SENEGAL
The Republic of Senegal is a country in West Africa with access to the Atlantic Ocean. It borders in the north with Mauritania, in the east with Mali, in the south with Guinea and Guinea-Bissau. The northern border of the country runs along the Senegal River, the eastern border almost coincides with the channel of the Falem River, a tributary of Senegal. From the coast to the limits of Senegal in the lower reaches of the Gambia, the territory of the small state of Gambia protrudes deeply. Area 196.7 thousand square meters. km, population 9.88 million people (1998). Capital Dakar (1.5 million people, with suburbs approx. 2 million). In the past - a colony of France, which was part of the French West Africa. Senegal gained independence in 1960, but maintains close economic relations with the former metropolis.
Nature. Senegal is a flat country. The average absolute marks of the surface are 60 m, only in the extreme southeast it rises to about 150-400 m above sea level, and in the foothills of the Futa-Jallon massif there is the highest point of the country - 581 m above sea level. Most of Senegal is confined to the savannah zone. Only within the northern regions of the country does the Sahel zone (desert savannah) enter. In the southwest, in the lower reaches of the Casamance River, mixed deciduous-evergreen forests have been preserved. The coastline to the north of Dakar is leveled, and to the south it is more dissected. Here are the swampy estuaries of the rivers Cine, Salum and Casamance. The largest rivers of the country - Senegal, Gambia and Casamance - have a constant flow. The Senegal River in the dry season is navigable only to the city of Podor, and in the rainy season it is navigable throughout the country. The rest of the rivers dry up during the dry season. In the northeast of the country there is a large lake Gyer.
Climate Senegal is subequatorial, transitional from arid in the north (250-300 mm of precipitation per year) to humid in the south (up to 1500 mm of precipitation). The rainy season in the north lasts from June to September, and in the south - from May to November (when air transport from the southwest to the northeast prevails). During the long dry season, the dry Harmattan wind constantly blows from the northeast, from the Sahara Desert.
population and society. The population of Senegal is divided into three large ethno-linguistic groups - Senegambian, Fulbe and Mande. The Senegambian group (65% of the country's population) includes the Wolof (the most numerous), Serer, Lebu and Diola peoples. It is believed that the Fulbe settled everywhere in West Africa, where there are conditions suitable for grazing. Initially, they occupied the valley of the Senegal River and the savannah areas south of the river bend, and the Fulbe came from a mixture of the local Tukuler people with the conquering Berbers. The Fulbe make up approximately 25% of Senegal's population. The Malinke and Soninke (Sarakole) peoples account for 7% of the population. They form the core of the Mande group. In the past, malinka and soninka played a leading role in agriculture and political life in the hinterland of West Africa. In Senegal, there are 1% Moors and 2% - Europeans and Lebanese. Europeans, mostly French, live in Dakar.
There is no particular language problem in Senegal. Since the Wolof language is related to the Serer and Lebu languages and the speakers of these three languages understand each other, Wolof is increasingly used as a language of interethnic communication. Serer is an archaic form of the Fula language, which is also widely spoken in the country. The official language is French. In the conditions of Senegal, differences on religious grounds play a much greater role than ethnic ones. Both the Muslim majority (94% of the population in 1988) and the Christian minority (4%) seek to increase the number of their co-religionists. The Murid sect of the Muslim Kadria order, which advocates the revival of the original Islam, is actively working to spread Islam. Its adherents emphasize solitude and hard work. Most of the followers of the Murids are Wolof peasants engaged in the cultivation of peanuts. They are an affluent part of Senegalese society and enjoy considerable political influence. 25% of Christians, predominantly Catholics, are Europeans. The Senegambians living in the cities are actively engaged in the spread of Christian teaching. One of the first results of the Islamization of the population was the emergence of a kind of caste system in society, which, for example, assigned blacksmiths and musicians to the lower levels in the social hierarchy. As the country modernized, the caste system gradually gave way to the division of society into various social strata.
Political system. Senegal's modern political institutions were created by Léopold Sédar Senghor, the country's president from 1960-1980. In June 1960, the Federation of Mali, which included Senegal, declared political independence. In August of the same year, the federation broke up and Senegal became an independent state. The post of the first president of the country was taken by Senghor, the prime minister - by Mamadou Dia. After Senghor defeated Dia in a political crisis in December 1962, a presidential system of government was introduced in Senegal in March 1963. In 1970 the post of prime minister was restored, but now the prime minister was subordinate to the president. When Senghor resigned in December 1980, Abdou Diouf, who had previously been prime minister for 10 years, became his successor as president. Then Diouf was elected president in 1983, 1988 and 1993. In accordance with the Senegalese constitution of 1963, the president and members of parliament are elected in general and direct elections. According to the constitutional amendments of 1991, the head of the executive branch - the president is considered to be elected by a majority of votes with the turnout of at least a quarter of the electorate. The president is elected for a seven-year term and is not allowed to be in power for more than two terms. Elections of 140 deputies to the unicameral parliament (National Assembly) are held every five years. Half of the deputies in the supreme legislative body of Senegal are elected in general direct elections by proportional system from each of the 10 regions of the country (Dakar, Diourbel, Fatick, Kaolak, Kolda, Luga, Saint-Louis, Tambacounda, Thies and Ziguinchor), and half - by majoritarian system. In 1991, the Supreme Court consisted of the Constitutional Court, the Council of State and the Supreme Court of Appeal. The leading political organization is the Socialist Party of Senegal (SPS). The party was created by Senghor in 1948, and it was under the influence of its founder for a long time after his resignation from the presidency. Until 1976, the party was called the Progressive Union of Senegal (PSS). The Union of Right Forces is a coalition party that takes into account the interests of numerous clans and groups in its activities. The stronghold of the party are the peanut growing areas. They are located near the cities of Thies, Diourbel and Kaolak, where the influence of the Murids is strong. The main opposition forces (besides the opposition parties) are the terrorist separatist movement in the Casamance area and the students of Dakar University. From the mid-1960s to the mid-1970s, when Senghor allowed opposition political organizations to operate, Senegal was a one-party state. There are currently 19 registered political parties in the country. In the 1998 parliamentary elections, the SPS won (93 seats), the second place was taken by the liberal Democratic Party of Senegal (DPS, 23 seats), followed by the Movement for Democratic Renewal (11 seats). The Democratic League - the Movement for the Creation of the Labor Party (DL - DSPT), the Independence and Labor Party of Senegal (PNTS), the Movement for Socialism and Unity, the National Democratic Association have some influence in the political life of the country. In foreign policy, Senegal focuses on France, the Muslim world and the French-speaking countries of Africa. The special relationship between Senegal and France is secured by numerous treaties and agreements; Senegal receives significant financial assistance from France. Senegal is a member of the UN, the Economic Community of West African States, the Organization of African Unity, the Islamic Development Bank, the Organization of the Islamic Conference, an associate member of the EU.
Economy. Senegal is an agricultural country traditionally producing millet and rice for domestic consumption and peanuts for export. Despite the fact that almost 75% of the economically active population in 1994 were employed in agriculture, the share of this sector was only 23% of GDP. Services accounted for the largest share of GDP, followed by mining and manufacturing. Adjusted for the level of domestic prices, i.е. at purchasing power parity, Senegal's GDP in 1995 was $14.5 billion, or $1,600 per capita. For several decades, the average economic growth rate has been less than 3%. After the devaluation of the CFA franc in 1994 and the adoption of measures to liberalize the economy, its real growth was 4.5% in 1995. The average income of urban residents is higher than rural, and Europeans are much higher than Africans. The population lives especially poorly in the valleys of the Senegal and Casamance rivers. Although Senegal was one of the two most industrialized countries in French West Africa, as well as its administrative, commercial and industrial center, it is forced to import much of the necessary manufactured products. On public service were mostly Africans, but the French still occupy a number of important leadership positions and work in areas requiring high vocational training. Large trading firms and many industries are still owned or controlled by the French. The economic niche of the Lebanese is mediation, in addition, they control the wholesale trade and many medium-sized trading companies.
Agriculture and fishing. Although peanut crops have declined, they are still the country's main cash crop. However, its average annual production decreased from 1 million tons in the 1970s to 800 thousand tons in the 1990s. An increase in the production of sugar, rice, and especially cotton (40,000 tons in 1996) helped alleviate the problem of unstable peanut crops and strong fluctuations in world prices for this crop. Sugar cane is grown in the north in the Saint-Louis region. Since 1971, market-oriented fruit growing (mainly citrus fruits) has been successfully developed. Of the grain crops, sorghum, corn and rice are cultivated (the latter in the floodplains of the Senegal and Casamance rivers), in addition, cassava, yams, and oil palm are grown. Marine fisheries developed so rapidly that they began to compete in economic importance with the production of peanuts. Approx. 270 tons of fish. Fishing in the coastal waters of Senegal is regulated by trade agreements with the EU and a number of African countries. Cattle, sheep and goats are bred for domestic consumption. Senegal has approx. 300 industrial enterprises. The main industries are food, light, chemical, mining and cement (about 400 thousand tons of cement are produced per year). basis Food Industry is the production of peanut butter (96 thousand tons per year). In addition, in Dakar there are fish processing enterprises engaged in freezing and canning fish, mainly tuna. Since the late 1960s, phosphorites have been a significant share of export earnings. Their production is approx. 2.5 million tons per year.
Internal trade and transport. The densest network of roads and railways is in the west and in the center of the country. The railway line stretches across the country from west to east and connects Senegal with the capital of Mali, Bamako. In 1993, work was completed on the expansion of the port in Dakar, the largest port on the West African coast. In 1995 and 1996 there was an increase of 16% in the volume of cargo passing through this port. Less significant ports are Kaolak, Saint-Louis and Ziguinchor. Dakar has a major international airport, and plans are underway to build another airport near the capital. The construction of the Jama dam lengthened the navigable part of the Senegal River four times.
International trade. Senegal's main trading partner is France, which in 1991 accounted for 34% of imports and approx. 32% of exports. In 1991, the value of imports was almost $1.1 billion and exports were $683 million. from France, the IMF and the World Bank. In 1986, seafood became the leading export instead of peanuts, in 1994 they accounted for 31% of the value of all exports. An important place in exports is also occupied by petroleum products, chemical products and phosphorites. The main imports are food, manufacturing equipment, oil, medicines and automobiles.
Banking, money circulation and budget. Senegal is part of the French franc zone and is a member of the West African Monetary Union. The monetary unit, the CFA franc, is pegged to the French franc. Its emission is controlled by the Central Bank, as well as African countries that are part of the CFA franc and France. In order to increase economic competitiveness and stimulate production growth, in 1994 the CFA franc was devalued by 50%. Credit policy is determined by the Central Bank of Senegal in conjunction with a special government committee. Commercial banking activities are carried out by four local banks, part of the share capital of which is owned by US banks and Western Europe, as well as a state bank. The state budget of Senegal for 1997 provided for a revenue of $817 million and an expenditure of $869 million. A significant share of state revenues is from foreign tourism ($170 million in 1996). The public investment program approved in 1997 provides for the allocation of $ 174 million for a three-year period for the repair highways, urban water supply systems and other infrastructure elements. Capital construction is financed mainly with the help of France, the EU, the African Development Bank, the World Bank and various Arab funds.
Culture. The education system in Senegal is copied from the French. Indeed, since 1978 curriculum teaching institutions introduced the study of the Wolof language. There is a high proportion of children who receive no education. Thus, in 1992, only 58% of children of the corresponding age attended primary school. Only a third of the adult population is literate. In 1992 primary schools studied ok. 725 thousand children, in secondary and technical - 191 thousand, in higher educational institutions - approx. 22 thousand. The largest university in the country is Cheikh Anta Diop University in Dakar. As part of this university, the world-famous Institute for Fundamental Research of Black Africa operates. In 1990, the University of Saint-Louis opened. Representatives of the older generation of the Senegalese intelligentsia, opponents of the policy of assimilation, even in the pre-war years began to develop the theory of negritude, which is based on the ideas about the uniqueness of the black race and its contribution to world civilization. Among the well-known humanitarians and politicians are: historians Cheikh Anta Diop and Lee Abdoulaye, political scientists Mamadou Dia and Majmut Diop, poets Leopold Sedar Senghor and David Diop, writers Abdoulaye Saji, Ousmane Sose, writer and folklorist Birago Diop. The first of the Senegalese writers to achieve international fame was the writer Semben Ousmane, who later became a prolific film director. Many consider him the father of African cinema. Wolof jewelers are famous for their gold and silver pieces. Song and dance traditions that have absorbed elements of popular Western music are preserved in the country.
Story. Early history Senegal is marked by a gradual migration of the Wolof and Serer from the northeast to the southwest. It seems that such movements were caused by the pressure of the Berbers in the north and the Soninke in the east. Tucoulers appeared in the valley of the Senegal River in the 9th century. and founded the state of Tekrur there, which in the 10-14 centuries. occupied the territory of modern Senegal and Mali with the capital on the site of the modern city of Podor. Berbers, who in the 10th c. settled on an island in the lower reaches of the Senegal river, converted part of the tukulers to Islam. At the end of the 11th c. Muslim tukulers under the leadership of the Berber Almoravid dynasty participated in the defeat of the state of Ghana. In the 14th century territorial expansion began in the western direction of the state of Mali, where the Islamized Keita dynasty ruled. The Malians captured Tekrur, and during the period of the highest prosperity of their state, they controlled the upper reaches of the Senegal and Falem rivers. The expansion of Mali forced the non-Muslim Serer to withdraw to the Kaolaka area, where they live to this day. Starting from the 15th century. an important role in the spread of Islam belonged to the Moors, the inhabitants of the northern regions of Senegal. In the middle of the 15th century the son of the tukuler clergyman N "Diadian N" Diai led the Wolof struggle against the tukuler invaders and united the areas between the Senegal River and Cape Almadi into the state of Jolof. Started in the 17th century rivalry between separate parts of this state (Wolof, Kayor, Baol and Valo) led to its disintegration. In the 18th and 19th centuries, taking advantage of the fragmentation among the Wolof, they were attacked by the militant Moorish emirates located in the north of Senegal. In the 15-18 centuries. there was a temporary strengthening of the power of the Tukuler rulers, who were vassals of one or another foreign dynasty, but the collapse of the state of Jolof meant the end of the existence in this region of large state formations created on a tribal basis. 19th century It was marked by the French colonial expansion and the revival of Islam, which coincided with it in time, and its spread in the territory of modern Senegal. In the middle of the 19th century Tukuler al-Haj Omar started religious war in the northeastern regions, but after a clash with the French, he was forced to move military operations further to the east. A peculiar form of protection from the French was the mass conversion of the Western Wolof to Islam, and after the country was seized by the French colonialists, the Wolof population followed the example of the Casamance. With the advent of the 15th century The Portuguese began the penetration of Europeans into the coastal regions of Senegal. The Portuguese were followed by the Dutch, the British and the French. Late 17th century and the whole 18th century. were marked by Anglo-French rivalry for control of the coast of Senegal. Europeans exported from there mainly gum arabic and slaves. At the beginning of the 19th century peanuts became the main and profitable export item. Until the middle of the 19th century. French control was limited mainly to Saint-Louis, Gore and Rufisq. During the Second French Empire, during the tenure of General Louis Federbes (1854-1865) as governor, and then during the first 30 years of the existence of the Third Republic, the French, acting by force, significantly increased the area of their colonial possessions. In 1895, Senegal was proclaimed a colony of France, and subsequently included in French West Africa, whose administrative center from 1902 was the city of Dakar. While the vast majority of the African population of Senegal was deprived of basic human rights, the indigenous inhabitants of the cities of Saint-Louis, Goré, Rufisque and Dakar, which received the status of communes, became the object of the French policy of "assimilation". The population of these cities were granted the rights of French citizens, including the right to participate in the election of a deputy to the French parliament, which they enjoyed in 1848-1852, and then permanently from 1871. The first African deputy of the National Assembly of France was Blaise Diagne, who in 1914 1934 represented the interests of Senegal. In 1879, an elected general council was created for commune cities. Its importance diminished when, in 1920, leaders from the hinterland of Senegal were included in its composition, and it itself was renamed the colonial council. Despite the subordination of the French colonial administration, in the interwar period this body played an important role in the education of local politicians. Thus, one of the Senegalese politicians, Dakar Lamine Gay, who in 1945 was elected to the French parliament, managed to achieve the abolition of forced labor and the difference in the status of residents of communal cities and the rest of the country's population. In 1946-1958, Senegal, like other French colonies of West Africa, had the status of an "overseas territory" of France with its own territorial assembly and a deputy in the French parliament, and gradually more and more Senegalese were given the right to vote. As the number of voters grew, Leopold Sedar Senghor from 1948 launched political work in rural areas and created a new political party, which from 1951 under various names dominated the political life of the country. The positions of another prominent politician of that time, Lamin Gay, who relied mainly on the population of communal cities, were undermined. In 1958, after Charles de Gaulle came to power, Senghor called on the people of Senegal to vote in a referendum in support of the de Gaulle constitution and vote for the status of autonomy within the French Community. His left-wing opponents unsuccessfully agitated fellow citizens to vote against autonomy and for immediate independence. In early 1959, Senegal, together with the former French Sudan, formed the Federation of Mali, which in June 1960 became independent within the French Community. In August of the same year, Senegal withdrew from the federation and was recognized as a sovereign state. In December 1962, after the arrest of Prime Minister Mamadou Dia on charges of preparing a coup d'état, L. Senghor introduced a presidential form of government in the country. During his presidency, Senghor rarely had to deal with organized action opposition forces. In 1968 he managed to neutralize the general strike under the leadership of the National Confederation of Workers of Senegal. Later, this largest trade union association was placed under the control of the ruling party. December 31, 1980 Senghor resigned. He was succeeded as president by Abdou Diouf, who had been prime minister since 1970. In July 1981, Diouf sent Senegalese troops to the Gambia to put down an attempted coup. Shortly thereafter, an agreement was reached between both states on the creation of the Senegambia confederation, which entered into force in February 1982. In 1989, this agreement was terminated. Although A. Diouf and the Socialist Party of Senegal achieved significant success in the presidential and parliamentary elections of 1983 and 1988, opposition groups reported abuses by rivals during the election campaign, and the 1988 elections were accompanied by major riots. In 1989, the ruling party made a number of concessions to the opposition, but opponents of the ruling regime continued to fight for the right to access public funds. mass media. Although in 1991 the constitution was amended and the electoral law revised, the 1993 presidential election was again marked by civil unrest. Nevertheless, A. Diouf was re-elected president for another seven-year term. In the 1998 parliamentary elections, the ruling Socialist Party of Senegal won the majority of seats (93 seats), followed by the opposition Democratic Party of Senegal (23 seats) and the Movement for Democratic Renewal (11 seats). In general, Senegal is holding a peaceful interstate and internal politics and is making efforts aimed at the financial recovery of the country and the elimination of external and internal debt.
LITERATURE
Kashin Yu.S. Senegal. M., 1973 Kuznetsov L.M. At the westernmost point of Africa. Dakar. M., 1980
Collier Encyclopedia. - Open society. 2000 .
Synonyms:See what "SENEGAL" is in other dictionaries:
Republic of Senegal, state in 3. Africa. Modern the name of the state wa Senegal and the river of the same name, flowing along its north. border, apparently, go back to the name of the kingdom of Sangana, which is mentioned by an Arab geographer of the 11th century. Al Bakri. At the base… … Geographic Encyclopedia
Senegal- Senegal. Schoolchildren from Dakar, 1976. SENEGAL (Republic of Senegal), a state in West Africa, is washed by the Atlantic Ocean in the west. The area is 196.2 thousand km2. Population 7.9 million, mainly Wolof, Fulbe, Serer, Tukuler, Diola and … Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary
Senegal on Africa map
(all images are clickable)
Geographical position
Senegal is a country in West Africa, off the coast of the Atlantic Ocean. It borders Mauritania, Mali, Guinea-Bissau and Guinea; from the west it is washed by the waters of the Atlantic Ocean, the length of the coastline is 531 km. Almost the entire territory of the country is a plain, rising slightly from the coast of the Atlantic Ocean to the east. Cape Almadi, on which the capital Dakar is located, is the westernmost point of the African continent. The area is 196.2 thousand km².
The climate is subequatorial. From November to April, the wind from the Sahara brings dry and hot air (harmattan), often causing dust storms. The average temperature in July is +27 °С, in February - +23 °С. The rainy season lasts from May to October. The average annual precipitation is not constant: in one year 200-300 mm may fall, and in another - more than 1400-1500 mm.
Flora and fauna
In the southern regions of the country, vegetation is represented by deciduous forests, in the northern regions - by desert savannahs.
Senegal map
The state structure is a presidential republic. The highest legislative body is the unicameral National Assembly. Administratively, the country is divided into 11 regions. The monetary unit is the CFA franc. The capital is the city of Dakar.
Population
The population is 13.9 million people, mainly the peoples of the Niger-Congo language group, isolated groups in Senegal are inhabited by Arabs - immigrants from Algeria, Libya and other countries of the "Arab West". The official language is French, but in everyday communication, most residents use various languages and dialects of the Niger-Congo; in the trading cities located on the coast, English and German are common. Almost the entire population is Sunni Muslim.
Economy
The basis of the economy is the production of peanuts and their processing for export. Other cash crops: rice, oil palm, cotton. Of the food crops in Senegal, corn, cassava, millet, and sweet potato are cultivated. The industrial sector is dominated by enterprises for the processing of agricultural raw materials, leather and footwear, and textiles. Phosphorites, common salt, and marble are mined.
Before the appearance of Europeans in West Africa, local peoples had already created developed trading cities and states. In the X-XII centuries. Arab traders settled on the territory of modern Senegal, spreading the religion and culture of Islam here. Europeans appeared on the coast of East Africa at the beginning of the 15th century. The coastal settlements they captured became strongholds for moving inland, and the island of Gore became the starting point for the slave trade. Subsequently, all territories along the Senegal River were completely captured by the French, and the city of Dakar became the administrative center of the colonies of French West Africa. In 1960, with the collapse of French West Africa, Senegal became independent.
Attractions
When entering Senegal, you must have a medical certificate with a mark of vaccination against malaria and yellow fever.
In addition to the national currency, the US dollar also has free circulation.
Baobab is considered the sacred tree of Senegal, and therefore it is not recommended to even touch it without the permission of a representative of the authorities.
The country regularly hosts international fishing championships.
Senegal photo
Answer from Olesya[guru]
State in West Africa West Side continent. It borders with Mauritania in the north and northeast, with Mali - in the east, with Guinea and Guinea-Bissau - in the south. From the west it is washed by the Atlantic Ocean.
just in case the site of the Senegalese embassy in Moscow link
Answer from Alexander Konstantinov[guru]
On the ground
Answer from Sky[newbie]
in West Africa, why do you need something specific?
Answer from Olga Bogdanova[guru]
Africa. Small state. Capital Dakar.
Answer from Olesya Maksimenkova[guru]
Senegal is a vibrant country of the African Breakthrough. It is the most visited country in West Africa and one of ten African countries- leaders in terms of foreign investment inflows. The main reasons for this are convenient geographical position, mild climate, kind people, dynamic economy and progressive, peace-loving leadership.
Area 86th in the world - 196,192 sq. km (of which 52% are forests)
President of the Republic of Senegal Abdoulaye Wade
Population More than 10.5 million people (42% - in cities)
Capital Dakar
Regions Dakar, Thies, Saint-Louis, Kaolak, Fatik, Meadows, Tambakunda, Diourbel, Kolda, Zigunshor, Matam
Religions Muslim (90%) and Christian (5%)
official languages French, Wolof, Pular, Diola, Yandingo, Serer, Toucouleur. English is spoken in the tourism sector
State structure Republic
Head of State President Abdoulaye Wade (since March 19, 2000)
Legislature - National Assembly
Political life Multi-party system (approx. 40 parties; ruling - liberal-democratic SOPI)
Coat of arms Lion (courage and nobility) and baobab (wisdom)
Flag Three equal vertical stripes
green, yellow and red (hope, light, solidarity) with a green star in the middle (openness)
National holiday Independence Day - April 4
Rivers Senegal, Gambia, Casamance
Phuta Jallon Heights (approx. 500 m)
Currency CFA franc (1 euro = 656 francs)
Main resources Fish, tourism, peanuts, phosphates
Economic growth 5-7% per year
GDP per capita $1,600 USA (2004)
Inflation Less than 1%
Main types of tourism Ocean fishing, river spearfishing (mangroves), beach, historical (megaliths, colonial style), sports (golf, tennis, horseback riding, surfing, aero), ecological
The famous resorts of Les Almadie, Saly, Cap Skiring
Famous green areas - Lango de Barbarie National Park (Ornithological Reserve in Saint-Louis), Turtle Reserve in Dakar, De Gibelor Farm in Casamance, National parks Sin-Salum and Niokolo Koba
Beaches - 700 km of the coast of the Atlantic Ocean, river areas
Souvenirs - Masks, tam-tams, figurines made of silver and precious woods, exotic fabrics and clothes, interior elements, furniture
The most popular symbols of the country are the Senegalese Lions football team, baobabs, the Senegalese acacia ("rubber tree"), the Paris-Dakar rally, the poet-president Leopold Senghor, the island of Gore, the Grand Mosque in Dakar, the holy city of Tuba, the singer Youssou Ndour, Saint-Louis Jazz Festival, Dakar Fashion Festival, Dakar Film Festival, tam-tam "djembe", Presidential Palace in Dakar, Senegal Shooters, Central Bank of West Africa ECEAO, FIDAK Industrial Exhibition, Sandaga Market, IFAN Museum, Biennale contemporary art DAK "ART, Fedebra Bridge over the Senegal River, built by Eiffel
Symbolic names of the country - West Gate of Africa, Teranga Country ("Hospitable Land"), Baobab Country, Bird Paradise, Senegal Lion
Basic moments
Senegal is characterized by a subequatorial type of climate: the air temperature is approximately the same everywhere and ranges from 23 to 28 ° C in different seasons, so the concepts of “winter” and “summer” are very arbitrary here. The wettest area is the south of the Atlantic coast, where up to 2000 mm of precipitation falls annually, much drier in the north - 250 mm. The amount of precipitation can change dramatically from year to year (for example, in the area of the capital Dakar - from 235 to 1485 mm). The precipitation regime determines the change of seasons of the year: from November to April, the dry northeast trade wind blows from the Sahara, and from May to October, the humid southwest monsoon brings heavy rains. The rainy season in the south lasts 5-7 months, and in the north - only 2-3 months.
The vegetation of almost the entire territory has been strongly altered by agriculture and cattle breeding. In the wetter south, deciduous forests have been preserved, and in the north and in the central parts of the country - shrub savannahs and semi-deserts (mainly within the boundaries of national parks, the largest of which is Niokolo-Koba), where you can meet animals typical of Senegal, including elephants, giraffes, buffaloes and hippos.
The population of Senegal is 15,411,614 people. (2016) - are representatives of the Negroid race. The Wolof and Tukuler peoples, living in the Senegal River valley in the north, profess predominantly Islam and are engaged in agriculture (these peoples are also numerous in cities); agricultural peoples (the basis of the country's agriculture as a whole is the cultivation of peanuts, for the export of which Senegal ranks first in the world) are also Serer, Diola and Mandigo; Fulbe, on the other hand, are mainly engaged in cattle breeding. The life and culture of the indigenous people are of great interest to tourists visiting the country.
Dakar is a major port located on the extreme western point of Africa - Cape Verde, the country's largest industrial and university center. Near the seaport is the oldest business district in the city, which is adjoined from the west by shopping streets with many workshops and shops of local artisans. The fashionable Fann quarter with residences of embassies, villas and comfortable hotels stretches along the coast. Dakar is also famous for the fact that the route of the famous international rally "Paris-Dakar" ends here.
Nature
Most of the territory of Senegal is covered with savanna vegetation (acacia, baobab, bearded man, elephant grass, bamboo, ronnier palm, tamarind). There is an Arabian acacia that gives gum arabic (resin). The northern regions are a zone of the so-called. Sahel (desert savanna). In the southwestern part of the country, mixed deciduous-evergreen forests have been preserved, in which akazha (mahogany), bavolnik, karite (oil tree), creepers, doum palm, and carob grow. Of the large animals, there are antelopes, cheetahs, hyenas, wild boars, leopards and jackals. Hares, monkeys, and many rodents are also common. Avifauna is diverse (storks, geese, vultures, bustards, cranes, waders, partridges, eagles, parrots, hornbills, ostriches, weavers, ducks, flamingos, guinea fowl), reptiles (including monitor lizards, cobras and pythons), as well as the world of insects (mosquitoes, tsetse flies, locusts, termites). There are six national parks. In coastal waters and rivers there are a lot of fish (sharks, dorado, mackerel, sea bass, octopus, sardinella, herring, catfish, tuna) and crustaceans.
Minerals - diamonds, bauxites, iron, gold, limestone, ilmenite, copper, marble, rock salt, oil, natural gas, rutile, titanium, peat, phosphates, zirconium.
culture
The origin of fine arts on the territory of modern Senegal began BC: in massive mounds of sand (8-6 centuries BC, central regions), archaeologists discovered ceramics, weapons, as well as jewelry made of gold and metals. The Museum of the Fundamental Institute of Black Africa (Dakar, founded in 1936) has a rich collection of African traditional art.
Professional art has been developing since the 1950s. In 1972, the School of Fine Arts was opened in Dakar, where masters who received art education in France, as well as the French ethnographer and artist P. Lods, taught. Artists of Senegal - Amadou Yero Ba, Papa Sidi Diop, Ibou Diouf, Ibrahim Ndiaye, Papa Ibra Tall. Exhibitions of Senegalese artists were held in Moscow in 1965, 1970 and 1975. Since 2004, the famous Senegalese artist and designer Umu Si has been participating in a continental project to create the first African opera called "Opera Sahel" - he is working on decoration and costumes for the opera.
Of the crafts and arts and crafts, pottery, wood carving (furniture and household utensils), leather production, weaving (ritual masks, brightly colored belts, bags and mats), as well as weaving, incl. carpet making. Jewelery craft stands out in particular, silver and gold products of the craftsmen of the Wolof people are very popular.
Based on the rich traditions of oral art (myths, songs, proverbs and fairy tales) of local peoples. Folklore is closely related to the art of the griots (the common name for professional storytellers and musician-singers in West Africa). Modern literature Senegal is developing French and local languages of the Wolof, Diola, Malinke, Serer, Soninke and Fulbe peoples.
First literary work- the story "Strength - Kindness" by Bakary Diallo, published in 1926. The formation of national literature is closely connected with the work of Leopold Sedar Senghor, one of the founders of the negritude movement in the 1930s (proclaiming the identity and unity of Negro-African culture, the need to address the origins and study own cultural values). Senghor began to publish in 1934 in Paris. The first collection of his poems, Songs in the Twilight, was published in 1945. Participation in the French Resistance movement was reflected in Senghor's lyric-journalistic cycle Black Victims (1948). His other works are the collection of Ethiopian motifs, the poem Elegy to the Winds, the cycle of poems Autumn Letters. Senghor's works have been published in many countries. In 2006 the 100th anniversary of the poet's birth will be celebrated. Other poets of Senegal are Amadou Mustafa Wade, Lamine Diakhate, Amadou Traore Diop, David Diop, Ousmane Semben (the first of the national writers to receive international recognition), Malik Fall.
The founder of Senegalese prose is Usman D. Sauce. His first novel, "Karim", was published in 1935. Senegalese writers - Nafissatou Diallo, Birago Diop, Sheikh Hamidou Kana, Abdoulaye Saji, Ousmane Semben, Aminat Sou Fall and others. Some of the works of Senghor and Semben were translated into Russian and published in the Soviet Union.
In May 2005, the French Literary Association "New Pleiades" established the L. Senghor International Prize. An honorary award will be given annually to a poet whose works “demonstrate in their entirety the richness and enormous possibilities of the French language.”
National music has ancient traditions. It was formed on the basis of the music of the local peoples and is closely connected with the art of the griots, and has also experienced a significant influence of the Arab and European musical culture. In the second floor. 20th century influenced by American pop music, new styles appeared and spread widely.
Playing musical instruments, songs and dances are closely related to everyday life local peoples. Musical instruments - various balafons, drums (djembe, tama, paliela - among the people tukuler, it is played exclusively by women), gnagnur, bells, xylophones (bark, etc.), single-stringed musical bows, rattles, horns, rattles and flutes. Singing is developed, songs are distinguished by a variety of genres. Particularly stands out ritual singing, which is accompanied by music and dances.
Senegal became the initiator and organizer of the 1st World Festival of Negro-African Art (FESMAN) in 1966. Outside the country, the name of the singer Youssu Ndura is known. In February 2004, several Senegalese folklore groups and musical groups took part in the 1st international festival of music of nomadic peoples, which was held in Nouakchott (Mauritania). In November 2004, the Senegalese singer and musician Abdou Gite Sek became one of the three finalists of the prestigious international competition "Music of the World", which has been held by Radio France International since 1981 with the aim of promoting the development of national music in the countries of Africa, the Caribbean and the Indian Ocean. The songs of Abdu Gite Sek are a mix of Senegalese rhythms and western rock. The Franco-Senegalese group called "Wok", in which he worked, was the winner of the "Music of the World" award in 2000. In 2003, this award was also awarded to a Senegalese musician, Didier Awady, who leads the rap group "Positive Black Sull".
Among modern musicians and singers, Baaba Maal (leader of the Daande Lenol (Voice of the People) group, which performs traditional music of the Wolof and Mandingo peoples, as well as funk and reggae music) and the griot Mansur Sek, are also popular. Jazz music festivals are held in Saint-Louis. In the summer of 2005, a two-day show of world music stars called "Africa Live" took place in Dakar, the proceeds of which were transferred to the malaria fund.
Senegalese composer Gu Ba takes part in a continental project to create the first African opera called "Opera Sahel" (he writes music in collaboration with composers from Nigeria, Guinea-Bissau and the Comoros). The project, valued at US$6 million, is funded by the Dutch Prince Claus Foundation. Completion of work on the music for the opera is planned for June 2006. The choreographic solution for the future performance was entrusted to the famous Senegalese dancer Germaine Akonyi.
In December 2006, the next World Festival of Negro-African Art (FESMAN-3) will open in Senegal. The cost of its organization is estimated at 7.5 billion CFA francs (200 million US dollars), which is 3 times more than the amount spent on the 1st festival.
Modern national theatrical art formed on the basis of rich traditional creativity. A significant influence on him was the work of the griots, who staged performances-improvisations. Senegal was one of the first countries in West Africa to have school theatres. The French theater school of U. Ponty, opened in the 1930s in Dakar, became the center for the creation of African drama theatre. It trained not only students from Senegal, but also other countries of West Africa (Benin, Côte d'Ivoire, Mali), who later became prominent theatrical figures. In the 1950s, a conservatory of music and dramatic art operated in Dakar. staged in French.
In 1961, the National Ballet Ensemble of Senegal was created, directed by Maurice Sonar Senghor. The troupe went on tour to the countries of Western Europe, and in 1965 and 1970 performed in Moscow. Amateur theatrical groups were created. The first professional theater was created in Dakar in 1965 and received the name "Theatre. Daniel Sorano. It was also headed by M.S.Sengor. In the theater, in addition to plays by local authors and foreign classics, the Inspector General by N.V. Gogol was staged, and in the Negro Theater (also located in the capital) - the play The Bear by A.P. Chekhov. Senegalese playwrights - Amadou Cisse Dia, Abdou Anta Ka, Sheikh Ndao, directors - R. Ermantier and others.
Its origin is associated with the activities of the "African Film Group", created in 1955 by Senegalese students (P. Vieira, J. M. Kahn, R. Keristan and M. Sarr), who studied at the Paris Film Institute. They filmed the first Senegalese documentary titled Africans in the Seine (1955). First Feature Film- Black from ... - was filmed by director (he is also a famous poet and prose writer) Semben in 1966. This film is considered one of the first African feature films, and Semben is often called the "father of African cinema." He also made films Emitai (1971), Hala (1975), Seddo (1977) and others. Semben was an intern at the film studio. Gorky with famous Soviet directors Sergei Gerasimov and Mark Donskoy. In May 2005, as part of the Cannes International Festival, he held a master class that aroused great interest among both specialists and spectators. Other film directors - B. De Bay, P. Vieira, U. Mbay, A. Samba Makarama, B. Senghor, J. Diop Mambetti, T. Sow, M. J. Traore. A film festival of African films is held in Dakar.
There are several types of traditional dwellings among local peoples. In the western regions, square-shaped adobe huts are erected under a 4-pitched grass roof. In the east of the country, round dwellings made of woven branches, covered with a cone-shaped grass roof, as well as rectangular huts with sheds, are common. Residents of the south build mostly round, rectangular or square adobe houses, often building material hand-rolled blocks of banco, a mixture of clay and straw, protrude. There are also oval-shaped dwellings surrounded by a veranda. Their walls are decorated with paintings in red and blue.
A special layer of architecture is the construction of mosques. IN modern cities houses are built of brick and reinforced concrete structures. The business districts of cities are built up with high-rise buildings.
Senegal is one of the most Islamized states on the African continent. Muslims (professing Sunni Islam) make up approx. 90% of the population, Christians (the majority professes Catholicism) - 5%, approx. 5% (mostly residents of the southern regions) adhere to traditional African beliefs (animalism, fetishism, cult of ancestors, forces of nature, etc.) - 2003. There are also a small number of Baha'i followers.
The penetration of Islam began in the first half. 11th c. during the period of existence in the territory of Senegal public education Tekrur. It became the first country in West Africa to undergo Islamization. Especially great influence among Senegalese Muslims are the Sufi orders (tarikats) Tijaniya, Muridiya and Qadiriyya. The spread of Christianity began in the 17th century. Senegal is characterized by religious tolerance.
Story
Around the 11th century, Islam, brought by Arab and Berber conquerors, became the dominant religion in the region. In the 14th century, there were several kingdoms there, the most powerful of which was the Jolof Empire. For a long time, the largest center of the slave trade was located on the Senegalese island of Goré.
Since the 15th century, Europeans began to appear on the coast of Senegal - the first in 1435 were the Portuguese. In 1633 the French founded the Senegal Company and in 1638 at the mouth of the Senegal River - a trading post (since 1659 - the city of Saint-Louis).
In the 17th - 1st half of the 18th centuries in the African-European trade, which was held in their hands by the rulers of African states, the export of slaves was becoming increasingly important. Using firearms, African rulers at the head of their squads raided their neighbors in order to capture prisoners for their subsequent sale to Europeans.
In the second half of the 19th century, the French began to develop the hinterland of Senegal. In 1860, the leader of the largest tribe in Senegal, Hadji Omar, recognized the protectorate of France. By 1890, all the tribes of Senegal submitted to the French.
The French exported peanuts from Senegal, gold was mined in small quantities. In 1885 was built Railway Saint-Louis - Dakar, then a railway line from Dakar to the neighboring French colony of Mali (in 1909-23).
The inhabitants of four districts in the west of Senegal were granted the rights of French citizens, and one deputy was elected from them to the French parliament (the first Negro deputy was elected in 1914). Were created educational establishments who prepared cadres from Negroes for the colonial administration of the whole of French West Africa. Parts began to form from the African population French army- battalions of Senegalese riflemen.
In 1895-1958, Senegal was part of French West Africa (FWA), which united the territories in the western part of the continent. In 1902, Dakar became the capital of the FZA.
After the end of World War II, the national liberation movement intensified in the country. On November 25, 1958, Senegal was proclaimed a self-governing republic within the French Community. In 1959, Senegal and French Sudan (Mali) united, forming the Federation of Mali, which gained independence: on April 4, 1960, an agreement was signed on granting it independence, which was officially proclaimed on June 20, 1960. Due to political conflicts, the Federation collapsed, after which, on August 20, 1960, Senegal and French Sudan (renamed Mali) declared their independence.
After independence, Senegal began to be ruled by the Progressive Union of Senegal (since 1976 renamed the Socialist Party of Senegal). The construction of "African socialism" in Senegal was announced.
In 1976, an amendment to the constitution was adopted allowing the activity of three political parties in Senegal - the Socialist, Democratic, and African Independence Party (Marxist-Leninist). Another Marxist-Leninist party - Independence and Labor - illegally existed.
In 1982, together with the Gambia, a nominal Senegambia confederation was formed, but real integration did not work, and in 1989 it collapsed.
Casamance separatist groups in the south of the country, which declared themselves in 1982, despite negotiations with the government, continue irregular activities. Senegal also has a long history of participating in peacekeeping missions.
Policy
Presidential republic. There is a constitution approved by a national referendum on January 7, 2001. The head of state and commander-in-chief of the armed forces is the president, who is elected by direct universal suffrage (by secret ballot) for a 5-year term. The President may be elected to this post no more than twice. Legislative power is exercised by the Parliament (National Assembly), which consists of 120 deputies (65 of them are elected by territorial districts, 55 by party lists). Members of Parliament are elected by direct universal suffrage by secret ballot. His term of office is 5 years; it can be dissolved by the president not earlier than 2 years after the parliamentary elections.
State flag. Rectangular panel, consisting of three vertical the same size stripes of green (at the pole), yellow and red. In the center of the yellow stripe is placed the image of a five-pointed green star.
At the core foreign policy- policy of non-alignment. The main foreign policy partner is France. Senegal maintains good neighborly relations with the Gambia, Guinea and Guinea-Bissau, incl. within the framework of the Organization for the Efficient Use of Resources in the Gambia. Relations between Senegal and the Gambia are complicated due to the smuggling of manufactured goods through the Gambian territory (there are lower customs duties on many imported goods), as well as due to the influx of a large number of Senegalese refugees who moved to the Gambia in the late 19th century. 1990s as a result of the conflict in Casamance. Until 2005, the program of cooperation with Taiwan, recognized by Senegal in 1996, was successfully implemented. In 1996–2005, Taiwan allocated approx. $150 million. In the beginning. November 2005 Senegal terminated diplomatic relations with Taiwan and resumed them with China (they were severed in 1996 after Senegal recognized Taiwan).
Economy
Senegal belongs to the group of least developed countries. The basis of the economy is the agricultural sector. It is one of the steadily developing states of West Africa. Senegal is dependent on foreign aid.
More than 75% of workers are employed in agriculture. Products - peanuts, millet, corn, sorghum, rice, cotton. Cattle and poultry are bred, fishing is carried out.
In the industrial sector - the extraction of phosphates, as well as iron ore, zirconium and gold.
Export commodities are fish, peanuts, phosphates, cotton.
Senegal is a West African country washed by the Atlantic Ocean, the beaches stretch for hundreds of kilometers. It is considered one of the most stable, economically developed and educated on this continent. Here, the idea of the poet and first president of the country Leopold Senghor about the uniqueness of the black race is actively developed by the specially created Institute for Basic Research of Black Africa.
Senegal is inhabited by many tribes with their own traditions and culture, but almost everyone speaks French.
Tours to Senegal are unusual and quite rare from Russia. But fans of the iconic world race Paris-Dakar flock there every January.
Every year, about seven hundred thousand tourists come to Senegal, and the profit from this area is second only to fishing in terms of volume.
In ancient times, these lands were inhabited by three ethnic groups: Wolof, Serer, Tukuler. In the XI century. Berbers and Arabs who came from North Africa began to introduce Islam here. Europeans first appeared in the 15th century. In the XVII-XIX centuries, the French were especially active in West Africa.
Until 1960, Senegal remained a colony of France, but even after becoming independent, it retained strong economic ties with it.
Senegal on the map
Nature and climate
This flat country is located in the subequatorial zone among savannahs and light forests. Hilly area only in the south-east, where the few Senegalese rivers originate, most of which have temporary flows dependent on rainfall. Only three are constantly flowing - Senegal, Gambia and Casamance, and they have a lot of fish.
In the north of the country - a semi-desert with sparse vegetation, in the south - dense forests of oil palms, baobabs, bamboo, mahogany and teak, as well as mangrove swamps.
Senegal is rich in wildlife - giraffes and antelopes, elephants and cheetahs, hippos and crocodiles, buffaloes and warthogs. Many different birds: eagles, vultures, ostriches, cranes, flamingos, parrots... It is especially represented in the area of the Salum River Delta, which is a clear proof of the possibility of harmonious coexistence of man and the biodiversity of the natural environment.
There are also reptiles - pythons, cobras, monitor lizards. There are many national parks in Senegal, in which the local fauna is represented quite fully. For example, the Fatala National Reserve is almost on the border of Senegal and Zambia. Here in the natural environment you can meet almost all representatives of the African animal world.
From July to October in Senegal is the rainy season, in the south it can last more than six months, and in the north - two to three months. But the rains are short, besides, it becomes fresher, the savannah is buried in greenery. And fishing - the main fun for many travelers in this country - is considered the best at this time.
The temperature throughout the year is within + 23C- + 28C throughout the country.
Tourists feel most comfortable in Senegal in November-February. However, the rest can be spoiled by "harmattan" - dry winds from the Sahara, blowing just at this time and bringing clouds of sand, raising waves that are not at all suitable for windsurfing.
Dakar
Dakar is the many-sided capital of Senegal, the center of all kinds of activities, including international ones. Whoever you see on its streets - respectable businessmen and ordinary Senegalese in national clothes, tourists. 
The main attraction of Dakar is the Theodore Monod Museum, the oldest on the African continent, which contains the richest collection of African art, it is in no way inferior to the best European and American museums.
The city has a lot of hotels and restaurants of the European level, colorful markets.
In the old quarter of the Medina, the famous local Grand Mosque mosque is located, the minaret of which is brightly lit at night. In Senegal, almost 90% of the inhabitants are Muslims.
Dakar is also famous for its vibrant, crowded festivals - jazz music and African arts. In general, various kinds of festivals are loved in this country and they are held all the time.
South of the capital is Petit-Cote - the main resort area, since it is here that the best Senegalese beaches are located.
Water sports, diving, for example, are more comfortable to do in early spring.
And 30 km from Dakar, Lac Rose (Pink Lake) is unlikely to leave anyone indifferent. Because of a large number algae, the water of this shallow and salty reservoir in sunny days takes on a bright pink color.
Saint Louis
The ancient namesake of the American city is located 320 km from Dakar. It was spread out, because its scheme is unique in its own way - the city consists of three parts, called "Continent", "Island" and "Berber language". The first with the second, for example, is connected by a half-kilometer bridge built in 1887. French engineer Gustave Eiffel, one of the creators of the famous Eiffel Tower in Paris. In 2011 it has been completely renovated. 
Saint Louis was founded in 1638. at the mouth of the Senegal River by the French and eventually became the capital of all of West Africa. The city is included in the UNESCO World Heritage List, because it has preserved the architecture of the colonial era almost in its original form. It is noteworthy that until now the embankment of the former local port is lined with shells, on which slaves worked at one time.
Saint-Louis has excellent sandy beaches and calm clear water, especially the French prefer this kind of vacation. But you need to know that all inclusive is not in favor here, alcohol - especially, at best, a classic French breakfast - coffee, croissant, butter, jam.
Ile de Gore
Senegal has a lot of places under the protection of UNESCO. It is impossible not to name one more thing - Ile de Gorée - an island that is the largest attraction of Senegal. In ancient times - the West African center of the slave trade. The fortresses preserved on the island, colonial houses, as well as the local museum "La Maison Des Esclaves" allow you to present a fairly clear picture of the life and life of slaves.
Senegalese cuisine
It is a mix of African and European culinary traditions. Almost all local dishes contain rice, sorghum, millet and corn. Not without seafood, of course.
Connoisseurs advise you to definitely try a certain set of dishes:
- meat baked on the leaves of a sago tree, under milk-coconut sauce - muffe;
- spicy fish soup, served in a special way - in a clay pot covered with a cornmeal cake;
- bright ruby baobab juice, whose exotic taste usually delights everyone.
What to bring from Senegal
Basically, souvenirs are graceful figurines made of ebony and teak, panels of butterfly wings. Jewelry, especially in ethno style. The latter, we note, it is better to buy on the Ile de Gore, because they are half the price there than, say, in Dakar, and at the same time more refined.
And fragrant orange mangoes and cashews. Wild mangoes are especially tasty; in the villages, you can buy a whole bowl of them for 1€.
Prices
The cost of living in hotels is very different - from five thousand rubles per night per person in a three-star hotel to 16 thousand rubles and more - in a five-star one. You can find a place for more than two thousand rubles, but whether it's worth it is a big question.
Lunch for two in a mid-range restaurant will cost about three thousand rubles, you can have a bite to eat in a street cafe for 250-300 rubles. A small bottle of water costs 31 rubles.
For landing in a taxi, you will have to pay more than a hundred rubles, then - according to the tariff.
Expensive in Senegal car rental - 90-150 € per day. In addition, you must have an international driver's license and a credit card. And be over 21 years of age. And most of the local roads are of poor quality, there are few roadside car services, gas stations and cafes.
How to get there
Unfortunately, it will not work to fly from Russia to Senegal by a direct flight - there are none, just as there are none from Kazakhstan, Belarus. A transfer is inevitable in one of the European cities - Paris or Madrid, for example. You can also fly through Istanbul or Tunisia.
Worth keeping in mind
The Senegalese are smiling and friendly, of all African peoples they are known as the most beautiful and have a heightened sense of self-esteem. When communicating with them, one must take into account the presence of class and the importance of social status here. And also remember their special reverence for baobab trees, which are protected by law, so not only logging without special permission, but even climbing on them is strictly prohibited.
Locals call Senegal "Land of Teranga", translated from the Wolof language, which is spoken by the majority, means "hospitable land". So it is worth going and not without reason to expect a good reception.
About the disappearing beaches of Senegal - in the video.
