Ethnocultural Landscape and Law. The place of the cultural landscape in cultural policy and political culture. Ethnoecology studies. allowance

As a manuscript

SALPAGAROVA SUSURAT ILYASOVNA

FORMATION OF THE ETHNOCULTURAL LANDSCAPE OF KARACHAY (XIX - EARLY XX centuries)

25.00.24 - economic, social and political geography

Stavropol 2003

The work was done at the Karachay-Cherkess State University

Scientific adviser: candidate of geographical sciences, professor

SHALNEV Viktor Alexandrovich

Official opponents: Doctor of Geography, Professor

VEDENIN Yuri Alexandrovich

Candidate of Geographical Sciences, Associate Professor LYSENKO Alexey Vladimirovich

Lead organization: Karachay-Cherkess Institute

humanities studies

The defense of the dissertation will take place on October 30, 2003 at 1400 at a meeting of the Dissertation Council KM 212.256.04 at the Stavropol State University at:

355009, Stavropol, st. Pushkina 1, Stavropol State University, bldg. 2, room 506.

The dissertation can be found in the library of the Stavropol State University.

Scientific Secretary of the Dissertation Council, Doctor of Geography A.A. Likhavid

^722. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF WORK

The relevance of research. The Karachay-Cherkess Republic is a unique multicultural region of the North Caucasus, formed as a result of a historically long interaction of traditional ethno-cultural communities with the enclosing natural environment.

The study of the spatial features of the formation and evolution of the traditional Karachai culture is a very relevant, practically unexplored problem. Conducting a cultural and geographical study of Karachay is possible on the basis of a cultural and landscape concept. In accordance with it, the formation of the cultural landscapes of Karachay can be represented as a process of arranging “their” space by the Karachays based on their own traditions and the sociocultural and natural environments surrounding them. Moreover, these landscapes can be categorized as ethno-cultural, since the substrate basis for its formation is the fairly distinguished Karachai ethnic group, which still reproduces many elements of traditional culture.

The study of the features of the formation of ethnocultural landscapes of Karachay from the 19th century to the 30s of the 20th century is of particular interest, as it allows:

To identify the mechanisms of formation of traditional elements of the geocultural space of Karachay, which took place until the middle of the 19th century;

Determine the spatial characteristics of the events that took place from the end of the 19th to the 30s of the 20th centuries. sociocultural changes to more reasonably assess the consequences of these changes;

ROS. NATIONAL LIBRARY

S Petersburg/ 03 CHMO

Such studies make it possible to implement the historical principle in the study of modern geocultural space, contribute to the identification of relic cultural elements of the region, which are the basis for identifying and preserving areas of cultural and natural heritage, moreover, they can become a scientific basis for the revival of elements of a living traditional culture, which in ultimately allows you to save unique ethno-cultural landscapes.

The purpose of the work: to identify the features of the formation of the structure of the ethnocultural landscapes of Karachay from the 19th century to the 30s of the 20th century.

Research objectives:

Identification of factors in the formation of ethno-cultural landscapes of Karachay in the late XIX - early XX centuries;

The study of the process of formation of ethnocultural landscapes, as well as the changes that have taken place since the 19th century. to the 30s XX century;

Object of study: geocultural space of Karachay

Subject of study: processes and results of cultural and landscape differentiation of the territory of Karachay in the late 19th - early 20th centuries.

The theoretical and methodological basis and research methodology are: the concept of geospace (V.S. Preobrazhensky, E.B. Alaev, U.I. Mereste, S.Ya. Nymmik); landscape approach (V.S. Preobrazhensky, A.G. Isachenko); cultural and ethnographic concepts (E.S. Markaryan, Yu.V. Bromley), ideas about geocultural space (A.G. Druzhinin); cultural-landscape approach and the concept of cultural landscape (Yu.A. Vedenin, R.F. Turovsky, B.B. Rodoman, V.L. Kagansky), developments in the field of ethno-

cultural landscape science (V.N. Kalutskov, A.A. Ivanova, A.V. Lysenko).

The research methodology is based on cultural-landscape, ecological and historical-geographical approaches, on general scientific methods - descriptive, comparative, historical, statistical, multivariate analysis, modeling, as well as on geographical - cartographic and zoning.

The information base consists of: ethnographic studies of the economy and culture of Karachay (A.A. Atamanskikh, E.M. Kulchaev, Kh.O. Laipanov Kh.O., I.M. Miziev, V.P. Nevskaya, V.M. Sogoev, S.A. Khapaev); statistical information, stock and archival materials, historical maps, as well as the results of our own research into the traditional culture of Karachay.

Scientific novelty of the work:

Based on the historical-geographical analysis of physical-geographical and ethno-social processes, the reconstruction of the cultural-landscape structure of the 19th - early 19th centuries on the territory of Karachay was carried out;

Evolution and dynamics of ethnocultural landscapes of Karachay are revealed;

Thematic maps characterizing sociocultural and natural processes that took place on the territory of Karachay;

To identify and restore heritage sites and territories, elements of the living traditional culture of Karachay;

When developing socio-economic and socio-cultural programs for the development of the Karachay-Cherkess Republic;

1. The features of the formation of geocultural space in the mountains are: the stability of traditional forms of culture, which is associated with the closeness and high degree of isolation of the mountain space; limited and specific nature of the natural resource potential; as well as the predominance of vertical morphological structures.

3. Historical factors determine the formation of 4 districts on the territory of Karachay, reflecting the dynamics of the cultural and landscape structure of the region in the period under study.

4. Socio-cultural factors (economic, demographic and political) contributed to the formation of a multi-layered structure of ethno-cultural landscapes with the identification of traditional and innovative layers of culture.

Approbation of work and publication. The main provisions of the work were reported at international, all-Russian and regional conferences: "Scientific session of teachers and graduate students" (Karachaevsk, 1998); "Scientific Conference of Young Scientists" (Nalchik, 1999); “All-Russian scientific teleconference “Biogeography at the turn of the XXI century” (Stavropol, 2001); "Sustainable development of mountain territories: problems of regional cooperation and regional policy of mountain regions". Abstracts IX international conference(Vladikavkaz, 2001); round table "Russian civilization in the North Caucasus" (Stavropol, 2001); "University science - to the region" (Stavropol, 2000, 2001, 2002); as well as at meetings of scientific and methodological seminars of the Department of Physical Geography of the Karachay-Cherkess State Pedagogical University, Stavropol State University, Karachay-Cherkess Museum of Local Lore.

It contains 134 pages of text, 9 figures, the list of references includes 121 titles.

The introduction substantiates the relevance of the topic, formulates the goals and objectives, the novelty of the study, determines its scientific and practical significance.

The first chapter defines the key concepts, cognitive tools and research methodology; the research hypothesis is formulated.

The second chapter reveals the historical and geographical features of the development of the ethno-cultural landscape of Karachay; an analysis of the factors of formation and development of the ethno-cultural landscape of Karachay is carried out.

The third chapter identifies natural factors and their role in the structural design of the ethno-cultural landscape, and also determines the role of socio-cultural factors in the formation of the ethno-cultural landscape of Karachay.

The fourth chapter gives the regionalization of Karachay; the stages of spatial differentiation of the ethno-cultural landscape of Karachay and ethno-cultural regions are singled out; describes the morphological structure of the landscape.

In conclusion, the results of the study are summarized, conclusions are drawn about the features of the formation and development of the structure of the ethnocultural landscape.

1. Ethnocultural landscape: problems of definition and study

In this study, the concepts of "geocultural space" and "cultural space" are considered as fundamental categories.

tour landscape". We understand geocultural space as a natural combination of cultural objects synthesized from various elements (natural and social, material and ideal) formed as a result of geocultural processes (spatio-temporal manifestations of cultural genesis). The geographical individuals that make up the geocultural space are cultural landscapes. Their mosaic, hierarchy, internal structure reflect the organization of geocultural space.

The substratum basis for the isolation of cultural landscapes can be considered as spatially distinguished population groups with specific cultural characteristics. Spiritually-intellectually and materially-practically mastering the enclosing socio-natural space, these communities form an integral, integral set of natural and socio-cultural elements with a rather heterogeneous and unique structure, as well as with a special organization of space.

Of the diverse range of cultural landscapes that are formed on the basis of regional cultures, ethnocultural landscapes are of the greatest interest, both scientific and practical, since to this day, especially in the North Caucasus region, the geocultural space is largely differentiated on the basis of ethnic specificity. Moreover, in conditions of political and socio-economic instability, the role of the ethnic factor in the organization of the geocultural space increases significantly. As before, ethnic characteristics remain invariant for many modern cultural landscapes of the Caucasus.

The ethnocultural landscape is the space mastered by the ethnocultural community, where pronounced forms of traditional culture have developed, having cultural isolation and little integration with the foreign cultural environment.

The process of formation of cultural landscapes in the mountains differs significantly from that in the plains. In the mountains, the development of this process is less dynamic. This is due, firstly, to the closeness and high degree of isolation of the mountain space, which contributes to the formation of stable forms.

traditional culture. Secondly, with the specificity and limitation of the resource potential of natural landscapes, which form a limited number of options for nature management. And thirdly, it determines the specifics of structuring such a space with a predominance of vertical structures, that is, altitudinal belts.

The territorial structure of the ethnocultural landscape is associated with differences from place to place, features of geospace, and territorial differentiation of cultures. A constructive basis for studying the territorial differences in the cultural landscape can be the idea of an ethnocultural landscape area as part of the living space of an ethnic group of the population that has formed in an enclosing differentiated mountainous natural environment and has a certain set of morphological units.

In the system of morphological units of an ethno-cultural landscape region, two groups of territorial complexes are formed, which are superimposed on each other:

Territorial cultural and natural, where the natural factor determines the cultural;

Local natural and cultural, where the cultural component plays a backbone role ( settlements, places of worship, etc.).

As cultural and natural morphological units, reflecting the territorial heterogeneity of the region, high-altitude belts, terrains and tracts are distinguished.

Altitude belts form the basis of the spatial structure of mountainous regions. They arise on the basis of natural altitudinal belts and form the main types of nature management. Cultural and natural areas are understood as parts of the living space of the altitudinal belt of a separate group of an ethnocultural community, "attached" to a certain place and united by a common destiny and a sense of community.

Cultural and natural tracts are part of the living space of a certain tribal group of the population, which has a different functional purpose: economic (hayfields, pastures, logging), religious, recreational, etc.

Natural and cultural complexes are the basis of the centralization of space, representing nuclear or nuclear

according to A.Yu. Reteyumu system, where an active role is played by the cultural principle. An example of such a complex is the village of Uchkulan, where the process of formation of tribal groups and the traditional culture of the Karachay ethnos was going on (Fig. 2).

There are two groups of factors that play an important role in the formation of ethnocultural landscapes: natural and sociocultural.

The natural component of the ethno-cultural landscape is most clearly expressed in the production culture and the culture of direct life support. In the first case, the natural landscape acts as a resource base (natural resource factor) of production activity, in the second - as an environment-forming factor that affects the physiological parameters of the organism.

All factors of cultural genesis associated with the social essence of a person in the broadest sense of the word can be attributed to sociocultural ones. These include various types social relations, specific ways of their implementation in varying degrees influencing the territorial organization of culture. Economic, demographic and political factors can be combined into the group of the most important sociocultural factors.

The formation of ethno-cultural landscapes of Karachay is studied by combining natural, socio-cultural, incl. external and internal factors into two groups:

Cultural and landscape integration, which characterizes the saturation of geocultural formations with backbone

Elements (components of the dominant ethnic culture);

Cultural-landscape local differentiation that forms the morphology of the ethno-cultural landscape (cultural-natural components).

The formation of ethno-cultural landscapes of the mountainous territories of the North Caucasus is the result of a historically long-term interaction of socio-cultural communities of the traditional type with the enclosing living space.

It is obvious that the most important factor in the isolation of the cultural landscapes of the region has become internal socio-cultural

factors (traditional ethnic culture) and closely related environmental factors. Natural-ethnic regionalism manifested itself in the formation of separate cultural-specific systems.

The close connection of traditional culture (especially industrial) with the natural environment determined the formation of certain types of adaptive systems of nature management. To an even greater extent, geocultural regionalism was influenced by the stability of traditional sociostructural culture, determined by strong tribal ties and patriarchal-feudal relations. Social isolation, supplemented in mountainous areas by natural barriers, determined the development of original cultural forms clearly expressed in space. Their considerable diversity is the result of the influence of external socio-cultural and partly natural factors.

2. Ethnogenetic and territorial features of the formation of the Karachay community

Formation process Karachai people can be summarized as follows:

1. The main core is the local mountain tribes that lived in the mountains of Karachay from ancient times, starting with the Koban tribes, as they left archaeological sites belonging to the Koban culture.

2. At the end of the IV century. the Alans were layered on this core.

3. From the VI-VII centuries. Turkic-speaking tribes - the Bulgarians, etc. - began to penetrate here. The Turkization of some part of the Koban-Alans population began.

4. From the 11th century. Kipchaks began to settle here. In greater numbers, they penetrated into the mountainous regions in the first quarter of the 13th century. With the advent of the Kipchaks, the language Turkification of the local Koban-Alanian population, already to some extent previously Turkicized, was completed.

From the XIII - XIV centuries. the Karachays had their own language, which belonged to the languages of the Kipchak group, a common psychological make-up and culture; there was also a well-known territorial community.

Later, on the basis of the ancient Karachay people, modern Karachays began to form.

The territorial structure of the ethno-cultural landscape of Karachay bears the stamp of the historical past. On the territory of Kara-chay by the end of the 19th century. the following historical regions are distinguished: a) Big Karachay, b) Teberda Gorge, c) Zelenchuksky, d) Small Karachay.

3. Factors of geocultural differentiation of Karachay

In mountainous areas, the basis for the formation of the geocultural space of an ethnic group is natural landscapes, which act as a resource base for production activities and as environment-forming factors that affect the physiological parameters of the body.

The component and morphological structure of natural landscapes is also reflected in the structure of the cultural landscape. For example, in the form of tools, types of land use, vehicles and other elements of material culture. Natural resource factors (climatic, biotic, hydrological) determined the characteristics of the production culture. Breeding breeds of animals, which were the most important part of material culture, adapted well to natural conditions. Livestock growth depended on pastures, water resources, and adverse natural processes. Here, semi-sedentary pastoral farms of the mountain-yailage (if there was a season of winter stall keeping) and mountain-pasture (if there was none) types were formed in the middle and high-mountain parts of the landscapes.

The influence also affects the ways of adaptation to the environment - the type of dwellings, settlements, clothing, etc. Interaction with the natural environment also forms the spiritual and intellectual layer of the cultural landscape (traditions, rituals, beliefs).

In the landscape structure, naturally determined elements of the toponymic system - phyto- and zootoponyms - have become widespread. Phytotoponyms reflecting the vegetation on the territory of Karachay are: 1) indirect

(abstract), from a common surface, from a slope, treelessness, grassland, pasture; 2) associated with the name of a species or genus of herbaceous plants; 3) associated with the name of the species or genus of shrubs; 4) the formation of toponyms is associated with the name of a species or genus of tree species.

Karachay toponyms, which are based on zootoponyms, reflect: 1) the area of distribution and habitat of wild animals; 2) the role of animal husbandry in the economy of the region. Wild animals and birds that lived in all the mountainous regions of the North Caucasus are widely and diversified in geographical names. These names are indicators of identifying the habitat and life of the animal world.

The features of the morphology of natural landscapes, the dynamics of natural processes, as well as the peculiarities of running a pastoral economy and the forms of spiritual development of the surrounding natural space determined the most important features of the morphological structure of the ethnocultural landscapes of Karachay (Fig. 1).

In accordance with the peculiarities of the formation of naturally conditioned elements of the morphological structure of the second half of the 19th century. the spiritual space of the ethno-cultural landscapes of Karachay is centered.

By the end of the 19th century, the cultural landscape of Karachay developed a multi-layered nature, due to socio-cultural factors (economic, demographic and political). A powerful layer of traditional culture is associated with a traditional semi-nomadic way of life, where tribal family ties were leading. Forage lands in the highlands (summer pastures) and middle mountains (winter) were clearly divided between genera and families. In addition, a layer of innovative culture is beginning to form, associated with the influence of Russian agricultural culture. Cossack villages become its large centers.

Strong tribal ties, their clear spatial fixation (ancestral lands) contributed to the preservation of the traditional organization of geocultural space. Although in the foothills and low-

Rice. 1. Spatial naturally conditioned structure of the ethnocultural landscape of the Greater Karachay in the second half of the 19th century

1 - place as a living environment; 2 - geocultural space of the annual economic cycle and transport and information communications; 3 - geocultural space of forest landscapes for individual communal use (gathering, hunting, logging); 4 - geocultural space of the summer way of life; 5 - hecultural space of the winter way of life (pastures); 6 - geocultural space of alpine landscapes of aesthetic and sacred significance.

In the mountains, ethnocultural landscapes shrink and Cossack subcultural enclaves appear. The mountainous regions experienced only formal Russian influence and did not have a direct Russian presence.

Such trends in the development of the ethnocultural landscapes of Kara-Chay allow us to distinguish several stages historical development, in accordance with which the historical districts of Karachay were previously identified.

The first stage lasted from the end of the 18th to the middle of the 19th centuries and was characterized by the formation of the Greater Karachay region, with the center Uchkulan.

The second stage begins in 1859, after the end of the Caucasian War, when the Zelenchuk enclave region was formed.

Russian villages appear: Zelenchukskaya, Kardonikskaya, Serviceable, Watchtower. At the beginning of the 20th century, 737 farms were resettled here from the Greater Karachay, and 193 farms from the Teberdinsky district.

The third stage falls on the middle of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries. During this period, the resettlement of Karachays in the Teberdinsky Gorge takes place. The resort of Teberda appears, as well as the Teberdinsky Reserve. Formed Teberdinsky district and the new center of Karachay - the city. Karachaevsk.

The fourth stage in the formation of historical regions is associated with the resettlement of Karachays in the eastern part of the republic since 1922 and the formation of Small Karachay.

4. Cultural and landscape zoning of Karachay

Among the leading principles of zoning, we propose the following:

1) historical, taking into account the main stages of development and arrangement by the ethnocultural community of the space of natural landscapes of the upper reaches of the Kuban and its left tributaries (Teberdy, Aksauta, Marukhi, M. and B. Zelenchukov);

2) centrality, when the organization of a complex of the rank of a district or tract occurs due to the organization of space by “pulling” relative to the center (village-core or village-periphery);

3) ecotone. associated with the dynamic processes of the formation of local sub-ethnic formations at the boundaries of the spatial structure of the ethnolandscape;

4) resource-forming, determining the seasonal type of nature management and lifestyle (summer and winter pastures);

Among the taxonomic units of Karachay, the author distinguishes: ethno-cultural landscape district - ethno-cultural region - high-altitude zones, cultural-natural and natural-cultural areas, tracts, individual objects (monuments) of nature and culture.

Within the Karachay ethnocultural landscape district, four ethnocultural landscape regions are distinguished (Fig. 2):

1) Big Karachay - an ethno-cultural region with a traditional (basic) culture, where tribal settlement was formed, distant pastures for summer and winter pastures, traditional household and spiritual culture, where high-altitude belts formed the basis of spatial differentiation of culture.

2) Teberdinsky district is distinguished by a new type of Karachay villages. These villages were fundamentally different from the old ones in terms of planning and improvement, the provision of land plots, and the creation of better cultural and living conditions. The resettlement of Karachays here was determined by their social status and material security.

3) Zelenchuksky district - the area of settlement of Karachays on the lands developed by the Cossack population. The new settlements of the Karachais were fundamentally different from the old ones in terms of layout and landscaping. In the construction and planning of houses, the experience of neighboring peoples - Russians, Circassians, Abazins - was used. The principle of resettlement by kindred groups was not respected here.

4) The ethno-cultural region of Small Karachay arose as a result of the resettlement of Karachays to the flat territories in the eastern part of the republic, rich in land resources, which contributed to the development of agriculture.

Rice. 2. Zoning of the Karachay ethno-cultural landscape district

Ethnocultural regions: 1 - Big Karachay; 2 - Teberdinsky; 3 - Zelenchuksky (enclave); 4 - Small Karachay (beginning of the 20th century); 5 - Modern industrial areas - Circassian cultural landscape. Natural and cultural areas: 6 - Historical center of cultural genesis Karachay; 7 - Modern administrative center of Karachay. Other village areas: 8 - with the dominance of Karachai elements; 9 - with the dominance of elements of the Cossack culture.

CONCLUSIONS AND RESULTS

We consider the main result of the study to be the reconstruction of the process of formation of the cultural and landscape structure of Karachay in the 19th - early 20th centuries, up to the 1930s. In the 20th century, when the formation of the ethnic territory of the Karachay population takes place, unique ethnocultural landscapes appear.

2. The natural factors of the formation of the cultural landscape were studied and it was revealed that natural resource factors (climatic, biotic, hydrological) formed the characteristics of the production culture. Natural conditions and the structure of natural landscapes determined seasonal spatial pulsations in the functioning of ethnocultural landscapes. Pastoral pasture-type pastoral farms have been formed here in the mid-mountain and high-mountain parts of the landscapes. As the population grew, the forest cover of Kara-chay decreased. The attack on the forests intensified during the cooling of the 17th - mid-19th centuries. The pasture areas of high and middle mountains are increasing, while winter low-mountain ones do not change. The strengthening of the role of transhumance and pasture forms of cattle breeding due to the more passive transhumance, pasture and yailage, observed among the Karachais in the 19th century, was thus the result of a change in the fodder base of cattle breeding.

3. Features of the morphology of natural landscapes, the dynamics of natural processes, combined with the peculiarities of running a cattle breeding economy and forms of spiritual development of the surrounding natural space, determined the most important features of the morphological structure of the ethnocultural landscapes of Karachay. The following naturally conditioned spatial elements have been identified: 1 - place as a living environment; 2 - geocultural space of the annual economic cycle and transport and information communications; 3 - geocultural space of forest landscapes for individual communal use (gathering, hunting, logging); 4 - geocultural space of the summer way of life; 5 - winter lifestyle; 6 - geocultural space of alpine landscapes of aesthetic and sacred significance.

4. In accordance with the peculiarities of the formation of naturally determined elements of the morphological structure of the second half of the 19th century. the spiritual space of the ethno-cultural landscapes of Karachay is centered. As the center of the world, the village of Uchku-lan stands out from which the following spiritual spaces are successively located in concentric circles: 1- space of communication of tribal groups; 2 - local fairy tales and legends; 3 - the space of the "summer" season; 4 - foreign worlds and legends; 5 - nearest neighbors; 6 - distant neighbors

In the structure of ethnocultural landscapes, naturally determined elements of the toponymic system are clearly expressed, in particular, phyto- and zootoponyms of Karachay have been identified.

6. The socio-cultural factors of formation of ethno-cultural landscapes of Karachay are considered. By the end of the 19th century, a multi-layered structure took shape in the cultural landscape of Karachay, due to a number of social factors. On the one hand, a powerful layer of traditional culture is preserved, which ensures the sustainable functioning of ethnocultural landscapes. On the other hand, a formation of a Plast culture is beginning to take shape, associated with the influence of Russian agriculture.

cultural culture, the administrative arrangement of Karachay is taking place, new legal relations between people are emerging.

7. On the basis of taking into account the natural, historical, economic, demographic and political factors of the formation of ethno-cultural landscapes, cultural and landscape zoning of Karachay was carried out. Leading principles of zoning: historical, resource-forming, centrality and ecotone.

According to ethnocultural features, the Karachay ethnocultural landscape district was singled out. Ethnocultural landscape areas are distinguished within the district. The regions have a complex morphological structure. High-altitude belts, cultural-natural and natural-cultural areas are being formed.

8. For the preservation and normal reproduction of the ethnolandscapes of Karachay-Cherkessia and their prosperous existence, it is necessary:

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INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER I. ETHNOCULTURAL LANDSCAPE: PROBLEMS OF DEFINITION AND STUDY

1.1. Theoretical and methodological foundations for the study of the ethnocultural landscape

1.2. Structure and factors of formation of ethno-cultural landscapes of mountain territories

CHAPTER P. ETHNOGENETIC AND TERRITORIAL FEATURES OF THE FORMATION OF THE KARACHAY COMMUNITY

2.1. The history of the formation of the population of Karachay

2.2. Settlement evolution and historical regions of Karachay

CHAPTER III. FACTORS OF GEOCULTURAL DIFFERENTIATION OF KARACHAY

3.1. natural factors

3.2. Social factors

CHAPTER IV. CULTURAL AND LANDSCAPE ZONING OF THE TERRITORY OF KARACHAY

4.1. Ethnocultural landscape area Greater Karachay

4.2. Teberdinsky ethnocultural landscape area

4.3. Zelenchuksky ethnocultural landscape area

4.4. Ethnocultural landscape area Small Karachay

CONCLUSION

LITERATURE

APPLICATION

Handed over to the set on September 18, 2003. Signed for printing on September 18. 2003. Format 60x84 "/16. Printing paper. No. 1. Offset printing. Conv. print sheet 1.4. Order 215. Circulation 100 copies.

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chapter i. ethnocultural landscape: problems of definition and study

1.1. Theoretical and methodological foundations for studying the ethnocultural landscape.

1.2. Structure and factors of formation of the ethno-cultural landscape of mountain territories.

chapter ii. ethnogenetic and territorial features of the formation of the Karachay community

2.1. The history of the formation of the population of Karachay.

2.2. Settlement evolution and historical regions of Karachay.

chapter iii. factors of geocultural differentiation of Karachay

3.1. natural factors.

3.2. social factors.

chapter iv. cultural and landscape zoning of Karachay

4.1. Ethnocultural landscape area Big Karachay.

4.2. Teberdinsky ethnocultural landscape area.

4.3. Zelenchuk ethno-cultural landscape area.

4.4. Ethnocultural landscape area Small Karachay.

Introduction Dissertation on earth sciences, on the topic "Formation of the ethno-cultural landscape of Karachay"

Karachays inhabit mainly the southern and eastern parts of the republic. Here, the primary natural environment has been preserved, which served as the basis for the formation of traditional forms of the original Karachay culture. The entry of Karachay into the sphere of influence of Russian and global cultures has led to a modification of traditional culture, its saturation with innovative elements.

The study of the spatial features of the formation and evolution of the traditional Karachai culture is a very relevant, practically unexplored problem. Conducting a cultural and geographical study of Karachay is possible on the basis of a cultural and landscape concept. In accordance with it, the formation of the cultural landscapes of Karachay can be represented as a process of arranging "their" space by the Karachais based on their own traditions and the sociocultural and natural environment surrounding them. Moreover, these landscapes can be classified as ethno-cultural, since the substrate basis for its formation is the rather distinguished Karachay ethnos, which still reproduces many elements of traditional culture.

The study of the features of the formation of the ethnocultural landscape of Karachay in the 19th century. to the 30s of the XX century. is of particular interest because it allows:

To identify the mechanisms of formation of the traditional structure of the geocultural space of Karachay, which took place until the middle of the 19th century;

Determine the spatial characteristics of the events that took place in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. socio-cultural changes, more reasonably assess the consequences of these changes;

Assess the possibilities for the progressive, harmonious development of the modern ethnic culture of Karachay and the preservation of the ethno-cultural landscape as a whole.

Such studies make it possible to implement the historical principle in the study of modern geocultural space, contribute to the identification of relic "cultural elements of the region, which are the basis for identifying and preserving areas of cultural and natural heritage, moreover, they can become a scientific basis for the revival of elements of a living traditional culture, which ultimately As a result, it allows to preserve unique ethno-cultural landscapes.

Only in conditions of cultural diversity is it possible to preserve the cultural and natural gene pool of the regions. In the conditions of harmonious coexistence of traditional and innovative spheres of human activity, real prerequisites for the normal functioning of society, rational environmental management, and sustainable development of regions appear.

The purpose of the work: to identify the features of the formation of the structure of the ethnocultural landscape of Karachay from the 19th century to the 30s. XX century.

Research objectives:

Identification of the factors of formation of the ethno-cultural landscape of Karachay in the late XIX - early XX centuries;

Identification of the process of formation of ethnocultural landscapes, as well as changes that have taken place since the 19th century. to the 30s of the XX century;

Development of cultural and landscape zoning;

Object of research: geocultural space of Karachay.

Subject of research: processes and results of cultural and landscape differentiation of Karachay in the late 19th - early 20th centuries.

The main cognitive means of research is landscape modeling, through which landscape images of the retrospective geocultural space of Karachay are constructed.

The theoretical and methodological basis and research methodology are: the concept of geospace (V.S. Preobrazhensky, E.B. Alaev, U.I. Mereste, S.Ya. Nymmik); landscape approach (V.S. Preobrazhensky, A.G. Isachenko); cultural and ethnographic concepts (E.S. Markaryan, Yu.V. Bromley), ideas about geocultural space (A.G. Druzhinin); cultural-landscape approach and the concept of cultural landscape (Yu.A. Vedenin, R.F. Turovsky, B.B. Rodoman, B.JI. Kagansky), developments in the field of ethno-cultural landscape studies (V.N. Kalutskov, A.A. Ivanova, A.V. Lysenko).

The information base consists of: ethnographic studies of the economy and culture of Karachay (A.A. Atamanskikh, E.M. Kulchaev, Kh.O. Laipanov, I.M. Miziev, V.P. Nevskaya, V.M. Sogoev, S.A. . Khapaev); statistical information, stock and archival materials, historical maps, as well as the results of our own research into the traditional culture of Karachay.

Scientific novelty of the work:

Based on the historical-geographical analysis of physical-geographical and ethno-social processes, the reconstruction of the cultural-landscape structure of the 19th - early 20th centuries on the territory of Karachay was carried out;

Evolution and dynamics of ethnocultural landscapes of Karachay are revealed;

The traditional ethno-ecological toponymic system of cultural landscapes of Karachay is described;

Thematic maps have been compiled that characterize the socio-cultural and natural processes that took place on the territory of Karachay;

Cultural and landscape zoning has been carried out.

Practical significance: the use of the results of the study is possible:

To identify and restore heritage sites and territories, elements of the living traditional culture of Karachay;

As an integral part of special courses in cultural geography;

When developing socio-economic and socio-cultural programs for the development of the Karachay-Cherkess Republic;

As a methodological basis for further cultural and landscape research.

The following main provisions of the dissertation are submitted for defense:

1. The features of the formation of geocultural space in mountains are: the stability of traditional forms of culture, which is associated with the closeness and high degree of isolation of the mountain space; limited and specific nature of the natural resource potential; as well as the predominance of vertical morphological structures.

2. The natural landscape structure of the region, together with the features of traditional elements of culture, determined the organization of the spatial structure of the mountain ethno-cultural landscape, its centrality.

3. Historical factors determine the formation of 4 districts on the territory of Karachay, reflecting the dynamics of the cultural and landscape structure of the region in the period under study.

4. Socio-cultural factors (economic, demographic and political) contributed to the formation of a multi-layered structure of ethno-cultural landscapes with the allocation of traditional and innovative layers of culture.

5. Based on the combination of natural, historical, economic, demographic and political features spatial differentiation, a system of taxonomic units was developed and cultural and landscape zoning was carried out.

Approbation of work and publication. The main provisions of the work were reported at international, all-Russian and regional conferences: "Scientific session of teachers and graduate students" (Karachaevsk, 1998); "Scientific Conference of Young Scientists" (Nalchik, 1999); “All-Russian scientific teleconference “Biogeography at the turn of the XXI century” (Stavropol, 2001); "Sustainable development of mountain territories: problems of regional cooperation and regional policy of mountain regions". Abstracts of the IX International Conference (Vladikavkaz, 2001); round table "Russian civilization in the North Caucasus" (Stavropol, 2001); "University science - to the region" (Stavropol, 2000, 2001, 2002); as well as at meetings of scientific and methodological seminars of the Department of Physical Geography of the Karachay-Cherkess State Pedagogical University, Stavropol State University, Karachay-Cherkess Museum of Local Lore.

The dissertation materials were used in the preparation of the textbook for the secondary school "Geography of the Karachay-Cherkess Republic" (2000) and in educational process when reading the course "Systems of nature management".

The structure of the work is determined by the research methodology and corresponds to the tasks through which the research goal is realized. The work includes four chapters, a conclusion and an appendix.

It contains 134 pages of text, 9 figures, the list of references includes 120 titles.

Conclusion Dissertation on the topic "Economic, social and political geography", Salpagarova, Susurat Ilyasovna

CONCLUSION

We consider the main result of the study to be the reconstruction of the process of formation of the cultural and landscape structure of Karachay in the 19th - early 20th centuries, up to the 1930s. In the 20th century, when the ethnic territory of the Karachai population was being formed, unique ethno-cultural landscapes appeared.

Thus, in the course of the study, the following conclusions were formulated:

1. The process of formation of geocultural space in the mountains has a number of significant features: 1) The closeness and high degree of isolation of the mountain space contributed to the formation of sustainable forms of traditional culture; 2) The specificity and limitation of the resource potential of natural landscapes determined the limited types of nature management (seasonal transhumance and horticulture around auls); 3) the layering of natural landscapes determines the specifics of structuring such a space with a predominance of vertical morphological structures in ethnocultural landscapes, that is, storey altitudinal belts.

2. The natural factors of the formation of the cultural landscape were studied and it was revealed that natural resource factors (climatic, biotic, hydrological) formed the characteristics of the production culture. Natural conditions and the structure of natural landscapes determined seasonal spatial pulsations in the functioning of ethnocultural landscapes. Pastoral pasture-type pastoral farms have been formed here in the mid-mountain and high-mountain parts of the landscapes. As the population grew, the forest cover of Karachay decreased. The attack on the forests intensified during the cooling of the 17th - mid-19th centuries. The pasture areas of the high and middle mountains are increasing, while the areas of winter low-mountain ones do not change. The strengthening of the role of transhumance and pasture forms of cattle breeding due to the more passive transhumance, pasture and yailage, observed among the Karachais in the 19th century, was thus the result of a change in the fodder base of cattle breeding.

3. Features of the morphology of natural landscapes, the dynamics of natural processes, combined with the peculiarities of running a cattle breeding economy and forms of spiritual development of the surrounding natural space, determined the most important features of the morphological structure of the ethnocultural landscapes of Karachay. The following naturally conditioned spatial elements have been identified: 1 - place as a living environment; 2 - geocultural space of the annual economic cycle and transport and information communications; 3 - geocultural space of forest landscapes for individual communal use (gathering, hunting, logging); 4 - geocultural space of the summer way of life; 5 - winter lifestyle; 6-geocultural space of high-mountain landscapes of aesthetic and sacred significance.

4. In accordance with the peculiarities of the formation of naturally conditioned elements of the morphological structure of the second half of the 19th century. the spiritual space of the ethno-cultural landscapes of Karachay is centered. As the center of the world, the village of Uchkulan stands out, from which the following spiritual spaces are successively located in concentric circles: 1 - the space of communication of tribal groups; 2 - local fairy tales and legends; 3 - the space of the "summer" season; 4

Alien worlds and legends; 5 - nearest neighbors; 6 - distant neighbors

In the structure of ethno-cultural landscapes, naturally determined elements of the toponymic system are clearly expressed, in particular, phyto- and zootoponyms of Karachay have been identified.

5. Historical factors determined the allocation of 4 districts of Karachay, reflecting the dynamics of the cultural and landscape structure of the region during the study period. There are four stages in the formation of the ethno-cultural landscapes of Karachay.

6. The socio-cultural factors of formation of ethno-cultural landscapes of Karachay are considered. By the end of the 19th century, a multi-layered structure took shape in the cultural landscape of Karachay, due to a number of social factors. On the one hand, a powerful layer of traditional culture is preserved, which ensures the sustainable functioning of ethnocultural landscapes. On the other hand, a layer of innovative culture begins to form, associated with the influence of Russian agricultural culture, Karachay is being administratively arranged, and new legal relations between people are emerging.

8. For the preservation and normal reproduction of the ethnic landscapes of Karachay-Cherkessia and their prosperous existence, it is necessary:

1) restoration of traditional ethnic institutions that protect the interests of their people,

2) the revival of mountain etiquette, the restoration of elements of traditional Caucasian culture.

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IB j 28/2001 Bulletin of the Stavropol State University

shi UEi UUU, TECHNOLOGY Y RESULT SHSHSHSHSHSHSHSHSHSHSHSHSHSHSHSHSHSHSHSHSHSHSHSHSHSH

THE ROLE OF NATURAL FACTORS IN THE FORMATION OF TRADITIONAL ETHNO-CULTURAL LANDSCAPES OF THE STAVROPOL KRAI

A.B. Lysenko

THE ROLE OF NATURAL FACTORS IN THE FORMATION OF TRADITIONAL ETHNIC-CULTURAL LANDSCAPES IN THE STAVROPOL TERRITORY

On the base of landscape modeling we consider the relations of ethnic communities trad tonal culture to enclosing natural landscapes in Stavropol Territory. Natural conditioned features of traditional ethnic-cultural landscapes have been discovered.

On the basis of landscape modeling, the links between the traditional culture of the ethnic communities of the Stavropol Territory and the enclosing natural landscapes are considered. Naturally conditioned features of the formation of traditional ethno-cultural landscapes of the region are revealed.

The study of the geocultural space of the Stavropol Territory and, in particular, the development of a scheme for cultural and landscape zoning is very actual problem, the primary condition for the development of cultural and geographical research in the region.

An integrated approach to the study of geocultural space and its constituent cultural landscapes involves increased attention to the natural component of geocultural formations. The natural landscape is the material basis of the cultural landscape. Natural factors significantly affect the spatial organization of the cultural landscape, determine many of the qualitative characteristics of the geocultural space.

The importance of natural factors in the formation and structural design of cultural landscapes is declared in almost all modern publications on cultural and geographical topics. However, there are still very few special studies of the naturally conditioned elements of the geocultural space. Among the studies related to this issue, first of all, it is necessary to note the works of Yu.A. Vedenina, B.C. Preobrazhensky, Yu.G. Simonova, E.H. Sokolova, B.H. Kalutskov and A.A. Ivanova.

It is important to note that this kind of research was carried out at the beginning of the 20th century within the framework of “human geography;

Lysenko A.V.

"The role of natural factors in the formation of traditional ethno-cultural..."

V.V. Dokuchaev, L.S. Berg, V.P. Semenov-Tyan-Shansky and others, as well as abroad, throughout the 20th century in the field of cultural geography.

A very productive cultural and environmental theme is being developed by domestic ethnologists. In particular, within the framework of the already classical concept of economic and cultural types, the cultural differentiation of mankind is being successfully studied as a consequence of the heterogeneity of physical and geographical conditions on the earth's surface, which lead to different results of cultural adaptation. In the 70-80s. key concepts of domestic ethnic ecology were formulated, such as "anthropogeocenosis" and "ethnoecosystem" .

Undoubtedly, studies based on the concept of economic and cultural types and ethno-ecological concepts should be considered as an integral part of the work on cultural geography. It is no coincidence that at the intersection of ethnology and cultural geography in the 90s. a new direction arose - ethno-cultural landscape science, in which the cultural landscape is understood as a spiritual-intellectual and material-practical natural space mastered by the local ethno-cultural community.

Initially, ethno-cultural landscapes were formed on the basis of close interaction between the traditional culture of ethnic communities and the natural landscapes containing them. The study of these connections on the territory of the Stavropol Territory requires, first of all, historical and cultural geographical research, on the basis of which it is possible to identify the invariant properties of modern cultural landscapes. Obviously, without a thorough study of these issues, it is rather difficult to solve the problem of the sustainability of cultural landscapes, as well as to develop a scheme for the cultural and landscape zoning of the Stavropol Territory.

By the end of the 19th century, two main groups of ethnocultural landscapes were formed on the territory of the Stavropol Territory.

com: 1) ethno-cultural landscapes of pastoral nomads; 2) ethno-cultural landscapes of Russian-Ukrainian farmers and pastoralists.

The ethnocultural landscapes of pastoral nomads were originally formed in the conditions of steppe and semi-desert natural landscapes. In the 19th century, ethnocultural landscapes of Nogais, Kalmyks and Stavropol Turkmens existed within the Stavropol Territory. The named ethnic groups had similar forms cultural adaptation to the natural conditions existing in the Ciscaucasia and are combined into a single economic and cultural type - nomadic pastoralists of the steppes and semi-deserts. The flat relief, vast pastures contributed to the maintenance of a herd of significant livestock. Life, the material culture of the nomads were adapted to constant movement in open spaces. Moderate grazing in the conditions of constant change of nomads contributed to the most productive grazing lands, since the destruction of vegetation by livestock roughly corresponded to the increase in grass biomass. In connection with the peculiarities of the nomadic way of life and the natural structure of the region, dispersed, blurred, large ethnocultural landscapes are formed.

By the end of the 19th century, as a result of the increased flow of Russian and Ukrainian settlers to the steppe Ciscaucasia, the ethno-cultural landscapes of nomadic peoples are gradually shrinking, some are divided into a number of enclaves, with fairly clear, defined boundaries. At the same time, in view of the adaptive plasticity developed in the traditional culture of nomads to constant changes in the parameters of the natural environment characteristic of the inland regions of Eurasia, the features of the production and life-supporting culture are preserved with some changes. And the internal territorial structure of ethno-cultural landscapes continues to take shape based on traditional stereotypes of behavior.

By the beginning of the 20th century, the ethno-cultural landscapes of pastoral nomads were located in the semi-desert provinces of the Kuma-Manych depression and the Terek-Kuma lowland. Only an insignificant part of the ethnocultural landscapes was located in the steppe province of the Stavropol Upland ( West Side ethnocultural landscape of the Stavropol Turkmens, ethnocultural enclave of the Kalaus-Sablinsky Nogais).

The formation of ethno-cultural landscapes of Russian-Ukrainian farmers and pastoralists, in many respects, is the result of the cultural adaptation of settlers to the conditions of the natural environment of the steppe Ciscaucasia. Migrants occupy areas most adequate to their traditional production culture, which was formed in the natural environment of the Russian Chernozem region and Little Russia and belongs to the economic and cultural type of plowed farmers of the forest-steppes and forests, as well as the steppes of the temperate zone. For this economic and cultural type, cattle breeding and fruit growing developed as an auxiliary occupation. At the same time, in the conditions of Ciscaucasia, the role of cattle breeding increases significantly, which is associated with the significant efficiency of this type of economic activity in the dry steppes.

Quite clear boundaries of ethnocultural landscapes are fixed within the steppe and forest-steppe provinces of the Stavropol Upland and, partially, in the semi-desert province of the Terek-Kuma Lowland. During the 19th century, the area and density of ethnocultural landscapes rapidly increased. At the same time, the role of arable farming is increasing. At the same time, the economic and cultural specialization of individual regions begins to be clearly manifested: predominantly agricultural in the western and northwestern regions, agricultural and cattle breeding in the central and southern regions. Mainly cattle-breeding in the northern and eastern regions. In the floodplain of the Kuma, Kura, in the Pyatigorye region, it develops

the whole culture of beekeeping, viticulture, melon growing.

The internal territorial (morphological) structure of ethnocultural landscapes on the territory of the Stavropol Territory was also formed to a large extent under the influence of natural factors. In the morphological structure of ethnocultural landscapes, two taxonomic stages can be distinguished - cultural and natural areas and tracts. The cultural and natural area is understood as the living space of a local territorially isolated group of an ethnocultural community “attached” to a certain place, united by a common destiny and a sense of community. Cultural and natural tracts - parts of the living space, developed by the local community, having a different functional purpose: village (settlements of various types - villages, settlements, farms, etc.); economic (zones of various production purposes); cult (places of performance of religious rites, microloci of the mythological picture of the world - “clean”, “unclean” places, etc.); recreational, etc.

Based on the analysis of land use maps of the 19th century, it can be concluded that the ethnocultural landscapes of Russian farmers and pastoralists had a valley-beam morphology. The village tracts were the central places of cultural and natural areas. They formed in the valleys and gullies of steppe rivers, which are favorable in terms of water supply and microclimate. In the forest-steppe province, most of the settlements are confined to the upper reaches of the gullies with numerous outlets of high-quality and high-yielding groundwater. Pasture tracts directly adjoined the village ones, forming the so-called "pastures". As such, the bottoms were used, as well as the slopes of river valleys and gullies that were not very suitable for agriculture. Further on, there were rain-fed agricultural tracts with a fallow cultivation system. They take-

Lysenko A.V.

"The role of natural factors in the formation of traditional ethno-cultural."

whether the most fertile watershed areas of the primary plains.

The morphological structure of the ethno-cultural landscapes of pastoral nomads formed in a completely different way. The nomadic way of life did not contribute to a clear fixation of the boundaries of cultural and natural areas, which were originally formed according to the tribal trait and occupied the vast expanses of summer and winter nomads. Cultural and natural areas included temporary, seasonally moving auls from portable yurts. Aulam was characterized by some randomness of the location of dwellings, which, first of all, was dictated by the terrain, the presence and location of water sources, and the climate. Yurts were placed along a beam, a river, or in a square around wells. mastered different types natural areas and tracts, depending on the most favorable for the traditional culture of nature management seasonal conditions of natural landscapes of semi-desert and steppe types. In summer, the nomads were on the watershed primary plains, where at that time there was a fairly high-quality forage base - cereal steppes dominated. Water supply was provided by high-quality groundwater with the highest water abundance. In winter, floodplain landscapes and the surrounding sagebrush deserts and semi-deserts were used. It was here that the most favorable conditions existed for the preservation of livestock in the harsh winter.

In the second half of the 19th century, a significant part of the nomads switched to a semi-nomadic lifestyle and local nomadism. This type of farming prevailed in semi-desert landscapes. The microcomplexity of the vegetation cover, relatively mild winters, and close-lying groundwater made it possible to roam in small communities near one or more water sources.

In general, the functioning of the ethnocultural landscapes of Stavropol in the 19th century had a pronounced seasonal character. Cultural and natural areas of ethnocultural

landscapes of Russian-Ukrainian farmers and pastoralists had a monocentric nature of functioning of the "center - periphery" type. At the same time, during the warm period of the year, their spatial expansion took place, and in winter - a significant contraction within the boundaries of pasture tracts of rural pastures.

The cultural and natural areas of the ethno-cultural landscapes of nomadic pastoralists also experienced seasonal pulsations. In summer, their boundaries shifted to the steppe watershed spaces, in winter - to semi-desert, as well as to intrazonal floodplain landscapes. At the same time, a distinct bipolar system of functioning between winter and summer pastures was formed.

Under conditions of local nomadism and a semi-nomadic way of life, seasonal features of the functioning of cultural and natural areas are less traceable, and the communication system acquires a multipolar character (nomadism in a circle: from well to well).

The analysis of the naturally conditioned elements of the traditional cultural and landscape structure of the Stavropol Territory highlights only the general features of the formation of the main types of ethnocultural landscapes in the region. This study can serve as a basis for identifying ethnocultural landscape areas, as well as for studying the evolution of cultural landscape complexes. This requires: 1) a detailed analysis of the local features of the natural environment and the nature of their use by individual ethnocultural groups; 2) a comprehensive study of the complex of natural and sociocultural (economic, demographic, political factors) formation of ethnocultural landscapes.

Obviously, the traditional cultural and landscape structure of the region is based on naturally conditioned elements of ethnocultural landscapes. Adjustment of borders according to the economic, demographic and political features of the spatial differentiation of traditional

The ethnic cultures of ethnic groups will make it possible to develop a comprehensive retrospective scheme of the cultural and landscape zoning of the Stavropol Territory.

LITERATURE

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4. Andrianov B. V., Cheboksarov N. N. Economic and cultural types and problems of their mapping // Soviet ethnography. - 1972. -$6.-p.3-16.

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9. Ivanova A.A. On the integrated methods of studying the traditional cultural landscape // Cultural landscape: questions of theory and methodology of research / Seminar "Cultural landscape": the second thematic issue of reports. -M.; Smolensk: SGU Publishing House, 1998. - S. 26 -33.

10. Kalutskov V.N. Ethno-cultural landscape management and the concept of cultural landscape // Cultural landscape: questions of theory and methodology of research / Seminar "Cultural landscape": the second thematic issue of reports. -M.; Smolensk: SGU Publishing House, 1998. - S. 613.

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Lysenko Aleksey Vladimirovich, Candidate of Geographical Sciences, Senior Lecturer, Department of Physical Geography, Stavropol State University. Sphere scientific interests- ethnocultural landscape science, problems of cultural and landscape zoning of the North Caucasus.

WORLD VIEW BASES OF THE ORGANIZATION OF THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT.

1.1. Man and nature: philosophical and cultural analysis.

1.2. Cultural landscape and its structural analysis.

1.3. "Man-made landscape" in the historical and ethnic representation.

ADYGE GARDEN-FOREST AS AN IMPLEMENTATION

NATURAL AND ETHNIC.

2.1. Man and nature in the traditional picture of the world of the Circassians.

2.2. "Garden-forest" ("old Circassian garden"): essence and morphology.

2.3. Nature as an aesthetic value in the ethnic culture of the Circassians.

Recommended list of dissertations

Ethno-mental foundations of the literature of the Circassian diaspora 2009, Doctor of Philology Abdokova, Marina Borisovna
Mentality of the Adyghe ethnos: problems of formation and evolution 2003, candidate of philosophical sciences Kostylev, Sergey Vasilyevich
The core and periphery of the Adyghe culture in its transformation 2008, Doctor of Philosophy Razdolsky, Sergey Alexandrovich
Relations of Circassia with the Ottoman Empire and the Crimean Khanate: military and socio-cultural aspects: 70s. XV - XVIII centuries 2004, Candidate of Historical Sciences Tseeva, Zarema Arsenovna
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Introduction to the thesis (part of the abstract) on the topic "Cultural landscape: ethnic discourse: on the example of the Adyghe garden-forest"

The urgency of the problem. The anthropocentric paradigm of culturology updated the research devoted to the study of the uniqueness of the national and cultural landscape, turning to the "human factor in nature", to identifying how nature is used by the subject, depending on his cultural potential and knowledge about the world. This entailed the study of “natural and cultural factors in a person”, as well as how the surrounding picture of the world affects him, forming personal and cultural-national self-awareness, worldview and worldview.

The foregoing is especially relevant now, when the usual life guidelines, values, ideals are collapsing, and new ones are born with difficulty. In our century, the value orientations of technological civilization have become widespread, interest in the problem of nature management and its aesthetics has increased, which required significant economic and social efforts, as well as an appeal to the experience of the past.

The study of the cultural landscape has shown that it is the embodiment of all the nuances of the perception of reality by its creators, their ideas and experiences. It can be argued that the cultural landscape is a kind of “mirror” that reflects a certain vision of the world, the unique worldview of the people who created “man-made nature”, represented by separate structures and microstructures, the totality of which forms the content structure of the surrounding world, its integral semantic structure.

In its ethnic meaning, the cultural landscape is a means of cognition and representation of the world of objects and the world of ideas, serves to express feelings, social and individual assessments and various intentions, forms the sphere of emotional and mental activity of a person.

Cultural landscape science is a relatively young scientific discipline developed in the second half of the 20th century. Its theoretical and methodological basis has not yet been fully formed, many questions of the theory are still debatable, there is no complete clarity of the relationship between this branch of knowledge and cultural studies. It also actualized the study of the "man-made landscape" as a special form of culture, which is formed in a certain historical period, at a certain stage in the development of society, in a certain natural and climatic zone, among a certain ethnic group and is a unique "text". The peculiarity of this "text" lies in the fact that it concentrates and interprets not only new knowledge, but also the old ideas about nature, society and the ways of their interaction within the framework of the lifestyle of the society in which it was created. In addition, this "text" demonstrates representative reference samples of socially acceptable types of behavior, judgments and assessments, and argues for the unacceptability of other positions.

The unique "text" of the "man-made landscape" is the only one of its kind - a garden-forest (mez-hade), created by the Circassians, combining the features of a forest (a natural component of a natural plant space that existed long before man) and a garden (man-made, cultivated in certain pragmatic and aesthetic purposes of the vegetative zone), and different from the known examples in cultural landscape science. This phenomenon of culture has been studied in ethnology, folklore, philology, the history of the spiritual and material culture of the Adygs. However, in cultural studies it has not been studied enough.

The actualization of the problem brought to the fore the study of the essential characteristics of the Adyghe garden-forest as an ethnic model of a man-made landscape, as a peculiar, practically unexplored phenomenon of national culture, reflecting the specifics of the relationship between man and nature in the ethnic picture of the world, as well as ethical, aesthetic, religious, social -legal, mythopoetic views of the Circassians.

In the problematic field of cultural studies, the study of this topic made it possible to identify the paradigmatics of the "man-made landscape", based on the integration of various scientific approaches, the stylistic "look" of the Adyghe cultural landscape as a manifestation of the "spirit", character, internal form of the traditional Adyghe spiritual and practical culture, and also to establish it stylistic features that great importance to understand the peculiarities of the national culture of the Circassians, its universal and unique features, national mentality.

The degree of knowledge of the problem. Philosophical and culturological understanding of the relationship of the "nature-society-culture" system goes into the distant past of mankind and is reflected in the historical types of worldview. In particular, the analysis of mythological ideas, about the "ecological" consciousness ancient world researches of A.B. Akhutin, J. Wood, V.V. Evsyukova, F.Kh. Cassidy, J1. Levy-Bruhl, K. Levy-Strauss, A.F. Losev, E. Tylor, J. Fraser and others.

Representatives of German classical philosophy G.W.F. Hegel, I.G. Herder, I. Kant, M. Scheler, L. Feuerbach, I.G. Fichte and others assigned an important place in their works to the problems of the natural and social essence of man.

Anthropogenic factors in the biological balance of society and the environment were considered in the works of V.I. Vernadsky, L.N. Gumilyova, N.Ya. Danilevsky, A.L. Chizhevsky and others. E.V. Girusov, H.H. Moiseev and others.

Various aspects of ecological culture (philosophical, economic, legal, ethical, scientific and technical, cultural and historical, etc.) are reflected in the works of A.M. Galeeva, Yu.Yu. Galkina, JI.H. Kogan, A.O. Lagutina, E.S. Markaryan, Yu.P. Ozhegova and others.

Landscape thinking began to take shape at the end of the 19th century. in the works of A.I. Voikova, V.V. Dokuchaeva, A.A. Izmailsky, which indicated the need to study the impact on the nature of the anthropogenic factor.

At the end of the 80s - the first half of the 90s of the XX century in domestic science an idea was formed related to the understanding of the need to include a layer of non-material (spiritual, ideal) culture in the structure of the cultural landscape. The cultural landscape as an integral and territorially localized set of natural, technical and socio-cultural phenomena was studied by Yu.A. Vedenin. V.N. Kalutskov. Scientists G.I. Iskritsky M.E. Kuleshova, Yu.G. Saushkin and others included in the cultural landscape, along with toponyms, archival and bibliographic sources.

The study of the historical and cultural process from the standpoint of the degree of influence of the natural environment on various spheres of the life of society took shape within the framework of the theory of the environment (J. Bodin, Ch. Montesquieu, and others). In America, this theory was developed by representatives of the anthropogeographical school (K. Wissler), in "cultural ecology" (D. Bennett, R. Netting, J. Stuart). G. Barry, R. Bolton, M. Bacon, X. Witkin, I. Child, R. Edgerton, and others studied the degree of influence of the natural environment on the formation of an individual's personal attitudes.

In England, the study of the theory of the medium was based on the works of G. Buckle and E. Huntington. In France, the tradition of this theory was continued by P. Sentive. In the 20s of the XX century. in German geography, a school of cultural landscape took shape (O. Schlüter).

The theoretical foundations of the "man-made landscape" were studied by I.O. Bogovoy, M.S. Bulatov, A.P. Vergunova, V.A. Gorokhov, A.Yu. Demshin, D.S. Likhachev, L.M. Fursova and others. So, D.S. Likhachev, the author of numerous works devoted to the problem of restoration of gardens and parks in Russia, carried out a comparative analysis of stylistic trends in landscape art and poetry, focusing on the semantic side of this art form. At the same time, each garden is characterized by it in the space of the "aesthetic climate" of the era. Landscape gardening theorist, art historian, J. D. Hunt offered his vision of the meanings of verbal and visual sign systems in the formation of garden space, focusing on the mytho-religious and aesthetic components of the "third nature" (i.e. gardens) in the chronological range from Ancient Babylon up to the present. In this perspective, the "third nature" of J.D. Hunt, in its semantic content, is close to the "man-made landscape".

The object of research is the cultural landscape.

The subject of the study is the Adyghe garden-forest (“the old Circassian garden”), presented in the context of the ethnic discourse of the picture of the world in the traditional culture of the Adyghes.

The purpose of the study is to identify the main features of the “internal form” and “spirit” of the Adyghe forest-garden (“the old Circassian garden”) in its conceptual content in the context of the ethnic representation of the “man-made landscape” as part of a systematic study of its genesis and ontological essence.

Research objectives: to study and systematize research approaches to the problem of interaction between man and nature within the framework of cultural knowledge; determine the content characteristics of the term "cultural landscape" and identify the main features of its systematization in the scientific literature; analyze the features of the "man-made landscape" in its historical and ethnic representation; formulate the principles of the relationship between man and nature in the traditional culture of the Circassians; give essential characteristic traditional Adyghe garden-forest (“old Circassian garden”) as a “man-made landscape”.

theoretical and methodological basis dissertation research were the works of domestic and foreign scientists devoted to the problems of the relationship between man and nature, the cultural landscape, the ethnic paradigm of cultivated nature (B.V. Andrianov, L.P. Kogan, M.G. Levin, K. Levi-Strauss, E. Taylor, and others).

The scientific novelty of the dissertation research is confirmed by new scientific results obtained by the applicant, which are as follows: for the first time in culturological knowledge, the problem of the ethnic discourse of the cultural landscape is analyzed on the example of the Adyghe garden-forest (“the old Circassian garden”); for the first time in the study of the Adyghe forest-garden, a system-structural approach was applied, which made it possible to reveal a deep connection between the natural and cultural heritage of the people, their way of life and their traditional moral values. the obtained results of the study of the ethnocultural phenomenon of the Adyghe forest-garden significantly complement and expand the theoretical base for studying the specific culture of the Adyghes.

The theoretical and practical significance of the dissertation work is due to the fact that the results obtained during the study can be used in the development of individual elements of modern cultural landscape studies, the creation of textbooks and teaching aids on the history and culture of the Adyghes, the refinement and expansion of cultural methods for studying the traditional culture of the Adyghes, as well as in the practice of university and school education taking into account the presence of a mandatory regional component in the curricula of universities of the KBR and other autonomous entities. The results obtained in the course of the study can be used in the practice of teaching special courses “Epic text. Problems and prospects of study”, “Adyghe folklore”, “Ethnic aesthetics”, etc.

Approbation of work. The results of the study were discussed at scientific conferences (“Sociocultural problems of the Caucasian region in the context of globalization” Nalchik, 2007; “Culture, art, education at the turn of the century.” Nalchik, 2009; “Epic text: problems and prospects”, Pyatigorsk, 2010) , as well as at postgraduate seminars of the Department of Cultural Studies of the North Caucasian state institute arts. The main results of the study are presented in seven publications, including three journals recommended by the Higher Attestation Commission of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation.

The following provisions are put forward for defense:

1. The problem of studying the relationship between society and nature within the framework of cultural studies is very relevant and of particular importance. To form a methodology for studying this problem, cultural studies combines two approaches: rationalistic (ecology and geography) and speculative (philosophy).

2. Nature is an integral part of tales, legends, parables, songs, united in the heroic epic "Narts". These are the most important forms of communication between the Circassians and the world, which determine the laws of its existence. Unity with nature for the Circassians is at the same time the unity of people who have an ethnic name, feel each other and the land, have an inner knowledge of their belonging to a certain landscape. In addition, the ethnopoetics of the Circassians is based on the unity of all natural elements and man, his merging with the cosmos, accompanied by the harmonization of the relationship of the individual, society and the universe to a comprehensive noosphere. Hence - such a diverse generation of the meanings of the natural "text", improved by man in the context of global processes affecting all aspects of national existence.

3. The main quality that characterizes the attitude of man to nature in the traditional culture of the Circassians can be formulated as "preserving consciousness." Thus, nature is a full-fledged participant in the dialogue, its philosophical and ideological basis. The interaction of nature and man is subject to the general task of dynamic development, the stability of eternal relationships, where man, as part of the living world, is included in the content of the integrity of the world. Understanding and feeling this communication, a person in the space of the Adyghe ethnic picture of the world does not allow one to be absorbed by another, does not violate the basic laws of the development of nature, does not seek to take as much from it as possible, realizing that nature does not strive for maximum productivity, and for maximum stability.

4. Spiritual and theoretical understanding of the surrounding world by the Adygs in the space of traditional culture is based on understanding, argumentation, complexity, system optimization. A person in the system of values of the Adyghe traditions is a link between nature and culture of the ethnos. “Managing” nature, he reconstructs the biosphere or constructs a new one with the obligatory condition of a long-term preliminary calculation based on the accumulated experience of communicating with nature of his ancestors over many centuries and knowledge of the laws of nature. Therefore, having their own specific, generic knowledge, in traditional culture, the Adygs consciously “manage” nature, which can be observed in the example of a garden-forest (“an old Circassian garden”).

5. The Adyghe garden-forest is a form of cultural "man-made landscape", which, being an ethnic model of human intervention in nature, on the one hand, is an important structural element of the system of images of the identity of the ethnic group in question, on the other hand, corresponds in many respects to the concept of man's relationship to nature . This is a way of transforming the natural environment in accordance with the laws of the general biological coexistence of a given ethnic group, a model of its unity with nature. This form of "man-made landscape" combines the practical and the theoretical, the ethical and the aesthetic, the spiritual and the rational. It combines a kind of reverence as something powerful and majestic, existing according to laws that no one can change, with the practical need to take nature's gifts from nature, using them rationally and directing them in the direction you need.

6. Growing fruit trees and shrubs, herbs and vegetables, aestheticizing the environment and getting aesthetic pleasure from it, creating natural masterpieces that testify to the high level of development of society, compensating for the missing types of vegetation, etc., the Adygs, nevertheless, perceive garden-forest as a living organism, endowing it with the functions of spirituality. This is a "man-made landscape" - a product of the history of the peoples inhabiting it, evidence of their material and spiritual culture, the result of reflection, the imprint of the society that transforms it. With its help, the material and spiritual wealth of nations accumulated over the centuries is transferred from epoch to epoch.

7. The global ecological crisis that has engulfed the entire planet poses a problem for society related to the need to develop another way of interacting with the world more adequate to its vital needs, transition to a new paradigm of being in it. The necessity of using the ethnic experience of the relationship of a person with nature, based on his spiritual ideas about living nature, is actualized. The ethnic experience of the Circassians, captured in their traditional culture and embodied in the “garden-forest” model, in which the necessary practicality coexists with the minimum possible interference in the world of wildlife, from our point of view, can to a certain extent help find a way out of this situation.

Scope and structure of work. The text of the dissertation is 145 pages. The dissertation consists of an introduction, two chapters, a conclusion and a list of references and sources.

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Ethnocultural archetypes of the Adyghe people: the experience of philosophical and cultural understanding 2007, Doctor of Philosophy Tleuzh, Asker Dzagashtovich
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Features of the Formation of the Toponymic Picture of the World: Lexical-Pragmatic and Ethno-Cultural Aspects 2009, Doctor of Philology Kovlakas, Elena Fedorovna

Dissertation conclusion on the topic "Theory and history of culture", Makhotlova, Madina Aslanbievna

CONCLUSION

Mankind, apparently, historically; it was necessary to get into a situation of an ecological gap between the natural and artificial conditions of his life; "in order to realize the need to build a civilization - reasonably; blocking; the reduction of the artificial to social; and technological processes, as well as to the natural. Modern socio-natural theories; describe not social and natural processes of nature involved in the sphere of human activity, but characterize correlations and dependencies between the natural and artificial environment of the functioning of civilizations. perceived and interpreted by humans.

Scientific definitions c. the process of studying the problems of interaction between man and nature cannot retain their original natural science; status. But not because they are applied to> social phenomena; that is, subject conditions created by man; the existence of society. From this point of view, the natural is replaced, not by the social, but by the artificial. The results of such a substitution affect both nature in general and itself; man. Hence the need to consider the problem of "man - nature" needs to be studied; the experience of past years, the ethnic experience of nature management, the study of experience that we have abandoned, explaining this by the fact that the present time has special natural conditions that are unlike those that were in the past. IN; in fact, it seems obvious that in the broad interpretation of activity, the role of the rational, which has sharply increased under the conditions of the technological revolution, has found an ideological reflection; thinking, technical design; and construction. On the base; its main feature - a pre-calculated, purposeful transformation that turns into an object and material everything that the subject touches, the principle of activity, as it were, philosophically generalizes all these varieties of technological attitude to the world. It generalizes and, when it claims to be universal, it absolutizes. The full practical implementation of the activity paradigm leads to many truly catastrophic consequences, although their deep connection with it is far from always realized. The unprecedented power of the productive forces and technical capabilities, seemingly without any limits, runs into internal limits. Excessive rationalization of life, alienation and desensitization of interpersonal contacts, reckless exploitation of nature, which gave rise to a global ecological crisis, arise as an expression of the dominance of the activity paradigm in areas where it should occupy a subordinate position, as a result of a monologue that does not take into account the right to independent existence of other things and beings. relationship to the surrounding reality. The exacerbation of these problems puts a person before the need to develop another way of interacting with the world, more adequate to his vital needs, transition to a new paradigm of being in it.

Meanwhile, there is a wonderful ethnic experience of the relationship between man and nature, based not on bare rationalism, but on the spiritual, higher ideas of man about living nature. This, of course, seems to us the experience of the Circassians, captured in their traditional culture and embodied in the “garden-forest” model, where the necessary practicality coexists with the minimum possible interference in the world of wildlife. Summarizing the contribution of the Adygs to nature management, which, unfortunately, is now used in few places and by few people, we can draw a number of conclusions:

1. In many folklore stories, legends, parables, songs, which are the most important form of communication between the Adyghe and the world, which determine the laws of its existence, the nature surrounding it is captured. Human life, consciousness, speech are correlated with it; they are derivatives of the living world, mobile and changing; stones, water, plants, trees - the essence of the communicative type of social structure. Unity with nature for the Circassians is at the same time the unity of people who have an ethnic name, feel each other and the earth, have an inner knowledge of their belonging to a certain landscape. The ecological ethnopoetics of the Circassians is based on the certainty of the unity of all natural elements and man, the merging of the cosmos, accompanied by the harmonization of the relationship of the individual, society and the universe to the all-encompassing noosphere. \hence - such a diverse generation of meanings of the natural "text", improved by man in the context of global processes affecting all aspects of national existence.

2. The most important quality that characterizes the attitude of a person to nature in the traditional culture of the Adyghes can be formulated as "preserving consciousness", which is the most important component of a person's attitude to the world. Nature in its context is a full-fledged participant in the dialogue, which we use here not in the sense of the colloquial sphere, not within the framework of the psychological level. interpersonal communication and emotional contact, but in its philosophical and ideological meaning. The main thing in this case is not the level of subject-object, but subject-subject, that is, the level of recognition of the “selfhood” of nature, taking into account its own measure. At the same time, paradigmally understanding and feeling this communication, a person in the system of the Adyghe ethnic picture of the world, proceeding from the optimization of the human-nature system, does not allow one to be absorbed by the other. They are subject to interaction, the general task of dynamic development, the stability of eternal relationships, where a person, as part of the living world, is included in the content of the integrity of the world.

3. A person in the context of the Circassian worldview, thinking about increasing productivity, does not violate the basic laws of the development of nature, does not seek to take as much from it as possible, realizing that nature strives not for maximum productivity, but for maximum sustainability. The traditional ethnic territory of the Adyghe (not only geographical or climatic) is effective, since all social and culturally determined factors necessary for human existence at all times and in all societies are organically inscribed in it. His attachment to the place of residence plays a huge role in shaping his personal character, attitude to the world around him, nature.

4. However, the above does not mean that in the natural ethnosystem the Adygs do not interfere in nature in any way and do not manage it, but this management acts as a reconstruction of the existing biosphere or the construction of a new one with the obligatory condition of a long-term preliminary calculation based on the accumulated experience of communicating with the nature of his ancestors for many centuries and knowledge of the laws of nature. Therefore, having their specific, generic knowledge, in the traditional culture, the Adygs do not fight with nature, realizing that there can be no winners in this struggle, but regulates it consciously in order to harmonize it, which is clearly seen in the example of a garden-forest ( "Old Circassian Garden"). Adyg is sure: not everything logically and technically possible should be implemented, and knowledge should be refracted through the prism of people's life goals and be correlated with the measure of a person, his values, guided not by personal consumer, but by long-term general ethical interests.

5. The spiritual and theoretical attitude to the world of the Adyghe in the context of traditional culture is based on dialogue, understanding, argumentation, complexity, system optimization - everything that is commonly called, speaking about the humanization of the modern cultural system. A person in the system of values in the Adyghe traditions is a link between nature and culture of an ethnic group, based on this duality of its essence, culture can neither be created nor understood without comparing it with nature. It originates in the bosom of nature, it cannot exist separately from it, and this is perfectly reflected in the historical types of the Adyghe universe, first of all - its mythology, religious beliefs, epic, an example of which is the text of the heroic epic "Narty", a treasury of the Adyghe oral folk art , a kind of encyclopedia of the Adyghe spirit.

6. The Adyghe garden-forest is a type of cultural landscape, which, being, by definition, an ethnic model of human intervention in nature, is the best suited for the role of an important structural element of the system of images of the identity of the ethnic group, on the one hand, on the other hand, it corresponds in many respects the desired concept of the relationship of man to nature today, being an expression of a combination of utilitarian and symbolic functions of ecological culture. It acts as a way of transforming the natural environment in accordance with the laws of general biological coexistence that meet the social needs of a given ethnic group, a model of its unity with nature, carried out through human activity. It combines the practical and the theoretical, the ethical and the aesthetic, the spiritual and the rational, combining a kind of reverence as something powerful and majestic, existing according to laws that no one can change, with the practical need to take nature's gifts from nature, rationally using and directing it. in the direction you need, both contemplating and changing it. At the same time, abrupt innovations are not welcomed; in relations with nature, what is welcomed is that which reproduces the positive experience of predecessors who had special knowledge, their own secrets that need to be correctly interpreted, penetrating the meaning of the texts embedded in them.

7. Innovations in the relationship between man and nature in the traditional culture of the Circassians are accepted, but as a particular case, on condition that they contribute to the preservation of classical integrity, since tradition, the past is an important judge. No matter what happens in nature - a flood, a thunderstorm, a lightning strike - it cannot position evil, therefore negative towards nature is impossible, violence against it is impossible. However, nature is not idealized, it can be penetrated, a person is able to change it for the better, but the latter cannot in any way be understood as an object of intensive transformational activity, as a pantry from which a person can draw without measure and without counting. Brought up in a certain tradition, the Circassian believes: in no case should one test nature, try to wrest from it a secret, reduce all its qualitative diversity to a small number of strict quantitative laws. Using the garden-forest in all social functions - utilitarian, recreational, organizational, compensatory, that is, growing fruit trees and shrubs, herbs and vegetables, aestheticizing the environment and getting aesthetic pleasure from it, creating natural masterpieces that testify to a high level of development of society, compensating for the missing types of vegetation, etc., the Adyghe, nevertheless, perceives the garden-forest as a living organism, endowing it with the functions of spirituality.

8. Garden-forest (“old Circassian garden”) proves that the cultural landscape is a product of the history of the peoples inhabiting it, evidence of their material and spiritual culture. He is a reflection, an imprint of the society that transforms him. As a result, we can talk about patterns: what is the society, its culture, mentality and historical destinies, such is the cultural landscape that it created. Therefore, when studying anthropogenic landscapes, not only their natural and production subsystems should be taken into account, but also the sociocultural one, which gives grounds to speak of national landscapes. Despite the geographical proximity and similarity of natural conditions, they are characterized by a pronounced ethno-cultural specificity.

9. The cultural national landscape is a relay race of generations, with which the material and spiritual wealth of nations accumulated over the centuries is transferred from epoch to epoch. At the same time, the cultural landscape environment grows and shapes its future society. The cultural landscape is a product of human activity, striving for harmony, for kinship with ennobled nature, which develops together with man and under the influence, which affected the development of landscape gardening culture. It includes practical, artistic and practical, receptive, spiritual and cultural and other types of human activity. People build and protect their native ethnic landscapes, and landscapes spiritually create and educate people. Thus, in the system society - landscape there is a direct and inverse spiritual connection.

Summing up the main result of this study, it is worth saying: the problem of the relationship between society and nature within the framework of cultural studies acquires a special scale. And, unlike ecology and geography, which consider this problem from a rationalistic point of view, and philosophy, which approaches the designated problem purely speculatively, cultural studies, due to the specifics of its content, seem to combine both approaches and make a significant contribution to the establishment of a general scientific humane direction. in the system of interaction between nature - man (society) - culture both on a national and global scale.

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Introduction

CHAPTER I. ETHNOCULTURAL LANDSCAPE: PROBLEMS OF DEFINITION AND STUDY

1.1. Theoretical and methodological foundations for studying the ethnocultural landscape 9

1.2. The structure and factors of formation of the ethno-cultural landscape of mountain territories 155

CHAPTER II. ETHNOGENETIC AND TERRITORIAL FEATURES OF THE FORMATION OF THE KARACHAY COMMUNITY

2.1. The history of the formation of the population of Karachay 20

2.2. Settlement evolution and historical regions of Karachay 277

CHAPTER III. FACTORS OF GEOCULTURAL DIFFERENTIATION OF KARACHAY

3.1. Natural factors 53

3.2. Social factors 72

CHAPTER IV. CULTURAL AND LANDSCAPE ZONING OF KARACHAY

4.1. Ethnocultural landscape area Big Karachay 89

4.2. Teberdinsky ethnocultural landscape area 99

4.3. Zelenchuksky ethnocultural landscape area 105

4.4. Ethnocultural landscape area Small Karachay 111

CONCLUSION 120

LITERATURE 124

APPENDIX 135

Introduction to work

The relevance of research. The Karachay-Cherkess Republic is a unique multicultural region of the North Caucasus, formed as a result of a historically long interaction of traditional ethno-cultural communities with the enclosing natural environment.

The study of the spatial features of the formation and evolution of the traditional Karachai culture is a very relevant, practically unexplored problem. Conducting a cultural and geographical study of Karachay is possible on the basis of a cultural and landscape concept. In accordance with it, the formation of the cultural landscapes of Karachay can be represented as a process of arranging "their" space by the Karachais based on their own traditions and the sociocultural and natural environment surrounding them. Moreover, these landscapes can be classified as ethno-cultural, since the substrate basis for its formation is the rather distinguished Karachay ethnos, which still reproduces many elements of traditional culture.

The study of the features of the formation of the ethnocultural landscape of Karachay in the 19th century. to the 30s of the XX century. is of particular interest because it allows:

4
* - to reveal the mechanisms of formation of the traditional structure of geo-

the cultural space of Karachay, which took place until the middle of the 19th century;

Determine the spatial characteristics of what happened in
late 19th early 20th centuries sociocultural change, more argumentative
assessed the impact of these changes;

Assess the possibilities of progressive, harmonious development of
e temporary ethnic culture of Karachay and preservation of ethno-cultural

the landscape as a whole.

Goal of the work: revealing the features of the formation of the structure of the ethno-cultural landscape of Karachay from the 19th century to the 30s. XX century.

Research objectives:

Identification of the factors of formation of the ethno-cultural landscape of Karachay at the end XIX- early XX cc;

5
^ - identification of the process of formation of ethno-cultural landscapes, and

as well as the changes that have taken place since the 19th century. to the 30s of the XX century;

Development of cultural and landscape zoning;

Object of study: geocultural space of Karachay.

Subject of study: processes and results of cultural and landscape differentiation of Karachay in the late 19th - early 20th centuries.

The main cognitive means of research is land-
\X^ Shaft modeling, through which landscapes are constructed

shaft images of the retrospective geocultural space of Karachay.

Theoretical and methodological basis and research methodology are: the concept of geospace (B.C. Preobrazhensky, E.B. Alaev, U.I. Mereste, S.Ya. Nymmik); landscape approach (V.S. Preobrazhensky, A.G. Isachenko); cultural and ethnographic concepts (E.S. Markaryan, Yu.V. Bromley), ideas about geocultural space (A.G. Druzhinin); cultural landscape approach and the concept of cultural landscape (Yu.A. Vedenin, R.F. Turovsky,

B.B. Rodoman, V.L. Kagansky), developments in the field of ethnocultural

landscape science (V.N. Kalutskov, A.A. Ivanova, A.V. Lysenko).

The information base consists of: ethnographic studies of the economy and culture of Karachay (A.A. Atamanskikh, E.M. Kulchaev, Kh.O. Laipanov, I.M. Miziev, V.P. Nevskaya, V.M. Sogoev, S.A. Khapaev);

statistical information, stock and archival materials, historical maps, as well as the results of our own research into the traditional culture of Karachay.

Scientific novelty of the work:

Based on the historical-geographical analysis of physical-geographical and ethno-social processes, the reconstruction of the cultural-landscape structure of the 19th - early 20th centuries on the territory of Karachay was carried out;

Evolution and dynamics of ethnocultural landscapes of Karachay are revealed;

The traditional ethnoecological toponymic system is described.
ma cultural landscapes of Karachay;

Thematic maps have been compiled that characterize the socio-cultural and natural processes that took place on the territory of Karachay;

Cultural and landscape zoning has been carried out.
Practical significance: use of research
possible:

To identify and restore heritage sites and territories, elements of the living traditional culture of Karachay;

As an integral part of special courses in cultural geography;

When developing socio-economic and socio-cultural programs for the development of the Karachay-Cherkess Republic;

As a methodological basis for further cultural and landscape research.

The following are defended the main provisions of the dissertation:

1. Features of the formation of geocultural space in the city

7 pax are: the stability of traditional forms of culture, which is associated with the closeness and high degree of isolation of the mountain area; limited and specific nature of the natural resource potential; as well as the predominance of vertical morphological structures.

The natural landscape structure of the region, together with the features of traditional elements of culture, determined the organization of the spatial structure of the mountain ethno-cultural landscape, its centrality.

Historical factors determine the formation of 4 districts on the territory of Karachay, reflecting the dynamics of the cultural and landscape structure of the region in the period under study.

Socio-cultural factors (economic, demographic and political) contributed to the formation of a multi-layered structure of ethno-cultural landscapes with the identification of traditional and innovative layers of culture.

Based on the combination of natural, historical, economic, demographic and political features of spatial differentiation, a system of taxonomic units has been developed and cultural and landscape zoning has been carried out.

Approbation of work and publication. The main provisions of the work were reported at international, all-Russian and regional conferences: "Scientific session of teachers and graduate students" (Karachaevsk, 1998); "Scientific Conference of Young Scientists" (Nalchik, 1999); "All-Russian scientific teleconference "Biogeography at the turn of the XXI century" (Stavropol, 2001); "Sustainable development of mountain territories: problems of regional cooperation and regional policy of mountain regions". Abstracts of the IX International Conference (Vladikavkaz-

8 Kaz, 2001); round table "Russian civilization in the North Caucasus" (Stavropol, 2001); "University science - to the region" (Stavropol, 2000, 2001, 2002); as well as at meetings of scientific and methodological seminars of the Department of Physical Geography of the Karachay-Cherkess State Pedagogical University, Stavropol State University, Karachay-Cherkess Museum of Local Lore.

The dissertation materials were used in the preparation of the textbook for the general education school "Geography of the Karachay-Cherkess Republic" (2000) and in the educational process when reading the course "Systems of Nature Management".

Work structure determined by the research methodology and corresponds to the tasks through which the research goal is realized. The work includes four chapters, a conclusion and an appendix.

It contains 134 pages of text, 9 figures, the list of references includes 120 titles.

9
^ CHAPTER I

ETHNOCULTURAL LANDSCAPE: PROBLEMS OF DEFINITION AND STUDY

1.1. Theoretical and methodological foundations for the study of the ethnocultural landscape

«} In the context of the deepening ecological crisis and exacerbation

socio-economic, political and ethnic problems, there is an increased interest of society in the basic regional culture. There comes an understanding that only in conditions of diversity of cultures, in the unity of traditional and innovative spheres of human activity, there are real prerequisites for the normal functioning of society and the rational use of natural resources. Rethinking the role of culture in the life of society - a content core sociocultural approach reflecting the emerging change in the very paradigm of sociocultural development: from technocentrism to cultural centrism. Consideration of the problems existing in modern Russian society through the prism of culturological ideas allows us to identify the roots of destructive social processes, as well as to determine the trends in their development.

10 traditional culture - the most important condition for sustainable, progressive development of society. It is no coincidence that in modern society there has been a significant increase in interest in the basic regional culture, the preservation and revival of which is becoming one of critical factors optimization of relationships in all spheres of public life.

An important property of culture is its regionality associated with the spatial and temporal localization of sociocultural processes. Of these, ethnic and sub-ethnic communities are the most interesting for research. The close ties of ethnic groups with natural landscapes were pointed out by L.N. Gumilyov, who defined ethnos as "... a geographical phenomenon, always associated with the enclosing landscape that feeds the adapted ethnos" . At the same time, the diversity of ethnic groups

linked to the diversity of natural landscapes of the Earth.

One of the most productive areas of geographical research of culture is becoming landscape science. Having historically originated as a branch of complex physical geography, the objects of which are complex natural, and then natural-anthropogenic systems - landscapes, landscape science is increasingly turning into a general geographical direction. Half a century ago, L.S. Berg interpreted the concept of "landscape" in a general geographical perspective. "Under the name of the geographical landscape - he wrote - one should understand the area in which the nature of the relief, climate, vegetation, wildlife, population and, finally, human culture merges into a single harmonious whole, typically repeating throughout the known (landscape) zone of the Earth" . Modern theoretical models and concepts aimed at identifying the patterns of formation, structure, functioning structure, dynamics and evolution, territorial differentiation and integration of landscapes should be widely used not only in natural sciences, but also in general geographic regional studies.

The concept of a cultural landscape is based on a humanitarian-ecological orientation and a landscape approach. The first is created taking into account its various connections with the natural and ethnic environment, the second

12 the swarm provides for its description and study of the "selection of spatial coordinates." The author of the concept of "cultural landscape" is the American geographer Karl Sauer.

In foreign literature, his ideas were developed by O. Schluter, K. Salter, T. Jordan, L. Rowntree and others. They understand the cultural landscape as an artificial landscape created by people in the process of settling the territory. In the Soviet and Russian schools, preference was given to the study of natural landscapes, and the cultural landscape was understood as its analogue, modified by man. The most serious works on the cultural landscape were published in the 1990s (Yu.A. Vedenin, V.L. Kagansky, V.N. Kalutskov, R.F. Turovsky, L.A. Ivanova, and others). Yu.A. Vedenin identifies two layers in the cultural landscape - cultural and natural. At the same time, the cultural layer includes layers of material culture, which creates the appearance of the landscape, and spiritual culture. The spiritual component is the invisible content of the cultural landscape. It is not expressed directly on the ground, but is present in the minds of people. "The cultural layer in the period of its accumulation becomes more and more significant in the landscape and over time becomes the dominant factor in its further development" .

Based on cultural methodology, landscape theory acquires a new, wider application within the framework developed by Yu.A. Vedenin general concept cultural landscape. It accumulates the best traditions of domestic landscape science, acquiring a leading role in the study of the relationship between society and nature. In this concept, the cultural landscape is interpreted as "... an integral and territorially localized set of matter, energy

13
H gee and information formed as a result of spontaneous applications

native processes, transformative and intellectual-creative activity of people" .

The cultural landscape is understood as the culture of the local community, formed as a result of its life activity in certain natural conditions, taken in its entirety.

The heuristic value of the concept of "landscape" is that, from its
.,\ power can describe complex complexes of phenomena that form-

on the earth's surface. The cultural landscape has a component and territorial structure. Among the main components of the cultural landscape A.A. Ivanova says:

Natural landscape as its material basis;

economic activity as a factor of its change;

housing as a way of its spatial organization;

a community of people taken in its ethnological, social-family and other aspects;

language system;

spiritual culture (verbal, musical, visual, choreographic and other types of arts).

According to V.N. Kalutskov, the most important properties of the territorial structure of the cultural landscape are: centrality, hierarchy, polyscale, anisotropy.

In this study, the concepts of "geocultural space" and "cultural landscape" are considered as fundamental categories. Geocultural space is understood by us "as a natural combination of cultural objects synthesized from various elements (natural and social, material and ideal) formed as a result of geocultural processes.

14 formed as a result of geocultural processes (spatio-temporal manifestations of cultural genesis) ". The geographical individuals that make up the geocultural space are cultural landscapes. Their mosaic, hierarchy, internal structure reflect the organization of geocultural space.

Ethnocultural landscape - this is a space mastered by the ethno-cultural community, where pronounced forms of traditional culture have developed, having cultural isolation and little integration with a foreign cultural environment.

15 1.2. Structure and factors of formation of ethno-cultural landscapes of mountain territories

The process of formation of cultural landscapes in the mountains differs significantly from that in the plains. In the mountains, the development of this process is less dynamic. This is due, firstly, to the closeness and high degree of isolation of the mountain area, which contributes to the formation of sustainable forms of traditional culture. Secondly, with the specificity and limitation of the resource potential of natural landscapes, which form a limited number of options for nature management. And thirdly, it determines the specifics of structuring such a space with a predominance of vertical structures, that is, altitudinal belts.

The processes of ethnogenesis, the formation of material and spiritual culture in the mountains to a greater extent than on the plains depended on natural landscapes. In this situation, as a methodological category, you can use the concept places, which is characterized by indivisibility (integrity), orientation towards uniqueness and historicity. Due to its indivisibility, the place makes it possible to "keep" natural and cultural processes in their totality, which is especially important for ethnogenesis. The place is environmentally friendly, as "it is conceived as a potential home, as something that can accommodate a person, become a home" .

Another basic concept of geocultural space is the local community, which is understood as a socio-cultural or ethno-cultural territorially limited community of people who are aware of themselves as a whole. It is characterized by a "community of people", "place-

territory" within certain boundaries, social interaction and a sense of community.

The emerging ethnic community begins to equip "its own space". The spatial organization of a particular cultural landscape is largely determined by the traditions of the local community, the characteristics of the natural landscape and the local economy..

The territorial structure of the ethnocultural landscape is associated with differences from place to place, features of geospace, and territorial differentiation of cultures. A constructive basis for studying the territorial differences in the cultural landscape can be the idea of ethnocultural landscape area as part of the living space of an ethnic group of the population that has formed in an enclosing differentiated mountainous natural environment and has a certain set of morphological units in an ethnocultural landscape area, two groups are formed territorial complexes, which are superimposed on each other:

Territorial cultural and natural, where the natural factor determines the cultural;

Local natural and cultural, where the cultural component plays a system-forming role (settlements, places of worship and

As cultural and natural morphological units, reflecting the territorial heterogeneity of the region, high-altitude belts, terrains and tracts are distinguished.

cultural and natural altitudinal belts form the basis of the spatial structure of mountain regions. They arise on the basis

17 natural high-altitude belts and form the main types of nature management. Cultural and natural areas are understood as parts of the living space of the altitudinal belt of a separate group of an ethnocultural community, "attached" to a certain place and united by a common destiny and a sense of community.

Cultural and natural tracts - part of the living space of a certain tribal group of the population, which has different functional

other purpose: economic (hayfields, pastures, logging), religious, recreational, etc.

Natural and cultural complexes are the basis of the centralization of space, representing nuclear or nuclear according to A.Yu. Reteyumu system, where an active role is played by the cultural principle. An example of such a complex is the village of Uchkulan, where the process of formation of tribal groups and the traditional culture of the Karachay ethnos was going on.

In the works of A.V. Lysenko distinguishes two groups of factors that play an important role in the formation of ethno-cultural landscapes: natural and socio-cultural (social in the broad sense of the word).

All factors of cultural genesis associated with the social essence of a person in the broadest sense of the word can be attributed to sociocultural ones. These include various types of social relations, specific ways of their implementation, to one degree or another, influencing the territorial organization of culture. Economic, demographic and political factors can be combined into the group of the most important sociocultural factors.

The formation of ethno-cultural landscapes of Karachay is studied by combining natural, socio-cultural, incl. external and internal factors into two groups:

cultural and landscape integration, which characterizes the saturation of geocultural formations with backbone elements (components of the dominant ethnic culture);

cultural and landscape local differentiation that forms the morphology of the ethnocultural landscape (cultural and natural components).

It is obvious that internal socio-cultural factors (traditional ethnic culture) and environmental factors closely related to them have become the most important factor in the isolation of the cultural landscapes of the region. Natural-ethnic regionalism manifested itself in the formation of separate cultural-specific systems.

The close connection of traditional culture (especially industrial) with the natural environment determined the formation of certain

19 types of adaptive systems of nature management. To an even greater extent, geocultural regionalism was influenced by the stability of traditional sociostructural culture, determined by strong tribal ties and patriarchal-feudal relations. Social isolation, supplemented in mountainous areas by natural barriers, determined the development of original cultural forms clearly expressed in space. Their considerable diversity is the result of the influence of external socio-cultural and partly natural factors.

"*sCHAPTER II

ETHNOGENETIC AND TERRITORIAL FEATURES OF THE FORMATION OF THE KARACHAYEV

GENERALITIES

2.1. The history of the formation of the population of Karachay

> . Karachays - self-name of the people - Karachayly. Origin

The names are explained on behalf of the legendary ancestor of the Karachays - Karchi. Studies of linguists, archaeologists, ethnographers, historians have shown that the process of formation of the Karachay-Balkarian people was difficult due to historical conditions. Not one, but several components took part in it, while maintaining, however, the local ethnic core. The main core is the highlanders of the Caucasus, who have lived here since ancient times. Subsequently, Iranian-speaking and Turkic-speaking tribes were layered on the core.

21 dating back to the 17th and early 18th centuries are known on the southern outskirts of the village of Kart-Dzhurt and in other places. In the same graves, their dead and their distant ancestors, who lived in the Koban and late Koban times on the territory of Karachay, were buried.

So, the appearance of the Karachais, their physical type and way of life, ways of housekeeping, housing, clothing, material and spiritual culture - everything speaks of their mountainous, Caucasian origin.

In the Middle Ages, North Caucasian Alania was inhabited by a variety of ethnic groups with different languages and cultures. Medieval authors often called "Alans" not only the Alans themselves,

23 but in general all the inhabitants of Alanya. Alan language became an ancestor Ossetian language, the Alans were one of the components in the formation of the Ossetian people. But this does not mean that the Alans were the ancestors of only the Ossetians. Research by scientists shows that the Sarmatian-Alans played a certain role in the formation of the Adyghe-Meotian tribes, the Vainakh peoples - Chechens and Ingush, as well as Karachays and Balkars.

Turkic tribes began to live in the upper reaches of the Kuban from the 6th-7th centuries. BC. So, it is known that in 568 the Turks of the Western Turkic Khaganate, sent as ambassadors to Byzantium, to the Black Sea, passed through the possessions of the Alans along the upper reaches of the river. Kofiny (Kuban). Since the end of the 7th century, after the collapse of the Bulgarian state of Kubrat, some part of the Bulgarians settled on the territory of Karachay-Cherkessia, in particular, in the Dzheguta river basin and in the Kislovodsk region, as evidenced by archaeological monuments of the late 7th-12th centuries. - Kyzyl-Kala settlement, ancient settlement on Rim-mountain, etc., on which boilers with internal ears were found, which, according to many, belonged

24 scientists, Bulgarians. The Bulgarians spoke one of the Turkic languages. Samples of Bulgarian writing have been preserved. Turkic inscriptions are also known on the territory of Karachay-Cherkessia. These are the runes of the IX-X centuries. Khumarinsky settlement.

In the Karachay language there are some signs of the language of the Bulgarians, although they are very weak. Judging by the studies of anthropologists, the Karachays and Balkars have some similarities with the type of the ancient Bulgarians, although they belong to a different anthropological type than the Bulgarians.

The Turkic-speaking tribes that settled in the upper reaches of the Kuban and Zelenchuk and in more eastern regions could not live in isolation from the local tribes surrounding them. In particular, they could pass on their language to some part of the local population, including Alanian.

The facts of linguistic Turkization of a certain part of the Iranian-speaking Alans in the 7th-10th centuries. took place. Thus, the Khorezm scholar al Biruki (973-1048) reports that the Alans or Ases previously lived together with the Pechenegs along the lower reaches of the Amu Darya. After this river changed its course, they moved to the shores of the Khazar (Caspian) Sea. The language of these Alans-As, according to Biruka, is mixed, originated from Khorezmian and Pecheneg. The Khorezmian language, as you know, is Iranian, the Pecheneg language is Turkic. Thus, in the X century. some part of the Alans, who lived in the Caspian region, passed from the Iranian language to the Turkic.

Most likely, this is exactly what happened in the mountainous regions of Kara-chay. Turkization of some part of the Alanian and pre-Alanian population, who lived in the mountains of Karachay, began with the arrival of the Bulgarians and other Turks

25
S from the VI-VII centuries. n. e. It becomes especially distinct in the IX-X centuries, which

when the Turkic writing appears in these places.

The penetration of the Kipchaks into these regions (XI-XIII centuries) did not weaken, but consolidated the Turkic-speaking population and contributed to the almost complete displacement of the Iranian and pre-Iranian (Caucasian) languages in these places.

So, the Turks, who penetrated the territory of Karachay-Cherkessia and more eastern regions before the arrival of the Kipchaks, played a certain role in the formation of the Karachay people. In particular, they marked the beginning of the linguistic Turkization of the Alanian and pre-Alanian ancestors of the Karachays.

From the 11th century Kipchaks (Polovtsy, Cumans) entered the foothill regions of Karachay-Cherkessia. This is evidenced by the Kipchak archaeological monuments of the XI-XII centuries. - stone babas and mounds in the area of the village of Ispravnaya, near the villages of Tallyk, Kubina, Ikon-Khalk and in other places. In significant numbers, the Kipchaks settled in the mountains and foothills of Karachay-Cherkessia in the 13th century, after the Mongol invasion. The fact that part of the Kipchaks, fleeing from the Mongols in 1222, penetrated into the mountains, is reported by a contemporary of these events, the Arab author Ibi al Asir. The Kipchaks, who penetrated the mountains of the North-Eastern Caucasus, took part in the ethnogenesis of the Kumyks. The Kipchaks, who settled in the mountains of Karachay and to the east, were one of the components in the formation of the Karachay people.

Archaeological studies show that some types of Karachay burials (with oval mounds of stones) of the Kart-Dzhurt burial ground of the 17th - early 18th centuries. and Ullu-Kama burial mounds of the XIV-XVI centuries. are genetically related to the Kipchak burial mounds.

26 buried burials.

Anthropological studies have shown that with the advent of the Kipchaks, there were no special changes in the anthropological type of the pre-Kipchak population of Karachay.

We find some data on the connection between the material and spiritual culture of the Karachais and the culture of the Kipchaks in ethnographic material. Thus, many motifs of ornaments decorating the Karachai felt-kiiz continue the traditions of the Kipchak ornament. The custom of making patterned felt-kiiz was not typical for the Alans, as well as for the North Caucasian highlanders. Therefore, this custom comes from the Kipchak ancestors of the Karachays.

Thus, the Kipchaks introduced elements of their material and spiritual culture into the culture of the local population. They did not change the anthropological type of the local population (the local Caucasian type turned out to be the most stable and, despite the inclusion of foreign elements, continued to be preserved), the language brought to the mountains by the Kipchak newcomers defeated those languages that could be heard here before the arrival of the Kipchaks.

Therefore, the process of formation of the Karachay people can be represented in a brief scheme as follows:

1. The main core is the local mountain tribes who lived in the mountains
Karachay from ancient times, starting with the Koban tribes, since
they left archaeological remains belonging to
koban culture.

At the end of the IV century. the Alans were layered on this core.

From the VI-VII centuries. Turkic-speaking tribes - Bulgarians, etc. began to penetrate here. The Turkization of some part of the Koban-Alan

27
^ population.

4. C XI V. Kipchaks began to settle here. In greater numbers, they penetrated the mountainous regions in the first quarter XIII V. With the advent of the Kipchaks, the linguistic Turkification of the local Koba-no-Alan population, already to some extent previously Turkicized, was completed.

WITH XIII-XIV centuries Karachays had their own language, which belonged to
i , the languages of the Kipchak group, the commonality of the mental warehouse and culture

ry; there was also a well-known territorial community.

Later, on the basis of the ancient Karachay people, modern Karachays began to form. About the resettlement of Karachays in XVIIIV. we find data from I. Gildenstedt. According to his description, Karachay "lies near the top of the Kuban and is adjacent to the west with the Abaza district of Bashilbay, and to the south - with Svaneti. On the east side, it is separated by the Chalpak mountain range from the Kabardians living on Baksan" (Fig. 1) .

2.2. Settlement evolution and historical regions of Karachay

The territorial structure of the ethno-cultural landscape of Karachay bears the stamp of the historical past. On the territory of Karachay by the end XIX V. the following historical regions are distinguished: a) Big Karachay, b) Teberda Gorge, c) Zelenchuksky d) Small Karachay.

A) Big Karachay with the traditional (basic) culture, where tribal settlement was formed. Uchkulan, located in the Makhar Gorge, in the valley of the Uchkulan River, was the center of the Greater

28 .

Karanaya. Ethnology characterizes this in two ways. The first explanation of the name of the village is connected with its late origin - it arose after Kart-Dzhurt and Khurzuk - the third comrade (uch, yuch - three; ulan - comrade). If we proceed from the geographical location of this village, then another version looks convincing; This village is located at the junction of three gorges of Khurzuk (Khurzuk Ezen), Uchkulansky (Uchkulan Ezen) and Kuban. Uchkulan consisted of thirty-two tiire (quarters).

In Uchkulan lived:

Akbaevs X/ .

Tokmak (1), Mazan (2), Yakup (6); Osman - Khadzhi (7) - also have the surname of the Kyzylalievs or Ezievs; Akhmat (3), Moussa (2), Ishak (4), Jumuk (5), Elmyrza (2), Choppa (2), Hasan (2), Zekerya (2), Ahya (3), Mohammed (1), Jankhot (5), Musost (5), Islam (3), Kudaynat (2), Tokhdar (5), Batyrbiy (1), Solman (5). There are 21 families in total.

Kochkarovs

Smail-efendi (4) - as a former qadi of the people's court, he received a plot of land of 200 acres; Ali-Soltan (6), Crimea (3), Tau-Soltan (2), Temir-Soltan (2), Zabit-Soltan (1), Achau (5), Mahai (5), Teyrikul (5), Soltan ( 1), Batyr (4), Batcha (2), Adik (1), Zekerya (4), Osman (3), Ka-lagery (8), Konali (2), Aryk (1), Sarybiy (1), Shabbat (3), Ishak (5), Kaltur (4), Idris (4), Sadanuk (5), Daulet-Gery (1), Crimea (3), Dagir (2), Husey (4), Ramadan (4 ), Makhmut (3), Karbatyr (4), Tau-Soltan (4). There are 32 families in total.

Geriy (3), Abuchay (5), Chubur (2), Khabcha (2), Myrzakul (3), Moussa (3), Khurtai (4), Kuchuk (3), Myrzakay (2), Moussa (2), Akai (6), Akhmat (6), Chopelleu (4), Kulcha (7), Temir-Aliy (5), Dzhantemir (2), Mamush (4), Mamsur (3), Jambolat (3), Mohammed (3 ), Shogaib (2), Koban (2), Taulu (2), Zeke (1), Tau Myrza (4), Nogay (1), Umar (6), Osman (6), Shontuk (3), Usein ( 3). There are 30 families in total.

Bayramkulovs

Jasharbek (3), Mazan (3), Chubur (3), Girtu (3), Aslan (3), Dagir (3), Katur (2), Soltan (3), Tokhdar (5), Sosurka (2), Biyaslan (1), Daut (1), Aslan (2), Barak (2), Ali (2), Tokhdar (3), Ali (1), Aslan-bek (1), Datta (1), Jarashdy (5 ), Idris (4), Kuzhmakhan (4), Tukum (3), Crimea (3), Astemir (3), Sulemen (1), Nago (1), Hadji Mohammed (4), Alibiy (1), Taulu (1), Tokhdar (1), Bechu (3), Kemal (3). Hadji-Gery (3), Kham-zat (5), Salty (1), Usein (2), Islam (4), Debosh (4), Idris (4), Kulchor (3), Moussa (3). There are 42 families in total.

Myrzaevs

Barak (2), Chotcha (2), Mustafa (3), Gemu (3), Shamakhe (2), Mahai (2), Gery (1), Mohammed (1), Kanshau (1). There are 9 families in total.

Kobaevs

Hadji Magomed (12), Zeke (1), Ismail (1), Ahya (1), Ali-Soltan (7). There are 5 families in total.

^ Number of children in brackets.

Gappoevs

Kudenet (2), Davletuko (2), Umar (2), Tokhchuk (2), Sulemen (2), Soltan (4), Khusin (3), Binoger (1), Moussa (5). There are 9 families in total.

Byttaevs

Mamush (2), Iskhak (2), Smail (3), Tinibek (1), Bayramuk (1), Alisa (2), Aslanmyrza (2), Batyr-Myrza (2), Ozaruk (4), Karakush ( 3), Semyon (1), Kulcha (1), Sokka (1), Binoger (3), Aubekir (3), Hadji-Bekir (2). There are 16 families in total.

Albotovs

Umar (1), Soltan (1), Qazi (1), Ahya (1), Koban (1). There are 5 families in total. Separated from the Bostanovs.

Kipkeevs

Ahya (4), Ishak (5), Daut (1), Tau-Soltan (3), Bayramali (1), Bai-ram (2), Hadji-Mohammed (7), Hadji-Yakub (4), Soltan ( 4), Myrzakul (I), Sulemen (1), Uzeyir (3), Smail (3), Shamail (4), Haji Islam (3), Tauchu (1), Daut (1), Musost (4), Mamsur (4), Aslan (1), Akhmat (4), Kudenet (4), Elmyrza (2), Smail (4), Bida (1), Girgoka (2), Makhmut (3), Daut (1), Hajay (1), Shogayib (1), Sulemen (4), Azhay (4), Idris (3). There are 34 families in total.

Janibekovs

Salim-Gery (7), Smail (2), Salman (3), Ali-Soltan (6), Elmyr-

31
^ for (2), Daulet (3), Islam (2), Dommai (2), Soltan (2), Bagichi (4), Mazan

(9), Kulchora (2), Myrzabek (5), Islam (4), Kulcha (1), Sulemen (4), Kazn (5), Orazai (2), Shogay (2), Smail (2), Akhmat (3), Temir (3), Bek-Soltan (2), Kulchora (1), Jangan (4), Yakub (3), Hadji-Myrza (1), Ali-Soltan (4), Myrtaz (2), Myrza (2), Nauruz (2), Daut (2), Bashchi (1), Tukum (1). There are 34 families in total.

і . Korkmazovs

Idris (6), Ali-Soltan (2), Koichu (1), Iskhak (4), Yakub (1), Asker (1), Kaspot (4), Gilyastan (7), Tau-Soltan (2), Tugan (3), Konali (2), Ismail (3), Debosh (3), Issali (1), Jammolat (3), Ahya (1), Musost (2), Elmyrza (1). Saramyrza (5), Hasan-haji (5), Shabat (1), Taukan (1), Jasharbek (1), Mustafa (4), Mamsur (3), Moussa (2), Imbolat (4), Daulet-Gery (2), Agyrdzhan (4), Aslan (1), Kagshan-Geriy (2), Temirdzhan (2), Alibiy (2), Shogai (1), Mohammed (2), Sulemen (2), Yusuf ( 1), Mohammed (1). There are 38 families in total.

Cantons

^ Bora (9), Ibrahim (12), Yakub (2), Chubur (7), Mustafa (1), Batyr

(1). There are 6 families in total.

The following tribal quarters were located in central Uchkulan: the Kipkeevs, the Kochkarovs, the Korkmazovs, the Albotovs, the Kaitovs, the Bairamukovs, the Kubanovs, and the Akbaevs.

Upper Uchkulan is located in the floodplain of the Mahar River. The following quarters are mainly located here:

32 Mamchuevs

Orman (3), Batyr-Gery (3), Issa (6), Moussa (3), Mustafa (1), Salad (1), Jammolat (3), Unukh (3). There are 8 families in total.

Bijievs

Jasharbek (5), Inaluk (5), Yakub (4), Issa (2), Hussein (5), Ismu (4), Kara (3), Shogayib (2), Hadji-Zekerya (4), Temir (4) ), Aslan-Myrza (2), Shontuk Shemakho (6), Soltan (I), Mazan (2), Umar (2), Akhya (2), Akhmat (2), Matai (2), Musost (1), Daut (3), Seit (3), Aslan (9), Kude-net (4), Kaplan (4), Shontuk (5), Soltan (2), Tambiy (2), Kekkez (I), Yunus (I ), Osman (2), Basiyat (2), Crimea (1), Kulchor (1), Ahya (3), Batyrsha (3), Kanshau (3), Oraz (3), Ganja (3), Ibak (1), Sandals (1), Mustafa (2), Chotcha (2), Achau (1), Mamsur (1). There are 44 families in total.

Salpagarovs

(part of the surname lived in the village of Kart-Dzhurt on the left bank of the Kuban River)

Lieutenant Kerta (5) - as an officer received a plot of land of 200 acres; Ramadan (4), Ishaq (5), Bagish (7), Idris (4), Ali-Soltan (5), Hadji-Murza Yusup (1), Chukhma (2), Tomai (1), Orma (10), El-Myrza (8), Misir (2), Soltan (1), Biy-Bolat (5), Tokhdar (2), Islam (3), Yunus (3), Jantemir (2), Suleme Janibek (8), Gaima (8), Idris (3), Ishak (2), Kara (2), Eldaur (5), Ahya (2) Tau-Myrza (4), Umar (1), Baira (1), Kanshau (1) , Umar (3), Nauruz (1), Urazai (5), Yakup (3), Mustafa (2), Issa (3), Tau-Soltan (4), Taulu (5). There are 39 families in total.

Kecherukovs

The number of children in the family.

33 Yusup (7), Issa-Khadzhi (I), Kara-Mussa (1), Yunus (1), Jammolat (2), Smail (1), Teke (4), Mazan (2), Akhmat (2), Ahya (I). There are 10 families in total.

Urusovs

Shabat (1), Ahya (2), Khushtai (2), Chubur (2), Koban (5), Ilyas (1), Alibek (2), Usta (3), Makhmut (5), Akhmat (3), Myrzakul (7), Teke (1), Yusuf (I), Jammolat (7), Kara-Hadji (7), Bekmyrza (7), Hadji-Ismail (7), Yakub (1) Aslan (2), Adzhi- Gery (1), Hussein (1), Urazai (1), Soltan (1), Qozu (2), Kalmamet (2), Abdullah (2), Asstakku (1), Abdrakhman (1), Baranuko (5), Kaytuk (5), Semyon (2), Tokhtar (2), Hasan (4), Dahir (I), Kanshauka (3), Mamsur (4), Moussa (5), Teyrikul (4), As-lanbek (5 ), Myrzabek (5), Iskhak (5), Sosran (8). There are 43 families in total.

Bashlaevs

Haji-Osman Dottai ulu (6) and Moussa Dottai ullu (3).

Turklievs

Mohammed (1) and Batal (2).

Bostanov

Ali (12) - as a deputy of the people's court, he received a plot of land of 200 acres; Bostan (6), Issa (4), Khanuko (1), Jarashty (1), Inaluk (5), Konali (1), Issali (5), Kulcha (1), Karabuga (4), Islam (4), Hadji-Idris (6), Kazi (2), Karabiy (4), Salman (2), Ishak (3), Bostan (3), Janukku (2), Hassan (4), Hasan (3), Kambulat (9), Crimea (8), Tokhdar (4). There are 23 families in total.

34 Appachaevs

Janibek (8), Ahya (1), Bekir (1), Tauchu (1), Daut (2), Jamal (2), Akhmat (1), Jarashty (1), Chomay (1), Aydabul (1), Nogay (3), Tugan (1), Jagafar (1). There are 13 families in total.

Aibazovs

Kulcha (9), Yusuf (3), Sulemen (4), Ishak (5), Kudai (3), Bayramali (3), Tenebek (1), Mamsur (3), Barak (5), Tokhdar (5), Nauruz (5), Temir (6), Salim-Geriy (1), Khurtai (4), Semyon (2), Gerii (2); Tau-Soltan (5), Sulemen (3), Kul-chora (3), Ahya (6), Konay (3), Mustafa (1), Bayruk (3), Barak (3), Khamzat (3), Chersakku (3), Ishaq (3), Mazan (3). There are 28 families in total.

Umarovs (Jernesovs)

Iskhak (1), Janmyrza (1), Yakub (4), Mohammed (1), Kalmyrza (1), Jiju (3). Only families.

Katchievs

Akhmat (3), Mahmut (3), Sokka (7), Jarashdy (1), Kamgot (1), Tau-soltan (1), Ali-Soltan (1), Crimea (1). There are 8 families in total.

Tebuevs

Kurmanali (3), Akmyrza (1), Mohammed (2), Ismail (2), Aisa (6), Zekerya (4), Khusin (6), Moussa (2), Alibek (3), Myrzabek (4), Taulu (4), Aslan-Geri (4). There are 12 families in total.

Urtenovs

35 Ahya (2), Osman (2), Moussa (2), Soltan (1), Smail (1), Salman (3), Maza (4), Khamzat (2), Maho (2), Umar (3) , Islam-Haji (2), Aubekir (3), Kudai (3), Chotcha (1), Smail (1), Yunus (4), Tokmak (1). There are 17 families in total.

Suyunbaevs

Akhmat (6), Osman (6), Ishaq (2), Taulu (2), Kazn (2). There are 5 families in total.

Khabichev: Shamai (1).

The most numerous family in the village were the Urusovs, who made up half of the population of Uchkulan. It was in the tiira of the Urusovs that one of the educated people of the pre-revolutionary Karachay Ullu-Khadzhi (chief Hadji) lived - Husey Urusov. It was he who led the entire business relationship of Karachay with the outside world.

Kunbet or Kyldy - ten tribal tiire lived here:

Tekeyevs

Nesa (2), Jarashty (2), Batyk (5), Matke (1), Tokmak (2), Khusin (4), Khasan (2), Kasai (1), Khusin (1), Mamsur (4), Mohammed (3), Jashar-bek (3), Kr'lu Gery (1), Urusbiy (2), Barak (1), Issa (1), Jarashty (2), Uzeir (2), Aslambek (1), Maksut ( 1), Semyon (1), Binoger (2), Gemu (2), Ahya (2), Dzhambulat (2), Matai (4), Batyrsha (2), Musost (5), So-shit (6), Kazi (7), Hadji Basiyat (7), Shidak (2), Balta (4), Idris (3), Kaltur (1), Kulcha (1), Moussa (1), Myrtaz (6), Shmau (5 ), Gokhdar (3), Islam (7), Mohammed (3), Kara (4), Mohammed Kazanchi Ulu (2). Total 4

36 families.

Tambievs

Yusuf (3), Umar (3), Shogaib (3), Soltan (2), Batyrsha (1), Idris (1), Barak (2), Osman (3), Attu (4), Hassan (4), Teyrikul (6), Kudenet (2), Shogayib (2), Akhmat (2), Bineger (4), Akbiy (1), Smail (1), Shamail (1), Mohammed (6), Makhmut (5 ), Daut (4), Kaltur (5), Debosh (6), Smail (3), Shamai (1) Issa (1), El-Myrza (1), Chotcha (1). There are 28 families in total.

Kappushevs

Khusin (1), Alkhaz (4), Magafyr (5), Sulemen (3), Myrtaz (9), Kuchuk (9), Elmyrza (9), Sokka (9), Soltan (1), Kulchora (3), Taulu (1), Islam (2), Hadji-Iyrza (3), Tokhdar (1), Shidak (1), Kanshauka (1), Biy-Soltan (4), Mohammed Gerii (1), Urazai (3), Sheriff (3), Mahmut (5), Konali (1), Shogaib (5), Alisa (3), Yunus (4), Mudalif (2), El Myrza (1), Smail (6), Mamsur (1) . There are 29 families in total.

Battievs

Myrtaz (7), Sulemen (1), Shetukh (1), Uzeyir (1), Issa (2), Sajuk (4), Soslan (2), Biy-Myrza (3), Ahya (1), Iragim (1) ), Yakub (3), Otar (2), Nakush (2). There are 13 families in total.

Baichorovs

Junker Ozhay (3) - received a piece of land for merit in 300 acres; Buchai (6), Jamai (5), Esen (5), Semyon (5), Eldar (2), Astakku (1), Kerty (1), Chubur (3), Shontuk (3), Moussa (1), Makhush (2), Tauchu (1), Chakku (2), Chopan (1), Essava (1), Inaluk (3), Karakush (3), Chotcha (3),

37
^ Jarashty (3), Kurmanali (3), Aslanuko (4), Batyrsha (6), Tau-Myrza

(2), Chopelleu (2) Basiyat (4), Matai (1), Saralyp (4), Kaltur (2), As-lan-Myrza (1), Taulu (4), Biymurza (3), Alibek (3 ), Tau-Soltan (3), Jammolat (8), Tatau (1), Ali (3). There are 37 families in total.

Erkenovs

Anna (2), Tapipin (4), Khusin (2), Karali (3), Hadjali (5), Musost
((3), Bagichi (2), Soltan (2), Jasharbek (2), Kushay (2), Tokhdar (2), So-

Ltan (2), Tau-Myrza (2), Benjali (2), Sosurko (3), Daut (4), Issali (3) Temirali (2), Misir (4), Akhmat (1), Barak (3) , Jatta (4), Bakku (3), Hocha (3), Binoger (3), Elmyrza (5), Kaltur (3), Urazai (3), Tab-shin (2), Solman (2), Yakub ( 2), Konai (3), Sharakh-mat (4), Anna (1), Kanshao (3), Maho (3), Kamgut (2), Sandals (4), Bagichi (1), Kudai (2), Hassan (1), Tau-Myrza (1), Alibiy (1), Kaltur (4), Ahya (4), Zekerya (3), Yunus (3), Kaplan-Geriy (3), Nana (2), Jammolat (4), Mohammed (6). There are 51 families in total.

Dolaevs

Juka (8), Demmo (3), Mahmut (2), Jammolat (2) Kulchor (2). There are 5 families in total. Separated from the Erkenovs.

Shidakovs

Osman (3), Hasan (9), Akhmat (3), Baranuk (2), Kanshau (1), Sulemen (2), Mohammed (2), Yunus (8), Chotcha (3), Behtu (1), Tokmak (2), Tengiz-Biy (2), Tu-gan (2), Ozhai (6), Zekerya (4), Alisa (5), Umar (7), Akhmet (2), Ibrai (2), Daut (1), Ahya-Hadji (4). There are 21 families in total.

38 Dotduevs

Jayylgan (3), Sulemen (I), Mazan (2), Tokhdar (3), Shontuk (7), Moussa (2), Balua (2), Ali (2), Konali (2), Myrzakul (2), Barrack (1). There are 11 families in total.

Semenovs

Shontuk (2), Sulemen (4), Ahya (2), Akkyzha (1), Khusin (1), Saralysh (3), Kala-Geriy (1), Akhmat (1), Akbash (1), Yunus (1), Bekmyrza (1), Nauruz (6) Alice (5), Moussa (5), Ibrahim (5), Moussa (5), Osman (2), Hadji-Umar (5), Yakub (8), Zekerya (1), Kudenet (1), Ahya (1), Ma-tai (3), Moussa (3), Tuga (3), Smail (3), Jankir (3), Tatar (2), Amai (2 ), Mohammed (3), Idris (4), Zekerya (3). There are 32 families in total.

Abaevs- no data.

In Kart-Dzhurt and in Khurzuk, the resettlement was the same. The exact settlement scheme was given by Islam Tambiev (Fig. 2).

Geographically, the quarterly village was divided into several parts: Lower Uchkulan (teben Uchkulan), Upper Uchkulan (ogary Uchkulan) and Kyun bet or Kyldy.

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RUSSIAN
STATE
41 | LIBRARY

The following main groups of clans were located here: Ak-baevs, Kochkarovs, Adzhievs, Bairamkulovs, Myrzaevs, Kobaevs, Gap-poevs, Byttaevs, Albotovs, Kipkeevs, Dzhanibekovs.

The most densely populated part of Ogara Uchkulan was the quarters of the Aibazovs, Urusovs, Tebuevs, and Shailievs. There was a shortage of hayfields, land for plowing and water for irrigation. Therefore, irrigation canals from the Uchkulan River approached these quarters.

The rapid growth of the population of the quarters dictated the need to separate some large clans, as a result of which new tiires (quarters) were formed. This is especially characteristic of Uchkulan, where there were several such clans. The quarters located in the Kun-Bet area had the advantage that they were warmed up by the sun earlier than the Upper and Central Uchkulan. Here, fruits and berries always ripened earlier than in other villages; microclimatic conditions favored the breeding of bees (bal chibin). Such fragrant honey as here was nowhere else in Karachay, and it was used for medicinal purposes. The quarters of the Bidzhievs and the Bostanovs were located nearby, spaciously in the floodplain of the Uchkulan River.

The peculiarity of the Upper Uchkulan is that there are many springs with excellent drinking water. An example of such a spring in the quarter (tiira) of the Salpagarovs is Qara Suu, the pride of the quarter, since even in winter, in severe cold, the water in the river did not freeze. This spring still exists today. We meet the first accurate information about the population in the villages of Kara-chay only from the second half of the 19th century, namely in 1865: for Kart-Dzhurt - 4429, Khurzuk - 4816, Uchkulan - 4216. Total - 13461 people.

Uchkulan, as G.R. Chursin, something like a Karachai station

42 faces. Occupying a central place in the Greater Karachay, it was the most convenient place for arranging public meetings to discuss matters relating to the entire Karachay [NO].

Uchkulan also became the business and trade center of Karachay. The bazaar was located here at the confluence of the Uchkulan and Ullu-Kam rivers. Friday was considered the market day, and on this day the inhabitants of all three villages came here.

As a rule, there was trade in the bazaar, as well as gossip over the past week. All national holidays also took place in Uchkulan, not far from the market square. Here, during the national holidays, festivities, dances, various entertainments, as well as sports competitions were organized: tutush, chyngau, tash atyu, equestrian competitions.

The basis of the existence of historical Karachay was cattle breeding. The Karachays paid serious attention to the care of the land, the maintenance of land plots, even more than to breeding and caring for animals.

Hayfields and arable lands on the territory of the Greater Karachay were located around the tiira; there were many cultivated plots at a considerable distance from their tiira. Due to the scarcity of land, terraced irrigation of agricultural plots has been developed here, especially in the village of Uchkulan. The agricultural crops grown here were distinguished by a very high yield, thanks to the abundance of sun and water, as well as a special microclimate.

Every suitable plot of land in Karachai was carefully cleared of stones accumulated during winter landslides. Hedges (huna) were erected from the collected stones.

The only fertilizer was cattle dung. It was enough only for small plots of land, since cattle breeding here was of a special nature, and even in winter, a limited number of livestock were kept in the villages. In winter and summer, only a small number of dairy cows (sauuluk iinek) were kept here. All the rest of the cattle migrated from summer pastures (jailyk) to winter pastures (kyshlyk). This was caused by the lack of hayfields and pastures near villages.

The lands here were depleted not so much by sowing, but by the monotony of the same crops sown for decades. The construction of irrigation canals in the villages of Karachay was a very laborious task. Lacking technical knowledge, relying only on a developed folk tradition, the Karachays built irrigation canals. It was necessary to have a special skill in order to irrigate areas on large steeps, which, moreover, had to be watered much more often than on the plain. Uchkulan was more convenient in terms of location for irrigation, the main water artery passed here, which alternately went around each block (tiire). Every spring, the canals were cleared of winter blockages.

Cleaning and repairing irrigation canals destroyed during the winter was one of the most important moments in the economic and household significance of the Karachays. The whole population took part in the work. Each tiire fielded as much manpower as he had at his disposal. At the end of the purification works, the water was distributed to the quarters.

In connection with the rapid growth of the population of Greater Karachay in the second half of the 19th century, the question of land was raised more and more acutely. In order to increase their arable land and hayfields, the Karachays led

44 stubborn struggle with nature, but with all this, the land was still short, there were no reserves of virgin lands that could be raised and used. In this regard, at the end of the 19th century, additionally purchased land plots in the north and west of New Karachay were added to the territory of Greater Karachay.

Big Karachay in the period under review was in an isolated position, this is evidenced by housing construction. All buildings were mostly wooden, made of pine and fir forests. The main building material was wood (aghach).

The traditional clothes of the Karachays developed in certain geographical conditions and changed with changing socio-economic conditions.

The necessary clothing for the highlanders - cattle breeders, who spent many months on mountain pastures, was a fur coat - a top sewn from sheepskin. Its cut was close to the Circassian. She was put on a beshmet or Cherkessk, and sometimes under it. A fur coat of this cut was replaced at the beginning of the 20th century by a pleated fur coat (jiiryk ton). Covered fur coats (tyshly tone) were smarter and stronger; they were worn by princes, bridles. A cloak, the manufacture of which was a difficult matter, served as a travel clothes for a rider, an obligatory accessory for a herdsman. Burka covered the rider as a whole, and also covered the horse. Shepherds-shepherds, who accompanied the flock on foot, put on special clothes instead of cloaks - gebenek, which was sewn from cloak felt. She had a straight or fitted cut and fastened from the collar to the waist. Sometimes he had a hood, worn over a hat if necessary. Shoes differed in purpose. Shepherds, hunters, mowers and those working in the mountains wore chabyrs made of rawhide. They were worn on a bare foot, under-

45 putting inside for warmth and softness dry grass - salaam. Wealthier men wore ceremonial shoes made of morocco-charyk.

At the beginning of the 20th century, high one-piece boots made of morocco with thin soles appeared, as well as kumuk charyk - men's shoes with solid soles in the form of shoes that were worn on messi. At the same time, Russian boots of handicraft or factory production began to come into use. Men's clothing in all generations up to the 40s retained, in general, the national image. This was felt in the villages in the winter and at all times on the koshes. Burkas, hoods, fur coats of various cuts, papakhas, hats, leggings, chaburs, and partly also Circassian, acquired the character of industrial clothing for shepherds, especially herdsmen, as they were very adapted to working conditions on pastures.

Women's clothing was distinguished by fabrics, some trimmings and decorations. Casual shirts were sewn from paper fabric of discreet colors, and at the beginning of the 20th century, sometimes from chintz with a small pattern, festive shirts from thin single-color silk. Favorite colors are dark red, yellow, rarely blue and white. Silk with a sheen (such as Saint-Jean) is very loved.

The festive dress of a Karachai girl, especially a rich and noble one, was richly decorated with galloons and gold embroidery. Elegant dresses were most often sewn from velvet - dark red, less often green and blue, or from thick silk - smooth or with a jaccord pattern. Young women wore a kaptal, which was most often sewn from thick silk or paper fabric, with a cotton lining. Worn over a dress or instead of a dress. The kaaptal of young married women was of rather bright colors, most often red in different shades.

46 cov. A middle-aged woman wore a black captal with long sleeves, a closed chest, and a neckline. In Karachay, there were also women's fur coats - tone, but only for married women. Festive fur coats of young rich women were sewn from velvet, thick silk, decorated with galups, lined with squirrel skins or lambskin. The majority wore fur coats made of sheepskin or kurney, covered with black paper cloth or naked. On the head of the girl they wore an okya berk (a golden cap), trimmed with a galup and gold embroidery. The cap was considered an accessory of a festive girl's costume and was worn at a wedding, dances, parties. All types of men's shoes (except chabyr) were also worn by women. In addition, they wore a shoe - shoes without backs with heels with leather, and sometimes wooden soles. Aghach-ayak was worn at the wedding - high wooden coasters on two legs, decorated with metal. The women's costume also included a belt. Elderly women wore a belt (belibau), woven or made from a scarf or a piece of fabric, young women wore belts made of galup, fabric or leather with silver jewelry or silver. The types of belts changed over time, but the appearance of a new type of belt did not displace the more ancient forms, which usually remained with the older generation, from use. In connection with the strengthening of trade and cultural ties with Russia, the import of fabrics and finished products increased. Of the items of European clothing, a corset entered the life of the wealthy layers, replacing the forelock, tight bodice, boots, shoes, factory-made stockings. Instead of headscarves, young girls wore scarves of silk, gauze or lace Vologda work, putting them on their heads or throwing them over their shoulders, keeping old hats on their heads. In addition to the usual national shoes, women wore lace-up boots, which were

47 not available to everyone.

b) Teberda Gorge

The first residential buildings along the Teberda river valley appeared in 1883. The settlement initially developed as a base for turpentine and tar plants. And at the same time, the construction of residential dachas begins here. The toponym "Teberda" is translated from Karachay as "God's gift".

In the second half of the XIX and early XX centuries. the territorial boundaries of the administrative arrangement of Karachay begin to change. The lands of Karachay are expanding, new Karachay villages are appearing, but these villages are fundamentally different from the old ones in planning and improvement, provision of land plots, and the creation of a number of cultural and living conditions. The resettlement of Karachays here has developed according to their social status and material security. In the Teberda Gorge, changes in housing spread faster for a number of reasons. These were villages built already in a different historical period. Communication with the Russian population in this area was stronger than in Greater Karachay, which contributed to the formation of the Klukhorsky resort here, now Teberda, at the end of the 19th century. In 1910, at the request of I. Krymshamkhalov, the construction of dachas was allowed on 250 acres of the forest area. The dachas were of the summer type. The popularity of the resort grew rapidly. So, in the season from June to September, up to 500 people with tuberculosis and anemia were treated here. The treatment consisted of a long stay in the air, strict adherence to the regimen, as well as taking ayran - the national drink of the Karachays - 15-20 glasses per day.

In 1923, one of the largest Soviet phthisiatricians, V.L. Einis in

48 report at the first All-Russian congress on the resort business, shed a detailed light on the prospects for treatment in Teberda, pointing out its unique opportunities. On June 12, 1922, the Collegium of the People's Commissariat of Health of the RSFSR decides to designate the villages of Verkhnyaya Teberda and Teberda as a resort area. Since 1923, 10 sanatoriums and two tuberculosis hospitals of all-Russian importance have been operating here. Mineral springs occupy a special place among the resort resources. In 1936, the Teberdinsky State Reserve was opened.

Beginning in 1924, new Karachay settlements appeared: Upper Teberda (Teberdi Ogars), Lower Teberda (Synty), Novaya Teberda. The specific conditions in which the traditional economic life of Karachai proceeded determined the preservation of the old cattle-breeding life in the form of kosh associations (kosh kecherlik), rent and sublease of land, as well as the use of livestock up to the collectivization.

V) Zelenchuksky

Russian settlements appeared along the upper reaches of the Kuban from the first decade of the 19th century. At first, these were posts and military fortifications in which the Cossacks of the Khopersky regiment lived, the villages of which were located away from the border. Since 1824, part of the villages was moved closer to the border. In 1804, the village of Batalpashinskaya arose.

In the 1950s and 1960s, the villages of Ispravnaya on the Bolshoy Zelenchuk and Convenient on the Urup, Kardonikskaya on the tributary of the Maly Zelenchuk (Kardonik River), and Zelenchukskaya on the Bolshoi Zelenchuk were founded. At first, the population of the villages were only Cossacks. But gradually, along with the Cossacks, alien peasants, immigrants from the central provinces, settled in the villages. The fertile valleys of Zelenchuk gave good harvests with

49 low-tech tillage. Gentle slopes and wide valleys could provide for the maintenance of a large number of livestock. The Cossacks were engaged in gardening and horticulture. In the gardens, mainly onions, garlic, radishes, carrots, legumes were grown. Potatoes and cabbage were grown everywhere, which the highlanders later borrowed from the Russians. Apples, pears, plums, cherry plums, cherries, and cherries grew in the orchards.

On the basis of the Decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR of December 5, 1926 and the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of July 25, 1927 "On Conducting Continuous Land Management of the CAR", the People's Commissariat of Agriculture allocated 80 thousand rubles for land management in Karachay. The land management was based on the principle of settlement through the formation of new auls on newly developed plots of land.

In the mountains, land management was carried out simultaneously with the resettlement of the highlanders on the plane. There is a gradual transition to agriculture, settlement on the plains - to the north and west.

The Soviet government allocated 450,000 tens of land for settlers from the mountains to the flat territories, which were leased until October from the treasury and private owners.

As a result of the resettlement flow, in three years (1921-1924), the villages of Arkhyz and Krasny Karachay took shape on the new lands.

The inhabitants of the new villages switched from cattle-breeding to agriculture. In connection with the resettlement of part of the Karachais to the flat territories, land provision has somewhat improved. However, many were forced to continue to engage in pasture cattle breeding.

In 1930-1931. the villages of Ust-Dzhegutinskaya, Krasnogorskaya, Zelenchukskaya and Kardonikskaya common land were included in the region

50 with a shallow area of 98 thousand hectares and Labinskaya Lesnaya Dacha. The change in the territory of Karachay was associated with a planned increase in the land funds of the region and the need to unload mountain villages. In 1932, a resettlement fund of 10,194 hectares of convenient land was created.

1165 households moved here, including 737 from the Uchkulan gorge, 193 from Teberdinsky and other villages. From the Krasnodar Territory, the villages of Akhmatovsky, Manchurovsky, Pse-bay and others were attached. In 1939, 100 Karachay families, who came from mountainous Karachay, joined the village of Pregradnaya. The Cossacks warmly welcomed the highlanders - immigrants, provided all kinds of assistance. The new settlements of the Karachays were fundamentally different from the old ones in the Greater Karachay in terms of planning and landscaping. Significant changes were observed in those villages where a change in the socio-economic structure was accompanied by a change in geographical conditions in connection with resettlement to new places. The resettlement from the mountains was associated with a change not only in the economy and life, but also in the consciousness of people. To a large extent, the old tribal ties, so strong in the tribal quarters of the Greater Karachay, were broken, the way of the family, the relationship between generations was changing.

The flat area allotted for the village, the comparative land space allowed the estates to be located more freely, and the growing role of agriculture required the construction of a number of outbuildings - sheds and sheds for agricultural implements, sapets and barns for grain.

In the new villages of Karachays, the principle of settlement by kindred groups was not observed. Families became much smaller, and small houses of 2-4 rooms prevailed in the villages. The building material was adobe, the roofs were covered with tiles, iron, rarely solo

51 my. In the construction and planning of houses, the experience of neighboring peoples - Russians, Circassians, Abazins - was used. However, the main traditions of the Karachay ethnos have been preserved.

G)Small Karachay

The Karachays called one of the first resettlement villages Teresa a window into a new life. This was the beginning of the formation of the ethno-cultural region of Small Karachay. From the very first days, the inhabitants of the new villages of Karachay switched from cattle breeding to agriculture. As a result, land availability has improved.

In 1928 in the village. Teresa organized the first collective farm in Karachay, which was the initiator of the slogan "All livestock under the roof." Barns for grain, utility yards, silos, residential buildings for collective farmers, cultural kosh, schools, and reading rooms were built. Each shepherd and shepherd was approved by the board of the livestock association. They were provided with collective farm cloaks, hoods and shoes. Much attention was paid to the organization of the supply of essential goods. Cooperative shops were opened on mountain pastures, in places where cats accumulated. Veterinarians were constantly on the summer pastures. In 1934, breeding sheep farms were created in the villages of Teresa and Ki-chi-Balyk. In 1929, shvits were brought from the Smolensk region to the livestock associations of the villages of Tereze, Uchkeken, Khasaut, Kichi-Balyk. Since 1933, on the basis of breeding farms of collective farms with. Teresa and Uchkeken organized a breeding farm of cattle. The local Karachay horse, whose economic importance was highly valued, deserved special care.

In 1922, a meeting of the herd owners of Karachay was held, where a commission was elected for the revival of horse breeding. Not far from the city

52 In Kislovodsk, a stud farm, a breeding state farm was established, and in 1927 a state stable was created in Pervomaisky. In 1937, the State breeding nursery of the Karachay horse was organized. In connection with the resettlement of Karachais to the flat territories of the region, land provision has improved.

Collective farms and state farms in the Small Karachay were mainly engaged in agriculture. The first place in terms of specific gravity and sown area was occupied by cereals, then by fodder crops, then by sunflower, sugar beet and potato crops. Among the grain crops, the leading role belonged to wheat, and the industrial crops - to potato crops. Of the traditional crops, barley and oats have been preserved, grown as fodder and cereal crops. The natural conditions of the Small Karachay contributed to the development of the greenhouse economy. Then, in 1922, the settlements of Uchkeken, Dzhaga, Elkush, Kichibalyk, and Koydan were formed on the new lands. According to the data of a continuous agronomic survey of Karachay, conducted in 1928, the number of new settlements in the small Karachay reached 16, and the number of households in them - 2781.

Theoretical and methodological foundations for the study of the ethnocultural landscape

In the context of the deepening ecological crisis and the aggravation of socio-economic, political and ethnic problems, there is an increased public interest in the basic regional culture. There comes an understanding that only in conditions of diversity of cultures, in the unity of traditional and innovative spheres of human activity, there are real prerequisites for the normal functioning of society and the rational use of natural resources. Rethinking the role of culture in the life of society is the core of the sociocultural approach, reflecting the emerging change in the very paradigm of sociocultural development: from technocentrism to culturecentrism. Consideration of the problems existing in modern Russian society through the prism of culturological ideas allows us to identify the roots of destructive social processes, as well as to determine the trends in their development.

Modern culture is historical. The experience of behavior of individuals passed from generation to generation is fixed in traditions. Accounting for this property of culture is extremely important for identifying invariant stable features in the methods of activity of the subjects of modern culture, which ensure the selective implementation and transformation of emerging innovations. That is why the normal reproduction of traditional culture is the most important condition for the sustainable, progressive development of society. It is no coincidence that in modern society there has been a significant increase in interest in the basic regional culture, the preservation and revival of which is becoming one of the most important factors in optimizing relationships in all spheres of public life.

Of particular interest for geographical studies of culture are the developments of ethnographers and culturologists on the problem of local (regional) cultures. The regional approach to the study of culture makes it possible to explain the reasons for its diversity. The interaction of society with local environmental conditions, on the one hand, superimposed on culture, and on the other hand, mastered by it, leads to the formation of specific historical types of culture, which are also called local types in the literature.

At the same time, special attention is paid to the study of ethnic communities - stable associations of people included in the system of social relations, having specific ways and means of their implementation. Ethnic features are recognized as the most fundamental in terms of culture. The works of Russian ethnographers emphasize the importance of studying an ethnos as a basic socio-cultural system that reflects the cultural characteristics of a society.

Accumulating in itself the listed properties (ecology, historicity, regionality), local ethnic cultures can be defined as historically stable, spatially distinguished associations of people closely connected with the "feeding" landscape, reproducing in a complex the deep local features of culture.

One of the most productive areas of geographical research of culture is landscape science. Having historically originated as a branch of complex physical geography, the objects of which are complex natural, and then natural-anthropogenic systems - landscapes, landscape science is increasingly turning into a general geographical direction. Half a century ago, L.S. Berg interpreted the concept of "landscape" in a general geographical perspective. "Under the name of the geographical landscape - he wrote - one should understand the area in which the nature of the relief, climate, vegetation, wildlife, population and, finally, human culture merges into a single harmonious whole, typically repeating throughout the known (landscape) zone of the Earth" . Modern theoretical models and concepts aimed at identifying the patterns of formation, structure, functioning structure, dynamics and evolution, territorial differentiation and integration of landscapes should be widely used not only in natural sciences, but also in general geographic regional studies.

The history of the formation of the population of Karachay

Karachays - self-name of the people - Karachayly. Origin. the names are explained on behalf of the legendary ancestor of the Karachays - Karchi. Studies of linguists, archaeologists, ethnographers, historians have shown that the process of formation of the Karachay-Balkarian people was difficult due to historical conditions. Not one, but several components took part in it, while maintaining, however, the local ethnic core. The main core is the highlanders of the Caucasus, who have lived here since ancient times. Subsequently, Iranian-speaking and Turkic-speaking tribes were layered on the core.

According to anthropological features, the Karachays belong to the local Caucasian high-mountain type, which has been developing in the Caucasus for a long time. Archaeological monuments of these tribes have come down to us - settlements and burial grounds related to the Koban culture that arose in the North Caucasus at the turn of the 2nd-1st millennium BC. .

In the material and spiritual culture of the Karachais, there are connections with this distant Koban culture of the local population. So, as an example, we can cite the similarity in the forms of burial structures. Until the adoption of Islam (XVIII century), the Karachays made rectangular or oval calculations from large stones over the graves of the dead. Such cemeteries dating back to the 17th and early 18th centuries are known on the southern outskirts of the village of Kart-Dzhurt and in other places. In the same graves, their dead and their distant ancestors, who lived in the Koban and late Koban times on the territory of Karachay, were buried.

Ornamental motifs characteristic of the Koban culture - a running spiral, shaded triangles, images of a stylized ram's head (especially characteristic) are found on Karachay felts, on belts and other things.

In Karachai folklore, epic, mythology, pagan beliefs there are many elements common to all North Caucasian peoples. The roots of many of these elements go back to ancient times, they should be sought in the Koban culture. So, for all the North Caucasian peoples, the cult of the god of hunting Apsata is characteristic. Images of Ap-sata fighting with seven snakes are found on bronze Koban axes.

The oldest layer can be traced in the Karachai language - the remains of the language spoken by the population in the Koban era. It is the presence of such an ancient linguistic substratum that explains the similarity of many terms in the languages of the North Caucasian peoples, including the Karachays. Similarities are found in the most diverse areas - in the names of natural phenomena, pagan deities, images of oral folk art and, especially, in terms of material culture and in the names of domestic animals.

From all that has been said, it follows that the Karachays are basically the ancient inhabitants of the North Caucasus. Over the centuries, they have gone through common developmental paths with other highlanders, which led to a certain closeness of their psychology, way of life and culture. So, the appearance of the Karachais, their physical type and way of life, ways of housekeeping, housing, clothing, material and spiritual culture - everything speaks of their mountainous, Caucasian origin.

But the language of the Karachays does not belong to the family of Caucasian languages. The Karachay language is a Turkic language, although it has an ancient Caucasian layer and later borrowings from Caucasian languages.

Language cannot always serve as a sign indicating the origin of a people. The language can be changed, borrowed. One or another language, due to a number of historical conditions, can be acquired by another people. The process of linguistic Turkization since the invasion of the Seljuk Turks (XI century) has widely covered the multilingual population of Central and Asia Minor and eastern Transcaucasia, as well as the North-Eastern Caucasus. So, part of the local mountain tribes of Dagestan, which were the basis for the formation of the Kumyk people, was Turkized - Turkization began with the penetration of the Huns, Savirs, Khazars into Dagestan and ended with the arrival of the Kipchaks. These facts prove that it is not yet possible to judge the origin of a people by the origin of a language alone.

At the beginning of our era, Alans lived in the foothills of the North Caucasus, who spoke one of the languages of the Iranian group, close to the modern Ossetian, Tajik and Iranian languages.

In the Middle Ages, North Caucasian Alania was inhabited by a variety of ethnic groups with different languages and cultures. Medieval authors often called "Alans" not only the Alans themselves, but also all the inhabitants of Alania in general. The Alanian language became the ancestor of the Ossetian language, the Alans were one of the components in the formation of the Ossetian people. But this does not mean that the Alans were the ancestors of only the Ossetians. Research by scientists shows that the Sarmatian-Alans played a certain role in the formation of the Adyghe-Meotian tribes, the Vainakh peoples - Chechens and Ingush, as well as Karachays and Balkars.

The genetic connection of the material and spiritual culture of the Alans and Karachays can be traced in individual details of the funeral rite, in the similarity of some household items and jewelry (vessels, tools, amulets - medallions, jewelry, ornamental details, etc.).

The existence of the Alanian layer in the Karachay language is also recognized by Turkic linguists. Alanya is named Karachay on the map of the Italian author of the 18th century. Lamberti. The name "Alans" remained with the Karachays even longer. So, the authors of the late XVIII century. early 19th century Potocki and Klarot, speaking of Alans, mean Karachays.

Social factors

The Karachay-Cherkess Republic (KChR) is rich in original traditions and customs. There are numerous publications on these issues. However, there is practically no information that sufficiently takes into account the spatial coordinate of regional cultural genesis.

It is the complex of internal social factors that plays the leading role in the formation of traditional ethno-cultural landscapes. These include a complex of economic, demographic and political factors.

The economic component of culture includes structural units built on the basis of industrial and economic relations. They form the economic environment that influences the ethnic culture. The division of labor and the distribution of material goods play an important role here.

The main branch of the economy of the Karachays was sheep and horse breeding, to a lesser extent - breeding of working and beef cattle.

The Karachay sheep belonged to the fat-tailed breed, whose fat tail reached 20-25 pounds. In addition to tasty meat, a long and glossy fleece was obtained. The unpretentiousness and thoroughbredness of the Karachay sheep was noted in the ethnographic description of the Karachays in 1812.

By the end of the 60s of the 19th century, there were up to two hundred thousand sheep in Karachay, and up to ninety thousand sheep in Circassia. Cattle of the local breed were small, dark in color and of low productivity. A new component of the landscape were horses, mostly local breeds. Their number in Karachay and Circassia, respectively, was 13-15 thousand heads in the middle of the 19th century. In off-road conditions, the horse in Karachay was indispensable both under the saddle and as a beast of burden. Since the horse is more enduring than other animals and can forage even from deep snow, raking it with its hooves, horses were kept in winter in areas with unmowed dried grass - kaudan. After the horses broke through the ice and raked the snow, taking out the grass, the rest of the cattle were also allowed into the plots.

Cattle breeding among the Karachays was associated with long-term cattle drives to summer and winter pastures. Cattle driving required close unification of the population. Special kosh associations arose, the members of which jointly looked after the cattle, organized their wintering, and stored food. The most important part of the livestock economy was the harvesting of hay. On their lands, the Karachays collected 3 million poods of hay, and at that time more than 20 million poods were required. In such conditions, the Karachays valued every piece of haymaking area, hayfields near the villages were carefully cared for, watered, and cleared of stones. The yield on irrigated hayfields was several times higher than on natural ones. Up to 200 poods of hay were collected from tithes on irrigated plots, and from 20 to 50 poods on the slopes of the mountains, up to 120 poods from forest glades. Therefore, forest glades were mainly leased lands. Tipchak, fescue and wild clover were considered the best grasses for haymaking, mouse peas - this is in the mountainous part.

Taking care of the preservation of hayfields for the next years, the Karachays made sure that the grass seeds had time to ripen for future shoots, and only after that they mowed.

Agriculture in the territory of Circassia and Karachay continued to play a secondary role in the 19th century. Only 1% of the Karachai lands were suitable for arable land, but these lands were reclaimed from nature at the cost of enormous labor. In order to turn the rocky slopes of the mountains and narrow river valleys into fertile fields, they were cleared of stones, strengthened and fenced with rocky walls, irrigation ditches were made and fertilized. Near small arable lands in the auls of Greater Karachay, pyramids rose from stones collected from the plots. They still stand today as monuments to the industriousness and perseverance of the people. Often landslides and mountain streams-mudflows in a few minutes destroyed the work of many years on the creation of arable and hayfields.

The lack of arable land was especially acute in Greater Karachay, where on average there was a little more than one hundred square meters per capita: in Uchkulan - 0.12 acres, in Kart-Jutra - 0.11 acres, and in Khurzuk - 0.09 acres.

The most common crop in Karachay was barley. Oats and spring wheat were sown in small quantities. From the middle of the XIX century. crops of corn, winter wheat, buckwheat appeared. Corn and wheat matured at altitudes up to 1000 meters, and frost-resistant varieties were sown higher.

In the mountains of Karachay, the slash-and-fallow system of agriculture has long been used, and the shifting system has occasionally been practiced. At the end of XIX - beginning of XX centuries. the shifting system was preserved in the mountains, and the steam system was used in the plains.

The transition from the shifting to the steam system contributed to an increase in bread production. Green steam was practiced in the mountains, and black steam was practiced in the plains. On the plane, in connection with the transition to a steam system, winter bread was sown in one area, spring bread in another, corn in a third, and the fourth was left fallow.

In the first half of the 19th century, the Karachays began to grow potatoes; it grew at high altitudes up to 1500 meters or more. Potatoes were not afraid of either cold winds or heavy rains, so they became a favorite garden crop in Karachay.

Since the second half of the 19th century, horticulture and horticulture have become widespread in Karachay. In the gardens, mainly onions, garlic, radishes, carrots and legumes were grown. Apples, pears, plums, cherry plums, sweet cherries and cherries grew in the orchards.

Karachays were more engaged in hunting than others. Bears were especially valued, the fat of which was considered healing, and fur coats were sewn from the skins.

Home crafts were a necessary part of subsistence farming. Each mountain family produced not only food, but also clothes, shoes, tools, etc. Professional individual types of crafts stood out as a special profession: blacksmithing, weapons, jewelry. Peasants were engaged in other crafts: woodworking and furrier - men; weaving, felting cloaks and felt, sewing clothes and shoes - women of every family.

Edged weapons, dishes and silver jewelry (bibs, earrings, bracelets, horse harness accessories) were made by both local jewelers and people from Dagestan. Tools of labor - metal plowshares, hoes, sickles, scythes, knives, etc. - were made by their own blacksmiths, who were in every village.

The most common type of crafts was wool processing: the production of felts, cloaks, cloth weaving. This work was done exclusively by women. The seasons were also taken into account. The best wool, usually from autumn shearing, was used for cloth and cloaks, while spring shearing was used to make felt. Felting a cloak required the work of several people, so relatives and neighbors were invited.

The development of cattle breeding provided raw materials not only for weaving and felting, but also for the development of furriery and saddlery (processing of hides and skins, sewing fur coats, hats, shoes, making wineskins, saddles, bags, horse harness). The inhabitants of the villages located in the wooded foothills were engaged in forestry and woodworking. Plows, pitchforks, shovels, harrows, carts, furniture, household utensils and utensils (tubs, buckets, cups, troughs, etc.) were made from wood. The tree was widely used in the construction of houses. Circassians, Abaza and Nogais, who built turluch houses, made supports, beams, and doors from wood. Karachays erected log houses from large pine logs.

The article was prepared with the financial support of the state represented by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation

The ethno-cultural landscape as a space representing the historical and cultural habitat of specific peoples is the most important subject of study of modern culture. The concept of ethno-cultural landscape is often interdisciplinary, becoming the subject of research in such sciences as geography, history, sociology, etc., but it is rarely touched upon in philosophical studies. The relevance of the proposed study is determined by a number of factors that determined the uniqueness of the regional cultural space of the border areas. The spiritual and historical-cultural loci of the region, which carry the “inviolable reserve” of the values of the culture of the past, can be considered in the modern philosophy of culture through the concept of the ethno-cultural landscape as a space of concentration and expression of regional culture.

The formation of the ethno-cultural landscape of the border region has its own nuances, modern function borders. The spiritual culture of ethnic communities within the regional culture at the junction of two civilizations (East and West) is capable of transmitting elements of their culture not only within the ethnocultural landscape of their country, but also to adjacent border areas. At present, the phenomenon of regional culture of the border areas and its expression in the ethno-cultural landscape is of particular importance. Regional cultures contact across state borders, transferring and consolidating their elements abroad. In this case, the border plays only a formal meaning, which inevitably entails the transformation of not only the landscape itself, but also the entire value system of the contacting territories, which in turn determines the degree of their translation and perception in the recipient's regional culture.

The old, familiar border with China remained in the Far East and Transbaikalia (with a small but significant exception - the transfer of small areas of territory during demarcation). However, here too its role is radically changing. There has been (or is) a rapid transition from the border as a wall, a barrier, at one time - almost a front line, to a place of intense junction, contact, interaction. The ratio of the fundamental properties of the boundary - barrier and contact - has changed radically.

This circumstance is also determined by the philosophical understanding of the term "border", which is not only a division, but also a connection of each individual culture.

In the implementation of cultural and landscape zoning of border areas, one of the main problems is to determine the boundaries of regional ethno-cultural landscapes. This situation is complicated by the cultural-philosophical component of these territories, expressed by the system of regional cultural values, as well as the problem of determining the very socio-cultural space of the border area, which does not have a clear outline. In addition, at present, political boundaries do not always correspond to cultural boundaries. Solving this problem is a difficult task, which is connected both with the specifics of the very concept of "ethnocultural landscape", and with the fact that today there is no unambiguous universal methodology for cultural and landscape zoning.

The interdisciplinary direction allows us to interpret the landscape as a space of culture, which plays a more important role than the "developed" territory itself. We can talk about the reading of natural landscapes by a specific ethnic community - the bearer of culture. Accordingly, the ethnic factor, which forms and mediates the geocultural space, gives grounds to define the landscape not so much as a cultural, but to a greater extent as an ethno-cultural formation. In accordance with the classification proposed by A.A. Andreev, and drawing attention to the importance of including an ethno-cultural component in the description of a taxonomic unit, the border ethno-cultural landscapes of the Russian Federation-PRC can be attributed to the type of "cultural landscapes", which are a system of interrelated cultural and landscape units united by common cultural ties. Within such units, a commonality of cultural, historical, social, ethnic, and other features is preserved. An important fact is that we are not talking about the form of a transboundary landscape, but at least two units representing their regional cultures. The status of "border" is determined only by adjacency to the border.

The ethnocultural landscapes of the Russian-Chinese border, which are compared in this study, cover the territories along the Russian-Chinese border, but do not form a single whole, because structured by regional cultures on different sides of the border. Their phenomenon lies in the fact that individual cultural patterns are broadcast and fixed "materially" over these boundaries. And the degree of their translation depends only on the desire to accept or not to accept them by the landscape of the recipient culture. In this context, we consider the idea of L.V. Smirnyagin that "... the more complex the object of research, the more" flexible "and" soft "the methodology of this research should be" .

The following table shows a number of features of the formation of ethno-cultural landscapes of the Russian-Chinese borderlands:

Table 1. Features of the formation of ethnocultural landscapes of the Russian-Chinese border area

Features of the formation of ethnocultural landscapes	Russian border area	Chinese frontier
Natural landscape	underdevelopment of socio-economic and socio-demographic institutions against the backdrop of rich natural resource potential	a complete national economic complex, based almost entirely on the local raw material and fuel base
Historical and cultural	a significant reduction in the number of travel companies (a consequence of changes in legislation), cultural and leisure institutions	totality various kinds recreational activities (educational, beach, event, sports, health, sightseeing, hiking, skiing, mountain, water, bicycle, sailing, etc.)
Ethnographic and ethnolinguistic	cultural heritage of the peoples of Eastern Transbaikalia (regional culture as a fundamental factor of cultural identification)	the cultural potential of the polyethnicity of the population of the region, which is expressed not only in the preservation of traditional culture through its regional version, but also in the reflection a large number cultural samples of Russian culture

The practice of forming ethno-cultural landscapes of the border territories of the Russian Federation and the People's Republic of China is somewhat contradictory. The development of intercultural relations between the Russian Federation and the PRC is taking place, but the pace of such development is extremely slow. In many ways, this is hindered by such an objective reason as poor infrastructure in the Russian border areas. Therefore, today in the socio-cultural space of Russian-Chinese border cooperation there is no possibility of qualitative use of geographical advantages. Hence such an uneven development of ethnocultural landscapes, mediated by high rates economic development China.

Based on the foregoing, we can conclude that the border ethno-cultural landscape is characterized by the following set of special features of its functioning:

Activity and saturation of interregional contacts;
- simultaneous influence of cultural centers and the regional component;
- ethno-cultural tolerance;
- mixture of architectural styles;
- the dependence of the inhabitants of the border area on the policies of the governments of both sides;
- the dynamism of the ethno-cultural landscape itself.

The ethnocultural landscape as an intercultural space (regardless of its origin and distribution) seems to be extremely heterogeneous within the framework of philosophical research. Thus, the ethnocultural landscape Trans-Baikal Territory it is extremely difficult to delimit the habitat of specific ethnic groups, since their representatives have lived in this space for many centuries and may well consider themselves indigenous people. An important cultural resource of Transbaikalia is the multinational ethnic composition with a fairly constant percentage of the predominant population: Russians, Buryats, Ukrainians, Tatars, Armenians, Belarusians. This fact also characterizes the ethnocultural landscape of the Northeast of China as a polycultural region of the country, which is formed by peoples belonging to the Tungus-Manchu, Mongolian and Altai groups of peoples. Thus, in the context of broadcasting the cultural traditions of a large variety of ethnic groups in these border areas, it is quite reasonable to use the concept of "ethno-cultural landscape" as a concentration of regional practices of socio-cultural interaction of the above groups of peoples.

The reason for the heterogeneity of the ethnocultural landscape is, as mentioned above, the heterogeneity of the cultures of the ethnic groups inhabiting it, which is also manifested in the functioning of the landscape itself under the influence of the embodied cultural values of the regions. As a result, it is extremely difficult to attribute a certain landscape to the property of a particular ethnic group. This property is most clearly manifested in the ethno-cultural landscape of the border region, when, for example, the material and spiritual culture of the border North-East of China is determined by the large borrowing of elements of the regional culture of the Russian ethnos.

The heterogeneity of the ethno-cultural landscape of the borderlands is also manifested in the fact that it has its own concentration. Thus, the center and vector of the formation of the ethno-cultural landscape of the North-Eastern region of the PRC was the construction of the Chinese Eastern Railway and the formation of the city of Harbin as a place of concentration of cultural values, innovations and traditions of Russian emigration in China.

The concept of "ethno-cultural landscape" is directly related to the concept of "regional culture". Representing the ethnocultural landscape as a regional cultural space, it is worth recalling A. Mol's statement that "culture is equal to its space." That is why the ethno-cultural landscape is presented as a space constructed by regional culture, one of the main characteristics of which is the level of embodiment of the totality of cultural features (both material and spiritual) that are perceived by the landscape of each border area. An important property of culture is its regionality associated with the spatial and temporal localization of sociocultural processes. The close ties of ethnic groups with natural landscapes were pointed out by L.N. Gumilyov, who defined ethnos as "a geographical phenomenon, always associated with the enclosing landscape that feeds the adapted ethnos." In this context, it should be noted that the ethno-cultural landscape is also a physical and mental expression of the regional cultures of interacting ethnic groups. Therefore, it becomes quite fair to consider the ethnocultural landscape not only as a material form of the regional cultural heritage, but also to a greater extent as a translator of regional cultural traditions.

Further, highlighting such an important characteristic of the ethnocultural landscape as the meaningfulness of space by the ethnic groups inhabiting it, one can also identify its inconsistency in three contexts.

First defined by the inclusion and representation of a diverse number of ethnic groups that form one landscape. Second is associated with the border position of the landscape itself, which in a certain way levels the cultural patterns of the national culture through its regional version and forces them to partly accept the cultural rules of the neighboring border territory. Third defines the ethno-cultural landscape of the border area as a "border landscape".

One more important feature of the ethno-cultural landscape of the borderlands can be identified. It lies in the fact that the landscape exists not only because certain groups of people consider themselves part of it, but also because the regional cultures of the border areas, as a factor in the formation of the type of landscape under consideration, are vulnerable precisely because of their interdependence from each other and are forced to adapt to each other. to friend.

When analyzing the ethnocultural landscape of the border area, not only the priorities of the population of a particular territory become obvious, but also the dynamics of the hierarchy of values in the context of intercultural interaction between two border cultures. Relaying the region's value system, the border ethno-cultural landscape also reflects the value orientations of its creators, determining the degree of their significance at each historical stage of development. Regional culture in this case acts as a system of values and value orientations, and the processes of cultural diffusion are a means of their dissemination.

Based on the classification of general cultural values proposed by the domestic culturologist B.S. Erasov (who singles out vital, social, political, moral, religious and aesthetic values), one should also agree with the opinion of A.A. Shishkina that "the landscape, its formation and attitude towards it, undoubtedly, are a marker of the moral, cognitive, educational and even political values of society, since a person who creates a cultural landscape inevitably includes it in his being" . The ethno-cultural landscape of the border territories of the Russian Federation and the People's Republic of China, formed by values universal for each nation (i.e., norms that contribute to the formation of a tolerant attitude towards "alien"), is also mediated by the corresponding national traditions and values of a regional nature associated with culture, religion , historical traditions of interacting ethnic groups.

The ethnocultural landscape of the border region as a sociocultural phenomenon can be classified precisely through the value orientations of its population. The functioning of the ethno-cultural landscape in the border socio-cultural space is determined not only by the peculiarities of the life of the local population, but also by those forms of intercultural interaction when there is an exchange of values. Let's single out those values that are basic in the effective functioning of the border ethno-cultural landscape: the desire to achieve harmony with nature; traditionalism; high level of self-organization; tolerance.

Appeal to the value component of the border ethno-cultural landscape allows us to characterize it as the focus of the totality of cultural images of the peoples historically inhabiting the border territories, playing the role of the regional cultural framework of the territory. In particular, the formation of the ethno-cultural landscape of Transbaikalia has a long history, in which the Buryats, Evenks and Semey people, who were the first to inhabit this territory, left a noticeable trace. The totality of the cultural values of the peoples, shown below, reflected in material forms, gives the ethnocultural landscape of Transbaikalia a certain originality.

So, datsans, which are original monastic settlements, have long been considered the spiritual centers of Buryat Buddhism. Ethnic symbols of Buddhists, reflecting their mentality, are: Buddhist datsans (Ivolginsky, Aginsky, etc.); Mount Alkhanai is one of the world shrines of Buddhism. The traditional type of house, the yurt, is becoming quite rare, but respect for it as a traditional type of dwelling remains. The Buryats also have sacred places where prayers are held, which can often be found in prominent places, along the road. They can be immediately distinguished by the pillars - serge or baris, tied with multi-colored scarves and ribbons.

Evenks, adapting to natural and ecological conditions, tried to develop the most effective model of life support, which subsequently took the following forms, imprinted in the ethno-cultural landscape of the region: hunting, fishing and pasture lands; change of nomadic and settled period of life activity as a way of seasonal-shift development of land, during which the dominant of the extractive industries of the economy changed to one or another source of natural products; fixing in religious and ethical practice the withdrawal from natural reserves of exactly such an amount of resources that would not undermine the reproducing foundations of nature.

Semey Transbaikalia strictly observe traditional mores and customs, conduct subsistence farming, preserve the usual rituals and clothes. Until recently, many elements of culture typical of Russia in the 18th-19th centuries have been preserved. This is manifested in the "family" technique of building houses and architecture, carving and painting on wood, etc. The vitality of the cultural tradition among the family is largely determined by its deeply popular character, coming from its peasant labor, which absorbed the concerns of the farmer and artisan, worker and artist. The four-walled family hut had a traditional Russian layout of the dwelling. Houses were placed on the street with the end, or long side, sometimes the windows looked out onto the street, sometimes the house went out like a blank wall. As a rule, they acted on the street and were located in one line. The traditional Russian building of a peasant estate was also preserved.

As for the regional culture of the Northeast region of the PRC, it absorbed the cultural diversity of the Han, Tibetan, Manchu and other cultures of national minorities. It is noted that the regional culture of the border areas of the PRC has the so-called "visible" characteristics: a section of the Great Wall of China (located on the territory of Inner Mongolia); monuments and excavations of ancient primitive culture as material forms of national cultural heritage. Part of the cultural resources of the region is associated with the name of Genghis Khan: the mausoleum of Genghis Khan; the only temple of Genghis Khan in the world. Another attraction of the regional ethno-cultural landscape is one of the largest lamaist temples - Dazhao Monastery.

Based on the identified characteristics of the ethno-cultural landscape of the borderlands, it is also necessary to say about the purposeful activities of ethnic groups to include it in the culture of the region, and as a result, the impossibility of perceiving the landscape without relating it to it. That is why the ethnocultural landscape of the borderlands, despite all its contradictory characteristics, must be considered in conjunction with the regional culture that forms it.

In the socio-cultural space of cross-border interaction between the Russian Federation and China, the study of ethno-cultural landscapes will help to answer the question: what is the role of the cultural uniqueness of the Russian border regions in the formation of cultural practices not only within their own country, but also in the global processes of cultural development. A systematic study of this process can become a conceptual basis for the implementation of the processes of complex translation of regional cultural elements to the border areas of China in order to prevent the increased influence of the Chinese cultural factor and preserve the cultural identity of the Russian border area.

After comparing the concepts of "regional culture" and "ethno-cultural landscape", we note that their relationship and interdependence is obvious. The landscape is the carrier of all the properties of the regional culture, mediated by the border position. Both categories are in constant active interaction. Representing their properties in the socio-cultural space of cross-border interaction, they mediate those cultural elements (norms, values, rules, traditions and properties expressed both spiritually and materially) that are inconceivable without their unity. One can speak of the ethno-cultural landscape as a direct projection of the regional culture, its reflection. The border ethno-cultural landscape is also mediated by the “living” nature of its space, which performs its functions not only through the connection of the past, present and future, but also through state borders, the question of the functions of which from the point of view of the socio-cultural aspect requires further development.

Literature
1. Vardomsky L.V. Border Belt of Russia: Problems and Development Trends // Russia and modern world. 2000. № 2.
2. Dirin D.A., Krasnoyarova B.A. Cultural and geographical features of the formation and functioning of the new frontier // World of science, culture, education. 2010. No. 6 (25).
3. History and culture of the peoples of Transbaikalia in the XVII-XIX centuries. Meeting of Peoples and Civilizations.
4. Cultural landscape as an object of heritage / Ed. Yu.A. Vedenina, M.E. Kuleshova. M., 2004. 620 p.
5. Lee Ping. Cultural regionalization in the context of intercultural interaction (on the example of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China). Chita, 2008. 21 p.
6. Lyapkina T.F. Architectonics of the cultural space of Eastern Siberia (late 17th - early 20th centuries): diss. … Dr. culturologist. St. Petersburg, 2007. 23 p.
7. Morozova V.S. The phenomenon of regional culture in the socio-cultural space of cross-border interaction between the Russian Federation and China. M., 2011. 224 p.
8. Smirnyagin L.V. Districts of the USA: a portrait of modern America. M., 1989. 384 p.
9. Shishkina A.A. Cultural space and cultural landscape as forms of reflection of culture // Historical, philosophical, political and legal sciences, cultural studies and art history. Questions of theory and practice. 2011. No. 7 (13).
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Art. publ.: Society and the state in China: T. XLIII, part 2 / Editorial: A.I. Kobzev and others - M .: Federal state state-financed organization Sciences Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IOS RAS), 2013. - 487 pages. pp. 308-317.

Ethnocultural Landscape and Law. The place of the cultural landscape in cultural policy and political culture. Ethnoecology studies. allowance

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Conclusion Dissertation on the topic "Economic, social and political geography", Salpagarova, Susurat Ilyasovna

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