2 [Kobzev, 2015, p. 208-209]. As an illustrative example, one can point to the section “Southwestern neighbors: “Land of mountains and snows” Tibet, the Shan principalities of Burma and the Ming empire” (p. 488-493), almost completely and verbatim, but without quotes and references, rewritten by A.Sh . Kadyrbaev from the book by E.I. Kychanova and L.S. Savitsky "People and Gods of the Land of Snows. Essay on the history of Tibet and its culture” (M., 1975, p. 73-85). The obscenity of this activity is exacerbated by its slovenliness. The text contains one quoted quote, but with reference to Vanka Zhukov's manner: “According to Tibetan sources, “the statement that the Chinese emperors of the Ming Dynasty inherited the rights to Tibet from their Mongol predecessors is not historically substantiated” (p. 489). The quotation itself shows what comes not from the original source, but from the research literature. True, for A.Sh. Kadyrbaev, the book by E.I. Kychanova and L.S. Savitsky, where the above phrase is taken from [Kychanov, Savitsky, 1975, p. 76], correctly formatted there with reference to an English-language book by the Tibetan politician and scholar V.D. Shakabpa (1907-1989) . A special piquancy of the situation is given by the mention in another connection of V.D. Shakabpa on the same page of v. 5 and an indication of the Russian translation of his book [Shakabpa, 2003] in the bibliography (p. 631).

With the greatest popularity of kidnapping in v. 5, there are also reverse, but no less shameful cases of throwing other people's children, as a rule, to unrequited authors who have passed away. For example, half of the section “Chinese science in the Yuan era. On the influence of the Mongols and Samu on the musical culture of China. Calligraphy and painting” (pp. 294-299), standing under the name of V.E. Eremeev, form fragments (pp. 297-299) of articles now alive by N.Yu. Ageeva [Ageeva, 2009, p. 390-396] (v. 5 is missing in the bibliography) and S. Kuchera [Kuchera, 2012, p. 330-336] (in the bibliography of v. 5 on p. 628, the 1st edition of 1972 is indicated). In addition to the bleak picture in this section (p. 299), the last name, first name and years of life are distorted famous poet and the calligrapher Xianyu Shu (鲜于樞, 1246/1257-1302), presented as Xian Yushu (1257-1307), although in the "Index of Names" (p. 645) his data, taken from the encyclopedic index [Spiritual Culture of China, vol. 6, 2010, p. 932], are given correctly, however, with an erroneous reference to p. 578, where there is no mention of him.

In conclusion, regarding the entire 5th volume of the “History of China”, one can repeat the assessment previously addressed to the 2nd volume: “The mountain gave birth to a mouse”, moreover, a “dead mouse” [Extract ..., 2014, p. 606]. The only difference is that in the first case spontaneous hack-work was carried out, and in the second - planned.

Literature

Ageeva N.Yu. Chinese folk instrumental music and musical instruments during the Song (960-1279) and Yuan (1279-1368) dynasties // Society and the State in China. T. XXXIX. M., 2009.
Blumkhen S.I. Reflections on the first volume of "History of China from ancient times to the beginning of the XXI century" // Society and state in China. T. XLVI, part 2. M., 2016.
Borovkova L.A. On the struggle of the Chinese people against the Mongol conquest in the middle of the XIV century. // Tatar-Mongols in Asia and Europe. 2nd ed. M., 1977.
Wan Guo-ding 萬國鼎. Zhong-guo li-shi chi-nian-biao (Historical tables of China). Beijing, 1958.
Extract from the minutes of the meeting of the Department of China, devoted to the discussion of volume 2 of the "History of China" // Society and the state in China. T. XLIV, part 2. M., 2014.
Deopik D.V., Ulyanov M.Yu. History of the main historical and cultural zones of East Asia in X-I thousand. BC. in the first volume of "The History of China": Approaches and Concepts // Society and State in China. T. XLVII, part 1. M., 2017.
Dmitriev S.V. Reflections on the 2nd volume of the "History of China" // Society and State in China. T. XLIV, part 2. M., 2014.
Spiritual culture of China: an encyclopedia. [T. 1.] Philosophy. M., 2006.
Spiritual culture of China: an encyclopedia. T. 2. Mythology. Religion. M., 2007.
Spiritual culture of China: an encyclopedia. T. 4. Historical thought. Political and legal culture. M., 2009.
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History of China from ancient times to the beginning of the XXI century. In 10 tons / ch. ed. S.L. Tikhvinsky. T. I. Ancient and ancient history (according to archaeological data): from the Paleolithic to the 5th century. BC. / resp. ed. A.P. Derevianko. Institute of Archeology and Ethnography SB RAS. M., 2016.
History of China from ancient times to the beginning of the XXI century. In 10 tons / ch. ed. S.L. Tikhvinsky. T. II. The era of Zhangguo, Qin and Han (V century BC - III century AD) / otv. ed. L.S. Fractures. Institute of the Far East of the Russian Academy of Sciences. M., 2013
History of China from ancient times to the beginning of the XXI century. In 10 tons / ch. ed. S.L. Tikhvinsky. T. III. Three Kingdoms, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Sui, Tang (220-907) / holes. ed. I.F. Popova, M.E. Kravtsov. M., 2014.
History of China from ancient times to the beginning of the XXI century. In 10 tons / ch. ed. S.L. Tikhvinsky. T. IV. The period of the Five Dynasties, the Song Empire, the states of Liao, Jin, Xi Xia (907-1279) / holes. ed. I.F. Popov. M., 2016.
History of China from ancient times to the beginning of the XXI century. In 10 vols. T. VI. Qing Dynasty (1644-1911) / rev. ed. O.E. Nepomin. M., 2015.
History of China from ancient times to the beginning of the XXI century. In 10 tons / ch. ed. S.L. Tikhvinsky. T. IX. Reforms and modernization (1976-2009) / ed. ed. A.V. Vinogradov. M., 2016.
History of China from ancient times to the beginning of the XXI century. In 10 tons / ch. ed. S.L. Tikhvinsky. T. X. Taiwan, Xianggang (Hong Kong), Macao (Macau), overseas Chinese diaspora / holes. ed. L.M. Gudoshnikov, G.A. Stepanova. M., 2014.
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Kobzev A.I.

The publishing house "Science - Eastern Literature" published the first two volumes (second and seventh) of the new ten-volume "History of China", created by a large scientific team of domestic scientists. The idea is reminiscent of The Cambridge History of China, but does not copy it.

HISTORY OF CHINA FROM ANCIENT TIMES TO THE BEGINNING OF THE XXI CENTURY
in ten volumes Chief Editor
academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences S. L. Tikhvinsky

Main editorial board
academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences M. L. Titarenko(Deputy Chief Editor),
Candidate of Philology S. M. Anikeeva,
corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences V. I. Vasiliev,
academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences A. P. Derevianko,
academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences V. S. Myasnikov,
corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences V. V. Naumkin,
Doctor of Historical Sciences I. F. Popova,
academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences B. L. Riftin

Here is what its chief editor, Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences S. L. Tikhvinsky, writes about the goals, objectives and content of the new “History of China” (excerpt from the introductory article “To the Reader”, Vol. VII, pp. 6–7):

The six-volume encyclopedia "Spiritual Culture of China" edited by Academician M. L. Titarenko (M., 2006–2010), created by a team of domestic sinologists, evoked a wide response from readers and was awarded the State Prize of the Russian Federation for 2010.

The ten-volume “History of China from ancient times to the beginning of the 21st century”, proposed to the reader, will undoubtedly arouse no less interest among the Russian public, on which scientists from various academic institutions and universities of Russia worked (Institute of the Far East of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Oriental Manuscripts of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Archeology and Ethnography, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Asian and African Countries, Lomonosov Moscow State University, St. Petersburg State University and etc.). The authors, scientific editors of the volumes, and members of the Chief Editorial Board, realizing the complexity of the task set to contain the multi-thousand-year history of Chinese civilization within ten volumes, tried to reflect the main events in the history of China - from the Paleolithic sites and the first Neolithic settlements to the modern life of the PRC with its universally recognized international authority. Each volume averages about 60 a. l., provided chronological tables, lists of illustrations and maps, selected bibliography, indexes of names and geographical names.

The history of China in ten volumes is divided into chronological periods.

T. I. Ancient and ancient history, Shang-Yin, Zhou: according to archaeological data. Rep. editor - acad. A.P. Derevianko (Institute of Archeology and Ethnography, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk).

T. II. The era of Zhangguo, the Qin and Han empires: V c. BC e. - III century. n. e. Rep. editor - d. i. n. L. S. Perelomov (Institute of the Far East of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow).

T. III. Three Kingdoms, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Sui, Tang: 220–907. Rep. editors - d.i. n. I. F. Popova, Ph.D. n. M. E. Kravtsova (Institute of Oriental Manuscripts, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg).

T. IV. Five Dynasties Period, Song Empire, Liao, Jin, Xi Xia states: 907–1279. Rep. editor - d. i. n. I. F. Popova (Institute of Oriental Manuscripts, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg).

T. V. The Yuan and Ming Dynasties: 1279–1644. Rep. editors - d.i. n. A. Sh. Kadyrbaev, Doctor of Science n. A. A. Bokshchanin, Doctor of Philosophy n. AI Kobzev (Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow).

T. VI. Qing dynasty: 1644–1911 Rep. editor - d. i. n. O. E. Nepominin (Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow).

T. VII. Republic of China: 1912–1949 Rep. editor - d. i. n. N. L. Mamaeva (Institute of the Far East of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow).

T. VIII. People's Republic of China: 1949–1976 Rep. editor - d. i. n. V. N. Usov (Institute of the Far East of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow).

T. IX. People's Republic of China: 1976–2009 Rep. editor - Dr. polit. n. A. V. Vinogradov (Institute of the Far East of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow).

T. X. Taiwan, Xianggang (Hong Kong), Macau (Macao), Chinese diaspora abroad. Rep. editors - d.i. n. L. M. Gudoshnikov, Ph.D. n. G. A. Stepanova (Institute of the Far East of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow).

In the prefaces to the volumes, along with the presentation of the main content, information is provided on significant historical events that took place in the period described in Asia, Europe and America.

The presented work will allow our reader to get acquainted with the history of China, which will contribute to the development of further mutual understanding and friendship between the neighboring peoples of the Russian Federation and the People's Republic of China.

Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences S. L. Tikhvinsky
May 2013

History of China from ancient times to the beginning of the XXI century. In ten volumes. T. II: The era of Zhangguo, Qin and Han (V century BC - III century AD) / Ch. ed. S. L. Tikhvinsky; Rep. ed. volumes L. S. Perelomov; Russian Academy Sciences, Institute of the Far East. - M.: Nauka - Eastern Literature, 2013. - 687 pp. ISBN: 978-5-02-036530-8; 978-5-02-036531-5 (vol. 2)
Annotation:

The second volume of "History of China from ancient times to the beginning of the 21st century" is devoted to three periods that occupy a special place in the history of China, since it was during these centuries that the foundations of Chinese civilization were laid. During the Zhangguo period (the Warring States, V-III centuries BC), known as the “golden age” of Chinese philosophical and legal thought, two ethical and political schools emerged that offered various models of social and state structure: “the people for the state "(legists) or "the state for the people" (Confucians). The victory of the Legists was marked by the unification of the country and the creation of the Qin Empire (221-207 BC). The founder of the empire, Qin Shi Huang, conducted a series of economic and political reforms However, the exorbitant exploitation of the people and cruel laws caused numerous uprisings that contributed to the collapse of the empire. The founders of the new Han Dynasty learned from the history of the Qin Empire. During the Han period (206 BC - 220 AD), Confucianism becomes the state ideology, knowledge through the practice of state examinations enters the management system, attempts are made to embody the social utopia of Confucius - the creation of a society of small prosperity xiaokang.

Bibliographic information:
History of China from ancient times to the beginning of the XXI century. In ten volumes. Vol. VII: Republic of China (1912–1949) / Ch. ed. S. L. Tikhvinsky; Rep. ed. volumes by N. L. Mamaev; Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of the Far East. - M.: Science - Eastern Literature, 2013. - 863, p., p. incl. ISBN: 978-5-02-036530-8; 978-5-02-036532-2 (vol. 7)
Circulation: 1000 copies. (500 - 1st plant)
Annotation:

The seventh volume of "History of China from ancient times to the beginning of the 21st century" covers the period from the proclamation of China as a republic in 1912 to the formation of the People's Republic of China in 1949. Like the previous volumes, it is devoted to a comprehensive study of China in all the diversity of society and the state. In accordance with the task set, the subject of research goes far beyond the framework of political history, which is intertwined in the text, as well as in real life, with the history of the economy, political, legal and administrative processes, with the events of military history, the history of diplomacy and foreign policy of the Republic of China, with social history, cultural history, with the activities of prominent personalities of national and world scale.

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1 HISTORY OF CHINA

2 HISTORY OF CHINA FROM ANCIENT TIMES TO THE BEGINNING OF THE XXI CENTURY In ten volumes Tikhvinsky Main Editorial Board Academician of the RA N M.L. T itarenko (deputy editor in chief), candidate of philological sciences S.M. A Nikeeva, Corresponding Member of the RA N V.I. V asiliev, academician of the RA N L.P. D erevyanko, Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences V.S. Myasnikov, Corresponding Member of the RA N V.V. N a u m k i n, Doctor of Historical Sciences I.F. Popova, Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences [B.L. Riftin\

3 RUSSIAN ACADEMIA OF SCIENCE AND INSTITUTION OF S ITE M u n c o pi s OF CHINA FROM ANCIENT TIMES TO THE BEGINNING OF THE XXI CENTURY Volume III THREE KINGDOM, JIN, SOUTHERN AND NORTHERN DYNASTIES, SUI, TANG () Managing editors Doctor of Historical Sciences I.F. Popova, Doctor of Philology M.E. Kravtsova M O S K V A N A S U C E

4 UDC 94(510) BBK 63.3(5Kit) I90 The publication was supported by the Russian Humanitarian Science Foundation (RGHF), the project History of China from ancient times to the beginning of the 21st century: in 10 volumes / ch. ed. C.J1. Tikhvin ISBN Vol. III: Three Kingdoms, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Sui, Tang () / otv. ed. I.F. Popova, M.E. Kravtsova; Institute of Oriental Manuscripts RAS. Moscow: Nauka Vost. lit., p. : ill. ISBN (in translation) The third volume of "History of China from Ancient Times to the Beginning of the 21st Century" covers two global historical periods, each of which has played a key role in the history of Chinese civilization in its own way. The first is the so-called period of political fragmentation (or the era of the Six Dynasties), which lasted from the 3rd to the end of the 6th century. During this period, which began after the death of the powerful ancient Han Empire, the country was partially conquered by the “small peoples” and the center of national civilization was moved from the basin of the river. Huang He to the southern regions of China (south of the Yangtze). At this time, the formation of Taoism as a national religion and the formation of the Chinese Buddhist tradition took place, the mechanism of interaction of the Three Teachings (Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism) was taking shape, which led to religious syncretism, which became one of the most specific phenomena of China and the entire Far East. The second historical period covers the Sui and Tang empires, during which the restoration of the political and cultural unity of the country and the establishment of imperial statehood in its qualitatively new version took place. The strengthening of the administrative and bureaucratic foundations of the Chinese empire and the "golden age" in many important areas of artistic culture (poetry, fine arts, music and dance art) are also associated with the Tang era. ISBN ISBN (vol. 3) Institute of Oriental Manuscripts RAS, 2014 CO Editorial and publishing design. Science Oriental Literature, 2014

5 TO THE READER The great successes of the People's Republic of China over the past decades in the economy, science, technology, culture, sports, its growing international prestige determine the ever-increasing interest of the Russian public in the modern life and history of our closest neighbor in the Far East, with which the Russian Federation has a common border with a length of over 4,000 km. More or less regular relations between the two states arose in the middle of the 17th century. Under Peter I, an Orthodox spiritual mission was founded in the capital of Qing China, Beijing, whose members, through their labors, helped to familiarize the Russian public with history, culture and modern life residents of a neighboring country. In the second half of the XIX century. scientific study of China began in Russia, the Chinese language and history began to be taught at St. Petersburg, Moscow, Kazan universities and in Oriental Institute in Vladivostok. The study of China was further developed during the years Soviet power which was largely facilitated by the good neighborly policy of our state and the sympathy of the peoples of Russia for the national liberation struggle of the Chinese people, who suffered from feudal-militarist oppression, arbitrariness and military aggression of the imperialist powers. Russian sinology reached its peak in the first decades of our relations after the proclamation of the People's Republic of China on October 1, 1949, and the conclusion on February 14, 1950 of the Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance between the USSR and the PRC. Signed in Moscow on July 16, 2001 by the leaders of the two states, the Treaty of Good Neighborliness, Friendship and Cooperation between the Russian Federation and the People's Republic of China became the basis for the further development of relations between neighboring countries and opened a new stage in our joint history. At the beginning of the XXI century. both sides continue to consistently follow this path. Regular contacts are maintained between the leaders of the two states, decisions are made aimed at further developing the strategic partnership, and coordination of actions in regional and international affairs is carried out. During the official visit of Chinese President Xi Jinping to Moscow on March 22, 2013, he and President of the Russian Federation V.V. Putin signed a Joint Statement on mutually beneficial cooperation and deepening relations between the two countries, and an action plan was adopted to implement the provisions of the Treaty on Good Neighborliness, friendship and cooperation between Russia and China. Of all the civilizations that arose in the past in different parts of the world, only the Chinese one is distinguished by the continuity of its multi-thousand-year development. Sumerian, Hittite, Assyro-Babylonian, Cretan-Mycenaean, Ancient Egyptian civilizations, cultures of the Incas, Maya and many others disappeared as a result of internal internecine strife.

6 6 To the reader of battles, enemy invasions, natural disasters - volcanic activity, earthquakes, floods, droughts, etc. Chinese civilization has made a significant contribution to the development of everything human society. From China, the world learned the technology of high-quality bronze casting, the production of porcelain, silk, tea, paper, and gunpowder; a compass and a seismograph came to us from there, for the first time they began to build large-sized sea vessels, a movable typographic font appeared, etc. In various historical periods, China conducted active land and sea trade not only with its immediate neighbors, but also with territories subject to the Persian Empire, the rulers of the countries conquered by Alexander the Great, the Kushan Kingdom, the Roman Empire and the Arab Caliphate, as well as with the countries of South Asia and East Africa. The policy and culture of China have had a particularly strong impact on neighboring countries (Korea, Japan, Vietnam, the countries of Southeast Asia) for many centuries. Until the middle of the XVIII century. Chinese civilization, with a greater or lesser degree of success, overcame numerous disasters - foreign invasions, civil wars, natural disasters. However, the gradually accumulating lag behind the leading world powers that embarked on the path of the industrial revolution, and then the armed invasion of Great Britain and France in the middle of the 19th century, militaristic Japan from the end of the 19th century, as well as the intervention of eight powers in suppressing the uprising of the Yihetuan, sharply slowed down the development of China. , turning it into a semi-colonial, semi-feudal country dependent on foreign states. The victory of the people's democratic revolution led by the Communist Party of China led on October 1, 1949 to the creation of a new state on Chinese soil - the People's Republic of China. People's China has embarked on the path of building socialism with Chinese characteristics in the country and has been successfully pursuing a policy of reform, modernization and opening up to the outside world for more than 30 years. Nowadays, the People's Republic of China demonstrates to the whole world its successes in the field of economy, science, development of nuclear energy, astronautics, rocket science, construction of high-speed railways and motorways, as well as various types sports. The six-volume encyclopedia "Spiritual Culture of China" edited by Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences M.L. Titarenko (M.), created by a team of Russian sinologists, aroused a wide response from readers and was awarded the State Prize of the Russian Federation for 2010. The Russian public is no less interested, no doubt, will evoke the ten-volume “History of China from ancient times to the beginning of the 21st century”, proposed to the reader, on which scientists from various academic institutions and universities of Russia worked (Institute of the Far East of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Oriental Manuscripts of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Archeology and Ethnography of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute countries of Asia and Africa of the Lomonosov Moscow State University, St. Petersburg State University, etc.). The authors, scientific editors of volumes and members of the Main Editorial Board, understanding the complexity of the task set to fit the multi-thousand-year history of Chinese civilization within ten volumes, tried to reflect the main events of the history

7 To the Reader 7 China's history - from the Paleolithic sites and the first Neolithic settlements to the modern PRC with its universally recognized international authority. Each volume contains, on average, about 60 copies; chronological tables, illustrations and maps, selected bibliography, and indexes are provided. At the same time, since the publication is intended for a fairly wide range of readers, the authors and editors of the volumes tried to combine the scientific level of presentation of the material with its popular presentation. The history of China in ten volumes is divided into chronological periods. T. I. Ancient and ancient history (according to archaeological data): from the Paleolithic to the 5th century. BC. Rep. editor - acad. RAS A.P. Derevianko (Institute of Archeology and Ethnography, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk). T. II. The era of Zhangguo, Qin and Han: V c. BC. - III century. AD Rep. editor - d.h.s. J1.S. Perelomov (Institute of the Far East of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow). T. III. Three Kingdoms, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Sui, Tang: Rev. editors - d.h.s. I.F.Popova (Institute of Oriental Manuscripts of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg), Doctor of Philology. M.E. Kravtsova (St. Petersburg State University). T. IV. Five Dynasties Period, Song Empire, Liao, Jin, Xi Xia: Res. editor - d.h.s. I.F.Popova (Institute of Oriental Manuscripts of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg). T. V. The Yuan and Ming Dynasties: Responsible. editors - d.h.s. A.Sh.Kadyrbaev, Doctor of History A.A. Bokshchanin (Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow). T. VI. Qing Dynasty: Rep. editor - d.h.s. O.E. Nepominin (Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow). T. VII. Republic of China: Rev. editor - d.h.s. N.L. Mamaeva (Institute of the Far East of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow). T. VIII. People's Republic of China: Rev. editors - d.h.s. V.N. Usov, A.G. Yurkevich (Institute of the Far East of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow). T. IX. People's Republic of China: Rev. editor - d.polit.sci. A. V. Vinogradov (Institute of the Far East of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow). T. X. Taiwan, Xianggang (Hong Kong), Macau (Macao), overseas Chinese diaspora. Rep. editors - Doctor of Law L.M. Gudoshnikov, Ph.D. G.A. Stepanova (Institute of the Far East of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow). In the prefaces to the volumes, along with the presentation of the main content of the volume, information is provided on significant historical events that took place during the period described in Asia, Europe and America. The selection of illustrations was carried out by the authors and executive editors of the volumes, as well as by Acad. RAS B.L. Riftin. The authors and editors of this ten-volume edition express the hope that the presented work will allow the reader to get acquainted with the history of China, which will contribute to the development of further mutual understanding and friendship between the neighboring peoples of the Russian Federation and the People's Republic of China. Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences S.L. Tikhvinsky, Chairman of the Main Editorial Board of the ten-volume edition "History of China from ancient times to the beginning of the 21st century"

8 INTRODUCTION This volume covers a long period in the history of Chinese civilization from the 11th to the 10th centuries, containing several separate and relatively independent eras. The death of the ancient Han Empire (206 BC AD) marked the beginning of the "Time of Troubles", decentralization, a series of successive short-lived dynasties, which, after almost 400 years, ended with the unification of the country under the rule of the Sui () and Tan(). Having revived over a vast area, the Chinese empire experienced its highest flourishing in history in the Tang era and, having gone through the stages of consolidation, development and decline of imperial statehood, at the beginning of the 10th century. under the blows of the peasant war, it again broke up into a number of independent territorial entities. In the centuries-old history of China, the period of the 19th-10th centuries. was marked by global historical and cultural processes, during which the main traditions crystallized, which determined further typological features not only of Chinese, but of the entire Far Eastern civilization. During this era, the systems of state ideology, administrative management, codified law, the religious complex and the canons of culture were formed, which determined the face of Chinese civilization for centuries to come. The eventful political history of the 3rd–6th centuries, lying between the two huge centralized empires of Han and Tang, includes several periods. The first is the Three Kingdoms (Sango), when after the death of Han, the country broke up into three sovereign states - Wei (), Wu () and Shu (Han-Shu y,). This is followed by the periods of the Western Jin (265/) and Eastern Jin (317-420) dynasties, often reduced in Chinese sources to the "epoch of two Jins". During the first of these, a short-term unification of China took place. Under the second, the regions of the Huang He basin (Northern China) were conquered by neighboring non-Chinese peoples, who founded many short-term state formations (kingdoms). Actually, at this time, the Chinese statehood for the first time in its history moved to the South, to the regions of the lower and middle reaches of the Yangtze. The ethno-cultural fragmentation of the then China was finally established in the era of the Southern and Northern dynasties (Nanbeichao, 386/ /589). Southern dynasties (Nanchao) are called successive Chinese states: Liu-Song (4 2 0 ^ 7 9), Southern Qi (), Liang () and Chen (). The Northern Dynasties (Beichao) include the state of Northern Wei (Toba Wei, or

9 Introduction 9 Later Wei,) and the Western Wei (), Eastern Wei (), Northern Qi () and Northern Zhou () that arose from its fragments. However, with all the discreteness of the historical and political process, the period of the III-VI centuries. forms an integral phase, the unity of which was due, moreover, to the commonality and continuity of cultural changes. Therefore, in European Sinology (for Chinese scientists, this problem is not so relevant due to the conciseness and capacity of hieroglyphic terminology) in the first half of the 20th century. began to search for such a terminological designation that would cover all these centuries. From 1930 to the present, they are often referred to by terminological clichés derived from the concept of "political fragmentation." Approximately from the middle of the 20th century, when the theory of the “Chinese Middle Ages” prevailed in European and, somewhat later, in Russian Sinology, for the 111–6th centuries. the definition of "the era of the early Middle Ages" or "the era of early medieval China" (Early Medieval China) was fixed. In Soviet studies of the 1990s, the terminological formula "on the threshold of the Middle Ages" was also used. It must be admitted that the separation of the "epoch of early medieval China" meant the full recognition of the historical and cultural integrity and originality of the III VI centuries. At the same time, there were many scientists who were skeptical about such a definition, believing that it was fraught with false associations with the European Middle Ages. IN last years Western Sinology is increasingly resorting to the arsenal of Chinese historiographical terminology. The term Nanbeichao, or "the era of division into North and South", is proposed to be applied to the entire period of the III-VI centuries in order to emphasize the fundamental importance of the formation of a new ethno-cultural substrate in the North. The editors of this volume consider the term “Six Dynasties” (Luchao) to be the most acceptable, which traditionally denoted six state formations, starting with the kingdom of Wu of the Three Kingdoms period and including the Southern Dynasties, whose capitals were located on the site of the modern city of Nanjing. Consequently, the term "Sh is dynasties" contains the desired chronological parameters. In addition to the problem of terminological definitions, the Six Dynasties era continues to be one of the least studied periods in the history of Chinese civilization. This is explained, on the one hand, by the incredible complexity of both historical, political and cultural processes, saturated to the limit with various, often extremely ambiguous, events and phenomena. On the other hand, the traditionalist stereotype prevailed over the academic community for a long time, originating in the historical thought of the Tang era, when the period of the III VI centuries. perceived solely as Time of Troubles”, which consisted of socio-political collisions and disasters and was marked by the fall of ethical foundations and the degradation of all national spirituality. Nevertheless, the foundations of the unprecedented flourishing of Chinese civilization in the Tang era were laid precisely in the period of the Six Dynasties.

10 10 Introduction The relatively rapid unification of a huge country at the end of the VI century. became possible thanks to the deep economic and political prerequisites that matured in the era of the Six Dynasties. Exhausting internecine wars undermined the country's economy, led to mass deaths and resettlement of peasants, and made it difficult to use the irrigation system. Centralization was necessary to deal with floods and devastating droughts. Effective protection of land borders from the intensified northern nomadic neighbors was required. At the same time, the formation of a new ethnic and cultural fusion contributed to the unification of the original Chinese lands, which significantly updated the appearance of the Chinese ethnos. Devastation, desolation and famine led to the development of ways and methods to bring the country out of a state of economic collapse. decline Agriculture served as an effective stimulus for the development of crafts and trade. Many old and newly built cities have become large trade and craft centers, oriented not only to the domestic market, but also to foreign trade relations. Military dictatorial regimes have reinforced imperial ideals and values, which has found expression in the pursuit of the imperial order as the best form of social organization. The beginning of a complex and multilateral process of integrating Chinese society into a single administrative-territorial, economic and military structure was laid by the short predecessor of the Great Tang - the Sui Empire, which united the country in 589. It was the Sui sovereigns who began to implement primary measures aimed at strengthening the central government and improving the bureaucracy inherited by the Sui from the northern Chinese dynasties. The most successful and effective institutions - central government, administrative-territorial structure, military organization, tax system - were modified and spread over most of China. The unified legal and state examination systems were restored and improved. The area of crops expanded, handicrafts rose, new cities revived and grew. The construction of canals and roads connecting the north and central part of China with the fertile regions in the south and east laid the foundation for the economic unity of the country. However, all these, of course, important reforms were carried out on a scale beyond the strength of the newly recreated empire. Internal political miscalculations and excessive external conquest ambitions led to the Sui crisis and a new wave of popular uprisings and separatist rebellions. The reign of the Tang Dynasty, which reunited the country, was a period of economic prosperity, political power and the brilliance of the culture of imperial China and had a huge multilateral influence on the entire subsequent course of the history of the Far East region. Having adopted the Sui political course aimed at restoring unity, the Tang imperial house developed and based its transformations on a political ideology, which became not only a powerful structure-forming beginning of Chinese society, but

11 Introduction 11 and ensured the hitherto unheard of vitality of imperial statehood. The historical situation that developed in China by the beginning of the 7th century required further strengthening of the supreme power and the concentration of real power in the hands of the ruler of a single empire. managerial functions. This fundamentally important goal was achieved by the Tang ruling house, taking into account the political and social changes that took place in China during the period of fragmentation and civil strife. Decentralization and instability in the era of the Six Dynasties caused destructive processes in different directions: on the one hand, political forces aimed at achieving specific short-term goals were formed from the environment of the local aristocracy and the service class, on the other hand, there was a departure of a certain part of the bureaucracy from political activity, the transfer of the main interests from the state-practical sphere to the spiritual one. The theoretical universalism of the functions of the monarch in practice turned into uncertainty and vagueness. Centrifugal moods increased in public self-consciousness, the importance of the individual and the clan increased, and the opposition of the statesman to incapable rulers intensified. Therefore, developing the dogmas of the supreme power, the Tang dynasty not only talked about attracting the service class to its side, but also demonstrated that it saw a worthy political partner in a statesman. The early Tang theory of state administration was intended to become the basis for the interaction of a viable monarchy, personified in a bright, talented ruler, embodied in the second Emperor Tang Taizong (), and the bureaucratic elite, whose standards of personal self-actualization were then very high due to objective reasons. The rule of Taizong under the motto Zhen-guan ("True Consideration") was not only the "golden time" of the Tang era, but one of the highest periods in the entire history of China. Taizong managed to achieve the political stability of the state in the key period of the formation of the empire and, thanks to this, to carry out a grandiose military-conquest program of restoring the Chinese state within the territorial limits that surpassed the borders of the Han Empire. Thanks, on the one hand, to personal military participation in the conquests (which was appreciated by the nomadic neighbors), and on the other hand, to the stratagem ability to include military affairs in the traditional Chinese concept of universal well-being, Taizong managed to achieve from the Turks, who had an undoubted political predominance in Central Asia, unprecedented recognition of their leadership and their inclusion in the Tang Empire as an ordered constituent part of it. Proof of this recognition was the proclamation of Taizong by the Turks defeated by him in 630 as the Heavenly Khagan. The structure of imperial statehood laid down by Taizong had an absolutely real, long-term margin of safety, determined by

12 12 Introduction, which was a reasonably acceptable limit of complexity, manageability, expediency of financial costs, expenditures of state resources for its maintenance and foreign policy. That is why the Tang Empire safely survived the reigns of Gao-zong () and Empress Wu Zetian (Wu-hou), without any special upheavals, which, like the period of Taizong's reign under the motto Zhen-guan, were attributed by Chinese traditional historiography to the era of the Initial Tang . At that time, the power of the Tang Empire extended to vast territories, including the oasis states of the Western Territory (the present-day Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of the PRC), through which the Great Silk Road passed. Along this trade route, not only the main trade between China and the West was carried out, but also the cultural influence of China on the West, and back, along the same path, foreign influence on China went. Thanks to the developed northern caravan and southern sea routes, the Chinese began to assimilate and organically weave into their own culture the heterogeneous elements of the civilizations of the East and West. Starting from the II III centuries. From North India through Kashmir and Central Asia, and then through Khotan and Dunhuang to China, Buddhism rapidly penetrated, finding an increasing influence in Chinese society. Nominally, Tang vassalage was recognized by very distant states, in 659 there was even a formally ambitious establishment of the administrative-territorial structures of the Tang Empire in the lands up to modern Afghanistan. In the middle of the 7th century under the rule of China, albeit for a short time, fell the kingdoms of the Korean Peninsula - Goguryeo, Baekche and Silla. The reign of Empress Wu Zetian became a most interesting and unique phenomenon. political culture Far East. Wu-hou, being the only female "emperor" (.huangdi) in the history of China, tried to create a completely new concept of supreme power. Adapting the official state ideology and ritual to the new political reality of her personal domination, she used the postulates of Buddhism, which allowed the rebirth of the monarch without a gender component. However, the Chinese imperial Confucian ideology did not give the empress a chance to legitimize the political role she claimed. Wu-hou, being the wife of Gao-zong, entered Chinese history as a legitimate representative of the Tang house. The short reign of the Zhou Dynasty () she founded did not lead to the break of the Tang era into Early and Late, as happened with the Han, when Wang Mang usurped the throne and proclaimed the short-lived Xin Dynasty (9-25 AD). At the same time, undoubtedly, the Zhou dynasty established by Wu-hou had its own authentic state ideology, and the Tang, which was revived in 705, was significantly different from what it had been before. It is well known that traditional Chinese historiography did not favor Wu-hou, especially during the Song period (), when the offensive term pinchao was born, where pin means a female animal, and chao means a dynasty. The reassessment of the role of Wu Zetian in Chinese history took place no earlier than the middle of the 20th century, when the works of Chen Yinque () and Guo Moruo () were published.

13 Introduction 13 It is generally accepted that the Tang Empire reached the zenith of its glory under Emperor Xuanzong (rights), in an unprecedented period of rise in Chinese culture - poetry, music, urban planning, called "High, or Prosperous, Tang". However, behind the external brilliance of that era, more than serious problems . All attempts of the court to restrain the growth of private landownership, the dispossession of peasants, the erosion of provincial administrative structures and the central power vertical did not produce results. Desperate to put in order the administrative-bureaucratic system inherited from his predecessor monarchs, Xuanzong decided on an extremely risky innovation. In 742, he entrusted the governor-generals (jiedugii) with military and civil powers in the territory entrusted to them. The strengthening of the institute of jiedugia, which is a specific and in many respects defining feature of the military-administrative structure of the Tang Empire, eventually led to the political collapse of the dynasty. The uprising of the Governor General An Lushan (in Chinese historiography it is called "the uprising of An [Lushan] and Shi [Siming]"). devastated the whole of Northern China, involved millions of inhabitants of the country, huge masses of nomadic mercenaries and led to a radical reshuffling of forces throughout Asia. After the suppression of this uprising, the Tang dynasty suffered a deep crisis (the Late Tang period), from which it never recovered, and eventually died as a result of civil strife and a continuous series of uprisings by peasants and the popularized lower classes. In a long period of the III - X centuries. many key events in world history took place, the main civilizational centers of the West and East were formed, and the dogmas of world religions - Christianity, Buddhism and Islam - finally took shape. At the end of the IV century. The Roman Empire broke up into an Eastern one with a political center in Constantinople and a Western one, the capital of which moved from Rome to alternate capitals (similar to the Chinese Peidu) in Trier, Mediolanum (Milan) and Ravenna. On the borders of the Western Roman Empire, the Germanic tribes strengthened, which then played a decisive role in its collapse. The fate of the Eastern Roman Empire, whose permanent capital from 330 became Constantinople, was influenced by the Greeks, Slavs and some peoples of Western Asia. Having regained under the emperor Justinian (right) for several decades a significant part of the coastal territories of the former western provinces of Rome, the Eastern Empire, which received the name of the Byzantine in history, until the end of the 11th century. remains a powerful Mediterranean power and, along with China, one of the largest civilizational centers of the then world. Over time, the Persian Sassanid state was strengthened near the eastern borders of Byzantium, the limits of which covered the territories of modern Iraq and Iran. The threat of invasion by nomadic peoples pushed the Byzantine Empire and the Sassanid state towards an alliance, although there was a constant struggle between them for trade routes from China to the Black and Mediterranean Seas. From the middle of the VI century.

14 14 Introduction to the system of geopolitical relations of the largest states of that time and in the struggle for control on trade routes, the states-khaganates of the Turkic nomads of Central Asia were included, and from the middle of the 7th century. - Arabic X aliphate. In 651, Sasanian Iran fell under the blows of the troops of the Caliphate, who for more than a century until the end of the 9th century. becomes the unifying center of the Muslim world. By the 8th century under the rule of the Caliphate were vast territories, including the lands between the Amu Darya and the Syr Darya, Ferghana, the Tashkent oasis, the Iranian Highlands, which were part of the geopolitical interests of Tang. And thus, for China, the rivalry with the Arab-Muslim conquerors rushing further and further into Central Asia becomes an important content of foreign policy. The expansion of the territory of these two largest states of the medieval East was mutually stopped in 751, when south of the lake. Balkhash (on the Talas River) a battle took place between the Chinese army under the leadership of General Gao Xianzhi (d. 755) and the army of the Arab Caliphate. After the An Lushan uprising, a significant part of the territories that were previously subordinate to the Chinese emperor fell under the control of the Tibetan state, which fought a lot and successfully with China, and the Uighur Khaganate (). As a result, the Tang Empire lost control over Central Asia, and hence over the trade routes that passed through it. At the same time, a new enemy appeared in the northeast of China - the state of Liao, founded by the Khitans, and in the north - the Tangut state of Western Xia. In Europe from the IV century. to the 7th century The Great Migration takes place. At this time, there is a peak of migration processes that engulfed almost the entire continent and radically changed its ethnic, cultural and political appearance. The tribes, which the ancient Greeks and Romans called "barbarian", experienced a period of decomposition of the tribal system. Under pressure from nomads from the east, they tried to seize new lands in the face of the weakening of the Roman Empire, which was no longer able to withstand the onslaught of strengthened neighbors. In the 15th-5th centuries. the main role in the Great Migration was played by Germanic and Turkic, later also Slavic and Finno-Ugric tribes. In 486, as a result of the Frankish conquest in Northern Gaul, the Frankish kingdom arose, at the head of it in 768 was Charlemagne (), who, after many years of wars, managed to unite vast territories under his rule into a single Carolingian empire by 800. After the death of Charlemagne, the empire split into three parts. This disintegration was formalized by the Treaty of Verdun, concluded between the grandchildren of Charlemagne in 843. Under this treaty, Charles, nicknamed the Bald, received lands to the west of the Rhine - the West Frankish kingdom, i.e. future France, Louis the German took possession of the areas east of the Rhine and north of the Alps - the East Frankish kingdom, future Germany, Lothair received a strip of land along the left bank of the Rhine (future Lorraine) and Northern Italy. Significant processes take place at this time in the ethno-formation of the Slavs, who in the 5th century. from the territory of the Carpathians and the right bank of the middle Dnieper

15 Introduction 15 settle to the west, south and northeast. To the west, the Slavs migrated towards the upper reaches of the Vistula and the Elbe from the eastern and northern sides of the Carpathians. To the east, they spread in the direction of the upper reaches of the Volga and Oka. To the south, Slavic tribes moved towards the Danube, populating areas along its tributaries and invading Byzantine Empire. In the U1-UN centuries. The Slavic world was divided into three groups: southern, western and eastern. United in the ninth century. into a single state, the lands of the East Slavic tribes were called Rus. The core of the territory of the ancient Russian people was the city of Kyiv, called in the Russian chronicle "the mother of Russian cities." During its heyday under the Tang Dynasty, China made a significant contribution to the culture of neighboring countries, and caused a wave of imitation in Korea, Japan, Vietnam, Tibet, and the young states of Central Asia. The most diverse aspects of their lives, from the political system and court customs to writing, printing, versification and tailoring, their peoples became obliged to the Tang culture. The aristocrats of neighboring states sent their children to study in the Tang capital of Chang'an, magnificent capitals were built on the model of Chang'an - Gyeongju in Korea and Kyoto in Japan, the teachings of Confucius and Chinese Buddhism were widely spread. Many monarchs invited the Chinese as officials, mentors and poets, following them until the 17th century. the name "Tang people" (tang en) was fixed, and Chinatowns in non-Chinese cities are still in modern Chinese are called "streets of the Tang people" (tanzh enjie). Responsible editors of the volume: Doctor of Historical Sciences I.F.Popova (Institute of Oriental Manuscripts of the Russian Academy of Sciences), Doctor of Philology M.E.Kravtsova (St. Petersburg State University)

16 LIST OF AUTHORS V ictoria N. Bargacheva philosophy Sciences D o nskaya Aleksandra E. Vgenievna, Ph.D. ist. Sciences Erem eev Vladimir E Vstegneevich (), Ph.D. philosophy Sci. Zednitsky A. D. M., Ph.D. philosophy sciences K iy E vgeniy A leksandrovich, Ph.D. philosophy Sci. Kravtsova M arina E vgenievna, Doctor of Philology Sci. N ovikov Boris Mikhailovich, Ph.D. ist. Sci. Popova Irina F edorovna, Dr. ist. Sci. R ybakov Vyacheslav Mikhailovich, Doctor of History. Sciences Smolin Georgy Yakovlevich (), Dr. of History. Storozh uk Alexander Georgievich, Doctor of Philology Sciences Preparation of materials G.Ya.Smolina and V.E.Ereeva B and ryukova A nastasia S ergeevna Index of names T erehov Anton Eduardovich, B onch-o Smolovskaya O lga A ndreevna Glossary 1. Toponyms, ethnonyms, architectural and religious structures Kravtsova Marina Evgenievna Glossary 2. Terms Kravtsova Marina Evgenievna Chronology of the main historical events Terekhov Anton Eduardovich , Popova Irina F edorovna, Kravtsova Marina E vgenievna Table of dynasties and kingdoms Anton Eduardovich T erehov

17 CONTENTS To the reader (S.L. Tikhvinsky)... 5 Introduction (I.F. Popova, M.E. Kravtsova)... 8 HISTORY OF K AND T A I I I I - X centuries. CHAPTER 1 (M.E. Kravtsova) Chapter 2. The Trinity () (M.E. Kravtsova) At the turn of the century and epochs () The history of the kingdom of Wei (/266) The history of the kingdoms of Wu () and Han -Shu () Chapter 3. Dynasty Western Jin (2 6 5 /) (M.E. Kravtsova) Foreign and domestic policy Jin () Chapter 4. Northern kingdoms IV c. (M E. Kravtsova) Xiongnu kingdoms of Han (304/) and Early Zhao () Xiongnu-jie kingdom Later Zhao () Disk kingdom Early Liang (301/) Early Yan kingdom (333/) and others public entities, founded by the Xianbei men Disk kingdom Early Qin () Northern kingdoms of the end of IV - beginning of V to the Southwestern kingdom of Cheng (303 /) Chapter 5. Dynasty Eastern Jin () (M E. Kravtsova) A fragment of imperial statehood Revolts, wars and palace intrigues Agony and death

18 Table of contents 987 Chapter 6. Northern states of the era of the Southern and Northern dynasties () (M. E. Kravtsova) From tribal strife to power The heyday and collapse of the Tobi state Northern Wei () Northern states of the VI century Chapter 7 V. and the Chen dynasty () Chapter 8. The Sui Empire () (I.F. Popova) The rise of the Sui Domestic policy of Wen-di () The foreign policy of Wen-di The ascendance of Yang-di () Domestic policy Yang-di Foreign policy of Yang-di Taiyuan uprising of 617 CHAPTER 9. Empire of Tang () Board of Gao-zu () (I.F. Popova) Great achievements of the Zhen-guan period () (I .F.Popova) Foreign policy of Taizong () (I.F.Popova) The reign of Gao-zong () (I.F.Popova) Rise of Wu Zetian (Wu-hou) (I.F.Popova) Regency of Wu Zetian under the sons () (I.F. Popova) Wu Zetian - the "emperor" of the Zhou dynasty () (I.F. Popova) The reign of Zhong-zong () and Rui-zong () (I.F. Popova) Emperor Xuan- zong, Kai-yuan period () (I.F. Popova) An Lushan uprising () (I.F. Popova) Decline of Tang () (M.E. Kravtsova, I.F. Popova) Rebel movements of the second half of the Tang era and the uprising of Huang Chao () (based on the materials of G.Ya. Smolin) Agony and the death of a great empire (M.E. Kravtsova) Chapter 10. Ethnodemographic processes, natural environment and economic and cultural zoning (A.E. Donskaya) The era of the Six Dynasties The era of Sui and T an

19 988 Table of Contents Part II RELIGIO GIOZNO-ID DEOLOGICH SITUATION IN CHINA I I I - X cc. CHAPTER 1 (V.N.Bargacheva) The main directions of the development of Confucianism The system of selection of officials and the development of Confucian social and ethical views The educational system Chapter 2. Taoism in the I I I V I centuries. (M. E. Kravtsova) The Doctrine of Tao and Its Cultural and Religious Origins The School of Heavenly Mentors (Tianshi-Tao) and Mass Religious Movements of the 2nd-4th Centuries Elite Taoist Teachings of the 3rd-4th Centuries Late Taoist Schools and the Formation of the Taoist Canon Chapter 3. Buddhism in the I I I V I centuries: the formation of the Chinese-Buddhist tradition (E.L. Kiy) Buddhist tradition in Asia The main sources on the history of Buddhism in the III VI centuries. and the Problem of the Time of the Penetration of the Buddhist Teaching into China Formation of the Chinese Buddhist Tradition CHAPTER 4. Three Teachings and the State Religious and Ideological Policy in the Sui and Tang Epochs (A.D. Zelnitsky) Peculiarities of the Official Religious and Ideological Policy under Tang Taoism in the Tang Era: Leading Figures and Main Directions in the Development of Theoretical Thought and Book Tradition The Place and Role of Foreign Beliefs in the Religious Life of the Tang Society Part III A I THOUGHT I I I - X centuries. Chapter 1. T angian legislation (V.M. Rybakov)

20 Table of contents 989 Normative regulations g e Intradepartmental regulations c h a p 2. Science and technology (based on the materials of V.E. Eremeev) Astronomy and astrology Mathematics Chemistry, alchemy, medicine, botany and biology Technical and rational knowledge Geographical knowledge and the development of vehicles Chapter 3. Architectural and engineering art (M.E. Kravtsova) Theories and practices of urban planning Structural and engineering features of building practice Typologies of buildings and their architectural incarnations Architectural and mathematical theories Part IV LIT E R A T U R N O E T V O R C E S T O I I I - X centuries. Chapter 1. Fiction of the era of the Six Dynasties to the eyes and theorists of literature I I I V I centuries. (M.E. Kravtsova) Literary and theoretical thought of the era of the Six Dynasties: the main monuments Views on literary and poetic creativity Genre composition of fiction (wen) Chapter 2. History of poetry I I I V I centuries. (M.E. Kravtsova) "Wind and the skeleton of the Jian-an era" Poetry in the style of Zheng-shi Poetry in the style of Tai-kang Poetry of the IV century Poetry of the period of the Liu-Song dynasty Poetry in the Yun-ming style and poems of the palace style G chap ter 3. Prose xiaosh o epoch of the Six Dynasties (M.E. Kravtsova) Chap ter 4. Literature of the Tang era (A.G. Storozhuk) About the phenomenon of Tang literature Four outstanding and Chen Zian Bo Juyi, Yuan Zhen and Wang Fanzhi's "new yuefu" and religious Buddhist poetry

21 990 Contents Jiaoran and the concept of the "world of works" Wang Wei Meng Haoran Li Bo Du Fu Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan Chuangqi Poetry of the end of the Tang era Chap ter 1. Funeral art and art (M.E. Kravtsova) Stone monumental sculpture Funeral sculpture Artistic reliefs Monumental painting M.E. Kravtsova) The origin and iconographic principles of Chinese-Buddhist cult art Main artistic monuments: cave monasteries and rock temples Regional art schools Taoist cult art Chapter 3. Secular painting (M.E. Kravtsova) The origins of silk painting and the pictorial art of the Six Dynasties era The picturesque art of the Tang era: the main genre and stylistic trends and their representatives Applied art (M.E. Kravtsova) Ceramics Jewelery Lacquer production Weaving Chapter 5. Musical dance art (.A.B. Vats, M.E. Kravtsova) Cult and ceremonial spectacular repertoire of the Chinese states of the III VI centuries

22 Table of contents 991 Musical and dance art of the Northern states of the 4th-6th centuries Highly solemn music of the Great Tang and court "banquet music" Popular music and dance performances Appendix 1. Famous dignitaries and military leaders of China of the 3rd-7th centuries. (B.M. Novikov) Appendix 2. Table of dynasties and kingdoms Appendix 3. Chronology of major historical events Appendix 4. Maps Selected bibliography Index of names Glossary 1. Toponyms, ethnonyms, architectural and religious buildings Glossary 2 Terms C list of authors of the volume

23 Scientific publication HISTORY OF CHINA FROM ANCIENT ASH AND 10 TIMES TO THE BEGINNING OF THE XXI CENTURY. in 10 volumes Volume III THREE KINGDOM, JING, SOUTHERN AND NORTHERN DYNASTRIES, SUI, TANG () Approved for publication by the Institute of Oriental Manuscripts of the Russian Academy of Sciences Editor-in-chief Ya.B. Geisherik Editor A.A. Pimenov Artist E.L. Erman Technical editor O.V. Volkova Proofreader I.I. Chernysheva Computer layout M/7. Gorshenkova Format 70xl00"/j6. Offset printing Larger sheets 80.0 + 2.3 sheets (incl.). Larger red-print sheets 89.2. Accounting-ed. sheet 78 ,0 Circulation 1000 copies Publishing Order 420 Nauka Publishing House, Moscow, Profsoyuznaya st., 90 Vostochnaya Literature Publishing Company, Moscow, Maronovsky per., 26 PPP "Nauka Printing House", Moscow G-99, Shubinsky Pereulok ., 6 Digital Printing House 21, Moscow, st. Rochdelskaya, 15, p. 29 ISBN ISBN

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Publisher: M.: Nauka
ISBN: 978-5-02-039991-4
Year: 2017
Quantity pages: 821
Circulation: 1000

COST: 2 992 rub.

Book Description:

The eighth volume of the publication "History of China from ancient times to the beginning of the 21st century" is devoted to the first quarter of a century of the existence of the People's Republic of China (1949-1976). This period begins with the coming to power in the country of the Communist Party of China and ends with the death of Chairman of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China Mao Zedong. Already a few years after the formation of the PRC, a number of problems for the restoration and development of the country's economy were solved, and large-scale construction began. This was followed by a decade of searching for a path of development and inner-party struggle regarding the general course of the CPC, a decade of the "cultural revolution", which caused enormous damage to the country's population and enormous damage to the economy. For historians-sinologists, specialists in the field of international relations, all those interested in the history and culture of China.

To the Reader (Academician S.L. Tikhvinsky) ………. 5

Foreword (Yu.M. Galenovich) ………. 9

PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA in 1949–1960 (V.N. Usov)

Chapter 1. Formation of the People's Republic of China.

First years. 1949–1952………. 19

Proclamation of the People's Republic of China ………. 19

Suppression of the “counter-revolution” ………. 29

Campaign against the "three evils" and "five abuses" ………. 32

“Re-education” of the intelligentsia………. 36

Korean War………. 40

Agrarian reform ………. 44

Economic fundamentals………. 48

Chapter 2. Transition to socialist construction. 1953–1956………. 54

"General line". The Constitution of the People's Republic of China………. 54

First Five Year Plan. 1953–1957 ………. 61

“The Case of Gao Gang – Zhao Shushi” ………. 64

Transformations………. 70

Eighth Congress of the CCP ………. 78

"One Hundred Flowers" ………. 91

"Ordering Style". The struggle against the “right” ………. 98

Policy towards religious organizations ………. 106

Results of the first five-year plan ………. 108

Science, education, culture and art ………. 110

Chapter 3. The Great Leap Forward. 1957–1960………. 118

Preparation ………. 118

Start ………. 121

Economy ………. 142

"The Case of Peng Dehuai" ………. 149

Culture, art and science ………. 158

Consequences ………. 162

Chapter 4. The USSR and the People's Republic of China in 1949–1960. ………. 169

Formation of relations ………. 169

Soviet-Chinese cooperation………. 184

Chinese atomic bomb ………. 192

THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA IN THE "SETTLEMENT" PERIOD

Second half of 1960–1965 (V.N. Usov)

CHAPTER 1. Course towards "settlement". Second half 1960–1962………. 199

Search ………. 199

Clarification ………. 222

Efforts to "settle" the economy………. 235

Chapter 2. Collision of tendencies. 1963–1965………. 247

Disagreements………. 247

10th plenum. 1962………. 251

"Four purges" ………. 262

"Preparing for War" ………. 282

“Anti-revisionist” campaigns………. 302

Chapter 3. Culture, education, science and technology. 1961–1965………. 309

Culture, art and social sciences ………. 309

Education ………. 330

Nuclear weapon ………. 339

Chapter 4. Foreign Policy of the People's Republic of China. 1961–1965………. 343

Relations between the USSR and China ………. 343

"CULTURAL REVOLUTION". 1966–1976 (V.N. Usov)

Chapter 1. The first stage. 1966–1969………. 348

Preparation………. 348

Start………. 359

Hongweipings………. 376

"Chaos………. 406

"Seizure of power" ………. 415

"Revolutionaries" ………. 440

“The Case of Liu Shaoqi” ………. 456

IX Congress of the CPC………. 461

Chapter 2. The second stage. 1969–1973………. 467

Strengthening the role of the army and preparing for war ………. 467

“The Case of Lin Biao” ………. 479

X Congress of the CCP ………. 485

Chapter 3. The third stage. 1973–1976………. 496

“Criticism of Lin Biao and Confucius………. 496

"Settlement"………. 512

"Criticism of Deng Xiaoping" ………. 523

"April events" of 1976 ………. 531

Chapter 4. Impact of the “cultural revolution” ………. 539

Culture, education and science………. 539

Foreign Policy of the People's Republic of China and Relations between the USSR and the People's Republic of China ………. 550

Consequences………. 561

Foreign Policy of the People's Republic of China (A.O. Vinogradov) ………. 566

Help Soviet Union(I.N. Sotnikova) ………. 590

Friendship societies (G.V. Kulikova) ………. 620

Sino-Soviet Friendship Society………. 620

Society of Soviet-Chinese Friendship………. 627

Physical culture and sports in China (N.Yu. Demido) ………. 655

Personalities. Political and public figures (V.N. Usov) ………. 669

Chronology of the main events (Yu.M. Galenovich) ………. 746

Index of names (A.A. Verchenko) ………. 793

Index of geographical names (A.A. Verchenko) ………. 806

Selected bibliography ………. 814

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History of China from ancient times to the beginning of the XXI century. in ten volumes. Editor-in-Chief Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences S.L. Tikhvin History of China from ancient times to the beginning

Review of the fifth volume of the ten-volume "History of China from ancient times to the beginning of the 21st century"

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Book Description:

Collection of ideal social studies essays

Anti-Soviet rebellion in Hungary (1956)