Any language, including our native Russian, exists, performing several of its main functions, which are designed to ensure processes in society:
- communications,
- information,
- knowledge, etc.
In accordance with these processes, and also due to the exclusively human properties and features of existence, such functions can be combined into some system, which we will analyze by examples.
Among the most important modern functions is communicative. Since language has long been used to store and transmit any information, the largest part of such information that circulates in society is presented in its linguistic form. Language plays a predominant role in the communicative function.
The means of expression here can be types of speech: 
As well as non-linguistic means (gestures, facial expressions, etc.).
Close to it there is cognitive a function that performs cognitive tasks, namely: the use of language in order to preserve and subsequently transmit knowledge. 
In the functional system of any language, its cumulative, i.e. "accumulative" function, through which knowledge or information is not only stored and transmitted, but also collected, refracted and "sorted".
- For example, in speech or writing, in addition to the exchange of information, we may be puzzled by some effect on the interlocutor. Such a function would be called voluntarily and pursue a variety of goals - from persuasion, consolation to denunciation, agitation, etc.
- Fully corresponding to the task of emotional impact on a person is emotive function of the language, which operates through the use of special emotional and expressive means in speech - words and intonation. (e.g., interjections - oh, ah, wow)
The tasks of communication may not always include the transfer or receipt of information, there are options when only the goal of simply establishing contacts prevails. In such situations, the speech of the communicants can be limited only to phrases - “how are you?”, “Come on”, words - “uh-huh”, “yes”, etc.
Did you like it? Do not hide your joy from the world - shareLanguage refers to those social phenomena that serve as a means of communication between people. First of all, people of the Russian nation communicate in Russian. Therefore, the main function of the Russian language is to be language of national communication, i.e., national language.
According to Article 68 of the Constitution Russian Federation Russian is considered the state language throughout its territory. Until 1991, the concept of "state language" was not used, and the Russian language had the status of an international language. He was assigned all the necessary state language functions. It was widely used in the field of business communication, education, it was the language of science and scientific communication, was used in the media, in legal proceedings, etc.
Since the Russian Federation is a multinational state (in 2001 it included 176 nations and ethnic groups), the Russian language serves as a means of communication between representatives of different nations and nationalities living on its territory.
The emergence, formation, development, as well as the functioning of any language, including Russian, in interethnic communication is a
The process is complex and multifaceted, depending on the complex of linguistic and
social factors.
Status lingua franca(since 1922), and this is another function of the Russian language - to be the language of interethnic communication, Russian
language received for a number of reasons.
1. Linguistic reasons.
The Russian language is one of the most developed languages in the Russian Federation. It has a rich vocabulary and grammar, a well-functioning system of functional styles. This allows it to be used in all spheres of human life and activity. In Russian, you can convey a variety of scientific information express feelings and emotions, create poetic and prose works fiction. The Russian language has the richest writing in terms of its subjects, genres and styles, which is associated with a high culture. All this provides a huge communicative and informative value of the Russian language.
– The Russian nation is the most numerous in the territory of the Russian Federation;
– The Russian language is widely spoken outside of Russia;
– The Russian language has enriched other early written languages, on the basis of which writing has been created for more than 70 languages;
– The Russian nation is characterized by a highly developed economy, efficient technology in many branches of technology.
At the same time, the Russian language does not compete with other languages for the right to be an international language - this role is due to objective factors and historical conditions.
The third important function of the Russian language in modern world- be language of international communication.
The Russian language is accepted into the World Languages Club, along with English, Arabic, French, Spanish, Chinese. These languages are considered official languages international organizations such as the UN, UNESCO, IAEA. The largest international conferences and symposiums are held in these languages, official documents, bulletins, special journals are published, Internet sites are created, and television and radio broadcasts are conducted. The Russian language as a world language ensures communication during meetings on highest level and at international conferences. Russian is the language of one of the largest centers international education. Knowledge of the Russian language contributes to the career growth of specialists in various fields of knowledge around the world. The Russian language provides access not only to the riches of science and culture in Russia, but also in other countries, acting as a kind of intermediary between different nations. After all, a significant part of scientific and fiction literature published in the world is translated into Russian. Despite some decline in interest in the Russian language during the perestroika and post-perestroika periods, the situation has stabilized since the late 1990s: the Russian language is studied abroad in universities and secondary schools. educational institutions as a second or third foreign language.
Of course, the place of the Russian language in the education system largely determines public policy Russia and other states, relations between countries.
The spread of the Russian language abroad is promoted by a number of organizations: the International Association of Teachers of Russian Language and Literature (MAPRYAL), the Society of Lovers of Russian Literature (OLRS). And the activities of these organizations, in turn, help to form a positive image of Russia in the world through acquaintance with the language and culture of the people.
Literature
1. Belousov V.N. Russian language in international communication. – M.,
2. Bogomazov G. M. Modern Russian literary language. Phoneti-
ka. - M., 2001.
3. Lapteva O.A. Theory of modern Russian literary language. –
4. Markosyan A.S. Linguistic diversity of Russia as a factor of sustainable
vosti Russian society// gas. "Russian language". Application to gas. "Per-
howl of September. - 2000. - No. 47.
5. Mechkovskaya N.B. Social Linguistics: A Handbook. - M., 2000.
6. Modern Russian literary language. Theory. Language analysis
units / Ed. E.I. Dibrova. - M., 2001.
7. Modern Russian literary language: Textbook / Ed. V.G.
Kostomarov and V.I. Maksimova - M., 2003.
8. Modern Russian language / Ed. V.A. Beloshapkova. – M.,
1. What are the challenges facing students of the discipline "Modern
Russian language"?
2. What is meant by the national Russian language?
3. What are the functions of the Russian language in the modern world?
Lecture 3 (1 hour)
The modern Russian literary language is a normalized form of the national language
The purpose of the lecture is give an idea of modern Russian literary
language, consider the signs of the literary language and literary norm.
Plan
1. The question of the chronological framework of the modern Russian language.
2. Literary language. Signs of the literary language.
3. Literary norm. Signs of the literary norm. Types of literary norm.
4. Written and oral forms of the literary language, their main differences.
Modern Russian as a subject of study
Language is the most valuable heritage that the modern
new people from previous generations. The language of the people is their life,
thorium, development, future. Thanks to language, our
thought, thanks to language, communication is carried out within the human
lecture, thanks to the language, the person himself is improved. Such an important role
language in public life teaches respect for him, requires
firm and firm knowledge of its rules and laws of development. This is especially
important for students of philology, who must carry this knowledge to others
The term modern Russian literary language is used in non-
how many values
- as a designation of the system of modern Russian literary language
ka, i.e. set of norms for the formation and functioning of Russian-5 units
language (sounds, words, word forms, phrases and sentences) on
time stage of development;
- as the name of a science that studies sound, lexical, grammatical
tic system of the modern Russian literary language;
- as the title academic discipline which studies the fundamentals of the science of
modern Russian literary language.
The Russian language is the national language of the Russian people, the spokesman
History and culture of the Russian people
The national Russian language means the language system
ma phonetic, lexical and grammatical units and rules, which
evolved over the centuries and which distinguishes the language of the Russian nation
from any other language.
The Russian national language is heterogeneous. It includes separate
different varieties, each of which has its own scope. In co-
the core of the national Russian language can be distinguished, the center is the literary
Turkish language, and the periphery, which is formed by territorial and social
dialects (jargons, professionalisms, slang, slang), various
languages, the area of common speech. The proportion of these components may vary,
example, for state of the art the Russian language is characterized by a decrease
shares of dialectisms, but the expansion of the vocabulary and the scope of the use of jargon-7
noah vocabulary. All these forms of existence are different from each other, but
united - at their core - by a common grammatical system and a common
vocabulary.
The Russian national language, like many other languages, has gone through a long
evolutionary path and continues its development.
The national Russian language begins to take shape towards XVII century pa-
in parallel with the formation of the Moscow state. Formation of a nation and
national language is associated with the formation of the state, the strengthening of its
borders, economic and political ties between individual territories
riami. Slavic tribes in Kievan Rus XV - XVI centuries, although
they belonged to one nationality, they were not yet a nation. Nations arise during the pre-
overcoming economic fragmentation, developing commodity circulation and
emergence of a single market.
For different peoples, the process of folding the nation and language proceeded in different ways.
different times and went in different ways. The Russian national language has developed into
the basis of the Moscow dialect, which by the XV - XVI centuries. lost his ter-
rhetorical limitation. His features, such as akane, hiccups,
wearing a posterior lingual explosive sound and some others, still
were kept in modern Russian. In addition, in the formation of Russian
Old Church Slavonic played a prominent role in the national language. Behind-
noticeable influence on the Russian language and many other languages, for example, French
sky and english.
K.D. Ushinsky wrote: "Language is the most alive, most abundant and
a strong bond that connects the obsolete, living and future generations on-
kind into one great, historical living whole ... ". Indeed, the language
like a chronicle tells us about how our ancestors lived, with what
peoples they met, with whom they entered into communion. All events are saved
etched in people's memory and passed on from generation to generation with the help of
words, sustainable combinations. They can tell us a lot about the history of Russian
of the people of proverbs and sayings.
The role and functions of the Russian language in the modern world
Language refers to those social phenomena that serve as a medium
the way people communicate. First of all, Russian people communicate in Russian.
Russian nation. Therefore, the main function of the Russian language is to be a language
national communication, i.e., the national language.
In accordance with Article 68 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, Russian
The Chinese language is considered the official language throughout its territory. Before 1991
d. the concept of "state language" was not used, and the Russian language had
status of international language. He was assigned all the necessary
for the state language function. It has been widely used in the business
communication, education, it was the language of science and scientific communication,
used in the media, in legal proceedings, etc.
Since the Russian Federation is a multinational state (in
2001 it included 176 nations and ethnic groups), Russian language
serves as a means of communication between representatives of different nations and peoples
nesses residing on its territory.
The emergence, formation, development, as well as the functioning
any language, including Russian, in interethnic communication is a pro-
The process is complex and multifaceted, depending on the complex of linguistic and
social factors.
The status of the language of interethnic communication (since 1922), and this is another
the function of the Russian language is to be the language of interethnic communication, Russian
language received for a number of reasons.
1. Linguistic reasons.
The Russian language is one of the most developed languages in the territory
Russian Federation. It has a rich vocabulary and grammar,
women's system of functional styles. This allows it to be used
in all spheres of human life and activity. In Russian, you can
convey a variety of scientific information, express feelings and emotions,
create poetic and prose works of fiction
tours. The Russian language has the richest in its subjects, genres and styles.
writing associated with high culture. All this provides
Roma communicative and informative value of the Russian language.
- The Russian nation is the most numerous in the territory of the Russian Fe-
– The Russian language is widely spoken outside of Russia;
– The Russian language enriched other early written languages, based on it
writing was created for more than 70 languages;
– The Russian nation is characterized by a highly developed economy, efficient
active technology in many branches of technology.
The Russian language does not compete with other languages for the right
to be an interethnic language - such a role is due to objective
factors and historical conditions.
The third important function of the Russian language in the modern world is to be
language of international communication.
The Russian language is accepted into the club of world languages, along with English,
Arabic, French, Spanish, Chinese. These languages are considered
in the official languages of international organizations such as the UN,
UNESCO, IAEA. In these languages, the largest international
conferences and symposiums, official documents are published, Bulletin 9
shadows, special magazines, Internet sites are being created, television broadcasts are being
radio transmissions. The Russian language as a world language provides communication during
meetings at the highest level and at international conferences.
The Russian language is the language of one of the largest centers of international
leg education. Knowledge of the Russian language contributes to career growth
specialists from different fields of knowledge around the world. Russian language
provides access not only to the wealth of science and culture in Russia, but also to other
countries, acting as a kind of mediator between different peoples. After all
a significant part of the scientific and artistic
literature published in the world.
Despite some decline in interest in the Russian language in perestroika
and post-perestroika period, since the end of the 90s the situation has stabilized
val: the Russian language is studied abroad in universities and secondary education
institutions as a second or third foreign language.
There is no doubt that the place of the Russian language in the education system is
degree determines the state policy of Russia and other
states, relations between countries.
The spread of the Russian language abroad is facilitated by a number of organizations
cations: International Association of Teachers of Russian Language and Literature
tours (MAPRYAL), the Society of Lovers of Russian Literature (OLRS). A
the activities of these organizations, in turn, help shape the situation
living image of Russia in the world through acquaintance with the language and culture of
4 . The subject and aspects of the study of phonetics
language. Phonetics occupies a special place among the linguistic disciplines,
because, unlike lexicology, morphology, syntax, studies
language units that do not have lexical meaning, but serve to
distinguishing units of grammar and vocabulary. At the same time, some linguistic phenomena
leniya are on the border of phonetics and grammar. It should be noted that
sounds, being material units, determine the material side
well, other language units, uniting all levels into one whole. This defines
the importance of studying the phonetic units themselves and their laws is shared
Depending on the tasks, methods and subject of research, there are
phonetics private and general, descriptive, historical and comparative
nuyu, as well as experimental and sociophonetics.
Private phonetics deals with the study of the sound system of a specific
th language, general - studies general sound patterns. The subject of the description
satelnaya phonetics is the phonetic system of a language in a certain
period of its development. Historical phonetics considers changes, pro-
emanating in the sound system of the language throughout its history. Descent-
differences in the sound structure of several languages reveals a comparison
body phonetics. Sociophonetics reveals the peculiarities of pronunciation from
particular groups of the population. Experimental phonetics studies sound
units through experiments.
Speech sounds as natural material units can be considered
from different angles: from the side of the speaker and from the side of the listener. IN
in connection with this, the articulatory and acoustic aspects of the sounds of re-
chi. The articulatory (physiological) aspect considers sounds as
the result of the articulation of organs speech apparatus. Acoustic aspect
associated with understanding the physical nature of speech sounds, which creates the basis
to describe the perception of speech sounds by the listener. Articulatory and acoustic
logical approaches consider phonetic units as material
nye, but out of direct connection with the process of human communication.
When the role of phonetic phenomena in the process of information exchange is revealed?
mation, then there is a need to describe the units of phonetics in the functional
nal aspect, or phonological. Considering sounds from this point
vision allows you to find out social significance phonetic facts. 17
At the same time, it is important to understand that all these aspects are closely related and mutually educational.
Russia is a multinational country. Being the state language, Russian is also a means of interethnic communication, used by all peoples inhabiting the Russian Federation, who, in turn, develop their own culture and language. Knowledge of the Russian language is of great importance for our country, as it facilitates communication and mutual understanding of people of different nationalities and serves as a convenient and affordable means of communication.
The Russian language is not only the national language of the Russian people, but also the language of international communication, which is one of the richest and most developed languages of our time, which has retained its uniqueness and identity. It created the works of such great Russian writers as: M.Yu. Lermontov, A.S. Pushkin, A.A. Block, L.N. Tolstoy, I.S. Turgenev, F.M. Dostoevsky, etc., who were able to convey all the power and beauty of Russian speech, through the richest fiction, which is of exceptionally great world significance.
The Russian language outside the Russian Federation causes Lately more and more interest.
What influence does the Russian language have in the world? This question still generates controversy among many experts. It will be possible to answer it more or less through a detailed study of this topic.
To begin with, it is necessary to deal with the situation of the Russian language in the post-Soviet space.
IN former USSR, Russian was the language of interethnic communication. However, at present, the attitude towards the language of the post-Soviet countries is ambivalent. On the one hand, many former republics Soviet Union they treat the Russian language very negatively, on the other hand, the linguistic situation abroad is developing in a more favorable way, due to the growth of the Russian-speaking diaspora.
It should be noted that Belarus, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan are CIS countries in which the Russian language has not yet lost its power.
Belarus is the only republic of the former Soviet Union in which Russian is the second state language by popular vote. People here are fluent in the language, without the dialect inherent in Belarusians. It publishes scientific, artistic, educational and popular literature, it is also taught in schools and used in official workflow and the media.
In Kazakhstan, the situation is slightly different. By the end of the last century, the number of Russians in Kazakhstan had declined. In the mid-1990s, a law came into force in which the Russian language in all official sectors, in accordance with the Constitution, is equated with the state language. Before this period, Kazakh language had the status of the only state language. These changes are due to the fact that most of the municipal authorities use Russian more often than Kazakh, since in addition to Kazakhs, employees of institutions are people of various nationalities who speak Russian much better than Kazakh.
A similar situation can be traced in Kyrgyzstan, where the Russian language also has the status of an official language.
In Azerbaijan, the Russian language does not have official confirmation, but this does not in the least hinder its development, thanks to the national character inherent in the population.
The role of the Russian language in Ukraine has a specific character. According to the Constitution of Ukraine - Ukrainian language is the state language, and Russian is considered the language of national minorities. In the southern and eastern parts of Ukraine, due to forced Ukrainization, the Ukrainian language is undergoing a negative attitude towards itself. As a result, there is a gradual disappearance of mixed Russian-Ukrainian speech.
Although the majority of the population speaks Russian, it has been subjected to legal discrimination throughout the entire period of the country's independence. In September of this year, the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine adopted a law banning the teaching of the Russian language in high school. According to experts, such discrimination can contribute to the complete illiteracy of the population. But, despite this, the use of the Russian language in everyday life and culture in this country is in the first place.
In Latvia and Lithuania, the younger generation speaks Russian quite well.
According to the Constitution in Moldova, the law enshrines the right to the functioning and development of the Russian language.
In Armenia and Georgia, a significant part of the population speaks Russian, although it is considered the language of an ethnic minority.
In Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan, the importance of the Russian language is negligible. But, more or less, part of the city dwellers use it in communication.
Thus, it should be noted that the Russian language in the countries of the former Soviet Union has not lost its authority, thanks to its merits and needs. It still plays a huge role in all spheres of life in the post-Soviet countries. Knowledge of the Russian language is a legacy that has been preserved in the near abroad.
As for the far abroad, then the language situation is as follows.
More than 100 countries study Russian every year. It has the status of a second or third foreign language in universities and schools abroad. In addition, it is considered to be the informative language of today, in which, along with English, 60-70% of all information is published.
“According to publications in the Russian press, the number of citizens of the United States, France, Spain, Sweden, Finland, Austria, Korea who have begun to study the Russian language and literature has recently increased several times.” It is owned by about 300-350 million in perfection and in one way or another by more than half a billion people. According to these data, the Russian language, after English and Chinese, is ranked third in the world.
Russian-speaking immigrants of the 1st generation prefer to use the Russian language in communication. At a time when the second generation is somewhat losing interest in it. However, in the third and fourth generations, interest in the language of their ancestors is revived, which contributes to its study.
It is also used by tens of thousands of Asian people who were taught Russian in higher educational institutions Russia. Recently, in Spain, Germany, Greece, Cyprus and Portugal, due to the appearance of a significant part of people from the Russian diaspora, Russian courses have been organized for service workers.
Russian is also taught in Mongolia, China, the Philippines, Vietnam and Indonesia. For the large Russian community in Israel, the Russian language is considered native. From some countries in Africa (Mali, Egypt, Senegal, etc.), the Russian language is taught in secondary and higher educational institutions.
Emigrants from Russia, the USSR and the CIS countries live in America, who speak Russian well, who studied at schools and universities in our country. North America is inhabited by one and a half million people, who belong to the Russian nation.
“The Russian language has been accepted into the club of world languages, along with English, Arabic, French, Spanish, and Chinese. These languages are considered official languages of international organizations such as the UN, UNESCO, IAEA.
It was and remains one of the most important world languages. It creates the most important world transactions and agreements, holds various international meetings and scientific conferences. This also determines its significance in the modern world.
Based on the foregoing, it should be noted that the Russian language retains the status of one of the most developed languages in Russia, which has become widespread beyond its borders. It still remains the language of interethnic communication and is significant for all spheres of life in the CIS countries. In addition, the important role of the Russian language in the modern world is determined by its cultural value, the richest written language, its power and greatness. In non-CIS countries, Russian is the official or working language of most prestigious international associations, which, in turn, is gradually gaining popularity. In many countries it is studied as a foreign language. However, the most important role of the Russian language in the modern world is to serve as the language of international communication.
Bibliography:
- Russian language and culture of speech: Tutorial for universities / L.A. Vvedenskaya, L.G. Pavlova, E.Yu. Kataev. 12th ed. Rostov N / D: Phoenix, 2005. - 544 p. (Higher education.).
- Modern Russian language: a course of lectures / I.V. Evseeva, T.A. Luzgin, I.A. Slavkina, F.V. Stepanova; Ed. I. A. Slavkina; Siberian Federal University. - Krasnoyarsk, 2007. - 642 p.
- Baranov M.T. Russian language: Sprav, materials: Proc. allowance for students / M.T. Baranov, T.A. Kostyaeva, A.V. Prudnikova; Ed. N.M. Shansky. - 4th ed. - M.: Enlightenment, 1988. - 288 p.
- Politics in the world URL: https://www.gazeta.ru › Date of access (07/12/2018).
I believe that the role of the Russian language is determined by the great significance that the Russian people had and has in the history of mankind - the creator and bearer of this language.
The Russian language is the single language of the Russian nation, but at the same time it is also the language of international communication in the modern world. The Russian language is gaining more and more international importance. It has become the language of international congresses and conferences, the most important international treaties and agreements are written in it. Its influence on other languages is increasing. Back in 1920, V. I. Lenin proudly said: “Our Russian word“Soviet” is one of the most common, it is not even translated into other languages, but is pronounced in Russian everywhere.” The words Bolshevik, Komsomol member, collective farm, etc. have entered many languages of the world...
The Russian Federation is a multinational state. All peoples inhabiting it develop their national culture and language. The Russian language is used by the peoples of the Russian Federation as the language of interethnic communication. Knowledge of the Russian language facilitates the communication of people of different nationalities inhabiting our country, facilitates their mutual understanding.
The Russian language enriches the languages of the peoples of the Russian Federation with such words and expressions, such as: party, school, book, newspaper, collective farm, plan, factory, etc. In turn, some elements from national languages are included in the dictionary of the Russian literary language (for example, aul, akyn, ditches, kishlak, shaman, etc.).
IN modern conditions The Russian language is gaining more and more international importance. It is studied by many people in different countries of the world.
The Russian language is undoubtedly the language of the richest fiction, the world significance of which is exceptionally great.
The Russian language is one of the most remarkable languages of the world in terms of diversity. grammatical forms and rich vocabulary. He has always been the pride of Russian writers who loved their people and their homeland. “The people who have such a language are a great people,” said one of the finest experts in the Russian word, I. S. Turgenev. M. V. Lomonosov found in the Russian language “the splendor of Spanish, the liveliness of French, the strength of German, the tenderness of Italian” and, in addition, “the richness and brevity of Greek and Latin».
A.S. Pushkin characterized the Russian language as a language “flexible and powerful in its turns and means...”, “receptive and sociable in its relationship to foreign languages...” The great Russian writer highly valued folk Russian speech, its “freshness, simplicity and, so to speak, sincerity of expressions ”and saw the main advantage of the Russian literary language in its proximity to the language of the people.
“Great, mighty, truthful and free” - these are the words that I. S. Turgenev characterized the Russian language.
Thus, the huge role of the Russian language in the modern world is determined by its cultural value, its power and greatness.
