The Ossetian language is famous for its complexity. This is not surprising, given that next to Yaghnobosi, it is the only surviving member of the northeastern subgroup of Iranian languages. Over the centuries, the development of the Ossetian language has been enriched by contact with the languages of other Caucasian peoples. As a result, today's descendants of the Alans speak a beautiful language with unique lexical, grammatical and phonetic features that can be intimidating to beginners.
Spelling
For those who begin to study the Russian language, the question often arises why Russians write a beard, and not a barada, of course, together of course, and come together to burn. In oral communication, distinguishing between feminine and neuter forms of adjectives is a real challenge: to the ear of an inexperienced foreigner, beautiful and beautiful are one and the same.
This problem does not arise in the study of Ossetian. Of course, there are differences in pronunciation among Costa speakers; for example: some people say æ vzhag, others say æ vzhag. And yet, in each variant, one can expect a greater degree of regularity and predictability in the relationship between spelling and pronunciation.
Every noun has its own gender, but don't look for logic or system here; and therefore the gender of each noun separately must be learned by heart. In German, the girl is genderless, although the turnip, say, has it. What an excessive respect for the turnip and what an outrageous disdain for the girl!
(Mark Twain, Terrible German)
Have you ever wondered why the word table is considered masculine? What is so masculine in the table? At the same time, man, the most male word in Russian, looks and declines like a feminine noun.
The arbitrariness of gender also puzzles learners of German, Spanish, and a number of other languages. Russian word apple (neuter), German Apfel (male) and Spanish manzana (female) refer to the same fruit.
I have good news: those who start learning the Ossetian language do not need to worry about gender, this concept does not exist in the Ossetian language.
adjectives
Moscow is a big city, but Muscovites live in big city, and St. Basil's Cathedral is a landmark of the big city.
Translated into Ossetian, big, big and large correspond to the word styr. Although Ossetian nouns decline for cases, adjectives do not follow their path.
Numerals
An Ossetian noun preceded by a numeral requires the form singular genitive case. For example:
Ssardton ærtæ rydydy. = I found three mistakes.
Fedton duuuyn fondz laji. = I saw twenty-five men.
Let's look at what is happening in Russian. If there is a numeral in the sentence, the form of the adjective depends on the case, gender and animation. For example:
Two soldiers and two towers guard the village.
I see two soldiers and two towers.
In the second example, the soldier and the tower act as a direct object. A soldier is an animated noun, which is why it is used in genitive case plural, as opposed to the inanimate noun tower, which remains in the singular form.
If we add an adjective, then the situation becomes much more complicated. Look at these examples and pay special attention to the behavior of the adjective beautiful:
I listened to three beautiful songs.
I invited three beautiful girls.
Conclusion
I love both Russian and Ossetian languages very much. Thanks to them, my life is richer, my knowledge is deeper, I have more friends, every day I get up with a desire to learn more. It was difficult for me to reach an intermediate level in both languages, but I made a choice: I would not let this difficulty stop me.
If you are one of those people who wants to learn Ossetian but lacks self-confidence, ask yourself: if this Argentinian succeeded, then why can't I?
How to learn the Ossetian language on your own?
This question interests many.
It seemed interesting to me to translate from Ossetian into Russian an excerpt from an article by Arbelyan Abaeva in the newspaper Rastdzinaed, where she talks about how Vyacheslav Ivanov learned Ossetian.
Vyacheslav graduated with honors from the Khetagurov SOGU with a degree in applied mathematics, then - postgraduate studies at the Department of Mathematical Linguistics of St. Petersburg University. Before that, there was the seventh language school in Vladikavkaz. Vyacheslav is fluent in English, French, Esperanto and... Ossetian.
The most interesting thing was to find out how he learned Ossetian, which, unfortunately, is not spoken by a large part of the population of the republic.
“I started studying Ossetian in the tenth grade. My neighbor Aunt Raya taught me - she worked all her life as a teacher of the Ossetian language in one of the schools in Vladikavkaz. Then our family moved to another part of the city. Nevertheless, I managed to memorize a few phrases, the structure of which I still did not understand, the names of many vegetables and fruits, I learned to read, and most importantly, I coped with specific sounds, the most difficult of which was the sound "хъ". It was then that I found an old edition of the Ossetian-Russian dictionary, which contained a brief grammatical outline of the Ossetian language, written by Vasily Ivanovich Abaev. This essay, of course, gave me a lot, but it was not enough to understand the syntax well - there were times when I understood the meaning of each word in a sentence, but the general meaning of the sentence still eluded me. Already studying at the university, I acquired Abaev's four-volume historical and etymological dictionary. Good coverage of rich phraseology and generous examples from a variety of sources helped me a lot. Soon I subscribed to the newspaper "Rastdzinad" and could read it practically without a dictionary. By the way, it is "Rastdzinad" that maintains the achieved level very well, because you look through the newspaper every day, and there is not always time and mood for more serious studies. I can't help mentioning another very important factor: at the Faculty of Mathematics of the SOGU, many children from cities and villages studied with me, where the Ossetian language remains the main means of communication: Kvaisa, Nogir, Khumalag, Tskhinvali ... So I had a lot of live conversational practice.
The "ease" or "complexity" of a language, in my opinion, is determined by two factors: the number of exceptions to the rules; the similarity of the concepts of the studied language, its grammatical categories with more familiar concepts mother tongue. Of course, maybe it seemed to me, but when studying Ossetian, it does not leave a feeling of some kind of kinship of the language being studied - this is stated in a more scientific form in the works of V.I. Abaev on Scytho-European and Scytho-Slavic isoglosses. If we talk about the complexity of the Ossetian language at the everyday level, then this is one of the most complex languages in the world. After all, in Vladikavkaz you can find educational literature in English, French, Spanish, Polish and many other languages, but there are still very few Ossetian tutorials.
I wouldn't respect myself if I didn't take up the Ossetian - after all, I am a native Vladikavkaz, born and raised in Ossetia. In addition, the Ossetian language turned out to be especially interesting for me, and I did not leave it "halfway", as I often did with other languages. As for the fact that Ossetian "is not needed further than Elkhotovo" - I honestly admit that once I seriously thought about how much time I spent on Ossetian; I thought that maybe it was worth learning some commercially more profitable language all this time. However, chervonets are not the main stimulus in our life. Should not be, anyway. Therefore, I do not regret at all and I am even very proud that I succeeded to some extent. There is the concept of linguistic relativity - the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, which suggests that it is the language that affects the system of human ideas about the world. If the hypothesis is proven, then the old wisdom "how many languages a person knows, so many times he is a person" can get a scientific justification.
More than once or twice I had to answer questions about the Ossetian language that I was asked on the Internet. I remember that I corresponded for about six months with a young man from Belgium, whose name was Thierry de Thaye. He was very interested in Ossetian. I had to explain myself in a mixture of English and French - and this Belgian made impressive progress. He was burning with the idea of compiling an Ossetian language textbook for the Internet in English language in electronic form.
Indo-European family. Distributed in the republics of North Ossetia (Russia), South Ossetia and other regions of the Caucasus. The number of carriers in the world slightly exceeds half a million people, including 488,000 in Russia (2002 census; in 1989, 384,000 were counted). Main dialects: Iron and Digor. Writing develops on both. The Digor dialect (until 1937 it was officially considered a separate language) is spoken in the western part of North Ossetia, the Iron dialect is spoken in the rest of North Ossetia and in South Ossetia.
The originality of the Ossetian language was determined, firstly, by contacts with the languages of Ancient Europe (Slavic, Baltic, Germanic, etc.) in the 2nd - 1st millennium BC; secondly, the influence of those languages of the Caucasus, which served as its substrate, when at the beginning of our era. the ancestors of the Ossetians - the Alans advanced from Southern Russia to the Caucasus.
Long isolation (Ossetians were the only Indo-European people in the region for several centuries) led to the fact that the Ossetian language was enriched with phenomena unusual for Iranian languages in phonology (specifically Caucasian stop-laryngeal consonants), in morphology (multicase agglutinative system), vocabulary (semantic parallels and obvious borrowings from the Adyghe, Nakh-Dagestan and Kartvelian languages) and syntax (group inflection, a system of postpositions instead of the Indo-European system of prepositions, a non-accusative declension paradigm).
Writing has existed since late XVIII V. Short epigraphic inscriptions have been preserved from earlier eras. In 1844 A.M. Sjögren created a script based on the Cyrillic alphabet, in 1923-38. the Latin alphabet was used, since 1938 - again Russian graphics (in 1938-54. South Ossetians used the Georgian alphabet).
The Ossetian language, along with Russian, is state language Republic of North Ossetia (1994 Constitution). In South Ossetia, the Ossetian language is proclaimed the state language along with Russian and Georgian. It is used as a learning tool in primary school and is taught as a subject in high school, secondary specialized educational institutions and universities. Educational, fiction and journalistic literature is published in Ossetian, newspapers and magazines are published, radio and television programs are conducted, theaters operate.
The centers for the scientific study of the language are the Institute of the Ossetian Language and Literature of the North Ossetian Research Institute for Humanitarian Studies, the South Ossetian Research Institute, Faculty of Ossetian Philology, North Ossetian State University and South Ossetian State University. Look through information about Max Polyakov at this page
Ossetian language on Wikipedia
Ossetian language lessons for beginners
self-instruction manual of the Ossetian language, parallel texts
Ossetian-Russian and Russian-Ossetian dictionaries online:
Ossetian-Russian dictionary as one text file
download Ossetian-Russian dictionary
download Russian-Ossetian dictionary
Series My Ossetia BBK 81.2 Ose-92 T-15 T-15 Takazov F.M. M. Takazov - Vladikavkaz: Respect, 2012. - 528 p. - (“My Ossetia”: series) I8BN 978-5-905066-07-8 The self-instruction manual is intended for students of schools and other educational institutions, as well as for everyone who independently studies the Ossetian language. BBK 81.2 Ose-92 The reprint of the book "Self-tutor of the Ossetian language", first published in 2004, was carried out on the initiative and with the support of the Charitable Foundation of Professor 3. M/ Khadonova ISBN 978-5-905066-07-8 © Takazov F/M ., 2012 Takazov F. M. SELF-TEUCHING THE Ossetian language PUBLISHING HOUSE "RESPECT" Vladikavkaz 2012 PREFACE to the second edition The current edition is a combined textbook "Self-teacher of the Ossetian language" in 2 parts, published in 2004 and 2005. The purpose of this edition is to give everyone the opportunity to take a course of study from the basics to fluency in the language within the limits that allow them to read and translate texts of medium difficulty with a dictionary and without the help of a dictionary, independently compose sentences and explain themselves in Ossetian in the volume of the topics covered. The self-instruction manual of the Ossetian language is intended for people who start learning the Ossetian language for the first time on their own or with the help of a teacher. It allows you to learn lexical units for active use and master the basics of the grammar of the Ossetian language. IN study guide contains about 1500 words (together with word forms they make up more than 3000 words). The first part of the tutorial consists of twenty-five lessons and appendices, which includes keys to tests, a table for the formation of the stems of the present and past tenses of the verb, and an Ossetian-Russian dictionary. Each lesson consists of grammatical and lexical explanations illustrated with examples, a text with a dictionary and notes, as well as exercises and tests. Grammar explanations are built on examples of vocabulary learned and elementary language structures. Grammar exercises include various staging types of exercises, translations from Russian into Ossetian and from Ossetian into Russian. Mainly verb forms, prepositions, pronouns, use of tenses and moods are activated. From the fifth lesson, at the end of each lesson, a test is given. To check the translations that are present in the control papers, lesson keys are given at the end of the tutorial. From the first part of the textbook, you will be able to master the basic grammatical forms and structure of the Ossetian language. Without knowledge of the morphological features of the language being studied, it is impossible to learn the language. However, in order to fully understand the lexico-grammatical features of the language being studied, it is necessary to work with texts and exercises. The second part of the tutorial will allow you to deepen the knowledge gained from the first part of this tutorial. 5 The presented version of the tutorial consists of 42 lessons and applications. The material is presented from simple to complex. In addition to theoretical material and texts, there are dialogues, exercises, lexical work, work on pronunciation. In the second part of the tutorial there is no theory of grammar, but in the course of working on texts and exercises, if necessary, you should refer to the first part of the tutorial for repetition or to clarify certain grammatical forms. Before you start working with the text, you must learn all the words to the text, then learn to read expressively, preferably out loud. After you can read the text without hesitation, start translating it. Literally every word should be translated. In this case, often your translation will not make sense. Then, from the tracing translations, make sentences according to the meaning. By comparing the tracing translation with the semantic one, you will more clearly present the features of sentence construction in the Ossetian language. Even if you can translate sentences without difficulty, do not switch to another text without completing the tasks in the "Working on the text" section. Questions and exercises to the texts will allow you to fully absorb the material. How to study according to the self-instruction manual Everyone who starts self-study the Ossetian language from the self-instruction manual, must comply with three necessary conditions: 1) it should be practiced regularly, at least an hour or an hour and a half a day; 2) all tasks must be studied in the order in which they are given in the textbook; 3) the text and words to the text should be read aloud at least two or three times after the meaning of the text is clear. Language learning cannot be limited to the understanding of a particular linguistic phenomenon, it requires training and the acquisition of certain skills and abilities. Therefore, you should work on each lesson until you master the material. If at the first execution there were difficulties, then you need to repeat the task until correctness and fluency are achieved. In no case do not jump to another lesson without mastering the previous one. If you completed all the tasks in the test without difficulty, it means that you have mastered the material covered and can move on to the next lesson. 6 How to work on vocabulary vocabulary and a minimum knowledge of grammatical structures, provided that you can get the most out of this limited material. But for this it is necessary to learn a certain amount of common vocabulary. To learn this minimum, you need to know how to do it. Mechanical assimilation does little - words memorized without comprehension and without an appropriate semantic environment are quickly forgotten. As practice shows, most people remember words more easily in context (in the example). In context, you will more easily understand the meaning of the word and its role in the sentence. One of the moments in the work on a single word should be the comprehension of its word-formation structure. Knowing the most important elements of word formation will not only help you better understand the meaning of the word, but also remember it. In order to better remember words, use different methods, depending on which type of memory you have better developed: auditory, visual or motor. Some memorize words by reading them aloud many times, others by reading them to themselves, that is, fixing them visually, and others by writing them out. But for all three categories of students, it can be advised to draw up a card file: write down on small cards the words and expressions that they encounter during the classes. Each word or expression should be entered on a separate card; on one side of the card is written an Ossetian word with an example, and on the back - its translation and translation of the example. As the word-forming elements are mastered, it is necessary to add these elements to each word. At the same time, you will see how many words-concepts you can learn by knowing one word, but using different word-forming constructions. How to work on grammar The grammar course in the tutorial does not involve in-depth study of grammar. Grammar is studied only to the extent that awareness of the basic patterns and structure of the language is provided. This is necessary for independent assimilation of word-forming rules and the construction of sentences, which frees one from memorizing each word form. The study of grammar for practical purposes is a means that provides correct construction phrases and comprehension. Therefore, 7 carefully read and memorize grammatical explanations, analyze examples and make up your own according to their model. To facilitate the work with the Ossetian grammar, Russian terminology is used in this book. How to work on pronunciation Mastering the correct pronunciation with self-study the Ossetian language is not an easy task. A certain difficulty for assimilation is represented by intonation, as well as guttural "Caucasian" sounds. When studying these phenomena, you need to follow the following instructions: 1. Read each word several times, at first slowly, then faster until complete fluency, until the pronunciation of the word ceases to be difficult for you. 2. Listen to recordings of Ossetian speech. Listen to the pronunciation of individual sounds and the intonation of sentences, even if you do not yet understand the meaning of what you hear. 3. It is advisable to record your speech on a tape recorder and listen to it. 4. Try to memorize excerpts from the texts that are given in the textbook. In this case, the text that needs to be memorized, you must first of all read aloud several times, only after that proceed with memorization. Reading aloud is the most accessible and effective method developing correct pronunciation. Author Elementary course Introductory phonetic course Most of the sounds of the Ossetian language find their approximate correspondence in Russian. The Ossetian alphabet is based on Russian graphics and consists of 43 letters. Of these, in the Ossetian literary language 34 letters express 35 G phonemes of vowels and 28 consonants). The discrepancy between the number of letters and phonemes consists in writing the vowel phoneme y and the consonant phoneme w with one letter y. The remaining 9 letters of the Ossetian alphabet are used only in words borrowed from the Russian language. Ossetian alphabet Aa Єє Bb Vv Gg G'g Dd Jj Dzdz Her Her Fzh Zz Ii Yy Kk K'k' Ll Mm Nn Oo Pp P'p Rr Ss Tt T't Uu F X x Xb x' Ts ts Ts' ts' H h Ch' ch Yuyu Yaya Lesson 1 Phonetics proper names , for example: magazine, Chaliapin, brush, object, piece, equator, Yurik, anchor. Letters a, b, c, d, e, e, i, d, l, m, n, o, p, f These letters are similar in pronunciation to the corresponding Russian sounds: 1. The sound a is close to the Russian a under stress. a) Read the following letter combinations: ba, va, ga, yes, la, ma, na, ra, fa. b) Read the following words. Remember at the same time that in Ossetian words it is read in the same way as the Russian stressed I, regardless of how many times it occurs in one word: mad, card, ball, monitor lizard, garage, advance, arv, arm Remember: in words where a occurs in several syllables, regardless of whether the syllable is stressed or unstressed, and is always pronounced more slowly than Russian unstressed a. So, in the words monitor lizard, garage, advance, and in Russian it is pronounced briefly in unstressed syllables, and drawlingly in stressed syllables. In Ossetian, it is equally drawn out. 2. The sound e is close to the Russian shock e in the word coast, but more closed. a) Read the following combinations of letters, remembering that the consonants before e soften in the same way as in Russian: be, ve, ge, de, le, me, not, re, fe b) Read the following words: bel, tel, aftek, corporal Remember: the sound e, just like the Ossetian sound a>, is pronounced drawling, regardless of the stress or unstress of the syllable. 11 3. The sound i is close to the Russian stress i’ in the word willow. a) Read the following letter combinations, remembering that consonants before and soften: bi, vi, gi, di, li, mi, ni, ri, fi b) Read the following words: their, hid, ird, ivad, ivar, mit Remember : the sound and is always read as a percussion "in Russian. 4. The sound o is close to the Russian stressed word kot, but more labialized than Russian o. a) Read the following combinations of letters: bo, vo, go, do, lo, mo, but, ro, fo b) Read the following words: bon, nom, kom, ikhdon, erdo, ovalon, ocean Remember: the sound o is always read as Russian percussion about. 5. Read the following words and try to remember their meanings: mad - mother; card - knife; ball - cherry; arv - sky; arm - hand; kad - honor, respect, glory; bel - shovel; bodies - wire, wire, telegram; aftek - pharmacy; erdo - chimney; ih - ice; hid - bridge; ird - light, clear, brilliant; ivad - pale; ivar - fine, prohibition; ihdon - ice water, ice water; mit - snow; bon - day; nom - name; com - gorge, mouth, point; oval - oval. Remember: Consonants at the end of a word are always pronounced clearly. Sounds ы Sound ы is not identical to the Russian sound ы. In the Ossetian language, ы is pronounced with the passivity of the lips and is a vaguely colored vowel. A similar sound is sometimes heard in Russian between consonants at the end of a word, although this sound is never noted in writing, for example: minister-r (minister), Dnepr-r (Dnepr), Dnest-r (Dniester), 12 6. a) Read the following letter combinations: would, you, dy, ly, we, us, ry, ff b) Read the following words and try to remember their meaning: byn - bottom, bottom; niv - drawing, painting; ryg - dust; myr - sound; was - lip, edge of something c) Read and compare the pronunciation of the sound s in Ossetian and Russian words: was ("lip") - was (from the verb "to be") myr ("sound") - soap ryg ("dust" ) - lever dive ("now") - dive Remember: The sound y is always pronounced as a sound not marked on the letter, for example, in the word minister-r (minister). Pay attention to the pronunciation of s. For example, in the Russian word "bb!l" (from the verb "to be") the sound y is pronounced drawlingly, and in the Ossetian word bb!l ("lip") the sound y is pronounced briefly, quickly, as if there is no vowel in the word. Grammar The indefinite form of the verb (Infinitive) The indefinite form of the verb in the Ossetian language always has the suffix -bzh. 7. a) Read the following verbs and pay attention to how they end: badyn, daryn, amonin, ivyn, baryn b) Read the following words and try to remember their meaning: badyn - sit baryn - weigh daryn - hold amonin - indicate, show amaiyn - plan, fold ivyn - change 13 Lesson 2 Phonetics Vowel ^ The vowel y in the Ossetian language is pronounced drawlingly, almost like a Russian stressed y. Remember: In Russian, the brevity and length of the sound depend on the stress (for example: in the words "chicken" - "piece" in the first case ^ is pronounced lingeringly, because it is under stress, in the second case ^ is pronounced briefly, quickly, t . to. is not stressed). In the Ossetian language, sound.y is always pronounced drawling. 1. a) Read the following letter combinations, remembering that y is read like Russian percussive sound y. boo, du, gu, lu, mu, well, ru, fu, ub, ug, ud, mind, un, ur, uv b) Read the following words: kuryn, bur, fool, dudyn, uromyn c) Read Ossetian and Russian words with a long phoneme.u. Compare the length of pronunciation. in both Ossetian and Russian words: kuryn - chicken fool - steering wheel dudyn - thought uromyn - clever kuryn - eat suryn - bag foolish - cigarette butt ruvyn - pen Consonant u In some combinations, the letter u is read as a consonant sound u In Russian, this sound is absent. The Ossetian consonant y is close to English and > and is pronounced as in words and names borrowed into Russian, such as, for example, in the words "bivouac", "reservoir", or in the names "William", "Winston". Remember: Sound ^y is read as a consonant in the following cases: a) At the beginning of a word followed by a vowel: uyng, uydon, uynyn, uynd, uy, uag, uad, uidag, uadul, uaryn, uidg 14 b) In the middle of a word in the neighborhood with vowels: auayyn, haiuan, tauyn, tuag, hauyn c) At the end of the word after a vowel: kau, sau, argau, nau 2. a) Read the following letter combinations: ua, ui, ue, uo, uy, au, iu, ey, ou, yy, aua, aui, aoy, yui, ay b) Read the words: auylty, bauayyn, bauad, bauyrnyn, yuhatt Test: Read the words. Determine the vowel and consonant phoneme y. Underline the vowel y with one line, the consonant with two lines ^: uyry, uydon, uromyn, kuryn, uynyn, dukani, dune, iuhatt, bauyrnyn, kuyroy, bur, buar 3. a) Read the following letter combinations: kuy, guy, khuy b ) Read the following words: kuyd, kuyroy, guydyr, huydon, guybyn, guybyr, guyryn, kuyrd, kuyrm c) Read the Ossetian and Russian words with the phoneme y Compare the Russian unstressed phoneme y with the Ossetian consonant phoneme. where - kuyd thin - huydon Remember: The consonant y after k, r, x and before the vowel s is an indicator of the roundness of these consonants. When reading, it is close to Russian unstressed ^. 4. Read the following words and try to remember their meaning: var - temper, character, behavior, order, position, state guybyr - bent, hunched, humpbacked drill - yellow Uromyn - stop, delay, hold dudyn - itch auayyn - run away, go, run dur - stone 15 kuyd - like uyry - guybyn rat - chicken belly - ask guyryn - be born kuyrm - blind uydon - they, those uynd - kind of uad - run, whirlwind, storm - universe, kuyroi world - huydon mill - uidag pigsty - dukan root - kuyrd shop - uyng blacksmith - uynyn street - see uyy - he, she, it, that nau - ship uaryn - rain khaiuan - animal buar - body Grammar Noun name a noun in the Ossetian language, unlike Russian, does not have a category of gender. Read the following nouns and pay attention to the endings of the words: mad "mother", bel "shovel", dukani "shop", dune "universe" - bacast place - bynat area - bynat 16 Lesson 3 Phonetics Vowel Є, є (є) The letter є is absent in the Russian alphabet. The phoneme є is close to Russian unstressed sounds aio9 for example, in the words ram, goat If in Russian the incorrect spelling or pronunciation of stressed and unstressed a and o does not affect the meaning of the word, then in Ossetian the meaning of the word depends on the correct spelling or pronunciation of a and є. For example: kad "honor, glory" - kєd "when" sar "woe!" - sєr "head" at hell "running" -uєd "then" az "year" - єз "I" Remember: In the first case, the Ossetian a is close Russian shock a, and in the second case - unstressed o. 1. a) Read the following letter combinations. pay attention to correct pronunciation longitudes a and se: ba - bє, va - vє, yes - dє, na - nє, ma - me, ra - rє, fa - fє fєndag 2. Read the following words and try to remember their meaning: kєd - when uєd - then kєrєf - greedy lєppu - boy zєrond - old lєppulєg - young man lєg - man аhodєn - breakfast gєdy - cat, cat fєndag - road kєnyn - do kєstєr - younger izєr - evening hisster - senior fєrazyn - be able ferєt - ax fєndag - road fєzdєg - smoke there is a lot of confusion. The range of fluctuations is from identical to Russian h, s to identical to Russian w, w. Although the different pronunciation of these sounds does not affect the meaning of the word, it is an indicator of literary or non-literary pronunciation. Remember: The letter z is pronounced almost like Russian zh, that is, like er10. The letter c is pronounced almost like Russian sh, i.e. like ssh- 3. a) Read the following words and remember how to pronounce z and s correctly: We write zymєg zonan stol sakhat єz phos sshtol] shahat [sshahat] zh [єzh] foch [fosh] b) Read the following words. Pay attention to the difference in their spelling and pronunciation: We pronounce [zzh] zharyn [zzh] arazhyn [zh] magazine [zh] lampshade [ssh] shabi [ssh] keshyn [sh] machine [sh] slate We write zaryn arazyn magazine lampshade sabi kesyn machine slate Please note: Sounds zh, sh are written as zh, sh only in Russian borrowed words of the post-October period. 18 4. a) Read the following words: єз, sakhat, arazyn, zonin, nykhas, hisster, kestєr, kesyn, fyssyn, izєр b) The words are given below according to their pronunciation. Write them according to the spelling rules: nyshan, shyntєg, lampshade, shkap, Chaliapin, zhond, єvzharyn 5. Read the words and try to remember their meaning: zymєg - winter sakhat - watch arazyn - build, make, make syntєg - bed kysyn - watch, read , control probe - mind, knowledge єvzaryn - to distinguish, distinguish nysan - the meaning of zonan-to know stol-table єz - i phos - animals, cattle zaryn - sing sabi - child Grammar Stress Stress in the Ossetian language is less pronounced than in Russian. The main patterns of stress placement are as follows: 1) The stress can fall on the first or second syllable from the beginning, moreover, it gravitates more towards the second syllable. 2) If in the first syllable there is a strong vowel (a, o, e, y, and), and in the second - a weak one (є, s), then the stress falls on the first syllable: badyn “sit”, and ivyn “change”, kuryn “ ask". 3) If the first syllable has a weak vowel, and the second one has a strong one, then the stress falls on the second syllable: leppu "boy", fendag "road". 4) In words with weak vowels in both first syllables, the stress, as a rule, falls on the second syllable: gedy “cat, cat”, keref “greedy”, uyny’n “to see”. 5) In Ossetian proper names, the stress falls on the second syllable, regardless of the composition of the vowels: Soslan, Satan, Selimet, Mєh&met, Tamara. 6) In words borrowed from the Russian language, the stress is placed as in Russian: tractor driver, collective farm, revolution. 19 6, a) Write out the following words, putting stress on the desired syllable: daryn, uromyn, uydon, auayyn, haiuan, zymєg, arazyn b) Try to read the following words, taking into account the stress: dune, uadul, sakhat, zaryn, synteg, єvzaryn Definiteness and indefiniteness In the Ossetian language there is no definite article that would indicate the definiteness or indefiniteness of a name. An indicator of certainty and uncertainty is usually stress in the following cases: certain subject , the stress falls on the second syllable: aryng "trough (some)". b) If we are talking about a specific subject, the stress moves to the first syllable: feret “an ax (some)”, ferret “(a certain) ax” Example: Fseret balkhedton “I bought an ax (some)” Feret myn rahєss “bring me an ax (and not something else)” c) The same law also applies in accentual groups: tsirgAfserset “sharp ax (some)”, tsirgAferєm “sharp ax (and not some other)” Compare the following sentences among themselves: Indefinite: Uyndzhi hazy lєpp ^ “a boy (some) is playing in the yard”. Specific: L&ppu khazy uynji "a boy (and not someone else) is playing in the street." 20 Lesson 4 Phonetics Sounds dzh, dz, ts The sounds dzh and dz, which are absent in Russian, represent voiced correspondences of deaf chits. The sound j is similar to j in the words jeans, Chomolungma. The sound dz is similar to Russian z: We write We pronounce dzul zul dzyrd zyrd dzuryn zuryn Remember: The meaning of the word depends on the correct spelling of the sound z. Thus, the word dzul means "bread". If instead of dz we write z, then we get a word with a different meaning - zul, which will be read as zhul [zzh], which means "crooked". Note: In some dialects of the Ossetian language, the sound dz is pronounced as the Russian letter combination dz in the word dzin, or as Russian zh. The letter ts corresponds to the Russian sound c: We write We pronounce pet pes tsєsg sєshg tsarv sarv Note: In some dialects of the Ossetian language, the letter ts is pronounced like Russian ts (for example, in the words center, Pitsunda, chicken, etc.). Remember: The doubled letters ts are read like Russian ts, for example, in the word hseiise "mixing". 1. a) Read the following words in pairs. Compare the pronunciation of the highlighted letters with each other: dzul [zul] "bread" - zul [zhul] "obliquely" tsyrd [syrd] "quickly" - syrd [shyrd] "beast" tsєr [sєr] "live" - sєr [sєr] " head "21 b) Read the words and try to remember their meaning: tsalkh - wheel byndz - fly tsong - hand dzul - bread dzuryn - speak dzyrd - word dzhelbet - dignity, virtue dzypp - pocket jeep - form, seal zul - obliquely tsєryn - live sєr - head tsєsgom - face tsarv - oil khєtsє - mixture of pets - stove tsyrd - fast, quickly syrd - beast tsєuyn - go tsєvyn - hit Grammar 1. Personal pronouns Personal pronouns are presented in three forms: 1) full, 2) short, 3 ) is definitely personal. Full forms of personal pronouns Remember the following six personal pronouns (full forms) used in the modern Ossetian language: єз - I mah - we dy - you symakh - you uy - he, she, it uydon - they Note: Unlike the Russian language , in Ossetian there is no appeal to you. In all cases, the interlocutor is addressed to you. There is also no gender pronoun. Instead of he, she, it in the Ossetian language, only uy is always used. 2. Verb. Verb stems 1. The stem of the present tense does not have a special stem-forming suffix and coincides with the root of the verb. The basis of the present tense can be obtained from the infinitive (indefinite form of the verb) by separating the suffix -yn: Infinitive eat” хєр- a) Write out the following verbs. Form the basis of the present tense from them: zaryn, badyn, baryn, daryn, amonin, ivyn, uromyn, arazyn b) Form indefinite forms of the verb (infinitive) from the basis of the present tense: amai-, nєm-, kur-, uar-, єvzar- , ken-, kus- 2. The basis of the past tense is formed by adding the suffix -t- or -d- to the root of the verb: of time las (yn) gift (yn) das (yn) uarz (yn) єkhgenєn (yn) sai (yn) sid (yn) “carry” “keep” “shave” “love” “close” “deceive” “call” last dard will give uarzt єghєd side sidt a) Form the basis of the past tense from the indefinite form of the verb (infinitive): fyssyn, zaryn, daryn, ivyn, guyryn (Test yourself: fast, zard, dard, ivd, guardd) b) Form in writing from the basis past tense indefinite form of the verb and underline the basis of the present tense: khєrd, last, єхгєд, sidt, fast, side, ward 3. When forming the basis of the past tense, vowels often alternate: time є a tsєr (yn) "live" zard hєss (yn) "carry" hayet favrs (yn) "ask" farst 23 kєs (yn) tєh (yn) sєy (yn) (yn) araz (yn) єvnal (yn) saf (yn) The basis of the present, time є ken (yn) The basis of the present, time and fid (yn) єrvit (yn) The basis of the present, time U kus (yn) chickens (yn) kuv (yn) dzur (yn) agur (yn) Basis of crust, time au stau (yn) revdau (yn) ardau (yn) Basis of crust, time єu tsєu (yn) kєu (yn) ) "read" "fly" "ill" "understand" "catch up" "do" "touch" "lose" "do" "pay" "send" "work" "ask" "bow" "speak" "seek" " praise" "caress" caste ottomans garden Basis prosh. time є єmєrst єyyєft arєzt єvneld sєft Basis prosh. time about cond Basis past. time s fast єrvyst Basis past. time s kuyst kuyrd kuyvd dzyrd aguyrd Basis prosh. time s shame rєvdyd "incite" ardyd "go" "cry" "know" The basis of past. time y tsyd kuyd Basis past. time y zynd khon (yn) “call” huynd amon (yn) “show” amynd Basis of present, time Basis of past. time zero and st (yn) “get up” stad ss (yn) “grind” ssad єhs (yn) “wash” єkhsad 4. Form the basis of the past tense from the indefinite form of the verb: komyn, єftauyn, arauyn, єmbulyn, suryn, zduhyn, hilyn, rizyn, khizyn, єfsadyn, tєryn, sєttyn, kєrdyn (Check yourself: kuyd, єftyd, aryd, єmbyld, syrd, zdykht, khyld, ryzt, hyzt, єfsєst, tard, sаst, karst) 5. Read the words and try to remember their meaning: tsєryn - live fєrsyn - ask єyyafyn - catch up with safyn - lose komyn - succumb єmbulyn - win arauyn - scorch (on fire) hilyn - crawl khizyn - graze, climb tєryn - drive kardyn - cut, cut hessyn - carry єmbaryn - understand єvnalyn - touch kenyn - do єftauyn - add suryn - catch up with zduhyn - twist rizyn - tremble єfsadyn - saturate 25 Lesson 5 Phonetics Consonant гъ The sound гъ is absent in the Russian literary language. It is pronounced like g in the Ryazan dialect. The sound gb is a voiced correspondence of the deaf l:. Close to Tajik r, French r. єgdau, sygdєg, arg, tsyrag, syzgerin, zynarg, darg, zgєlyn Please note: At the beginning of the word, the sound g is not found in the Ossetian language. All words starting with the letter g are interjections, and g is pronounced close to the German sound A in them. [kseitt] "well!". c) Read the words and try to remember their meaning: єgҔdau - custom, tradition, order, decency sygdєg - pure єgҔєd - enough, enough єgҔg - button arg - price, cost syzgєrin - gold darg - long tsyrag - lamp zynarg - dear zgєlyn - pour in 2. Read the words in pairs. Compare the pronunciation of the letters r and r with each other. Remember the pronunciation of g: sєg (“soot”) - sєg (“goat, goat”) rag (part compound words“for a long time”) - rag (“back, backbone”) Verb Conjugation of the verb in the indicative mood The verb in the Ossetian language, as well as in Russian, has grammatical categories of person, number, tense and mood. The conjugation system of the Ossetian verb is formed by personal forms by adding personal endings to the stems of the verb. 26 Personal endings in the indicative mood Present tense єз (i) - yn mah (we) - єм dy (you) - ыс symakh (you) - ut uy (he, she, it) - ы уdydon (they) - ынц Pay attention : The personal ending of the indicative mood of the 1st person singular -&ш coincides with the ending of the indefinite form of the verb -ын. So, the word kenyn can mean both “do” (infinitive) and “do” A-th person of the present tense). 3. a) Read the phrases. Pay attention to the endings of the verb: єз kusyn (“I work”) mah kusєm (“we work”) dy kusys (“you work”) symakh kusut (“you work”) uyy kusy (“he works”) uydon kusynts (“ they work") b) Read the following phrases and try to translate them into Russian: єз dzuryn mah dzurym dy dzurys symakh dzurut uyy dzury uydon dzurynts c) Read the words. Determine the face of verbs by their personal endings. Write them out with the appropriate personal pronouns: badys, bady, badєm, badyn, badut, badynts d) Conjugate the following verbs: khєryn, kenyn, tsєuyn, physsyn Sample: єз khєryn dy khєrys, etc. Check yourself Test 1) Read the following phrases and try to translate them into Russian: єз цєун, mah badєm, uydon khєrynts, dy kusys, symakh zarut, uyy fyssy 27 stand, you walk, you sit Repeat the words: kusyn - work dzuryn - say amaiyn - plan, fold badyn - sit tsєuyn - go kenyn - do uromyn - stop, hold fyssyn - write amonin - show, indicate kesyn - read, watch arazyn - build, direct baryn - weigh єvzaryn - distinguish; choose; try lєuuyn - stand daryn - wear, hold khєryn - eat ivyn - change nєmyn - beat kuryn - ask dudyn - itch zaryn - sing guyryn - be born uynyn - see zonin - know Test I. Answer the following questions: 1) How are the letters A, a and Є, є read? 2) In what cases is the letter Y, y a vowel, and in which cases is it a consonant? II. Read the following words: new, was, dive, uidig, auayyn, kau, sabi, dzul, syntєg, byndz, ygdau, sygzherin, zonan, probe, vag, tsong, tsalkh III. Form an indefinite form of the verb (infinitive) from the stems: kes-, dzur-, physs-, ken-, lєuu-, zar-, bad-, khєr-, tsєr- IV. Name and write Ossetian words meaning: mother, day, name, man, boy, bread, clock, table, sit, stand, go, read, look, work, do, see, street, road V. Translate in writing into Ossetian : I'm going. You are walking. He's coming. We are going. You go. They are coming. Achieve complete fluency in the pronunciation of Ossetian words. 28 Lesson 6 Phonetics Letters k, k, х, хъ 1. The sound k is close to Russian k, but differs from it in weaker articulation and aspiration. 2. The sound x is a deaf correspondence of the voiced gъ and is close to Russian x. 3. The sounds ky and хъ have no correspondences in Russian, but are widely represented in the Caucasian and Turkic languages. To pronounce ky, you need to try to pronounce the sound k\u003e but abruptly stop, as if firing a sound. In this case, the air is not released, as when pronouncing k. To pronounce xb, you need to try to pronounce the sound l:, but also, interrupting abruptly, do not release air, as when pronouncing x. This should result in a sound close to the sound that is obtained when we want to get rid of the apple peel stuck to the upper palate, but more sharply. 4. The sounds k, k, x, xb must be distinguished both when writing and when pronouncing, because the mixing of these sounds and letters affects the change in the meaning of the word. Compare for clarity: kus - “work” kus - “cup” hus - “dry, dry” hus - “ear; listen” Please note: If you pronounce or spell the first letter incorrectly, you get a completely different word with a different meaning. 5. a) Try to pronounce the following letter combinations: ka, kaa, ha, ha, ko, ko, ho, ho, ku, ku, hu, hu b) Read the words: card, kah, kuh, khur, khєd, khєu c) Read the words. Compare the letters k, k, x, xh in paired words: kus - kus kєd - khєd hus - hus kuyd - huyd khєr - khєr kym - kym huyr - khyuyr kom - khyom 29 Remember the meanings of the words: kus - work khєr - eat kєd - when kєm - where kard - knife kus - cup, bowl khєr - cry, loudly hєd - forest, log kєm - hair, fluff kah - leg hus - dry, dry khuyr - crushed stone kuyd - like a lump - mouth; gorge kuh - hand hus - ear, listen huyr - throat huyd - needed khoom - herd khur - sun 1. The following alternations are observed in the consonants of the stem: The basis of present, tense The basis of past. time d, t, tt, nd, nt kєrd (yn) єrvit (yn) bєtt (yn) ssєnd (yn) change (yn) Basis present. dz, c, ndz, nts lidz (yn) widz (yn) sudz (yn) duts (yn) auyndz (yn) hynts (yn) “cut, cut” “send” “knit” “trample” “interfere” st karst єrvyst byet ssєst zmєst time Basis past. 1 "run" "collect" "burn" "milk" "hang" "count" gd lygd uygd sygd dygd auygd hygd . tense єmbar (yn) "understand" ємєrst єvzar (yn) "choose" євєрst bar (ын) "weigh" barst єndzar (yn) "set fire" єндєрст хой (ын) "beat" host 3. The basis of the past tense of some verbs has a suffix -yd: The basis of present, time The basis of past. time kaf (yn) “dance, dance” kafyd zar (yn) “sing” zaryd laeuu (yn) “stand” lєuuyd haz (yn) “play” hazyd 4. Some verbs in which the stem of the present tense ends in n, l *, in the basis of the past tense, they lose them: The basis of present, time The basis of the past. of time єvgєn (yn) “load” єvgєd єlkhєn (yn) “buy” єlkhєd єхгєн (yn) “close” єхгєд нєм (yn) “beat” over ur (yn) “stop” uraed Exercises 1. Write out the words, underline in the verbs the basis of the present tense: kaft, zaryn, lєuuyd, kafyn, nєmyn, lєuyn, dzyrd, fast, kuyst, khєrd, fyssyn, barst, khєryn, baryn 2. Read the words. Form the basis of the past tense from the indefinite form of the verb: aguryn, єmєlyn, amonin, єvdisyn, єvzaryn, dzuryn, daryn, ku- son, tsєuyn look for єmbєlyn - meet (sya) єvdisyn - show lidzyn - run, run away kafyn - dance, dance hazyn - play єrvityn - send bettyn - knit єmbaryn - understand єlkhєnyn - buy Exercises for repeating material 1. Translate the following phrases into Ossetian: I play . You play. He plays. We play. You're playing. They are playing. 2. Make up phrases by putting the verbs in the right person with the appropriate ending: єз (lєuuyn), mah (lєuuyn), uy (lєuuyn), uydon (lєuuyn), dy (lєuuyn), symakh (lєuuyn). 3. Conjugate the following verbs according to the persons in the present tense of the indicative mood: dzuryn, badyn, kusyn, zonan Translate them into Russian. Transitive and intransitive verbs Transitivity and intransitivity of a verb must be taken into account when conjugating a verb in the indicative and subjunctive moods in the past tense, since they have different personal endings. - Transitive verbs are those verbs that can have a direct object with them. For example: lasyn “to carry” (don lasyn “to carry water”), sadzyn “to plant” (bєlestє sadzyn “to plant trees”). - Intransitive verbs express an action that does not transfer to another object. Therefore, intransitive verbs cannot carry a direct object. For example: lєsyn "crawl" (one cannot say don lєsyn - literally "creep water"), sєdzyn "get stuck" (one cannot say bєlєstє sєdzyn - literally "stick trees"). 32 Transitivity - intransitivity of a verb in the modern Ossetian language is expressed in the following ways: 1. Lexically, i.e. by different verbs: zєgyn "to say" - transitive dzuryn "to speak" - intransitive aryn "to give birth" - transitive guyryn "to be born" - intransitive, etc. Item 2. Different bases of the same verb: arazyn “to arrange, build, direct” - transitive arezyn “to settle, build, direct” - intransitive tadzyn “to drip” - transitive tєdzyn “to flow” - intransitive, etc. Note: At the end of the textbook, verbs are given in the infinitive with an indication of transitivity - intransitivity. Conjugation of verbs in the past tense Indicative mood Personal endings of transitive verbs єз - (t) on mah - (t) am dy - (t) ai symakh - (t) at uyy - (t) a uydon - (т) oh Example: Verb las (yn) -last- (past tense stem) sez laston "I carried" mah lastam "we carried" du lastai "you carried" symakh lastat "you carried" uyy lasta "he (she) carried" uydon lastoi "they carried » Personal endings of intransitive verbs єz - (t) єn max - ystєm dy - (t) є symakh - ystut uyy - is uydon - ysty Example: Verb lєs (yn) - lєsyd- (the basis of the past tense)<*з лєсыдтєн «я полз» мах лєсыдыстєм «мы ползли» 33 ды лєсыдтє «ты полз» сымах лєсыдыстут «вы ползли» уый лєсыдис (наряду с лєсыд) уыдон лєсыдысты «он полз» «они ползли» Примечание: Если основа прошедшего времени не заканчивается на т, то перед личным окончанием вставляется т. Например: дзырд (сездзырд + т + он, ды дзырд + т + ай,уыйдзырд + т+а и т. д.). Упражнения 1. Переведите на русский язык следующие фразы: Єз бадын. Єз бадтєн. Ды бадыс. Ды бадтє. Уый бады. Уый бадт(ис). Мах бадєм. Мах бадтыстєм. Сымах бадут. Сымах бадты- стут. Уыдон бадынц. Уыдон бадтысты. 2. Переведите на осетинский язык следующие фразы: Я работаю. Я работал. Ты работаешь. Ты работал. Он работает. Он работал. Мы работаем. Мы работали. Вы работаете. Вы работали. Они работают. Они работали. Примечание: Образование основ прошедшего времени от инфинитива, а также переходность - непереходность глагола можно проверить в конце учебника в соответствующем разделе. 3. Проспрягайте письменно следующие глаголы в изъявительном наклонении прошедшего времени. Подчеркните личные окончания глаголов: хєрын, хъазын, фыссын, лєууын, кєсын, цєуын Контрольная работа I. Произнесите вслух (желательно записать на диктофон или попросить кого-нибудь прослушать) слова хъус - кьус - кус - хус. Если вместо звука хъ получается к, следует произносить этот звук вслух (желательно при ком-то) до тех пор, пока не перестанете произносить перечисленные слова одинаково. 34 II. Переведите следующие слова на осетинский язык: крик, рука, солнце, лес, село, кушать, говорить, писать, понимать. III. Передайте смысл следующих слов по-русски: ласын, лєсын, садзын, сєдзын, лидзын, барын, уыдон, сымах, уый IV. Образуйте от основы настоящего времени следующих глаголов основу прошедшего времени: бєтт (ын), лидз (ын), судз (ын), хынц (ын), ємбар (ын), каф (ын), лєуу (ын), хъаз (ын), уром (ын), єхгєн (ын) V. Переведите следующие фразы на осетинский язык: Я понимаю. Ты играл. Он говорил. Мы работали. Вы знаете. Они поют. VI. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык: 1) Машинє ласы адєм. 2) Єндах нє лєсы судзины хуынчъы. 3) Сослан халын райдыдта зєронд быру. 4) Зєронд быру райдыдта хєлын. Запомните значение следующих слов: ласын - везти лєсын - пролезать садзын - сажать сєдзын - вязнуть халын - разрушать хєлын - разрушаться аразын - строить аразын - строиться єлвасын - стягивать єлвєсын - стягиваться хъусын - слышать хъуысын - слышаться сафын - терять сєфын - пропадать 35 Урок 7 Фонетика Буквы пъ, тъ, цъ, чъ. Смычно-взрывные звуки и буквы пъ, тъ, цъ, чъ чужды русскому языку, но они имеются во всех кавказских языках. При их произношении гортань на время смыкается и взрыв осуществляется тем запасом воздуха, который был в надгортанной области. 1. Прочитайте следующие слова и сравните произношение п и пъ: паддзахад пайда парахат пъартвел пъагон пъагонджын 2. Сравните произношение пъ\\пъ одних и тех же словах, звучащих в первом столбике по-осетински, а во втором - по-русски: пъагон погон пъавескє повестка пъалаткє палатка пъеро перо пълан план пъол пол 3. Прочитайте следующие слова и сравните произношение тпты тєр «гони» тьєр «место возле печки для сушки дров» тар «темный» тьаран «тарань» тыл «темя» тъыл «часть ножа, входящая в рукоятку» 4. Сравните произношение тъ и т в одних и тех же словах, звучащих в первом столбике по-осетински, а во втором - по-русски: тъахтин тьуз стъол равните произношение ц и цай «чай» цар «потолок» цєл «угощение» цил «папоротник» тахта туз стол цъ в двух столбиках: цъай «колодец» цъар «кожица, кора, обложка» цъєл «раздавленный» цъил «волчок, юла» 36 6. Сравните произношение ч и чъ в следующих словах: чиныг «книга» чъизи «грязный» чи «кто» чъири «пирог (осетинский) чындз «невестка, сноха» чъыр «известь, известка» 7. Прочитайте следующие слова и постарайтесь запомнить их значение: паддзах - царь, государь паддзахад - государство пайда - польза, толк, прибыль тєрын - гнать тар - темный, дремучий тыл - темя парахат - обилие, достаток, простор цъар - кожица, кора, обложка цєл - угощение чъизи - грязь, грязный чиныг - книга цар - потолок цъєл - раздавленный чындз - невестка, сноха Грамматика Спряжение глагола в изъявительном наклонении Будущее время Будущее время в изъявительном наклонении образуется с помощью личных окончаний и основы настоящего времени: єз ~ дзынєн мах - дзыстєм ды - дзынє сымах - дзыстут уый - дзєн(ис) уыдон - дзысты Повторение: 1. Образуйте от инфинитива (неопределенной формы глагола) основу настоящего времени: калын, фыссын, кусын, дзурын, цєуын 2. Проспрягайте следующие глаголы в изъявительном наклонении настоящего времени: калын, фыссын, кусын, дзурын, цєуын Образец спряжения в будущем времени: єз кусдзынєн «я буду работать» ды кусдзынсе «ты будешь работать» уый кусдзєн «он будет работать» 37 мах кусдзыстєм «мы будем работать» сымах кусдзыстут «вы будете работать» уыдон кусдзысты «они будут работать» Упражнения 1. Проспрягайте следующие глаголы в будущем времени изъявительного наклонения: калын, фыссын, дзурын 2. Переведите следующие фразы на русский язык: Єз цєудзынєн, ды цєудзынє, уый цєудзєн, мах цєудзыстєм, сымах цєудзыстут, уыдон цєудзысты. 3. Переведите следующие фразы на осетинский язык: Я буду играть, ты будешь играть, он будет играть, мы будем играть, вы будете играть, они будут играть. Образование множественного числа существительных В осетинском языке имеются два числа: единственное и множественное. - Множественное число образуется присоединением элемента т (в именительном падеже -таг) к форме единственного числа: бел - белтє, ныв - нывтє, дукани - дуканитє. - Иногда образование множественного числа сопровождается вставкой гласного ы между корнем и элементом т (тег). Это происходит в следующих случаях: 1. Если слово оканчивается на группу согласных: цєст - цєстытє «глаз» куыст - куыстытє «работа» кєрт - кєртытє «двор» бындз - бындзытсе «муха» цалх - цєлхытє «колесо» карк - кєрчытє «курица» Примечание: Исключение в этом ряду составляют некоторые слова, оканчивающиеся на -ргъ, -лгъ, -рг, -рд, -ран, -лм, -рв, -рс, -рз, -рдз, -рт, -нд, -ит, -нк, -нг, -вг, -ндз, -хс: 38 аргъ - єргыпє «цена» гарз - гєрзтє «орудие, оружие» алгъ - єлгыпє «кончик» хардз - хєрдзтє «расход» марг - мєргтє «яд» фырт - фырттє «сын» кард - кєрдтє «нож» зєронд - зєрєдтє «старый» арм - єрмттє «рука» уынг - уынгтє «улица» царе - цєрвтє «масло» авг - євгтє «стекло» 2. В двух- и многосложных словах, оканчивающихся на -єг и -ыг, гласные да, ы во множественном числе выпадают, но зато перед показателем множественности вставляется ы, причем в словах на -даг согласный г закономерно переходит перед ы в долг, а в словах на -ыг буква ы исчезает, а после г появляетсяуы\ барєг - барджытє «всадник» иарєг - нарджытє «узкий» зарєг - зарджытє «песня» кусєг - кусджытє «рабочий» мєсыг - мєсгцытє «башня» расыг -расгуытє «пьяный» нємыг - нємгуытє «зерно» Тест Переведите следующие фразы на русский язык: Єз зарын, єз зарыдтєн, єз зардзынєн, ды баддзынє, ды бадыс, ды бадтє, уый зоны, уый зондзєн, уый зыдта, мах куыстам, мах кусдзыстєм, мах кусєм, сымах лєуут, сымах лєудзыстут, сымах лєууыдыстут, уыдон дзурынц, уыдон дзурдзысты, уыдон дзырдтой. Упражнения 1. Образуйте множественное число существительных: стьол, бандой, мєй, хур, къус, хъус, лєппу, дур, хо Переведите их на русский язык. 2. Образуйте множественное число существительных, оканчивающихся на -сег: кєрдєг, хєрєг, стєг, сыгъдєг, уасєг, фыссєг, цєрєг, цєвєг 3. Образуйте множественное число существительных, оканчивающихся на -ыг: 39 нємыг, уєныг, фєрдыг, чиныг, єрфыг, уидыг Согласные к, г, къ, перед согласными ы, и, е. Запомните: Согласные к, г, къ перед гласными ы,и, е всегда переходят соответственно в ч, дж, чъ. Например, карк «курица» - карцы «курицы (родит, падеж)», кар<#имє «с курицей»; саг «олень» - са- джы «оленя (родит, падеж)», саджимє «с оленем»; тєскъ «корзина» - тєсдоы «в корзине», тєсдоимє «с корзиной». Контрольная работа I. Ответьте на вопросы: 1) Какие звуки обозначают буквы цъ, чъ, пъ, ть? 2) Как образуется основа настоящего времени глаголов? 3) Как образуется будущее время глаголов в изъявительном наклонении? 4) Как образуется множественное число? 5) В какие звуки переходят согласные к, г, къ перед гласными ы, е, и? И. Что означают слова: пайда, тар, паддзахад, цєл, тєрын, цъар III. Переведите на русский язык следующие фразы: Уыдон куыстой. Мах лєууєм. Єз дзурдзынєн. Уый хъаздзєн. Сымах фыстат. Ды зоныс. IV. Образуйте от следующих существительных множественное число: бур, скъола, быдыр, цалх, кєрц, тєрс, чындз, чызг, зынг, стєг, цєрєг, уынєг, уєйыг, уєныг, мєсыг. 40 Урок 8 Некоторые исключения в образовании множественного числа 1. Ряд слов, оканчивающихся на -єг и -ыгу не теряют во множественном числе гласной се перед г и образуют множественное число со вставкой ы\ кєрдєг фєйнєг хєстєг сынтєг рєстєг кєрдєджытє фєйнєджытє хєстєджытє сынтєджытє рєстєджытє «трава» «доска» «близкий» «кровать» «время» мад фыд єрвад «мать» «отец» «родич» 2. Несколько терминов родства образуют множественное число необычным способом - присоединением -селтсе: мадєлтє «матери» фыдєлтє «отцы, предки» єрвадселтє «родичи» 3. Слово^с «женщина» во множественном числе неустє, ъустытє. Особенности образования множественного числа имеют и некоторые другие слова: хъуг не «хъугтє», а хъуииытсг куыдз не «куыдзтє», а куыйтсе фыр не «фырпне», а фырытсе Упражнения 1. Образуйте множественное число от следующих существительных в единственном числе: кєрдєг, єрвад, сынтєг, куыдз, мад 2. Переведите на русский язык следующие предложения: Єз хордтон фєткъуы. Ды хордтай фєткъуы. Уый хордта фєткъуы. Мах хордтам фєткъуытє. Сымах хордтат фєткъуытє. Уыдон хордтой фаеткъуытє. Прочитайте и переведите заново перечисленные предложения, возведя «фєткьуы» во множественное число. Например: Єз хорд- тон фєткъуытє (Я кушал яблоки). 41 3. Переведите следующие предложения на осетинский язык: Я строю дом. Ты строил дом. Он будет строить дом. Мы строили дома. Вы будете строить дома. Они строят дома. 4. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык: Єз фыссын чиныг. Ды євдисдзынє кино. Уый амоны урок. Мах хордтам кєрдотє. Сымах ластат кєрдєг. Уыдон садзынц бєлєстє. Лексические упражнения 1. Выпишите на карточки следующие существительные в единственном и множественном числе: Къух, къухтє; сєр, сєртє; был, былтє; фырт, фырттє; чызг, чызджытє; мад, мадєлтє; фыд, фыдєлтє; єфсымєр, єфсымєртє; хо, хотє; уынг, уынгтє; кєрт, кєртытє; куыст, куыстытє; зєронд, зєрєдтє; кусєг, кусджытє; расыг, расгуытє; мєсыг, мєсгуытє; ду- кани, дуканитє. На обороте карточки напишите перевод слов на русский язык и, просматривая карточки, постарайтесь запомнить слова и их значения. 2. Выпишите на карточки следующие глаголы в инфинитиве и образованные от них основы прошедшего времени (инфинитив и основу прошедшего времени следует выписать на одну карточку): Кусын - куыст, дзурын - дзырд, бадын - бадт, хєрын - хєрд, кєнын - конд, фыссын - фыст, кєсын - каст, амонын - амыд, лєууын - лєууыд, хъазын - хъазт, зонын - зонд, цєуын - цыд. На обороте карточки напишите перевод глагола на русский язык (и в инфинитиве, и в форме основы прошедшего времени), постарайтесь запомнить их значения: работать - работа; говорить - слово; сидеть - сидение (действие); кушать, есть - кушанье, еда; делать - сделанный; писать - надпись, написанный; смотреть, читать - взгляд, смотр, чтение; показывать, указывать - показ, показанный; стоять - стояние (действие), остановка; играть - игра; знать - ум; идти - ходьба. 42 3. а) Выпишите на карточки следующие формы глагола: фыссын, фыссыс, фыссы, фыссєм, фыссут, фыссынц, фыстон, фыстай, фыста, фыстам, фыстат, фыстой, фысдзынєн, фысдзынє, фысдзєн, фысдзыстєм, фысдзыстут, фысдзысты. На обороте карточек напишите переводы этих глаголов. б) Выпишите на карточки личные местоимения: Єз, ды, уый, мах, сымах, уыдон. На обороте карточек напишите значения этих слов. в) Выпишите на карточки следующие существительные и словосочетания: чиныг, фыстєг, чингуытє, фыстєджытє, контролон куыст, контролон куыстытє На обороте карточек напишите значения этих слов: книга, письмо, книги, письма, контрольная работа, контрольные работы. 4. Разложите карточки так, чтобы получилось одно или несколько предложений. Проверьте правильность составления предложений, посмотрев переводы слов на обороте карточек. Чередование а, о-се при образовании множественного числа Имена, содержащие в последнем слоге основы сильные гласные а, о> change them in the plural to the weak vowel se. fєndag fєndєgtє "road" farce fєrstє "side, side" hazt hєztytє "game" kєsag kєsєgtє "fish" huag hüєgtє "lack" times rseztse "before" don dsvtse "water" nom nashtse "name" Remember: in polysyllabic words that do not end in a vowel, the transition rule a, about everything, almost knows no exceptions. (As an exception - agvzar - єvzartє "emergence"). 43 2. There is inconsistency in monosyllabic words. Strong vowels a, o do not always turn into є. As an exception to this rule, we give examples: baz baztse "pillow" sau sautse "black" kau kautse "wattle fence" fau fautse "reprimand" som somtse "ruble" Exercises 1. Form the plural from the following words: , paddzah, paddzahad, hedzar, duar, dune, wadul, qah, kuh, hus 2. Write down the following phrases. Open the brackets by putting the names in the right number ”Translate the composed phrases into Russian: Hordta (kєrdo). Wayints (don). Nuazin (don). Lєuuynts (khєdzar). Fyssy (fystєg). Notice the faces of the verbs. 3. Translate the following words into Russian: paddzahad, hedzar, fendag, uyng, kert, nom, bon, king, tsar, duar. Grammar Imperative The Ossetian verb in the imperative mood has two faces: the second and the third. The second person singular almost always coincides with the basis of the present tense: kusyn "to work" - kus "work!" badyn "sit" - bad "sit!" dzuryn "to speak" - dzur "speak!" lseuuyn “stand” -lseuu “stop!” Note: An exception to this rule is made by several verbs that have in the stem of the present tense seu\ they have the 2nd person singular imperative ending in ^: tseuyp "go" - tsu "go!" kseuyn "cry" - ku "cry!" Personal endings of verbs in the imperative mood Present tense dy - the basis of the present, tense symakh - ut uyy - єд uydon - єnt Examples: dy dzur symakh dzurut uyy dzurd uydon zurent - the basis of nast, time + iu symakh -ut - iu uyy -єd-iu uydon - єnt - iu Examples: dy dzur-iu symakh dzurut-iu uy dzurud-iu uydon dzursent-iu Exercises 1. a) Form the following verbs from the infinitive 2nd person imperative in the present tense: kusyn, zaryn, badyn, tsaeuyn, khazyn, lidzyn, naiyn, rєzyn, nuazyn, mєrzyn, єmbelyn, єfkhєryn, kuyn, zєgyn, zmelyn b) Conjugate the following verbs in the imperative mood of the present tense: zєgyn, zmelyn, kyuyn 2. Translate the meaning of the following phrases in Russian: Dy kus. Uydon khazent-iu. Symakh Kherut. Wow baded-iu. 45 Remember the meanings of the following words: єfkhєryn - offend, reproach, punish nuazyn - drink naiyn - bathe (sya) kuyn - cry rєzyn - grow zegyn - say mєrzyn - revenge zmelyn - move єmbєlyn - meet kahyn - dig Test Determine their inclination by the endings of the verbs , person and time: kuystay, kusєd-iu, kuyston, kusdzystєm, kusut, kusient-iu, kusy, kuystam, kusdzystut, kusynts Make phrases from them, putting the appropriate pronouns in front of them. Test I. Answer the following questions: 1) How do you form the plural of words ending in -єг and -б!г? 2) In what cases does the transition of vowels a, o to se occur during the formation of the plural? P. Name the Ossetian words meaning: go, work, house, door, said, write, speak, mother, brother, sister, father, swim, meet, ceiling, state, benefit, dark, white, black, red. III. Translate the following words into Russian: dzuryn, zєgyn, badys, lєuydysty, kusynts, nayints, rezy, nuazєm, mєrz, zmєl, ks, fєrazut, khєrєm, kahys. IV. Conjugate the following verbs in the imperative mood of the present tense: naiyn, kesyn, fyssyn. 46 Lesson 9 Grammar Desired mood Ossetian verbs in the desiring mood have the following forms: Present-future tense єз - in mah - ikkam dy - is symakh - ikkat uyy - id uydon - ikkoy Examples: sez dzurin "I would say" mah dzurikkam "we would said" dy dzuris "you would say" symakh dzurikkat "you would say" uy dzurid "he would say" uydon dzurikkoy "they would say" Past tense (transitive verb) єз - (t) ain mah - (t) aikkam dy - (t) ais symakh - (t) aikkat uyy - (t) aid uydon - (t) aikkoy Example: The verb sadzyn - sagd: sez sagypain "I would plant" mah sagtaikkam "we would plant" dy sagypais "you would plant" symakh sagtaikkat “you would have planted” uyy sagypaid “he would have planted” uydon sagtaikkoy “they would have planted” Past tense (intransitive verb) єз - ain mah - aikkam dy - ais symakh - aikkat uyy - aid uydon - aikkoy Example: Verb ssedzyn - sagd sagdain "I would be elm" mah sagdaikkam "we would be stuck" dy sagdais "you would be elm" symah sagdaikkat "you would be stuck" Uy sagdaid "he would be elm" uydon sagdaikkoy "they would be stuck" 47 Note: Consonant t appearing in the past tense, characteristic of verbs in which the stem of the present tense ends in y, y, r, l, m, n. Conditional mood The form of the future tense of the conditional mood is formed from the basis of the present tense and the personal ending: єз - he mah - sem dy - ai symakh - at uyy - a uydon - oh so that we plant" dy sadzay "so that you plant" symah sadzat "so that you plant" uyy sadza "so that he planted" uydon sadzoy "so that they plant" Exercises 1. a) Conjugate the following verbs in the past tense of the desired mood: dzuryn, badyn, zaryn b) Conjugate the following verbs in the future tense of the desired mood: zegyn, kusyn, fyssyn c) Conjugate the following verbs in the future tense of the conditional mood: kesyn, lidzyn, uayyn 2. Translate the following phrases into Russian: Ez zuron. Yes badis. Wow marztaid. Mah hazikkam. Symakh єmbeldaikkat. Udydon with a snake. Test Determine by personal endings the person, number, tense and mood of the following verbs: nuazikkoy, kuystais, kafid, єfkhєrdtaid, sygdain, araztaikkam, kesikkoy 48 Exercises for repetition 1. Translate the following phrases into Ossetian: I write. We would sit. They will work. You will talk. You would know. He understands. 2. Name the Ossetian words that have the following meanings: listen, ear, white, black, rain, root, spoon, sound, picture, hand, foot, head, eye, shop, yard, street, road, house, ceiling, table, bed, bread, talk, say, understand, buy. Declension There are eight cases in the Ossetian language: nominative, genitive, dative, directional, deferred, outward-local, joint, similitude. The nominative case in the singular has no indicator (zero indicator). In other cases, all cases have their own special case endings and answer their own questions. Note: Each case answers a specific question. For questions, you can determine the case and the desired ending. All indirect cases have two types of declension: with the ending of the stem of the word with a consonant and with the ending with a vowel. If the stem of a word ends in a vowel and the case ending begins with a vowel, then a y is inserted between them. Remember: Nouns, adjectives and numerals decline in the same way. Adjectives and numerals are declined only when they are used on their own. If they stand with a noun as a definition, then they do not change either in cases or in numbers. Cases units number of mp. number 1- Nominative chi? (who?), tsy? (what?) - (t)є 2. Genitive kєy? (whom?), tsai? (what?) -s (t)s 3- Dative stone? (to whom?), cєmen? (why?) -єн (т)єн 4- Directional kємє? (to whom? from whom?), tsєmє? (why? -mae (t) єm kєdєm? where?) 49 5. Deposition kemєy? (from whom?), tsєmєy? (from what? with what?) -єй (t)єй 6. Externally-local kuyl? (on whom? about whom?), tєuyl? -yl (t)yl (on what? about what?) 7. Joint name? (with whom?), qєimє? (with what?) - name (t) name 8. Comparative kyau? (Like who?) -ay (t)ay tєyau? (like what?) Please note: Question endings match case endings. Note: In the plural, the plural indicator -sh- is added to the case endings, otherwise the personal endings coincide with the endings in the singular, except for the nominative case, where instead of the zero ending we have the ending -de, and the directional case, where instead of -mse in the plural we have an ending -sem. A declension pattern with a basis for the consonant letter Im. Genus. Date Eg. Delay ext.-places Joint Upod. units number of hedzar hedzary hedzaren hedzarme hedzarei hedzaryl hedzarimhe hedzarau what? Where? what? Where? where? on what? with what? like what? pl. number hєdzєrttє hєdzєrtty hєdzєrttєn hєdzєrttєm hєdzєrttєy hєdєrttyl hєdєrttimє hєdzєrttau with a base on the vowel letter Im. Genus. Date Eg. Delay ext.-places Joint Upod. lєppu lєppuyy lєppuyen lєppumє lєppuє lєppuyyl lєppuimє lєppuyau who? whom? to whom? who? to whom? from whom? about whom? on whom? with whom? like who? lhopput, l ilppeputu l l l l l Рpp a lhpputow 50 exercises 1. Spearage the following words both in the only and in the plural: chyzg, khrt, nana, zerrd, in the ends of the words, determine the following words: , tsєlkhytє, dukanyє, uyngmє, zulimє, lєgau, duarєy, gedyyen, syntєdzhy. Write them down, putting after each word the name of the case in which it stands. Explain the meaning of words in Russian. 3. Say how the following words will sound in Ossetian: mother, father, sister, on the leg, in the hands, books, from the city, with a watch. Remember the following words: єfsymєr - brother sykhag - neighbor nana - grandmother sykh - neighbors, quarter dada - grandfather fytsyn - cook (sya), fry, bake make sentences So far, you have been using personal pronouns and verbs to form sentences. You need to remember the conjugation of verbs. In the future, you must learn to add names to these phrases so that you get sentences. Example: Єz tєuyn "I'm going" -Єz tєuyn (where?) dukanimє "I'm going (where?) To the store." It should be remembered at the same time that the subject group most often precedes the predicate group. Therefore, the sentence in our prior would be more correct to compose as follows: Єз dukanime tsєuyn "I'm going to the store." 51 Exercises 1. Pay attention to the word order in the sentences. Ask a question for each word in the sentence. Determine what case the names are in? Translate them into Russian: 1) Єz kinomє tsєuyn. 2) Dy movie tsєuys. 3) Wow movie tsєuy. 4) Mach kinome tєuєm. 5) Symach kinome tєut. 6) Uydon cinema tseuynts. Note: In such sentences, personal pronouns are often omitted. In this case, the listed proposals will look like this: 1). Kinome tsєuyn "(I) go to the cinema." 2) Kinome tsuys "(you) are going to the cinema." 3) Kinome tsuy "(he) goes to the cinema." 4) Kinome tєuєm "(we) are going to the cinema." 5) Kinome tєut "(you) go to the cinema." 6) Kinome tsєuynts "(they) go to the cinema." 2. Translate the following sentences into Russian: 1) Uy bady Khezary. 3) Mach kєrty khazєm. 3) Uydon skolamє tsєuynts. 4) Єz kuystєy tsєuyn. 5) Dy lesson dzurys. 6) Symach Alanime kafut. 7) Єz Zєrinєyєn zaryn. 8) Uyy legau kusy. 3. Write out sentences. After opening the brackets, put the words in the correct case with the help of questions. Translate the meaning of the sentences into Russian: 1) (what? mit) tayy. 2) Mit taiy (where? uyng). 3) Mit tayy (from what? khur). 4) Mit taiy (on what? zєхх). 5) Єз (what? sug) lasin. 6) Sug lasyn (on what? bєh). 7) Sug lasyn (from where? hayed). 8) Sug lasyn (to whom? nana). 9) Sug lasyn (with whom? Dada). 10) Sug lasyn (like who? bєh). 4. Translate the following sentences into Ossetian: 1) We are going to work. 2) They are sitting in the classroom. 3) I'm going to the neighbors. 4) You eat apples. 5) You are sitting on a chair. 6) He is dancing with Dzerassa. Lexical exercises 1. a) Write down on one side of the card the following nouns in the singular and plural, and on the other side of the translations and questions to them: where?)? sykhag (who?), sykhadzhy (whom?), sykhagme (from whom? to whom?), sykhagavy (from whom?), sykhagen (to whom?), sykhagyl (about whom? on whom?), sykha-gau (like to whom?), syhagimє (with whom?), kuyst (what?), kuystme (where?), kuystєy (from where?), arvyl (where?), arvєy (from where?), arvme (where?). b) Write down the following verbs with the conjugation paradigm on the cards, and write their translation on the other side: badyn: badyn, badys, bady, badєm, badut, badynts; dzuryn: dzuryn, dzurys, dzury, dzurym, dzurut, dzurynts; tehyn: tehyn, tehys, tehy, tekhєm, tehut, tehynts; khauyn: khauyn, khauys, khauy, khauyem, haut, khauynts; uynyn: uynyn, uynyns, uyny, uynєm, uynut, uynynts. c) Write down the following personal pronouns and nouns on the cards, and on the other side write their translation: єз, dy, uyy, max, symakh, uydon, kuseg, leppu, tsyu, mit. 2. Looking through the cards, check your knowledge of vocabulary. 3. Choosing one card from each task, lay them out so that you get an offer. Test yourself by looking at the translations on the back of the cards. Test I. Answer the following questions: 1) What is the personal ending of the verb in the desired mood in the future tense in the 2nd person plural? 2) What is the personal ending of the verb in the desired mood in the past tense in the 1st person singular? 3) What is the personal ending of the verb in the conditional mood in the future tense in the 3rd person singular? 4) What Russian letters can denote the Ossetian sounds d * I | (? 5) How is the plural of nouns formed? 6) What endings do the genitive, directional and joint cases have? 53 II. Translate the following words: Badyn, bandoy, kusyn, kuyst, dzuryn, dzyrd, tayyn, ts'iu, mit, kuseg, sykhag, arv, zegyn, nuazyn, єmbaryn, kard, hid, bon, lєppu, єrdkhord, lymen, dada, nana. III. Name the Ossetian words that mean: show, ask, yellow, white, black, stone, street, road, yard, child, watch, stop, hand, leg. IV. Conjugate the following verbs in the subjunctive in the future tense: єmbaryn, zonan, zegyn. V. Decline the following nouns in the singular: єfsymєr, ho, dzyrd, kuyri. VI. Translate the following sentences into Russian: Max cinome tєuєm. Uydon football hazynts. Symakh skolayє tsєut. Єz nanaime dzuryn. Uyy legau kusy. Dy chyzdzhyten zarys. VII. Translate the following sentences into Ossetian: The car is carrying stones. Birds fly across the sky. The boy plays football. Children bathe in the river. Mother plays with the child. Apples fall from trees. Remember: who? - chi? What? - tsy? whom? - who? what? - tsy? whose? whose? whose? - who? Where? - by whom? in what? - by whom? cєm? to whom? - kєmen? what? - cement? to whom? - who? who? - who? for what? - cєme? Where? - where? from whom? - who? from what? - cєmєy? where? - kєtsєy? on whom? - kuyl? about whom? - kuyl? on what? - tєuyl? about what? - tєuyl? with whom? - who? with what? - qєimє? like who? - kayau? like what? - qiau? 54 Lesson 10 Grammar Declension of personal pronouns I. The pronoun of the 1st person singular has the stem єз in the nominative case, in other cases -men \ 1.Im. 2. Rod. Z.Dat. 4. For example. 5. Delay 6. Int.-places. 7. Joint 8. Similar. єз мєн мєнєн мєнмє, мємє мєнєй мєнyl мєніє мєнау “I” “me; my" "me" "to me; I have" "from me; about me" "on me; about me" "with me" "like me; like me” Examples: Ez kuryn (I ask). Msen chickens (asks me). Mєnєn kury (For me (me) asks. Msegtse dzury (He addresses me). Mєnєy dzury (He speaks from me; he talks about me). Mєnyl dzury (He speaks about me). dzura (Like me says) II. The personal pronoun of the 2nd person singular in the nominative case has the stem dy, in other cases the stem dєу: 1. Name 2. Gen. Z. Date 4. For example 5. Delay. 6- Outside-seat 7- Joint 8. Similar Examples: Dy dzurys (You are talking.) Dєu khonynts (You are invited). (They are talking about you.) Doguyl dzurynts (They are talking about you.) Demse dzu-Rynts (they are talking to you). Dseuau dzurynts (Similar to you they say). ""to you; from you" "from you; from you" "on you; about you" "with you" "like you" 55 1. Name 2. Gen. 3. Date. 6. Int.-local 7. Joint 8. UyyyyyIII. that" "him; to that” “from him, to him; from that, to that "" from him, about him; from that, about that” “on him, about him; on that, about that "" with him; with that" "like him; like that” Examples: Uy dzura (He speaks). Uy chinyg (His book). Uymsen dzura (He speaks to him). Ushse dzura (Addresses him). Ushsey dzura (He speaks from him; he speaks about him). Uuyl dzura (He talks about him; he talks about this). Uyimse dzura (Speaks to him). Uyiau dzura (Speaks like him). Note: The pronoun uyy (“he”, “she”, “it”) coincides with the demonstrative pronoun uyy (“that”). IV. The 1st and 2nd person plural personal pronouns have the same form for the nominative and genitive cases. This form serves as the basis for the remaining cases: “we” “us; ours" "to us; for us" "to us; with us” “from us; about us” “on us; about us" "with us" "like us" Examples: Mach dzursem (We speak). Makh kurynts (We are asked). Makh chinyg (Our book). Makhsen dzurynts (They tell us (for us)). Mahmse dzurynts (They turn to us). Makhsey dzurynts (They say from us; they talk about us). Mahyl dzurynts (They are talking about us). Makhimse dzurynts (They speak with us). Mahau dzurynts (Similarly they say to us). 1.Them. 2. Rod. 3. Date. 4. For example. 5. Delay 6. Int.-places. 7. Joint 8. Similar. mah mah mahen mahmє mahey mahyl mahime mahau 56 1. Im. 2. Rod. 3. Date. 4. For example. 5. Delay 6. Int.-places. 7. Joint 8. Similar. Examples: symakh symakh symakhen symakhmє symakhєy symakhyl symakhimє symakhau “you” “you; your" "to you" "to you; at you" "from you; about you” “on you; about you" "with you" "like you" Symakh dzurut (You speak). Symakh khopynts (You are invited). Symakh chinyg (Your book). Symakhsen dzurynts (They tell you, they tell you). Symahmse dzurynts (You are addressed). Symakhsey dzurynts (They are talking about you; they are talking about you). Symakhil dzurynts (They are talking about you). Symakhimse dzurynts (They are talking to you). Symakhau dzurynts (Similar to you they say). V. Personal pronouns of the 3rd person plural in all cases have the basis uydon: “they; those” “their; those" "im; those” “to them, from them; to those, from those” “from them, about them; from those, about those” “on them, about them; on those, about those" "with them; with those" "like them; like those” 1. Im. 2. Rod. Z.Dat. 4. For example. 5. Delay 6. Int.-places. 7. Joint 8. Similar. uydon uydon, uydony uydonєn uydonme uydonєy uydony l uydonimє uydonau Examples: Uydon dzurynts (They say). Uydon (uydony) khonynts (They are invited). Uydon (Uydony) chinyg (Their book). Uydonsen dzurynts (They are told). Uydonmse dzurynts (They are addressed). Uydonsei zu-Rgnts (They (about them) are spoken about). Uydonyl dzurynts (They talk about them). Uydonimse dzurynts (They are spoken to). Uydonau dzurynts (Like them they make). For information: The pronoun of the 3rd person plural c ° falls into the demonstrative pronoun of the 3rd person plural. numbers and have the same declension with it. 57 Exercises 1. Ask questions to the following pronouns: Мєнєн. Deme. Symakhime. Udonyl. Dey. Uuyl. Menau. Duy. Wydony. Uymyon. 2. Use questions to put the underlined pronouns in the correct case. Translate the sentences into Russian: 1) Єз (whose?) chinyg. 2) Dy (with whom?) єz dzurys. 3) Dy (to whom?) єz amonys. 4) Uydon (from whom?) max tєuynts. 5) Uydon (about whom?) Max zarynts. 6) Uydon (of whom?) max zonans. 7) Dy (like who?) єз kafyn. 8) Symakh (to whom?) max zeut. 3. Translate the following sentences into Ossetian: 1) He is coming with me. 2) We work for him. 3) I sing about him. 4) He writes him a letter, 5) You read like us. 6) You go from him. 7) They show him pictures. 8) I invite him. Remember the words: tsymyn - drink argau - fairy tale kuyri - week tsєrgєs - eagle my - month, moon myst - mouse kark - chicken babyz - duck gogyz - turkey haz - goose dettyn - give aguryn - look for Adjectives Adjectives not only on formal grounds , but also by use cannot be sharply distinguished from nouns. So, the word syrkh means not only “red”, but also “redness”, as well as “erysipelas (illness)”; the word sygzserin means both "golden" and "gold"; the word zerond - both "old" and "old man"; iron - both "Ossetian" and "Ossetian". Remember: Adjectives are inflected only when they are used on their own (ie. e. act as a noun). If they stand with a noun as a definition, then they do not change either in cases or in numbers. 58 Example: Im. Genus. Date Delay syrkh tyrysa syrkh tyrysayi syrkh tyrysayen syrkh tyrysayye "red banner" "red banner" "for the red banner" "from the red banner", etc. When used independently, adjectives are declined in the same way as nouns. Please note: If the inflected word ends in a vowel phoneme, then y appears before the case ending. Example: Im. Genus. Date Exc. cheese “red” cheese cheese “red” cheese cheese “red” cheese cheese cheese “red” cheese cheese cheese “red” cheese cheese cheese “red” cheese cheese “from redness” cheese cheese “from red”, etc. Exercises 1. Write down the following word combinations. Underline the nouns with a straight line and the adjectives with a wavy line. Translate them into Russian: syrkh tyrysa, sau bareg, horz leppu, urs ser, tar єkhsєv, kharm bon. 2. Read the following adjectives and try to remember them: urs - white sau - black drill - yellow syrkh - red tsєkh - green, blue, gray sea - brown єvzєr - bad zєrond - old avrygon - young histєr - elder narzeg - narrow styr - big gytsyl - small dyndzhyr - big, tall berzond - high nyllєg - low stavd - thick lystєg - small horse - good kestєr - younger tsybyr - short fєtєn - wide 59 3. Translate the following phrases into Ossetian: Green grass. Red Apple. Big house. Tall tree. Low chair. Narrow door. Older brother. 4. Having selected the appropriate adjectives from brackets for the following nouns, make up phrases: Khєdzar, dur, uyng, kerdєg, stol, leppu, lєg, kark, qiu, adeymag (stavd, bur, khorz, kєstєr, styr, narєg, tsєh, zerond, nylleg, sau). Learning to write sentences 1. Read the following sentences. Pay attention to the sequence of words in the sentence: 1) Ez cymyn (I drink). 2) Yez tsai tsymyn (I drink tea). 3) Yez adjyn tsai tsymyn (I drink sweet tea). 4) Єz dem adzhyn tsai tsymyn (I drink sweet tea with you). 2. Make sentences from the following words and translate them into Russian: 1) dzurys, dy, meme. 2) leppu, horz, hazyn, ez, football. 3) kusy, uy, meme. 4) kєrdєgyl, badєm, tsєh, max. 5) naiyn, єz, harp, dony, Єhsarimє. 3. Make your own sentences with the following words: hєdzarmє, kuystєy, kusyn, badyn, naiyn. Word usage Some Ossetian words, being synonyms, have a limited use: 1. The word nuazin "to drink" and cymyn "to drink": The word cymyn has a limited use. This word is used when they want to say “drink tea” (tsai tsymyn), as well as when using liquid dishes: khsermkhuypp tsymyn “eat (drink) stew”; bas tsymyn "to drink broth". But at the same time, don tsymyn cannot be said to “drink water.” In this and other cases, the word nuazin is used. 60 2. The word tsєх is used in a variety of meanings: -to denote colors: green, blue, gray (tsєkhkєrdєg "green grass", tsєkh tsєstytє "blue eyes", tsyeh birseg "gray wolf"). - to indicate the quality: green (unripe), early, small (ts'єkh fєtkuy "green (unripe) apple", bon fєtsєkh "it dawned (so they say about the onset of the day)", ts'іkh chyzg "little, immature girl"). Test I. Answer the following questions: 1) What sounds do k, g, k before s, e, and? 2) List what personal pronouns you know? 3) What is the basis of the personal pronoun aez in oblique cases? 4) What is the basis of the personal pronoun dy in oblique cases? P. Name the Ossetian words meaning: green, low, high, blue, good, old, young, junior, senior, small, big, black, white, yellow. III. Write out suggestions. Having opened the brackets, translate the pronouns in the appropriate case: 1) (I) kuystme tsuyn. 2) Uy (with me) kuystme tsєuy. 3) Uydon (to me) fєtkuyte dettynts. 4) Dy (about me) єvєrє zagtai. 5) Wow (like me) horz kusy. 6) Dy (my) chinguytae isys. IV. Decline the following words and phrases. Tell me, in what cases are adjectives declined, and in what cases they are not? єvєr, єvєrє, єvєr lєppu, єvєr lєpputє. V. Complete the sentences by adding adjectives given in brackets to the existing words in the sentences: 1) Meme leppu kusy. 2) Uy fєtkuy dick. 3) Deme chyzg k&fy. 4) Mach bєlestє arazєm. 5) Zєrond ustytє badynts bandonil. 6) Lavpputє kerty hazynts portiyє. (Words to use: horz, stavd, resugd, darg, syrkh, gytsyl) 61 Review exercises 1. Form the plural of the following words in the singular: rєstєg, fyd, khєstєg, mad, khug, chyzg, lєppu, sk'ola, tєrєg 2. Repeat from lesson 8 the chapter "Alternating a-e in the formation of the plural." 3. Form from the infinitive of the following verbs the imperative mood in the 2nd person singular. numbers: zєgyn, dzuryn, badyn, kusyn, lєuyn, naiyn, nuazyn, fitsyn, cymyn, tsєuyn, kuyn, khyuyn. 4. Conjugate in writing the following verbs in the past tense of the desired mood: arazyn, arhaiyn, evdisyn, evzaryn 5. Repeat cases. Answer the questions: 1) What questions does each case answer? 2) What personal endings does each case have in both singular and plural? 6. Focusing on the endings, ask the appropriate question for each word: menme, hedzary, durtim, legau, deme, stol, lppuyyl, chyzgen, rudzguytє, rudzyndzhy, duarey. 7. Name in Ossetian words meaning: Drink, week, yard, brother, understand, say, speak, fairy tale, eagle, mouse, play, seek, give, month, year, sky, knife, spoon, pale, lip, picture, bottom, root, view, see, meaning, wheel, word. 8. Translate the following sentences into Ossetian: 1) I have a book. 2) Today I was given a new book. 3) My friend came to me in the evening. 4) Will you go to the village with me tomorrow? 5) My brother studies at the institute. 6) Did you talk about me? 7) He did not ask about me? 8) I am sitting on a low chair. 9) I jumped high. 10) The new coat suits me well. 62 Lesson 11 Grammar Short forms of personal pronouns In the Ossetian language, all personal pronouns have a short form: singular plural full form short form full form short form “you” yє “his, her” max symakh uydon nє “us” uє “you” сє “them” Remember: Short forms of personal pronouns are used only in the function of direct and indirect objects with the predicate. and their genitive case is also in the possessive function. Therefore, there is no nominative form for them. They also do not have the form of the simplistic case. Declension pattern for short personal pronouns Singular 1st person 2nd person 3rd person 1. Nominative 2. Genitive 3. Dative 4. Directional 5. Delay 6. Local-external 7. Joint 8. Comparative - Note: Letter and before the short form of the pronoun in the 3rd person appears in those cases when the word before the short form of pronouns ends with a vowel (for example: sez yn, dy yyn). may myn mєm mє myl memeє dє dyn dєm dє dyl demє єi, iє yn, yyn єm, yєm dzy yl, yyl yeme Plural 1st person 1- Nominative 2. Genitive not 2nd person uє 3rd person sє 63 3. Dative 4. Directional 5. Delay 6. Local-external 7. Joint 8. Comparative now nєm nє whined nem - uyn uєm uyl ueme - son of sєm sє, dzy syl sem - Examples: 1. Short forms of personal pronouns in the genitive case answer the questions: whom? what? from whom? from what? whose? whose? whose?: Could kuyst ksenyn “(I) do my job”, dog kuyst kenys “(you) do your job”, yog kuyst kogpy “(he) does his job”, her kuyst kєnєm “(we) do our job” , mustache kuyst xenut “(you) are doing your job”, ce kuyst xenynts “(they) are doing their job”. 2. Short forms of personal pronouns in the dative case answer the questions: to whom? what?: Uyimyn argau dzura “He tells me a fairy tale” Uy dyn argau dzura “He tells you a fairy tale” Uy yyn argau dzury “He tells him (her) a fairy tale” Uy nyn argau dzura “He tells us a fairy tale” Uy uyn argau dzura “ He tells you a fairy tale” Uy son of argau dzura “He tells them a fairy tale” 3. Short forms of personal pronouns in the directional case answer the questions: to whom? why? who? what?: Uydon msem dzurynts "They are talking to me" Uydon dsem dzurynts "They are talking to you" Uydon sem dzurynts "They are talking to him" Uydon nsem dzurynts "They are talking to us" Uydon usem dzurynts "They are talking to you" Uydon sow dzurynts “They address them” 4. Short forms of personal pronouns in the positive case answer questions from what? from whom?: Uy my dzuapp at home “He demands an answer from me” Uy dog dzuapp at home “He demands an answer from you” Uy dzy dzuapp at home “He demands an answer from him” Uy ne dzuapp at home “He demands an answer from us” 64 Uyyuse dzuapp houses “He demands an answer from you” Uy sse (dzy) dzuapp houses “He demands an answer from them” 5. Short forms of personal pronouns in the local-external case answer questions about whom? about what? on whom? on what?: Uy yyl zarjitse xeny “He composes songs about me” Uy dyl zarjitse xeny “He composes songs about you” Uy yil zardzhytse xeny “He composes songs about him (her)” Uy nyl zarjitse xeny “He composes songs about us » Uyuyl zardzhytse xeny “He composes songs about you” Uy syl zarde1sytse xeny “He composes songs about them” 6. Short forms of personal pronouns in the joint case answer questions with whom? with what?: Uyy memse tseuy kuystmse “He goes to work with me” Uyy demse tseuy kuystmse “He goes to work with you” Uyy yemse tseuy kuystmse “He goes to work with him” work" Uyuemse tseuy kuystmse "He goes to work with you" Uyy semse tseuy kuystmse "He goes to work with them" have their own accent. Keep in mind: Full and short forms of personal pronouns can sometimes be interchanged, but always carry a different semantic load. For example: Msen chinyg “my book” mse chinyg In the first case, the full form “msen” carries an affirmative connotation (for example, when answering the question “whose book?”). In the second case, the short form mse carries a stating coloration. Exercises 1* Read the following sentences. Mark the full and short forms of personal pronouns. Compare them to each other. Translate the sentences into Russian: 1) Єz dyn biє argyuttє kєndzynєn. 2) Uyy sєm biє dietary supplements. 65 3) Єz dє fersyn. 4) Єz de kuyst domin. 5) Makhyl rage dzurem. 6) Uy German arazy Khedzar. 2. Translate the following sentences into Ossetian, using at the beginning full, then short forms of personal pronouns: 1) I know you. 2) He told me. 3) They work with us. 4) They sat on them. 5) You demand from me. 6) We turn to you. 3. Make sentences by inserting the appropriate short or full form of personal pronouns instead of the question: 1) Єз (to whom?) dzuryn? 2) Dy (to whom?) Zagtay? 3) Uy (to whom?) Fissy? 4) Max (with whom?) bite. Negation There are two types of negative particles attached to a verb: nee and ma. Remember: - In the indicative mood, only nє is used. - With the desired inclination - her. - With conditional mood -ma. - With the imperative mood - only ma. Examples: Indicative mood Єz tєuyn "I'm going" - Єz nє tєuyn "I'm not going" Mach tsєudzystєm "we will go" - Makh nє tsєudzystєm "we will not go" )" Desirable mood Єz tєuin "I would go" - Єz nє tєuin "I would not go" Mah tsydaikkam "we would die" - Mah ne tsydaikkam "we would not die" Dy tsydais "you would go" - Dy nє tsydais " you wouldn’t go” Conditional mood Єz tsєuon “I should go” - Єz ma tsєuon “I shouldn’t go” Mah tsєuєm “we should go” - Makh ma tsєuєm “we shouldn’t go” go” 66 Imperative Dy tsu “you go” - Dy matzu “you don’t go (in the future)” Symakh tєut “you go” - Symakh ma tєut “you don’t go (in the future)” Exercises 1. Read and translate into Russian language the following sentences, comparing them with each other: 1) Єз є zonan. Єz dє nє zonen. 2) Mach yemė kusєm. Mach yemĔ nє kusєm. 3) Dyn now dzyrdtai. Dy now don’t dzyrdtai. 4) Dy yyn nyffys. Dy yyn ma nyffys. 5) Uy hiring dzurid. Uy nєm ma dzurid. 6) Єz sovєllony kinome khonyn. Єz sovєllony kinomє nє khonyn. 2. Translate the following sentences into Ossetian: 1) I don't work. 2) I don't need to. 3) I'm not going with you. 4) The shop is closed. 5) Children do not play in the yard. 6) He didn't tell me. Remember: Negative particles ne, ma are most often placed before the verb. Sometimes they are placed before short forms of personal pronouns. For example: ma magm dzur “(you) don’t address me” ne dyn zagton “(didn’t) tell (I) you” ne mem khusy “(he) doesn’t listen to me” In such sentences, as a rule, full forms of personal pronouns. They are meant only in context. Interrogative-relative pronouns In the Ossetian language, the following interrogative-relative pronouns are used: chi tsy kєtsy tsalєm tsavєr tsakhєm tsalєymag tsal, cas “who” “what” “which, which” “which (according to the number)” “which” “what (by color) )” “which (according to)” “how much” tsalgai, tsaegai “according to how much” 67 In interrogative-relative sentences they indicate the question: - chi? tsy? - about the subject; - cawer? zachem? - about the quality of the subject; - tsal? cas? - about the quantity of the subject; - kєtsy? calem? calleymag? - about the order of the items. To express the question of the belonging of an object, the genitive case forms are used from the pronouns chi and tsy - ky, tsey. For example: - Kєy firt de? "whose son are you?" - Tsєy khєr keny uyy? "What is he screaming like that for?" It is necessary to know: unlike the Russian language, in the Ossetian questioning pronouns form the forms of plural: chi - chita tsahm - tsahmtu - tsalm - tsalgas - kitsyt tsalgay - tsalgtttu tsalmag - tsatstye - tsatste the number from the pronoun tsal is usually not formed. You need to know: The plural of the pronouns kєtsy, tsaver, tsakhєm, tsalєm, tsalєymag, tsalgay, tsas is formed only when used independently. The plural of interrogative pronouns is more often used when the question requires the enumeration of persons or objects. For example: Chitsg tsєudzen kinomse? “who (exactly) will go to the cinema?”; Tsytse єlkhєpdzynє dukaniya? “what (exactly) are you going to buy in the store?” 68 Remember: The pronoun chi is used in relation to the person (person). The pronoun tsy refers to animals and inanimate objects. For example: - Chi? - lseppu, chyzg, Irbek, Chermen, lseg, mad, fyd, etc. - Tsy? - kark, gєdy, kuydz, uydg, bel, uyng, xert, etc. An example of the declension of interrogative-relative pronouns chi? tsy? 1.Them. 2. Rod. 3. Date. 4. For example. 5. Delay 6. Int.-places. 7. Joint 8. Similar. 1.Them. 2. Rod. 3. Date. 4. For example. 5. Delay 6. Int.-places. 7. Joint 8. Similar. units the number of chi kєy, kєm kєmєn kєmє kєmєy kєuyl kєimє kєyau unit. number tsєy, tsєm tsєmєn tsєmє tsєmєy tsєuyl tsєimє tsєyau "who" "who, whose, where" "to whom", "to whom, from whom" pl. about whom" "with whom" "like to whom" "what" "what, in what" "what" "to what" "from what, from what" "on what, about what" "with what" "like what" exercises Read the sentences in the two columns and compare them with each other. Translate them into Russian: Uy myn argau dzura. Uydon uєm dzurynts. Wow, giving dzuapp at home. Uy syl zarzhyte keny. Syvellon khєry kєrdotє. Chi melon dzura argau? Chi uєm dzury? Chi de doma dzuapp? Chi syl kєny zarzhytє? Tsy khєry syvellon? 69 Lєpputє hazynts footballєy. Chi hazy football? Gєdy mystytє akhsy. Tsy ahsy gedy? Chinguyte lєuuynts stolyl. Did you lie? 2. Read and translate the following sentences: 1) Kєy lєppu de? 2) What is the zone with no myggage? 3) Which hand is fyssy dy? 4) Which chinyg kesys? 5) Which bynaty badys? 3. Read and translate the following phrases: Kєmen dzurys? Who is dzurys? Who is dzurys? Kєuyl dzurys? Who is dzurys? Kyau dzurys? Determine the person and number of the verb. 4. Read and translate into Russian the following sentences: 1) Tsy zonas da? 2) Tsy dyn zagta dada? 3) Factories tsy kusynts kusdzhyte? 4) Lessons tsy fyssynts skoladzautє? 5. Read and translate into Russian the following phrases and sentences: 1) Tsєy tykhkhєy? 2) Tsєmen dzurys afє? 3) Dy tsєmє tsєuys? 4) Dy tsєmєy fyssy? 5) Dy tєuyl dzurys? 6) Dy tsєimє tsєuys skolamє? 7) Ts'yau lidzys? Word usage Many Ossetian words are characterized by ambiguity: 1. The word dzuryn is used both in the meaning of “to speak” (єз dzuryn “I say”), and in the meaning of “to call, to call” (єз sem dzuryn “I call him”; sem sem fsedzyrdton “ I (called) called him). The word dzuryn can also be translated as "to tell" (dada myn argau dzury "grandfather tells me a fairy tale"), and as "to address" (sez dseumse dzuryn "I'm talking to you"). 2. The word tsey can denote the genitive case from the pronoun tsy (tsey sersegmse tseuys? "How long are you going?"), and the interjection nu! (tsey, bantsai! “Come on!”), and a particle that gives the verb the character of an imperfect form: it is placed between the prefix and the verb (fsetsseitsyd “headed”). 70 Remember the following words: tykhkhєy - because of, due to abon - today ahsєv - tonight, this night afє - so which - hearing, mentioning єхсєв - night with rice - tomorrow izєр - evening Test I. List the short forms of personal pronouns єз , dy, uy, max, symakh, uydon. P. How short forms of pronouns will sound in Ossetian: me, us, with you, you, from them, with me, at me, to me, about him, on you, to you, your, him, with us. III. Translate the following sentences into Russian: 1) Max єy zonєm. 2) Dy German kusys. 3) Uy yєm subscriber tєuy. 4) Dada myn ahsєv dzurdzєn argyuttє. 5) Єz єm tilifonєy dzyrd-ton. IV. Tell me, in what cases is the negative particle nee used, and in which -lsh? V. Make sentences with negation, opening the brackets and using the appropriate negative particle: 2) Nana myn akhsev chinydzhi (nє, ma) kєsdzen. 3) Dy abon (nє, ma) tsu kuystme. 4) Izherєy uydonme (nє, ma) lєuu. VI. Which word is usually preceded by a negative? VII. Tell me, in what cases are plural forms formed from interrogative-relative pronouns? VIII. Tell me, in relation to whom the pronouns chi and tsy can be used? 71IX. How the words will sound in Ossetian: who, what, with what, whom, what, on what, with whom, from whom, from what, similar to what, to what, from whom, about whom, about what, to whom, what, like who, with what. X. Remember what the words mean: Arv, kad, ivar, byn, nyv, myr, ahodden, probe, єgdau, sygdєg, lystєg, єvєr, ked, kuyd, daryn, badyn, suryn, єmbulyn, fytsyn, cymyn, dettyn, tyryn, settyn, uynyn, kuryn. XI. Translate the questions and answer them in Ossetian: - What is your name? - How old are you? - Where do you work? - Where do you live? - Do you get up early in the morning? - Are you living alone? - Do you have Brother or sister? - You are working a lot? - What street do you live on? - Do you walk to work? Note: If the answer is yes, “O” is put at the beginning of the sentence (For example: “Do you get up early?” - “Oh, єz rajy festyn”), if the answer is negative, then “Нє” is put at the beginning of the sentence (For example : “Do you get up early?” - “Nє, єz rajy nє festyn”). Explanations to the text you get up - systys in the morning - you live in district - tsєrys you live - tsєrys on foot - fistєgєy 72 how - kuyd how much - tsas where - which is early - rajy street - uyng Lesson 12 Grammar Compound verbs Compound verbs consist of a nominal part and an auxiliary verb kenyn " to do" or uyn "to be". They are extremely common in the language. A lot of actions and states that are expressed in Russian by simple verbs are expressed in Ossetian by compound ones: ahuyr “study” - ahuyr kenyn “to study” sygdєg “cleanliness, clean” - sygdєg kenyn “to clean” nyhas “speech” - nyhas kenyn “to speak, to talk, to speak" khєr "shout" - khєr kenyn "to shout" huydy "thought, thought" - huydy kenyn "to think, think" arf "gratitude" - arf kenyn "to give thanks" and u "one" - uu kenyn "to unite, connect » places "angry" - places kenyn "angry (sya)" rokh "forgotten" - rokh kenyn "forget" : hyg “sorrow, trouble” - hyyg daryn “interfere, disturb” єnkhєlme “in anticipation” - єnkhєlmє kesyn “wait” place “angrily” - place maryn “teasing”. 2. Often compound verbs are formed with the help of the verb lasyn and onomatopoeic words, while the nominal parts are supplied with prefixes: єkhsitt "whistle" - єkhsitt kenyn "to whistle" - nykhsitt kenyn "to whistle"; gepp "jump" - gepp kenyn "jump" - gepp lasyn "jump over"; kєrtsts "crack, blow" - kєrtsts kenyn "crack, hit" - nykkyorsts lasyn "crack (sya), hit". Remember: The auxiliary verb xenyn is conjugated in the same way as simple verbs, but the nominal part remains unchanged: Єз хєр Ҕнын, dy хєр Ҕныс, уй хєр Ҕны, etc. 73 Please note: If in sentences with simple verbs the negation of it and ma stand directly before the verb, then in sentences with compound verbs they can stand before the nominal part: ne keny “does not” - ne hyer keny “does not shout” ma ken “do not do” - ma dis ken “do not be surprised”. But one cannot say: nє kardzyn keny, ma duar ken - one must say: kerdzyn nє keny (from kardzyn kenyn “to cook bread”) “(she) does not cook bread”, duar ma ken (from duar kenyn “to open the door”) “not open the door." Exercises 1. Form compound verbs from the following words using the auxiliary verb xenyn: kad, ivar, nyv, ryg, sygdєg, arg, argau, darg, zerond, hus. Compare the meaning of these names and the meaning of compound verbs. 2. Read and try to remember the meanings of the following words: lyg - cut sygdєg - clean, purity hєtstsє - mixing iu - one lenk - swimming khєr - cry khal - awakened roh - forgotten, forgetfulness arfє - gratitude hєlєg - envy qing - joy of the place - angry єххуыс - help harmm - warmth dis - surprise dzag - full lyg kenyn - cut sygdєg kenyn - clean хєцє Ҕнын - mix iu kenyn - unite, connect lenk kenyn - swim хъєр Ҕнын - shout hal kendarєн - wake up - forget rokh karynyn hєlєg kenyn - to envy qin kenyn - to rejoice at the place kenyn - to be angry єхhuys kenyn - to help the harm kenyn - to warm the disk kenyn - to be surprised dzag kenyn - to fill 74 3. Translate the following sentences: 2) Chyzg kuste sygdєg keny. 3) Yє khєr khuyst. 4) Dy mєm tsy hєr kenys? 5) Sabi kesy babyzy lenkme. 6) Єz nє zonan lenk kenyn. 7) Syvєllєttє arfє kєnynts zerond lєgen. 8) Dy nє nє roh kenys. Note the use of the negative particle ee. Note: The negative particle feet coincides both in spelling and pronunciation with the short form of the personal pronoun of the 1st person plural in the genitive case. 4. Read the sentences. Form negative sentences from them. Translate them: 1) Dy mєnєn arfє kenys. 2) Nana kёbitsy kєrdzyn keny. 3) Chyzdzhytє sygdєg kєnynts єrt. 4) Symakh mєm places kenut. 5) Raysomy syvellony khal kendzynen. . Verbal prefixes (preverbs) In the Ossetian language, the following verbal prefixes (preverbs) are used: a- rabany- єp- (s) s- єrba- fє- Ossetian prefixes have their own specific features. If, for example, the Russian prefix you- means movement from inside out, regardless of the position of the observer (speaker), then in the Ossetian language the use of its equivalents a- and depends on the position of the observer (speaker). Thus, a- means moving outward from the point of view of those who are inside, ara- means moving outward from the point of view of those who are outside. Example: y-tsyd “left” the observer is inside r-tsyd the observer is outside 6a-tsyd “entered” the observer is outside єrba-g / yd the observer is inside єp-tsyd “came down” the observer is at the bottom py-tsyd “came” ( above) the observer is at the top 75 Aspective shades of prefixes 1. Aspective shades attached by prefixes to verbs are very diverse (suddenness, instantaneity, duration, repetition) and depend not only on the prefixes themselves, but also on the semantics of the verbs to which they are attached, as well as from context. 2. The specific meanings attached to verbs by prefixes in the present tense are different from the meanings in the past and future tenses. In the last two tenses, prefixes (except phage-) give the meaning of a single perfect form: ba-kasten “I read” ba-kesdzynєn “I will read” ny-ffyston “I wrote” ny-ffysdzynєn “I will write”. In the present tense, these prefixes give the verb the meaning of multiplicity. Compare the similar use of preverbal forms in Russian: “He will read, smile, and read again, and again write without rest”, translated into Ossetian: “bakєsy, bahudy, legs that bakєsy єmє ta єnєryntoyє fyssy”. The meaning of verbal prefixes 1. The prefix a- often indicates a quick, short and superficial action, as well as movement from the speaker (observer): aluuyd “stood a little” ahordta “ate a little” akuysta “worked a little” atsyd “left, left (from the speaker )" Examples: 1) Zerina abon atsyd sk'olam" Zarina went to school today." 2) Dy nє atsydtє kuystme “You didn’t leave (went) to work.” 3) Gytsyl syvellon akhordta ye fetkuy “A little child quickly ate his apple.” 2. The prefix ra- denotes movement outward from the point of view of someone outside or movement towards the speaker, and also indicates in some cases a quick action: ratsyd “came out (from the point of view of someone outside)” outside)" ralyuyd "came (quickly, unexpectedly, suddenly)" the radaut "quickly took out (from the point of view of the outside)" Examples: 1) Zirina ratsyd class "Zarina left the class (from the point of view of the outside)". 2) Dy nє racydte kuystme "You didn't go to work." 3) Ralєuuyd ualdzєg “Spring has come”. 3. The prefix ba- expresses a more thorough movement, and also indicates movement inward from the point of view of those outside (in this respect, ba- is close in meaning to the Russian prefix v- (in-): bahordta “ate” batsymdta “drank” bakuysta “worked , earned "batsyd "entered (from the point of view of being outside)" bakhyzt "climbed, climbed (from the point of view of being outside)" bappiersta "abandoned (from the point of view of being outside)" Examples: the point of view of those outside) into the classroom. 2) Dy nє bacydte kuystme “You didn’t go to work” (“you didn’t go to work”). 3) Gytsyl syvellon bahordta ye fetkuy "A little child ate his apple." 4. The prefix “61- indicates a downward movement from the point of view of those above, and is also used to express special tension, the intensity of the action: nyzzaryd “sang (at the top of his voice)” nykhhuti “laughed” nykkuydta “sobbed” dived “zadrooєal” nybbasta “ tied up (firmly)" nyzzydi "went down (from the point of view of the one above)" nykhkhyzti "went down (from the point of view of the one above)" nybbyrydy "slid down (from the point of view of the one above)" 11 Examples: 1) Zarina went (descended) down (from the point of view of those above) to the classroom. 2) Dy nє nytstsydtє kuystme "You didn't go (down) to work." 3) Gytsyl syvellon nykhhuti "The little child laughed." Note: In the Ossetian language, "down" and "up" denote not only spatial relationships, but also indicate the cardinal points. So, "down" can indicate the direction towards the north or towards the direction of the river. In this case, nytsyd kuystme "went (down) to work" means that the work is located on the north side of the speaker. The word “up, up” can mean the south side or the side up, against the flow of the river, towards the mountains. Note: After the prefix ny-, consonants are always doubled. 5. The prefix yerba- indicates movement towards the speaker or inwards, from the point of view of those inside, and also often gives the action the meaning of surprise and speed: yerbauadi “ran (quickly)” yerbamardi “died (suddenly)” yerbadymdta “blew (to the side of the speaker)" єrbatsyd "came, entered (from the point of view of being inside)" єrbahosta "knocked outside (from the point of view of those inside)" Examples: 1) Zєrinє єrbatsyd kalasmє "Zarina entered (from the point of view of being in the class) into the class." 2) Yerbatsydtєn kuystєy "I came from work." 3) Gytsyl syvellon yerbahosta duar "A small child knocked (from the point of view of those inside) on the door." 6. The prefix єр- indicates a movement from top to bottom, from the point of view of those below, and also gives a shade of unusualness of the course of an action, state, or a shade of an action visible to the speaker: єrkyd "came (from the point of view of those below)" єrhyzt "tears (from from the point of view of the one below) єrbadt “sat down” 78 єrfynєy “fell asleep, fell asleep” єrlasyn “bring (from top to bottom)” єrthardt “brought (from top to bottom)” Examples: 1) Zєrinє єrtsyd kalasmє “Zarina came (from top to bottom) to the class.” 2) Dy єrtsydtє kuystєy "You came from work (located at the top)". 3) Gytsyl syvellon єrkhasta fєtkuyte “A small child brought (from top to bottom) apples”. 7. The prefix fє- in dynamic verbs expresses movement away from the speaker in any direction, and also in the present tense expresses the usual action. In the past tense, the prefix fairy- can convey, on the one hand, a fast and short, on the other hand, a long or repetitive action: fєlygdi “ran away” fєhasta “carried away (far)” fєkesyn “I read (often)” fєkhusyn “listen (often)” febadyn "I sit (often, for a long time)" Examples: 1) Zerine fetsydi sk'olam "Zarina went to school." 2) Dy subscriber ne fetsydte kuystme “You didn’t go to work today.” 3) Gytsyl syvellon fєkhordta yє fєtkuy “A small child ate (for a long time) his apple”. Note: The prefix fairy-, joining some words and phrases, gives them the meaning of a verb. For example: Leeppu feerast "the boy went"; Zєrinєyy tsєsgom fєsyrkh “Zarina's face turned red”; khur feekul "the sun has bowed". Note: The prefix fairy- is the most common prefix in the Ossetian language. Often the prefix fє- gives verbs the meaning of the perfect form. 8. The prefix с- (е-) gives the verbs of movement and displacement a shade of the direction of the action from the bottom up to the location of the speaker, and also gives a shade of immediacy, the speed of the action or the beginning of the action, uncertainty, the usual course of the action: 79 “raised” the sryztis “trembled” the schetsy “raises” the sbady “sits down” Examples: 1) Zirina stsydi skolam “Zarina came (from below) to the school”. 2) Dy mєm kuystme scydte “You came to work for me (from below)”. 3) Gytsyl syvellon sryztis uazaly "The little child shivered from the cold." Note: The prefix s-, when attached to other parts of speech or phrases, gives them the meaning of verbality. For example: Zirina boarding schools thought “Zarina grew up in the boarding school”; Sє nyhas siu "their words (thoughts) coincided (connected)." Note: The prefix s- has the spelling and pronunciation variant YS-. Exercises 1. Read the following verbs. Select attachments. Explain the meanings of the words in Russian: Єrbatsydtєn, єrtsydtєn, batsydtєn, atsydtєn, nytstsydtєn, stsydtєn, fєtsydtєn, єrbadtєn, sbadtєn, fєbadtєn, abadtєn, bamberstones, bazonin. 2. Attach prefixes to verbs in phrases. Compare the meaning of the phrases before and after the use of prefixes: 2) Mah sagtam shines. H) Lєppu tilifonєy dzyrdta. 4) Chyzdzhitє dead class pol. 5) Sabi rajsomy yє tsєsgom akhsadta. 6) Abon lesson Aslan ye kuh dardta. 3. Translate the following sentences into Russian: 1) Makh abon hjedєy sug єrlastam. 2) Raysomy mit waryn raidydta. 3) Izєrєy Khetєg kinomє fєhondzen max. 4) Mє mad myn аkhodєn єrbahasta. 5) Mє fyd myn raarfє kodta. 6) Mє sykhєgtє abon hєumє atsydysty. 80 4. Translate into Ossetian
The problem of preserving and developing national languages has always been one of the key ones in the policy of any multinational state. Considerable attention was paid to the issue under consideration by political and public figures in different countries, including the Russian Federation. The issue of preservation and development of national languages was quite successfully resolved at different stages of the development of our country. Now it also has not lost its relevance, given that a number of languages of the peoples of Russia have been irretrievably lost, while others, according to UN data, are in danger of extinction in the long term.
It should be recalled that one of the main reasons for the split in society in Ukraine and in the Baltic states is the lack of a reasonable language policy. Therefore, obviously, the policy of the state in the field of preservation and development of languages should be cautious and balanced, taking into account the experience of Russia and other states, the opinions of the regions.
Currently, the State Duma of Russia, scientific and broad public circles are discussing amendments to the law "On Education" (introduced to the State Duma on April 10), which propose to consolidate that the teaching and study of the state languages of the republics of the Russian Federation "is carried out on a voluntary basis and cannot carried out to the detriment of learning the state language of the Russian Federation. This provision of the bill was not supported in a number of regions. The head of the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania, Vyacheslav Bitarov, has repeatedly spoken out on this issue. In this article, I will present my views on this bill.
For many inhabitants, immersed in the solution of everyday issues, perhaps the significance of the language policy of the state is not clear enough. This may be due to the consideration of this issue in isolation from other issues. However, the problem of preserving and developing national languages is closely related to the development of human potential, culture, self-awareness of peoples, education of the younger generation in the spirit of patriotism, love for the motherland. A society, a family, an individual who have lost their spiritual bonds - language and culture - tend to lose viability and reduce the potential for development, the will to create and even protect the Fatherland.
Thus, the issue of language policy is a matter of the national security of the Russian Federation. In this regard, Tamerlan Kambolov, a well-known linguist in Ossetia, public figure and adviser V. Bitarov, remarked that a society that loses its language and culture is marginalized. “Linguistic assimilation - loss of national languages and cultures - total deculturation. That is, the loss of cultural norms and stereotypes, life values, moral and ethical. In this direction, it is impossible to build a single civil nation, you can only destroy today's society and get a lot of those who were once so aptly named by the wonderful Russian and Kyrgyz writer Chingiz Aitmatov - mankurts. People who do not remember the clan-tribe, who have lost touch with their roots,” said T. Kambolov.
Tamerlan Kambolov
The foregoing allows us to conclude that the loss of a language creates ground for the growth of various kinds of antisocial behavior, ranging from drug addiction, alcoholism to crime, etc. I am sure that this situation does not suit either the federal center or the regions.
In connection with the above, I consider the position of the head of North Ossetia-Alania on attributing the problem of voluntariness or mandatory study of the state language to the competence of the subjects is very appropriate from the point of view of implementation in the law on languages, which is under consideration in the State Duma of the Russian Federation. Let me remind you that currently in North Ossetia, according to the Constitution of the Republic, there are two official languages: Russian and Ossetian. According to V. Bitarov's statement, made in the course of a dialogue with young people, the government of the republic sent a petition to the State Duma of the Russian Federation, according to which “the regions should decide for themselves whether to study their native language or not. I hope they will understand us and agree to a meeting, and we will pass a law in our country that will oblige all those who are Ossetians by nationality to study the Ossetian language.”
In my opinion, it is quite logical if the regional authorities will decide the order in which the state languages will be studied by representatives of different peoples. Such an approach will correspond to the status of Russia as a federal state, reflect the traditional and effective approaches of our state in the field of national policy, and will find support in society. At the same time, of course, due attention must be paid to the Russian language, which holds the peoples of our country together. The study of national languages in the republics cannot be carried out at the expense of belittling the role of the Russian language.
The bill discussed in the State Duma of the Russian Federation acquires particular relevance for North Ossetia in the context of a number of provisions established in the Constitution of North Ossetia-Alania. In accordance with Article 15 of the Basic Law of the Republic, the Ossetian language “is the basis of the national identity of the Ossetian people. The preservation and development of the Ossetian language is one of the most important tasks of the state authorities of the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania.”
In order to implement the constitutional norms, the current leadership of the republic took a number of measures: a program for the national and cultural development of the Ossetian people was approved, a national television company "Ossetia-Iryston" was created, broadcasting in the Ossetian language, the Alan Gymnasium was created and operates in Vladikavkaz, education in which will be mainly in Ossetian language. In addition, from the new academic year, it is planned to introduce multilingual education and upbringing in 16 school and 23 preschool institutions in Vladikavkaz and regions. At the same time, the government of North Ossetia-Alania plans to expand the list of educational institutions with multilingual education and upbringing. I emphasize that a multilingual educational system implies the simultaneous study of several foreign languages.
Thus, the head and the government of the republic have done a lot of work in the direction of preserving and developing the Ossetian language and culture. I think we will see positive results of this policy already in the medium term.
At the same time, the ideas expressed by individual authors of the draft law on languages and by politicians that the issue of studying national languages is at the discretion of parents and students can significantly reduce the effect of regional policy in the field of the preservation and development of national languages and cultures, create a number of other problems that linguists and political scientists talk about. and public figures.
Based on the foregoing, I would like to express the hope that the opinion of the head of North Ossetia-Alania, scientific and public figures will be heard, and the adopted law will meet the interests of the Russian Federation as a whole and the republics that are part of it, will create opportunities for the mandatory study of state, national languages .
