November 24, 1817 in St. Petersburg cavalry guard Sheremetev shot with Count Zavadovsky. This confrontation marked the beginning of the most famous quadruple duel in Russian history: after the duel of rivals, their seconds took up pistols - the guards cornet, future Decembrist Yakubovich And poet, writer and diplomat Alexander Griboyedov which contributed greatly to the start of the conflict. Griboyedov escaped with only an injured little finger, but a slight wound made itself felt until the end of his life and even after the death of the writer. the site tells how the quadruple duel influenced the fate of the Russian diplomat.
Didn't share the ballerina
The quadruple duel with the participation of the future Decembrist Yakubovich and the author of the comedy Woe from Wit became the most famous duel of this kind in Russia. As usual, the cause of the dispute was a woman - ballerina Avdotya Istomina which drove many contemporaries crazy. Pushkin could not resist her: the poet dedicated several lines of the poem "Eugene Onegin" to the charmer:
obedient to the magic bow,
Surrounded by a crowd of nymphs
Worth Istomin; she,
One foot touching the floor
Another slowly circles
And suddenly a jump, and suddenly it flies,
It flies like fluff from the mouth of Eol;
Now the camp will soviet, then it will develop,
And he beats his leg with a quick leg.
In 1817, the chamber junker Count Alexander Zavadovsky was in love with the beauty, but Istomina gave her heart to the cavalry guard headquarters captain Vasily Sheremetev. One day the couple got into an argument. Sheremetev did not go to the performance of Avdotya, and the Russian diplomat and writer Alexander Griboyedov took advantage of this. After the end of the performance, he approached Istomina backstage and invited her "for tea" to his friend, with whom he himself lived at that time. Of course, this friend was Zavadovsky. The ballerina accepted Griboedov's proposal. Avdotya stayed at the chamber junker for two days.
Istomina was considered a beauty and enjoyed great success with men. Photo: commons.wikimedia.org
Soon Sheremetev decided to make peace with his beloved, but then he learned about the possible betrayal of the windy ballerina, and his mood changed. The offended staff captain turned for advice to a friend, guards cornet and future Decembrist Alexander Yakubovich. He said that there was only one way out of the current situation - a duel. When Sheremetev invited Zavadovsky to shoot himself, a friend of the chamber junker Griboedov said that he, in turn, was ready to accept a challenge from Yakubovich: they had known each other since university times and even then experienced mutual hostility.
Two pairs of duelists
The quadruple duel was scheduled for November 24: they decided to shoot at the Volkovo field. The first to approach the barrier were Sheremetev and Zavadovsky, who did not share the ballerina Istomina, while Yakubovich and Griboedov acted as seconds. Historians write that Zavadovsky did not want to kill his rival, but when Sheremetev announced that sooner or later he would deal with him anyway, he changed his mind. The count hit his opponent in the stomach, inflicting a mortal wound on him. The continuation of the duel had to be postponed: Sheremetev needed help, and he was taken from the Volkov Field to the hospital. Doctors could not help the victim - he died a day later.
Due to the uproar, Griboyedov and Yakubovich postponed their fight for an indefinite period. Immediately after the duel, Zavadovsky went abroad and no longer claimed to be the ballerina's hand, and the angry Alexander I sent his second to serve in a dragoon regiment in the Caucasus. Griboyedov was not punished. Moreover, he was soon offered a position as an official of the Russian mission in the United States, but he refused and instead received the position of secretary to the tsar's chargé d'affaires in Persia.
In the service of Griboedov, he often visited Tiflis. On one of these visits, he met with his old enemy, Yakubovich, who served in those parts. The duel, which had broken a year ago, was decided to be resumed. She was appointed on October 23, 2018 near the ravine near the village of Kuki. Griboyedov's second was his colleague named Amburger, and Yakubovich's second was diplomat Nikolai Muravyov. The author of "Woe from Wit" missed the mark. It is still unclear whether he did this by accident or on purpose, not wanting to shed blood. His opponent took aim and hit Griboyedov in the little finger of his left hand. On this, the opponents parted ways.
Alexander Yakubovich shot Griboyedov in the little finger. Photo: commons.wikimedia.org
Injury is not was fatal, but seriously changed Griboyedov's life. Historians believe that the duel and injury largely influenced the further writing activities of the diplomat. By the way, he finished the comedy "Woe from Wit" in Tiflis, six years later. Griboyedov had a good ear: he even wrote music and became the author of two waltzes, one of which was named after the writer's name - "Griboyedovsky". After being wounded, in order to play the piano, the diplomat had to put a special leather case on his left little finger, without which playing music brought Griboyedov great discomfort.
Recognized by the little finger
The quadruple duel, which went down in history, reminded of itself even after the death of the writer - or rather, his death. On January 30, 1829, in Tehran, 34-year-old Griboyedov was torn to pieces by a crowd of religious fanatics right in the building of the Russian embassy. Another 37 diplomats died with him. The body of the writer was so disfigured that it was possible to identify Griboedov only by the little finger shot through in a duel.
The Decembrist Yakubovich outlived his rival by 16 years. For attempted regicide, he was sent to hard labor, and in September 1845 he died of water sickness.Ballerina Avdotya Istomina, who changed the lives of at least four men, continued to shine on stage and be a hit with her fans. When Nicholas I ascended the throne in 1825, she stopped getting big roles. The tsar knew that the ballerina was the culprit of the quadruple duel, and did not like Istomin. Gradually, the popularity of Avdotya came to naught. personal life the ballerina was able to arrange only after 40 years, having found happiness with her second husband, an actor. The family idyll did not last long: in 1848, Avdotya Istomina died of cholera at the age of 49.
Her name has survived to this day thanks to the immortal lines of Pushkin and the famous quadruple duel.
Alexander Sergeevich Griboedov - a famous Russian writer, poet, playwright, brilliant diplomat, state councilor, author of the legendary play in verse "Woe from Wit", was a descendant of an old noble family. Born in Moscow on January 15 (January 4, O.S.), 1795, from early years showed himself to be an extremely developed, and versatile, child. Wealthy parents tried to give him an excellent home education, and in 1803 Alexander became a pupil of the Moscow University noble boarding school. At the age of eleven, he was already a student at Moscow University (verbal department). Having become a candidate of verbal sciences in 1808, Griboedov graduated from two more departments - moral-political and physical-mathematical. Alexander Sergeevich became one of the most educated people among his contemporaries, he knew about a dozen foreign languages, was very gifted musically.
Since the beginning Patriotic War In 1812, Griboedov joined the ranks of volunteers, but he did not have to participate directly in hostilities. With the rank of cornet, Griboedov in 1815 served in a cavalry regiment that was in reserve. By this time are the first literary experiments- the comedy "Young Spouses", which was a translation of a French play, an article "On Cavalry Reserves", "A Letter from Brest-Litovsk to a Publisher".
At the beginning of 1816, A. Griboedov retired and came to live in St. Petersburg. Working in the College of Foreign Affairs, he continues his studies in a new field of writing for himself, makes translations, joins theatrical and literary circles. It was in this city that fate gave him an acquaintance with A. Pushkin. In 1817, A. Griboyedov tried his hand at dramaturgy, writing the comedies "Own Family" and "Student".
In 1818, Griboyedov was appointed to the post of secretary of the tsar's attorney, who headed the Russian mission in Tehran, and this radically changed his further biography. The expulsion to a foreign land of Alexander Sergeevich was regarded as a punishment for the fact that he acted as a second in a scandalous duel with a fatal outcome.
Staying in Iranian Tabriz (Tavriz) was really painful for the beginning writer.
In the winter of 1822, Tiflis became Griboedov's new place of service, and General A.P. Yermolov, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary in Tehran, commander of the Russian troops in the Caucasus, under whom Griboedov was secretary for diplomatic affairs. It was in Georgia that he wrote the first and second acts of the comedy Woe from Wit. The third and fourth acts were already composed in Russia: in the spring of 1823, Griboedov left the Caucasus on leave for his homeland. In 1824, in St. Petersburg, the last point was put in the work, whose path to fame turned out to be thorny. The comedy could not be published due to the prohibition of censorship and diverged in handwritten lists. Only small fragments "slip" into print: in 1825 they were included in the issue of the almanac "Russian Taliya". The brainchild of Griboyedov was highly appreciated by A.S. Pushkin.
Griboyedov planned to take a trip to Europe, but in May 1825 he had to urgently return to his service in Tiflis. In January 1826, in connection with the case of the Decembrists, he was arrested, kept in a fortress, and then taken to St. Petersburg: the writer's name came up several times during interrogations, and during searches, handwritten copies of his comedy were found. Nevertheless, due to lack of evidence, the investigation had to release Griboyedov, and in September 1826 he returned to his official duties.
In 1828, the Turkmanchay peace treaty was signed, which corresponded to the interests of Russia. He played a certain role in the biography of the writer: Griboyedov took part in its conclusion and delivered the text of the agreement to St. Petersburg. For his merits, the talented diplomat was granted a new position - the plenipotentiary minister (ambassador) of Russia in Persia. In his appointment, Alexander Sergeevich saw a "political exile", plans for the implementation of numerous creative ideas collapsed. With a heavy heart in June 1828, Griboyedov left St. Petersburg. verbal literary tragedy mushroom-eaters
Getting to the place of service, for several months he lived in Tiflis, where in August he was married to 16-year-old Nina Chavchavadze. He left for Persia with his young wife.
There were forces in the country and beyond its borders that were not satisfied with the growing influence of Russia, which cultivated hostility towards its representatives in the minds of the local population. On January 30, 1829, the Russian embassy in Tehran was brutally attacked by a brutal mob, and A.S. became one of its victims. Griboyedov, who was mutilated to such an extent that they were later identified only by a characteristic scar on his arm. The body was taken to Tiflis, where the grotto at the church of St. David became its last refuge.
In terms of his literary position, Griboedov belongs to the so-called "junior archaists": his closest literary allies are P.A. Katerin and V.K. Küchelbecker; however, the people of Arzamas also appreciated him, for example, Pushkin and Vyazemsky, and among his friends - such different people, as P. Ya. Chaadaev and F. V. Bulgarin.
Even during the years of study at Moscow University (1805), Griboedov wrote poems (only mentions have come down to us), creates a parody of the work of V. A. Ozerov "Dmitry Donskoy" - "Dmitry Dryanskoy". In 1814, two of his correspondence were published in Vestnik Evropy: On Cavalry Reserves and Letter to the Editor. In 1825, he published the comedy The Young Spouses, a parody of French comedies that made up the Russian comedy repertoire at that time. The author uses a very popular genre of "social comedy" - works with a small number of characters and a setting for wit. In line with the controversy with Zhukovsky and Gnedich about the Russian ballad, Griboyedov wrote an article "On the Analysis of the Free Translation of Lenora" (1816).
In 1817, Griboedov's comedy "Student" was published. According to contemporaries, Katenin took a small part in it, but rather his role in creating the comedy was limited to editing. The work has a polemical character, directed against the "younger Karamzinists", parodying their works, the artist's type of sentimentalism. The main point of criticism is the lack of realism.
Parodying techniques: introducing texts into everyday contexts, exaggerated use of periphrasticity (all concepts in comedy are given descriptively, nothing is named directly). In the center of the work is the carrier of the classicistic consciousness (Benevolsky). All knowledge about life is gleaned by him from books, all events are perceived through the experience of reading. Saying "I saw it, I know it" means "I read it". The hero seeks to act out book stories, life seems uninteresting to him.
The deprivation of a real sense of reality later Griboedov will repeat in "Woe from Wit" - this is a trait of Chatsky.
In 1817, Griboedov took part in the writing of "Feigned Infidelity" together with A. A. Gendre. The comedy is an adaptation of the French comedy by Nicolas Barthes. The character Roslavlev, the predecessor of Chatsky, appears in it. This is a strange young man who is in conflict with society, uttering critical monologues. In the same year, the comedy "Own Family, or a Married Bride" was released. Co-authors: A. A. Shakhovskoy, Griboyedov, N. I. Khmelnitsky.
What was written before "Woe from Wit" is still very immature or created in collaboration with more experienced writers at that time (Katenin, Shakhovskoy, Zhandre, Vyazemsky); conceived after "Woe from Wit" - either not written at all (the tragedy about Prince Vladimir the Great), or not brought further than rough sketches (the tragedy about the princes Vladimir Monomakh and Fyodor Ryazansky), or written, but due to a number of circumstances it is not known modern science. Of Griboyedov's later experiments, the most notable are the dramatic scenes "1812", "Georgian Night", "Rodamist and Zenobia". The author's artistic and documentary works (essays, diaries, epistolary) deserve special attention.
Although world fame came to Griboyedov thanks to only one book, he should not be considered a "literary one-thinker" who has exhausted his creative forces in work on "Woe from Wit". A reconstructive analysis of the playwright's artistic intentions allows us to see in him the talent of the creator of a truly high tragedy worthy of William Shakespeare, and literary prose testifies to the productive development of Griboyedov as an original author of literary "travels".
Order of the Lion and the Sun, 1st class (Persia, 1829)
Order of the Lion and the Sun II degree (Persia, 1819)
In 1810 he received the title of candidate of verbal sciences.
Illustrations for "Woe from Wit"
Russian diplomats-writers
Denis Ivanovich Fonvizin (1744-1792)
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| D. I. Fonvizin |
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| A. S. Griboyedov |
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| K. N. Batyushkov |
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| F. I. Tyutchev |
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| D. V. Venevitinov |
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| A. K. Tolstoy |
In 1762 he decided to be a translator for the Collegium of Foreign Affairs. In 1763-1769 he served as secretary of the Cabinet Minister I. P. Elagin. In 1769 he became the secretary of the head of the Collegium of Foreign Affairs N. I. Panin, with whom he was brought together by hatred of favoritism, the conviction that Russia needed "fundamental laws."
D. I. Fonvizin advocated universal education, for the gradual - in the process of "enlightenment" - the liberation of the peasants. His ideal political system was an enlightened monarchy. He was known for his translations from French (of the tragedies of Voltaire, philosophical treatises) and the essay book Notes of the First Journey, which gives a vivid picture of pre-revolutionary France. The most significant work of D. I. Fonvizin - the comedy "Undergrowth" - had a significant impact on the development of the Russian theater, on the work of Krylov, Griboyedov, Gogol, Ostrovsky.
Konstantin Nikolayevich Batyushkov (1787-1855)
His poems are characterized by the glorification of the joys of earthly life, the assertion of the poet's inner freedom, his independence from state tyranny.
In 1818-1820, K. N. Batyushkov was the secretary of the Russian diplomatic mission in Naples.
In 1822, Batyushkov fell ill with a hereditary mental illness, which made it impossible for him to continue his literary and diplomatic activities.
Alexander Sergeevich Griboyedov (1795-1829)
The comedy "Woe from Wit" is one of the peaks of Russian poetry and dramaturgy, the greatest work of Russian and world classics.
In 1817, A. S. Griboedov entered the diplomatic service as an interpreter of the Collegium of Foreign Affairs. In 1818-1820 he was secretary to the chargé d'affaires in Tehran. In 1826 he participated in the preparation of the Turkmanchay treatise. In 1828 he was appointed Minister Plenipotentiary to Persia.
On January 30, 1829, A. S. Griboedov died tragically during the defeat of the Russian diplomatic mission in Tehran. His widow ordered an inscription on the grave monument of the writer and diplomat: “Your mind and deeds are immortal in Russian memory, but why did my love survive you?”
Dmitry Ivanovich Dolgorukov (1797-1867)
Diplomat, poet and publicist.
He served as a secretary in diplomatic missions in Rome (1822-1826), Madrid (1826-1830), London (1830-1831), The Hague (1831-1838), Naples (1838-1842). In 1843 he was appointed counselor of the mission in Constantinople. From 1845 he was minister plenipotentiary at the Tehran court. From 1854 he was a senator.
In 1819 he was a member of the Green Lamp Literary Society. The literary heritage of D. I. Dolgorukov includes travel essays, diaries, travel notes, and poems.
Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev (1803-1873)
Contemporaries noted his brilliant mind, humor, talent as an interlocutor. His epigrams, witticisms and aphorisms were on everyone's lips. In 1859, the Sovremennik magazine reproduced a selection of Tyutchev's poems and published an article by N. A. Nekrasov, in which he ranked these poems among the brilliant phenomena of Russian poetry, putting Tyutchev on a par with Pushkin and Lermontov. In 1854, 92 Tyutchev's poems were published in the Sovremennik appendix, and then, on the initiative of I. A. Turgenev, his first poetry collection was published. Leo Tolstoy called Tyutchev "one of those unfortunate people who are immeasurably higher than the crowd among which they live, and therefore are always alone."
F. I. Tyutchev has been in the diplomatic service since 1821. In 1822-1837 he was secretary of the diplomatic mission in Munich. In 1837-1839 he was Chargé d'Affaires under the Kingdom of Sardinia (diplomatic mission in Turin).
Dmitry Vladimirovich Venevitinov (1805-1827)
brilliant poet, literary critic, a philosopher, was one of the organizers of the Moscow Society of Philosophy, which aimed to study idealistic philosophy and romantic aesthetics. He considered self-knowledge as the path to the harmony of the world and personality as the highest goal of man and mankind. The best works D. V. Venevitinova: "Poet", "Sacrifice", "Last Poems", "To My Goddess", "Elegy", "Testament", translations from Goethe.
In 1825-1827 he was in the diplomatic service (in the Archives of the Collegium of Foreign Affairs and in the Asian Department of the Russian Foreign Ministry).
Alexei Konstantinovich Tolstoy (1817-1875)
The novel Prince Silver (1862) brought him wide fame. Although contemporary criticism of the author did not accept this work, it soon became one of the classic books for children and youth reading. were popular lyric poems A. K. Tolstoy. Many of them (of the romance type) have been set to music.
His ballads, epics and satirical poems enjoyed great success. Together with the brothers A. M. and V. M. Zhemchuzhnikov, A. K. Tolstoy created the beloved literary mask of Kozma Prutkov.
He created a dramatic trilogy - "The Death of Ivan the Terrible", "Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich" and "Tsar Boris", which made its author famous not only in Russia, but also in Europe.
A.K. Tolstoy was connected with the diplomatic service by his work in the Archives of the Collegium of Foreign Affairs (1834-1837) and in the Russian mission in Frankfurt am Main under the German Sejm.
Nikolai Platonovich Ogaryov (1813-1877)
Russian poet and publicist, known for his participation in revolutionary activities. In the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (in the Archives) he worked in 1832-1834 - before his arrest and exile.
Konstantin Nikolaevich Leontiev (1831-1891)
Philosopher, writer and publicist, author of novels, literary essays, and many articles. K. N. Leontiev had a significant impact on spiritual development Russian society.
K. N. Leontiev was in the diplomatic service in 1863-1871. He began his work at the Russian Foreign Ministry as a dragoman (translator) at the consulate in Crete. In 1864-1867 - and. O. consul at Adrianople. In 1867 he became vice-consul in Tulcea, and in 1869 - consul in Ioannina, from April 1871 - in Thessaloniki.
After a serious illness, K. N. Leontiev leaves diplomacy and devotes himself entirely to scientific and literary creativity.
Alexander Semyonovich Ionin (1837-1900)
A well-known Russian diplomat and writer, who began serving in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs as a dragoman of the Russian consulate in Sarajevo in 1857.
In 1860-1864. - Consul in Ioannina, 1869-1875 - Consul in Ragusa (Dubrovnik) and Consul General there until 1878, in 1878-1883. - Resident Minister in Montenegro, 1883-1892. - Ambassador to Brazil In 1883-1884. temporarily sent to Sofia to manage the Russian Consulate General. Participated in the establishment of diplomatic relations between Russia and Argentina (1885), Uruguay (1887), Mexico (1890). In 1897-1900 he was envoy to Switzerland.
Literary activity A. S. Ionina was very diverse. He wrote articles on literary and poetic topics, which were published, in particular, in I. S. Aksakov's newspaper The Day. He wrote ethnographic essays and travel notes about the Balkans, as well as two comedies. The literary talent of A. S. Ionin also manifested itself in his main work “According to South America"(Vol. 1-4, St. Petersburg, 1892-1902), which was popular in Russia and abroad.
Relevance This topic is due to the fact that today there is a problem: a diplomat, who is he: a civil servant or a romantic?
Therefore, we decided to study this topic, because before us no one asked a similar question. This is novelty our research.
Goal of the work- to prove that a real diplomat is not only an official, but also creative person, a patriot of his homeland, able to express his civic position and feelings in poetry.
Tasks:
- Find out the meanings of the terms "official", "diplomat", "poet-diplomat", "patriot".
- To study the poetic anthology of employees and veterans of the Russian Foreign Ministry "Our Smolenka".
- To study the work of poets-diplomats about Russia.
- Find out what professional and personal qualities a diplomat should have.
- Conduct a survey of students and teachers of the school on the topic "What do you know about diplomat poets?".
- Make a conclusion about the need to familiarize a wide school audience with the work of poets-diplomats of Russia.
Object of study- professional and personal qualities of a diplomat.
Subject of study- the influence of hobbies and poetic creativity of diplomats on their professional activities and personal development.
Research methods- search for information about the work of diplomats and their hobbies, analysis of poems about Russia written by diplomats, questioning students and teachers about their knowledge of diplomats' work, interviewing diplomats about their vision of the professional and personal qualities of diplomats.
We study at the embassy school, and I grow up in a diplomatic family, and somehow I had a natural question: who is he, a diplomat? The first thing that comes to mind is an officer. We find in Ushakov's dictionary the meaning of the term "official". "An official is a civil servant", and "a diplomat is a person authorized by the government to communicate with a foreign state." .
Representing the interests of your country in a foreign state is a very responsible matter. Working abroad, the diplomat conducts negotiations and defends the interests of Russia. Such a person should, of course, be a patriot of his homeland.
A patriot is "a person who is devoted to his people, who loves his fatherland, is ready to make sacrifices and performs feats in the name of the interests of his motherland." .
Many Russian diplomats have hobbies besides their own professional activity. For example, Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Viktorovich Lavrov is an active football fan and plays football himself. He cuts firewood, goes in for rafting, heads the Russian Mountain Slalom Federation. And Sergey Viktorovich also writes poetry ... Moreover, there are quite a lot of poets-diplomats in the Foreign Ministry.
Once at home, I saw a collection of poems by diplomat poets at my parents' house, I started reading, it became very interesting to me. It turns out that there is such a newspaper in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, which is called "Our Smolenka", there are collections of poems by poets-diplomats! Picking up the collections of the poetic anthology "Our Smolenka" I plunged into the world of poetry of Russian diplomats. What do diplomats write about in their poems? It turns out, about everything that worries any person: about love, about life, about the motherland, about their parents, about childhood and school.
Why do they need it? After all, poetry is something very far from real diplomacy. And then I learned that the passion for poetry and poetry is a long tradition of representatives of the Russian diplomatic corps.
none diplomatic service countries of the world does not have so many names that went down in history native literature and especially poetry, like Russian, since the 18th century. How not to remember Antioch Kantemir, Ivan Khemnitser, Denis Fonvizin, Dmitry Venevitinov, Wilhelm Kuchelbecker, Konstantin Batyushkov, Alexei K. Tolstoy, Apollo Maykov, Yakov Polonsky. And this is in addition to the "great" - Alexander Griboyedov, Alexander Pushkin and Fyodor Tyutchev!
The classics of Russian poetry, diplomat poets, wanted to see Russia happy. They found their purpose in honest service to her. The theme of love for their people, for the Motherland, for its spiritual sources runs like a red thread through their poetic work, national history. In their poems, they burned with one desire - to make the Fatherland even more beautiful. Russian diplomats have always been with their people, experienced joys, and troubles, and defeats, and victories with them. Russian poet-diplomats are firmly convinced that there is a secret thread connecting the language of diplomacy and poetic creativity (meaning the search for the expression of political thought through a short, capacious artistic word).
The poetic traditions of the great predecessors continue and contemporary poets- diplomats.
Again we return to the question of the topic under study. So who is he - a real diplomat? Official, romantic poet, a common person, with its inherent advantages and disadvantages? I received answers to my questions by reading the poems of contemporary poets-diplomats of Russia.
To begin with, let's see what he writes in his famous poem " Ambassadorial Order Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov:
There is only one warrior in the field - it happens, and this is not new.
The diplomat himself must give the only correct answer.
He must, like a poet, find only the right word,
Keeping in mind that there are no prophets in the fatherland
It turns out that, according to the author, a diplomat and a poet are creative professions. My parents told me that diplomats are worthy heirs of the traditions that brought up previous generations of Russian patriots - civil servants, poets and romantics in their essence. The great Russian poet Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev, for example, was also a poet, and not just a poet, but a very famous and revered one.
In high esteem Tyutchev in our Foreign Ministry,
As the oldest veteran
Dear keeper of traditions,
Patriotic beginnings.
He accomplished his spiritual feat,
But he was not blinded by fame.
Soul, word and love
He fastened the connection of times in Russia, -
so writes the diplomat Leonard Usychenko in his poem "The Link of Times". Indeed, the connection of times is not interrupted, it continues in the work and creativity of modern diplomats.
A diplomat is a true patriot of his Fatherland, a person sincerely loving motherland:
Oh, my Rus', I love your fields,
I love meadows, swamps, copses.
Where the hubbub of birds and the free wind is sharp,
Where the sinful earth smells of honey.
These lines were written by Vladimir Masalov. The poem is called "Oh, Rus'!". The poet describes his feelings for the Motherland, for its nature. Everything that surrounds him evokes unique emotions. The poet cries and rejoices with his country:
My country, how sweet it is to me with you!
Sometimes I cry that you hurt so much
Sometimes a tear irrigates the chest involuntarily,
In my soul - you are my island of happiness! .
Viktor Posuvalyuk writes tremulously and tenderly about his homeland. Reading these lines, it is difficult to imagine that their author is an official who methodically and clearly performs his official duty:
Sing a song to me Russian song,
About the native land, blond braid,
About that birch, prickly spruce,
That in a dream they call me, they torture me.
Poet-diplomat Mikhail Romanov writes laconically and simply about his love for the motherland in the poem "2000":
These lakes are blue
These forests canopy,
Throw a look over the meadows -
A new day is rising.
Blue skies above
Yellow fields of sadness
This is my life,
This is my Rus'.
Poets-diplomats constantly refer to the image of the motherland as an image native nature, just like Pushkin, Yesenin, Tyutchev ...
For example, Mikhail Kamynin writes:
Ah, birches, oh, aspens and acacias!
This is not a dummy, not scenery.
These are feelings and rowan dawn,
Homeland Russia, you are not more beautiful! .
Well, what could be better than such enthusiasm for everything Russian, dear! This is seen as a real Russian man, citizen, patriot. He is rooting for her interests, for him Russia is everything!
We can talk for a long time and interestingly on the topic: who is he, a diplomat? "Sovereign man", politician or romantic, subtly feeling nature native land, the lyrics of the Russian soul? very figuratively written about this in the poem "Diplomat". Its author, Igor Mikheev, expressed his thought as follows:
When automata go silent
And silence comes
Diplomats join the fight
To ensure peace in full.
Their pen is sharper than the bayonet.
Language serves them
To be smarter,
Promising nothing.
We are told that it is too expensive
The people of diplomats work,
But they are not only gunpowder -
Save human lives! .
The main thing for a diplomat, as an official, as a romantic and a poet is the person himself! His life, which has no price, because it is priceless! And the purpose of the work of any diplomat is to protect the interests of their homeland and its citizens!
Basing our opinion on the foregoing, we assume that a true diplomat should have such personality traits that would allow him to creatively approach the solution of the most complex and intricate issues. foreign policy states.
To confirm my hypothesis, I decided to interview my parents and asked them the following questions: “What professional qualities, in your opinion, should a diplomat have?” In their opinion, a diplomat must have a broad outlook, be fluent in the language of the host country, and be able to understand the current international situation well.
Another question was asked about the personal qualities of a diplomat. A real diplomat must be sociable, charming, stress-resistant, possess good health, sense of humor. He must have decency and tact! One cannot but agree with this! After all, all this helps the diplomat to negotiate in the interests of his state.
The personality of a diplomat combines service to the state, love for the motherland, spiritual and moral qualities of the individual.
In order to identify the level of knowledge of students and teachers high school at the Russian Embassy in Argentina, I developed and conducted the questionnaire “What do you know about diplomat poets?”.
The survey involved 27 students in grades 5-11 and 14 teachers.
As a result, it was found out that none of the students knows the names of poets-diplomats, 2 people suggested that poets-diplomats can write their poems about politics, or about different countries and cities. The vast majority of the students surveyed (23 people) would like to listen to the poems of diplomat poets.
As for the teachers, most of them (9 people) were able to name such diplomat poets as Tyutchev, Gorchakov, Lavrov. The teachers suggested that diplomat poets write their poems on the theme of their homeland, countries of residence, and love. If they had such an opportunity, they would agree to listen to poems written by diplomat poets.
Based on the results of the survey, it can be concluded that the work of poets-diplomats is not known to school students, is not sufficiently known to teachers, there is a need to conduct poetry evening to get acquainted with the poetic work of poets-diplomats and talk about diplomats who write poetry. To do this, you need to develop a script for the event.
Summing up the results of your research on the topic “A diplomat, who is he: an official or a poet?”, You can do conclusion:
a diplomat is not only a civil servant who negotiates in the interests of Russia, he is also a creative person, with his inherent spiritual and moral qualities, which are most clearly represented in the work of diplomat poets.
The hypothesis was confirmed, the objectives of the study were fulfilled, the goal was achieved.
Further prospects for my work will be connected with the preparation of an event for students in grades 5–11 and teachers on the topic “The work of poets-diplomats of Russia”.
Literature:
- Our Smolenka: Poetic anthology. - M.: Fund im.M. Yu. Lermontova, 2008. - 536 p.
- Our Smolenka: Poetic Anthology of Employees and Veterans of the Russian Foreign Ministry. Poems - M.: West-Consulting, 2012. - 544 p.
- Nasha Smolenka: newspaper public organizations Russian Foreign Ministry, 2017.
- https://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/ushakov/1088530
- https://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/ruwiki/87826
- https://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/ushakov/922250
185 years ago, on January 30 (old style), 1829, a bloody tragedy occurred in Tehran - Islamic fanatics killed representatives of the Russian diplomatic mission, among whom was the ambassador of the Russian Empire, the famous playwright, poet and composer Alexander Sergeevich Griboyedov (1795-1829).
After the victorious end of the Russian-Persian war (1826-1828), which brought, among other things, the annexation of eastern Armenia to Russia, a Russian embassy arrived in Persia, which included the plenipotentiary resident minister A.S. Griboyedov. “The Turkmen treaty put an end to hostile relations between Russia and Persia, and Emperor Nicholas, in the resumption of friendly relations, established the post of minister plenipotentiary at the Persian court. Griboyedov was appointed to this high post. Glorious throughout our great fatherland as the creator of Woe from Wit, Alexander Sergeevich Griboyedov is little known as a diplomatic figure in the Caucasus. Meanwhile, having spent his best years in Persia and the Caucasus in one of the most heroic epochs of Russian rule there, and finally taking a very close part in the conclusion of the Turkmenchay peace, he is one of the most remarkable Caucasian figures in the diplomatic field, in preparation for to whom he gave his best years", - the military historian General V.A. Potto wrote about Griboyedov. At the same time, the historian noted, Griboedov reacted to his new appointment without enthusiasm: “A gloomy premonition, apparently, weighed on his soul. Once Pushkin began to console him, Griboedov replied: "You do not know this people (Persians), you will see that it will come to knives." He expressed himself even more clearly to A. A. Gendru, saying: “Do not congratulate me on this appointment: we will all be cut there. Allayar Khan is my personal enemy and he will never give me a Turkmenchay treaty.”.
The main task of A.S. Griboyedov was to achieve from Persian Shah implementation of the articles of the Turkmanchay peace treaty and, in particular, the payment of monetary indemnity. "Respect for Russia and its demands, that's what I need", - with these words the Russian ambassador formulated his credo.
In addition, under the terms of the peace, Armenians received the right to unimpeded resettlement to the territory of the Russian Empire, which in 1829 led to an incident: Armenians found refuge in the Russian embassy, among whom were two Armenian women from the harem of a relative of the Persian Shah and an Armenian eunuch from the Shah's harem, who knew many secrets. Griboyedov's refusal to extradite the fugitives was used to arouse discontent among the Persians and activate anti-Russian propaganda. Hatred of the Russians was also actively incited by British diplomats who did not want to strengthen Russia's position in the region.
“... Griboedov was a fearless man, very brave, honest, direct and extremely devoted to his fatherland and state,- wrote the commander of the Persian Cossack brigade V.A. Kosogovsky . - No bribes, no flattery could have diverted him from the straight path and forced him to use someone else's favors. He, like a hero, defended the rights and interests of Russian subjects and those who were under the protection of Russia. These properties and qualities of Griboyedov did not please the dignitaries of the Persian government. They constantly plotted against him, gathered together, consulted and devised means to get Mr. Griboyedov out of Persia. They did their best to slander or accuse him of anything. But the envoy did not pay any attention to all these intrigues and intrigues. He firmly and unwaveringly continued to act in the interests of his state and Russian subjects. When the dignitaries of the Persian government saw that all their intrigues and intrigues were useless, they, on the one hand, secretly turned to the then Muslim clergy and convinced the clergy with oaths and exhortations that if they allowed Griboedov to continue acting, as he had acted until now, then in in the near future, their Muslim religion will be completely outraged and the Persian state will disappear completely. On the other hand, they stirred up Fatah Ali Shah against Griboedov, and all together every day told the Shah that the Russian envoy, not only in matters relating to Russian subjects and Russia in general, was implacable, strict, exacting and insolent, but also in relation to to his Shah Majesty, he does not miss a single opportunity, so as not to cause obvious insult and disrespect to the august person of his majesty. Little by little they restored the Shah against Griboyedov.
A.S. Griboedov understood how thick the clouds were, and what danger the Russians were exposed to in Tehran. The day before the tragedy, on January 29, he sent a formidable note to the Shah's palace, stating that in view of the inability of the Persian authorities to protect the honor and life of the representatives of Russia, he asked his government to recall him from Tehran. But it was too late...
The next day, January 30, 1829, crowds of Islamic fanatics attacked the Russian embassy. An eyewitness to the events, the courier of the Russian embassy Ambartsum (Ibrahim-bek) recalled: “January 30 had barely dawned when suddenly a dull roar was heard; traditional exclamations were gradually heard: "Ea Ali, salavat!" (With God!), coming from the mouths of a thousandth crowd. Several servants ran to announce that a large crowd, armed with stones, daggers and sticks, was approaching the embassy house, preceded by mullahs and seids. The exclamation "death to the kafirs" was heard very well".
K.K. Bode, who collected information about this tragic day, reconstructed the picture of what happened in this way: “Griboyedov and the rest of the mission officials, seeing that things were bad, prepared for the siege and sealed up all the windows and doors; armed and in full uniform, they decided to defend themselves to the last drop of blood. It should be noted that hostages of the Persian government, the Bakhtiari, the Lur tribe, one of the most violent and wild tribes inhabiting the mountainous areas south and west of Isfahan, were placed near the house of the Russian embassy. For them, this case represented an enviable profit. Like cats, they climbed over the walls and climbed onto a flat (as always in Persia) roof, drilled wide holes in the ceiling and started shooting down at our people. Meanwhile, the crowd rushed through the gate and, laying down all the Cossacks, broke into the door. It is said that Griboyedov was one of the first to be killed by a bullet from a Bakhtiar gun; the second secretary of the mission, Adelung, and especially the young doctor (...) fought like lions; but the battle was too unequal, and soon the whole space presented to the gaze one mass of killed, chopped, decapitated corpses. (...) The angry crowd, drunk on the blood of the unfortunate Russians, dragged the corpse of our envoy through the streets and bazaars of the city, with wild cries of triumph.
Potto, who described this tragedy in his "Caucasian War", gives the following details: “...Together with Griboyedov were Prince Melikov, a relative of his wife, the second secretary of the embassy Adelung, a physician and several servants. On the porch the killers were met by the brave Georgian Khochetur. For some time he stood alone against as many as a hundred people. But when his saber broke in his hands, the people literally tore him to pieces. The attack took on a more and more terrible character: some of the Persians broke into the doors, others quickly dismantled the roof and fired from above at the envoy's retinue; Griboedov himself was wounded at this time, and his foster brother and two Georgians were killed. The embassy physician showed extraordinary courage and presence of mind. Seeing the inevitability of death, he took it into his head to make his way through the yard with a small European sword. He was cut off left hand that fell at his feet. He then ran into the nearest room, tore the curtain from the door, wrapped it around his terrible wound and jumped out the window; the enraged mob finished him off with a hail of stones. Meanwhile, the envoy's retinue, retreating step by step, finally took refuge in the last room and desperately defended themselves, still not losing hope for the help of the Shah's army. The daredevils of the attackers, who wanted to burst through the doors, were cut down. But suddenly flames and smoke engulfed the room; the Persians dismantled the roof and set fire to the ceiling. Taking advantage of the confusion of the besieged, the people broke into the room, and a merciless beating of the Russians began. Next to Griboyedov, a Cossack officer was cut down, who until the last minute shielded him with his chest. Griboyedov himself desperately defended himself with a sword and fell under the blows of several daggers ... "
35 Cossacks defending the diplomatic mission were killed and disfigured by thousands of brutal mob. The mutilated body of Griboedov could only be identified by the remnants of the embassy uniform and the traces of an old wound on his arm received in a duel. Of the entire Russian embassy, only the secretary of the mission, I.S. Maltsov, survived, hiding during the massacre.
“When it was all over and there was dead silence, the city guards and a military detachment appeared on the stage, allegedly sent by order of the Shah, to pacify the people. It was a bitter irony following a terrible tragedy. Upon learning that the corpse was in the hands of the mob, the Shah ordered that it be taken away and the First Secretary Maltsev be notified (...) that the peace officers managed to snatch the body of the Russian envoy from the hands of the enraged mob ... ", - reports K.K. Bode.
The tragic and at the same time heroic death of A.S. Griboyedov shocked Russian society. Responding to her, A.S. Pushkin wrote: “I don’t know anything more enviable recent years his turbulent life. The very death that befell him in the midst of a bold, uneven battle had nothing terrible for Griboyedov, nothing agonizing. She was momentary and beautiful.”.
The massacre carried out by the Persians at the embassy caused a diplomatic scandal. In fact, this was a pretext for war with Persia, but neither the Persian Shah, who had just been defeated by Russian weapons, nor the Russian Emperor Nicholas I wanted war. Under other circumstances, the Sovereign, no doubt, would have declared war on the Persians, but Russia was drawn into another conflict with Ottoman Empire and start new war Not completing this was risky enough. The commander-in-chief of the Russian troops in the Caucasus, Field Marshal I.F. Paskevich wrote on this issue to Chancellor K.V. Nesselrode: “For this, it will be necessary to declare an irreconcilable war on him (the Shah), but in the current war with the Turks, there is no way to undertake it with the hope of success. (...) Troops (...) are not enough even to wage a defensive war with both powers (...) Having started an offensive war with Persia, one must carry with him huge stocks of provisions, artillery charges, and so on. in the very heart of Persia, but the local region has been in a state of martial law since 1826, and therefore all methods of supplying troops, and especially transportation, have been completely exhausted to the point that even in the present war with the Turks, with great effort, I can hardly lift all the burdens that I need for offensive movements."
It was quite difficult to get out of this situation, while maintaining dignity. But in the end, “with long diplomatic replies, assurances of innocence and demonstrative despair, (...) with apologies, the Persian government managed to settle relations with Russia again.” ask for forgiveness from Russian Emperor the grandson of the Persian Shah Khozrev-mirza went to St. Petersburg, convincing Nicholas I that the Persian court did not harbor any hostile plans against the Russians and that in the actions of Griboedov, who did not take into account local customs, there was part of the blame for what happened. Then Khozrev Mirza presented rich gifts to the Sovereign, among which was the famous Shah diamond, which once adorned the throne of the Great Moghuls. Accepting the precious gift, Emperor Nicholas I forgave the Shah of Persia, saying the following words to his grandson: “I consign to eternal oblivion the ill-fated Tehran incident”. But forgiveness doesn't mean forgetting...
“The terrible incident in Tehran struck us to the highest degree ... - Chancellor Nesselrode wrote to Paskevich . “At this sad event, His Majesty would be gratified by the confidence that the Shah of Persia and the heir to the throne are alien to vile and inhuman intent and that this incident should be attributed to the reckless impulses of the zeal of the late Griboyedov, who did not understand his behavior with the rude customs and concepts of the Tehran mob.”
Emperor Nikolai Pavlovich took a lively part in the fate of the orphaned family of A.S. Griboedov, who lost all their property, since cash and bank notes belonging to the Russian envoy were plundered by the Persians. As a reward for Griboedov's merits, the Emperor granted the widow and mother of the deceased thirty thousand rubles at a time and five thousand rubles in pension notes. Subsequently, at the request of Prince Vorontsov, Griboedov's widow's pension was increased by another two thousand rubles.
The disfigured remains of the Russian Cossacks, thrown by the Persians into the moat, were secretly buried under the cover of night by the Armenians, grateful for Russia's intercession for their compatriots, in a mass grave in the courtyard of the Armenian church under construction. And so that Muslim fanatics would not desecrate the burial, it was immediately plowed up and planted with vines.
The remains of A.S. Griboyedov were transported to Georgia and buried by his 18-year-old widow, Princess Nina Chavchavadze, in the monastery of St. David, whose excellent location Alexander Sergeevich always admired, "expressing the desire to find a grave for himself here." Having outlived her husband by almost 30 years, Griboedov's widow wished to engrave a touching inscription in Russian on the tombstone of the grave: “Your mind and deeds are immortal in Russian memory, but why did my love survive you?”. And in 1912, with the funds raised by the Russian colony in Persia, the sculptor V.A. Beklemishev created a bronze monument to A.S. Griboedov, which was installed next to the embassy building, where the massacre took place.
