Why the Siberian peasantry opposed Kolchak. The atrocities of A. V. Kolchak and Kolchak's people against the peoples of Russia are forgotten! The Overton window in action. Blind Leaders of the Blind Documentary

Very often, Kolchak's defenders justify his crimes against the civilian population with features civil war and they write that the Supreme Ruler “did not sign documents on the mass extermination of people” and “Kolchak’s people allowed excesses inevitable in war conditions.”

But some of his supporters, recognizing the arbitrariness on the part of the Kolchak government, argue that it is not Kolchak's fault, but "... relatively speaking, Captain Ivanov, Staff Captain Petrov or Lieutenant Colonel Sidorov, but this is literally" kindergarten', 'handicraft' versus centralized, purpose-driven practices mass repression in the Bolshevik version.

Kolchak went furthest in justifying the genocide of the Siberian peasants Chief Editor newspaper "Baikalskie Vesti", candidate historical sciences Yuri Pronin, who stated that "unlike the White Guard" excesses of the performer ", the Red Terror was partly" part of the centralized state ideology and policy ".

The monarchist Alexander Turik adheres to the same position:

The most interesting thing is that none of Kolchak's defenders cited the figures of the civilian population who died from the so-called "excesses of Kolchak's perpetrators", and if he did, it immediately became clear that this was not about "excesses", but about a punitive system, the victims of which were tens of thousands of people.

After the Kolchak coup in Omsk on November 18, 1918, literally a month later, more than 80 peasant uprisings arose in Siberia for six months, especially in the Yenisei province, which had to be suppressed with the help of military punitive detachments.

In order to legitimize the participation of army units in punitive operations against the population, the Kolchak government adopts a number of regulations that give the commanders of military districts the right to declare martial law in a given territory and the right to punish the perpetrators up to death penalty"for general security".

The surviving documents and orders make it possible to establish precisely that Admiral Kolchak decided to use against his people the punitive system of the Japanese interventionists, who “loved” artillery fire to shoot Siberian villages along with their inhabitants.

The "Japanese" way of dealing with their own insurgent people was reflected in the March order of the Supreme Ruler A. V. Kolchak on the suppression of the Yenisei uprising:

“It is possible to put an end to the Yenisei uprising as soon as possible, more decisively, without stopping at the most strict, even cruel measures against not only the rebels, but also the population supporting them. In this regard, the example of Japan in the Amur region, which announced the destruction of the villages hiding the Bolsheviks, is caused, apparently, by the need to achieve success in a difficult partisan struggle. In any case, a strict measure should be applied to the villages of Kiyaiskoye and Naiskoye. I think the course of action should be something like this:

1. In settlements it is necessary to organize self-protection from reliable residents.

3. For harboring Bolsheviks, propagandists and gangs, there should be a merciless reprisal, which should not be carried out only if the nearest military unit was promptly informed of the appearance of these persons (gangs) in settlements, as well as the time of departure of this gang and the direction of its movement was promptly reported to the troops. Otherwise, a fine will be imposed on the entire village, and the leaders of the village will be brought to court-martial for harboring.

4. Make unexpected raids on troubled points and areas. The appearance of an impressive detachment causes a change in the mood of the population.

7. For intelligence, communication, use the locals by taking hostages. In case of incorrect and untimely information or treason, the hostages are executed, and the houses belonging to them are burned ... All men capable of fighting are gathered in some large building, kept under supervision and guarded for the duration of the night, in case of treason, betrayal - merciless reprisal.

Taking into account this order of Kolchak, on March 20, 1919, Minister of War N. A. Stepanov sent the following telegram to the commander of the Irkutsk Military District, Lieutenant General V. V. Artemyev:

“The supreme ruler ordered you to convey: 1) his urgent desire to put an end to the Yenisei uprising as soon as possible, not stopping at the most severe, even cruel measures against not only the rebels, but also the population supporting them. In this regard, the example of the Japanese in the Amur region, who announced the destruction of villages hiding the Bolsheviks, is apparently caused by the very need to succeed in a difficult partisan struggle in a wooded area.

In turn, the commander of the Irkutsk Military District, Lieutenant General V. V. Artemiev, sent a telegram dated March 23, 1919 No. 0175-632 to General S. N. Rozanov, with the following content:

“The supreme ruler ordered that the Yenisei uprising be put to an end as quickly and decisively as possible, without stopping at the most strict, even harsh measures against not only the rebels, but also the population supporting them. In this regard, the example of the Japanese in the Amur region, who announced the destruction of the villages hiding the Bolsheviks, is apparently caused by the very need to succeed in a difficult partisan struggle in a wooded area. In any case, severe punishment should be applied to Kiyaiskoye and Koyskoye.

I order:

1. In settlements, organize self-protection from reliable residents.

2. Demand that local authorities themselves arrest and kill all agitators or troublemakers in populated areas.

3. For harboring Bolsheviks, propagandists and troublemakers, there should be merciless reprisals, which should not be carried out only if the appearance of these persons (gangs) in settlements was promptly reported to the nearest military unit, and also if the time of departure and the direction of movement of this unit was delivered in a timely manner. Otherwise, a fine will be imposed on the entire village, the leaders of the village will be brought to court for harboring.

4. Make unexpected raids on troubled points and areas. The appearance of an impressive detachment will cause a change in the mood of the population.

5. In the units subordinate to you, arrange severe discipline and order. No illegal actions - robberies, violence - should be allowed. Deal with the convicted on the spot. Drunkenness - eradicate. Drunken bosses - dismiss, judge, punish.

6. Chiefs who do not know how to keep the units entrusted to them at the proper height, dismiss, bring to the field court for inaction of power.

7. For intelligence, communication, use the locals by taking hostages. In case of incorrect and untimely information or treason, the hostages are to be executed, and the houses belonging to them are to be burned. When stopping for the night and in the location in the villages, keep the units concentrated, adapt the occupied buildings for defense, set out guards on all sides, keeping to the principle of quality, not numbers. Take hostages from neighboring, unoccupied villages. All men capable of fighting should be gathered in some large building, kept under reliable guard, in case of treason or betrayal - mercilessly shot.

This telegram gave General S. N. Rozanov the basis for issuing an even tougher order on hostages on March 27, 1919:

"To the chiefs of military detachments operating in the region of the uprising:

1. When occupying villages previously captured by robbers, demand the extradition of their leaders and leaders; if this does not happen, and there is reliable information about the existence of such, then shoot the tenth.

2. Villages, the population of which will meet government troops with weapons, burn; to shoot the adult male population without exception; property, horses, a wagon, bread, and so on, to be taken away in favor of the treasury.

6. Take hostages among the population, in case of action by fellow villagers directed against government troops, shoot hostages mercilessly.”

As you can see, Kolchak himself, by his order, untied the hands of the military for punitive operations not only against the rebellious partisan peasants, but also against the civilian population.

At the same time, Kolchak's military leaders, guided by the orders and resolutions of Kolchak, issued orders themselves and introduced new grounds for arrests and executions on the spot. The inaccuracy of the wording of Kolchak's orders gave the military an opportunity for their free interpretation and arbitrariness, which resulted in robberies of the population, mass flogging of peasants, including women and children, and incessant executions for any suspicion or offense.

The actions of Kolchak's military punitive detachments against the civilian population are a fact recorded and confirmed by an array of documents.

The attempt of Irkutsk liberals and monarchists to explain Kolchak's punitive policy towards Siberian civilians by "separate excesses of perpetrators" is not only an excuse for war crimes, but also a desecration of the memory of the dead Siberians. After all, in the Yenisei province alone, on the orders of General S. N. Rozanov, about 10 thousand people were shot and 12 thousand peasant farms were destroyed.

At the same time, Kolchak himself knew about the atrocities committed by his military, and did nothing to stop the brutal repressions against the population.

So what is the monument to this man in Irkutsk for?

For tens of thousands of people who were shot, tortured, flogged and robbed?
________________________________________ ______________

Materials used from books: Chronicle white terror in Russia. Repression and lynching (1917-1920) / Ilya Ratkovsky. - Moscow: Algorithm, 2017 - 464 p. and Law enforcement policy of A. V. Kolchak / S. P. Zvyagin - Kemerovo: Kuzbassvuzizdat, 2001. - 352 p.

From me:

Mannerheim in Leningrad, for his participation in the BLOCKADE was immortalized with a board. A monument to Kolchak was erected where he destroyed the most people. And after the rehabilitation of Vlasov, will they take up the rehabilitation of Hitler?

Blind Leaders of the Blind Documentary:

How and why did A. V. Kolchak come to Russia - a British officer since December 1917

Not everyone knows about this. It is not customary to talk about this now for the same reason that in the mention of the legendary A.A. Brusilov will never be mentioned that he became a red general. Sometimes in disputes about Kolchak they are asked to show a document with a contract. I don't have it. He is not needed. Kolchak himself told everything, everything was recorded on paper. Everything is confirmed by his telegrams to his mistress Timireva.

Very important important question— which brought the British officer to Russia. Especially in light of the fact that some senators and zealots of Kolchak's memory are in favor of erecting monuments to him :

“There must be places of worship, monuments to the heroes of the Russian Army, who laid down their lives, well-being in the name of Russia, the Tsar and the Fatherland. A monument to Alexander Kolchak should appear in Omsk!”— © Senator Mizulina.

We will show that:

a) Kolchak really entered the service of the British crown;

b) Kolchak ended up in Russia on the orders of his new superiors. (At the same time, he did not aspire to Russia himself. Maybe he even hoped to avoid a visit.)

* * *

From the minutes of the meetings of the Extraordinary Commission of Inquiry.

“... Having considered this question, I came to the conclusion that there was only one thing left for me - to continue the war all the same, as a representative of the former Russian government, which gave a certain obligation to the allies, I held an official position, enjoyed its confidence, it waged this war, and I must continue this war. Then I went to the English envoy in Tokyo, Sir Green, and expressed to him my point of view on the situation, declaring that I did not recognize this government. (remember these words -arctus) and I consider it my duty, as one of the representatives of the former government, to fulfill the promise to the allies; that the obligations that Russia assumed towards the allies are also my obligations as a representative of the Russian command, and that therefore I consider it necessary to fulfill these obligations to the end and wish to participate in the war, even if Russia makes peace under the Bolsheviks. Therefore, I asked him to inform the British government that I ask to be accepted into the British army on any conditions. I do not set any conditions, but only ask you to give me the opportunity to wage an active struggle.

Sir Green listened to me and said:

“I fully understand you, I understand your position; I will report this to my government and ask you to wait for a response from the British government.

However, he had the opportunity to remain in service in Russian Navy, there are many examples of naval higher officers, and the investigator draws attention to this:

Alekseevsky. At the time when you made such a difficult decision to enter the service of another state, even if it was an allied or former allied state, you should have had the idea that there is a whole group of officers who quite consciously remain in the service of the new government in the Navy, and that among them there are certain large figures ... large officers in the Navy who deliberately went for it, such as Altvater* . How did you treat them?

Kolchak. Altvater's behavior surprised me, because if the question was raised earlier about what political convictions Altfater had, then I would say that he was more of a monarchist. … And even more so I was surprised by his repainting in this form. In general, before it was difficult to say what political convictions an officer had, since such a question simply did not exist before the war. If one of the officers had asked then:

"Which party do you belong to?" - then, probably, he would have answered: "I do not belong to any party and do not engage in politics." (and now let us recall the words noted above about the non-recognition of the Bolshevik government, and carefully read the following -arctus )

Each of us looked in such a way that the government can be anything, but that Russia can exist under any form of government. You understand a monarchist as a person who believes that only this form of government can exist. As I think, we had few such people, and rather Altvater belonged to this type of people. For me personally, there was not even such a question - can Russia exist under a different form of government. Of course, I thought that it could exist.

Alekseevsky. Then among the military, if not expressed, there was still an idea that Russia could exist under any government. Nevertheless, when the new government was created, did it already seem to you that the country could not exist under this form of government?

<…>

Two weeks later, a reply came from the British War Office. I was first informed that the British government was willing to accept my proposal for enlistment in the army and asked me where I would prefer to serve. I replied that in applying to them to accept me for service in the English army, I did not put any conditions on it, and suggested that they use me in any way they found possible. As to why I expressed a desire to join the army and not the Navy, I knew the English Navy well, I knew that the English Navy, of course, did not need our help.

<…>

A.V. Kolchak - A. Timireva :

... Finally, very late, the answer came that the British government offered me to go to Bombay and report to the headquarters of the Indian army, where I would receive instructions about my appointment to the Mesopotamian front.

For me, although I did not ask for it, it was quite acceptable, since it was near the Cheriy Sea, where actions against the Turks took place and where I fought at sea. I therefore gladly accepted the offer, and begged Sir C. Greene to give me the opportunity to travel by boat to Bombay.

A.V. Kolchak - A. Timireva :

Singapore, 16 March. (1918) Met by order of the British government return immediately to China for work in Manchuria and Siberia. It found to use me there in the views of allies and Russia, preferably over Mesopotamia.

... In the end, on the 20th of January, after a long wait, I managed to leave Yokohama by boat for Shanghai, where I arrived at the end of January. In Shanghai, I went to our Consul General Gross and the English Consul, to whom I handed over a paper defining my position, asking his assistance to arrange me on a steamer and deliver me to Bombay to the headquarters of the Mesopotamian army. On his part, an appropriate order was made, but he had to wait a long time for the ship. …

When meeting with the first "whites" in Shanghai who came for weapons, Kolchak refuses to help, referring to his already new status and the obligations associated with it:

Then, back in Shanghai, I first met with one of the representatives of the Semyonov armed detachment. It was the Cossack centurion Zhevchenko, who traveled through Beijing, visited our envoy, then went to Shanghai and Japan with a request for weapons for the Semenov detachment. At the hotel where I was staying, he met with me and said that there had been an uprising against Soviet power in the exclusion zone, that Semyonov was at the head of the rebels, that he had formed a detachment of 2,000 people, and that they had no weapons and uniforms, - and so he was sent to Cathay and Japan to ask for the opportunity and funds to purchase weapons for the detachments.

He asked me how I felt about it. I replied that no matter how I felt, but in this moment I am bound by certain obligations and cannot change my mind. He said that it would be very important if I came to Semyonov to talk, since I needed to be in this business. I said:

"I fully sympathize, but I made a commitment, received an invitation from the British government and I'm going to the Mesopotamian front."

From my point of view, I considered it indifferent whether I would work with Semenov, or in Mesopotamia - I would do my duty towards the motherland.

How did Kolchak end up in Russia? What kind of wind "blowed"?

I left Shanghai by boat for Singapore. In Singapore, the commander of the troops, General Ridout, came to greet me, handed me an urgent telegram sent to Singapore from the director of the Intelligence Department of the intelligence department of the military general staff in England.

This telegram read as follows: the British government accepted my proposal, nevertheless, due to the changed situation on the Mesopotamian front (later I found out what the situation was, but earlier I could not foresee this), he considers in view of the request addressed to him by our envoy, Prince. Kudashev, useful for the common allied cause, so that I return to Russia, that I am recommended to go to the Far East to start my activities there, and it is more profitable from their point of view than my stay on the Mesopotamian front, especially since the situation there has completely changed.

Let us pay attention to one more evidence that what Kolchak sought:

« I ask you to accept me into the English army on any terms you like. happened.

I've already made more than half the way. This put me in an extremely difficult situation, primarily financial - after all, we traveled all the time and lived on our own money, not receiving a penny from the British government, so our funds were coming to an end and we could not afford such walks. I then sent another telegram with a request: is this an order or just advice that I can not fulfill. An urgent telegram was received to this with a rather vague answer: the British government insists that it is better for me to go to the Far East, and recommends that I go to Peking at the disposal of our envoy, Prince. Kudashev. Then I saw that the issue had been resolved. After waiting for the first steamer, I left for Shanghai, and from Shanghai by rail to Beijing. This was in March or April 1918.

<…>

That is, Kolchak obeyed the order, and not at the call of the soul went to Russia.

And as for material difficulties, well, really, the question is logical, only strong romantics and enthusiasts can work without a salary.

* Vasily Mikhailovich Altvater - Rear Admiral of the Russian Imperial Fleet, first commander of the RKKF of the RSFSR

About Kolchak and the Kolchakites

As part of the propaganda of the "white" movement and the distortion of history, many artistic works. One of these works is the film "Admiral".

A white officer, an admiral, a patriot, a hero... Such a handsome Khabensky Kolchak cannot be bad. Can't be wrong. Wrong, then, the Bolsheviks.- It is this chain of reasoning that the authors of this article offer us. artistic movie.

But this is not true!

The truth is that the historical Kolchak bears very little resemblance to the artistic one.

1918 In November, Kolchak, with the blessing of the British and French, declared himself dictator of Siberia. The admiral is an irritable little man, about whom one of his colleagues wrote:

"a sick child ... certainly a neurasthenic ... forever under the influence of others," he settled in Omsk and began to call himself "the supreme ruler of Russia."

The former tsarist minister Sazonov, who called Kolchak "Russian Washington", immediately became his official representative in France. He was lavished with praise in London and Paris. Sir Samuel Hoare again declared publicly that Kolchak was a "gentleman." Winston Churchill claimed that Kolchak was "honest", "incorruptible", "intelligent" and "patriot". The New York Times saw him as "a strong and honest man" backed by "a solid and more or less representative government."

Kolchak with foreign allies

The allies, and especially the British, generously supplied Kolchak with ammunition, weapons and money.

“We sent to Siberia,” proudly reported the commander of the British troops in Siberia, General Knox, “hundreds of thousands of rifles, hundreds of millions of cartridges, hundreds of thousands of sets of uniforms and machine-gun belts, etc. Each bullet fired by Russian soldiers at the Bolsheviks during this year , was made in England, by English workers, from English raw materials and delivered to Vladivostok in English holds.

In Russia at that time they sang a song:

English uniform,
French epaulette,
Japanese tobacco,
Ruler of Omsk!

The commander of the American expeditionary forces in Siberia, General Grevs, who can hardly be suspected of sympathy for the Bolsheviks, did not share the allies' enthusiasm for Admiral Kolchak. Every day his intelligence officers supplied him with new information about the reign of terror that Kolchak had established. The admiral's army had 100,000 soldiers, and new thousands of people were recruited into it under threat of execution. Prisons and concentration camps were packed to capacity. Hundreds of Russians who dared to disobey the new dictator hung from trees and telegraph poles along the Siberian railway. Many rested in mass graves, which they were ordered to dig before Kolchak's executioners destroyed them with machine-gun fire. Murders and robberies have become a daily occurrence.

One of Kolchak's assistants, a former tsarist officer named Rozanov, issued the following order:

1. Occupying villages previously occupied by bandits ( Soviet partisans), demand the issuance of the leaders of the movement, and where the leaders cannot be found, but there is enough evidence of their presence, shoot every tenth inhabitant.
2. If, during the passage of troops through the city, the population does not inform the troops of the presence of the enemy, to collect a monetary contribution without any mercy.
3. Villages, the population of which provides armed resistance to our troops, should be burned, and all adult men should be shot; property, houses, carts, etc. confiscate for the needs of the army.

Telling General Graves about the officer who issued this order, General Knox said:

“Well done this Rozanov, by God!”

The bodies of workers and peasants shot by Kolchak

Along with the troops of Kolchak, the country was ravaged by gangs of bandits who received financial support from Japan. Their main leaders were Ataman Grigory Semyonov and Kalmykov.

Colonel Morrow, who commanded American troops in the Trans-Baikal sector, reported that in one in the village occupied by the Semyonovites, all men, women and children were villainously killed. Some were shot "like rabbits" when they tried to flee their homes. Others were burned alive.

"Soldiers Semenov and Kalmykov, says General Graves, using the patronage of the Japanese troops, they scoured the country, like wild animals, robbing and killing civilians ... Anyone who asked questions about these brutal murders was told that the dead were Bolsheviks, and, apparently, this explanation satisfied everyone.

General Grevs did not hide the disgust that the atrocities of the anti-Soviet troops in Siberia aroused in him, which earned him a hostile attitude from the White Guard, British, French and Japanese commands.

The American ambassador to Japan, Morris, during his stay in Siberia informed General Greves that he had received a telegram from the State Department about the need to support Kolchak in connection with American policy in Siberia.

"You see, General, Morris said, you will have to support Kolchak.

Grevs replied that the military department had not given him any instructions about supporting Kolchak.

“It's not in the military, it's in the State Department,” Morris said.

“The State Department doesn't know me,” Graves answered.

Kolchak's agents began harassing Grevs in order to undermine his prestige and force him to be recalled from Siberia. Rumors and fictions began to spread that Grevs had "become a Bolshevik", and that his troops were helping the "communists". This propaganda was also anti-Semitic in nature. Here is a typical example:

“American soldiers are infected with Bolshevism. For the most part, they are Jews from the New York East Side, who constantly start riots.

The English Colonel John Ward, a member of parliament who was a political adviser under Kolchak, publicly stated that when he visited the headquarters of the American Expeditionary Force, he discovered that "out of sixty liaison officers and translators, more than fifty were Russian Jews."

The same kind of rumors were spread by some of Grevs' compatriots.

"American Consul in Vladivostok, Graves recalls, day after day, without any comment, telegraphed to the State Department the slanderous, false, obscene articles about American troops that appeared in the Vladivostok newspapers. These articles, as well as the slanders of the American troops that were spreading in the United States, were based on the accusation of Bolshevism. Actions american soldiers did not give rise to such an accusation ... but it was repeated by Kolchak's supporters (including Consul General Harris) in relation to everyone who did not support Kolchak.

In the midst of the slanderous campaign, a messenger from General Ivanov-Rynov, who commanded the Kolchak units in Eastern Siberia. He informed Grevs that if he pledged to give Kolchak's army $20,000 a month, General Ivanov-Rynov would see to it that the agitation against Grevs and his troops ceased.

This Ivanov-Rynov, even among the generals of Kolchak, stood out as a monster and a sadist. In Eastern Siberia, his soldiers exterminated the entire male population in the villages, where, according to their suspicions, "Bolsheviks" were hiding. Women were raped and beaten with ramrods. Killed indiscriminately - the elderly, women, children.

Kolchak's victims in Novosibirsk, 1919

Excavations of the grave in which the victims of the Kolchak repressions of March 1919 were buried, Tomsk, 1920

Tomsk residents carry the bodies of the spread participants of the anti-Kolchak uprising

The funeral of the Red Guard brutally murdered by Kolchak

Novosobornaya Square on the day of the reburial of the victims of Kolchak on January 22, 1920

One young American officer sent to investigate the atrocities of Ivanov-Rynov was so shocked that, after finishing his report to Grevs, he exclaimed:

“For God's sake, General, don't send me on such orders again! Just a little more - and I would have tore off my uniform and would begin to save these unfortunate ones.

When Ivanov-Rynov faced the threat of popular indignation, the English commissioner, Sir Charles Elliot, hurried to Greves to express his concern for the fate of the Kolchak general.

– As for me, - General Grevs answered him fiercely, - let them bring this Ivanov-Rynov here and hang him on that telephone pole in front of my headquarters - not a single American will lift a finger to save him!

Ask yourself why during the Civil War the Red Army was able to defeat the well-armed and sponsored by the Western Powers White Army and troops 14 !! states that invaded Soviet Russia during the intervention?

But because the MOST of the Russian people, seeing the cruelty, baseness and venality of such “Kolchaks”, supported the Red Army.

Kolchak. He is such a douche...

Such a touching series was filmed with public money about one of the main executioners of the Russian people during the civil war of the last century, which simply brings tears to the eyes. And to the same touching, heartfelt, they tell us about this guardian of the Russian land. And trips through Baikal are held with memorial and prayer services. Well, just grace descends on the soul.

But for some reason, the inhabitants of the territories of Russia, where Kolchak and his comrades were heroic, have a different opinion. They remember how entire villages of Kolchak threw people still alive into the mines, and not only that.

By the way, why is the tsar father being honored in such a way on a par with priests and white officers? Didn't they blackmail the king from the throne? Didn't they plunge our country into bloodshed, betraying their people, their king? Didn't the priests joyfully restore the patriarchate immediately after their betrayal of the sovereign? Didn't the landowners and generals want power for themselves without the control of the emperor? Weren't they the ones who started organizing the civil war after the successful February coup organized by them? Didn't they hang the Russian peasant and shoot all over the country. It was only Wrangel, horrified by the death of the Russian people, who left the Crimea himself, all the others preferred to cut the Russian peasant until they themselves were reassured forever.

Yes, and remembering the Polovtsian princes by the names Gzak and Konchak, cited in the Tale of Igor's Campaign, the conclusion involuntarily suggests itself that Kolchak is related to them. Maybe that's why you shouldn't be surprised by the following?

By the way, it makes no sense to judge the dead, neither white nor red. But mistakes cannot be repeated. Only the living can make mistakes. Therefore, the lessons of history need to be known by heart.

In the spring of 1919, the first campaign of the Entente countries and the United States of America began against the Soviet Republic. The campaign was combined: it was carried out by the combined forces of the internal counter-revolution and the interventionists. The imperialists did not hope for their own troops - their soldiers did not want to fight against the workers and working peasants Soviet Russia. Therefore, they relied on the unification of all the forces of the internal counter-revolution, recognizing the main arbiter of all affairs in Russia, Tsarist Admiral Kolchak A.V.

American, British and French millionaires took over the bulk of the supply of arms, ammunition, and uniforms to Kolchak. In the first half of 1919 alone, the United States sent more than 250,000 rifles and millions of cartridges to Kolchak. In total, in 1919, Kolchak received from the USA, England, France and Japan 700 thousand rifles, 3650 machine guns, 530 guns, 30 aircraft, 2 million pairs of boots, thousands of uniforms, equipment and underwear.

With the help of his foreign masters, by the spring of 1919, Kolchak managed to arm, clothe and shoe an army of almost 400,000.

Kolchak's offensive was supported from North Caucasus and south, Denikin's army, intending to join the Kolchak army in the Saratov region in order to jointly move to Moscow.

The White Poles advanced from the west along with the Petliura and White Guard troops. In the north and Turkestan, mixed detachments of Anglo-American and French interventionists and the army of the White Guard General Miller operated. From the northwest, supported by the White Finns and the English fleet, Yudenich advanced. Thus, all the forces of the counter-revolution and the interventionists went over to the offensive. Soviet Russia found itself again in the ring of advancing enemy hordes. Several fronts were created in the country. Chief among them was Eastern front. Here the fate of the country of the Soviets was decided.

On March 4, 1919, Kolchak launched an offensive against the Red Army along the entire Eastern Front for 2 thousand kilometers. He put up 145 thousand bayonets and sabers. The backbone of his army was the Siberian kulaks, the urban bourgeoisie and the prosperous Cossacks. In the rear of Kolchak there were about 150 thousand interventionist troops. They guarded railways helped to deal with the population.

The Entente kept Kolchak's army under its direct control. At the headquarters of the White Guards there were constantly military missions of the Entente powers. French General Janin was appointed commander-in-chief of all interventionist troops operating in Eastern Russia and in Siberia. The English General Knox was in charge of supplying Kolchak's army and forming new units for it.

The interventionists helped Kolchak develop an operational plan for the offensive and determined the main direction of the strike.

On the Perm-Glazov sector, the most powerful Siberian army of Kolchak operated under the command of General Gaida. The same army was to develop the offensive in the direction of Vyatka, Sarapul and unite with the troops of the interventionists operating in the North.

victims of Kolchak and Kolchak's thugs

victims of the atrocities of Kolchak in Siberia. 1919

peasant hanged by Kolchak

From everywhere, from the territory of Udmurtia liberated from the enemy, information was received about the atrocities and arbitrariness of the White Guards. So, for example, at the Peskovsky plant, 45 people of Soviet workers, poor peasant workers, were tortured. They were subjected to the most cruel tortures: their ears, noses, lips were cut out, their bodies were pierced in many places with bayonets (Doc. Nos. 33, 36).

Women, old people and children were subjected to violence, flogging and torture. Property, livestock, harness were taken away. The horses that the Soviet government gave to the poor to maintain their economy were taken away by the Kolchak people and given to the former owners (doc. No. 47).

A young teacher in the village of Zura, Pyotr Smirnov, was brutally cut down with a White Guard saber because he met a White Guard in good clothes (Doc. No. 56).

In the village of Syam-Mozhge, the Kolchakites dealt with a 70-year-old old woman because she sympathized with the Soviet government (doc. No. 66).

In the village of N. Multan, Malmyzhsky district, on the square in front of the people's house, the corpse of the young communist Vlasov was buried in 1918. The Kolchakites drove the working peasants to the square, forced them to dig up the corpse and publicly mocked him: they beat him on the head with a log, squeezed his chest and, finally, putting a noose around his neck, tied the tarantass to the front and dragged it along the village street for a long time (doc. No. 66 ).

In the workers' settlements and cities, in the huts of the poor peasants of Udmurtia, a terrible groan arose from the atrocities and butchery of Kolchak. For example, during the two months of the bandits' stay in Votkinsk, 800 corpses were found in Ustinov Log alone, not counting those single victims in private apartments who were taken away to no one knows where. Kolchakites robbed and ruined National economy Udmurtia. It was reported from the Sarapulsky district that “after Kolchak, literally nothing was left anywhere ... After the Kolchak robberies in the county, the presence of horses decreased by 47 percent and cows by 85 percent ... In the Malmyzhsky county, in the Vikharev volost alone, the Kolchakists took 1,100 horses, 500 cows from the peasants , 2000 carts, 1300 sets of harness, thousands of poods of grain and dozens of households were completely plundered.

“After the capture of Yalutorovsk by the Whites (June 18, 1918), the former authorities were restored in it. A brutal persecution of all those who collaborated with the Soviets began. Arrests and executions became a mass phenomenon. The Whites killed a member of the Soviet of Demushkin, shot ten former prisoners of war (Czechs and Hungarians) who refused to serve them. According to the memoirs of Fyodor Plotnikov, a participant in the Civil War and a prisoner of the Kolchak torture chambers from April to July 1919, a table with chains and various devices for torture was installed in the basement of the prison. The tortured people were taken outside the Jewish cemetery (now the territory of the sanatorium orphanage), where they were shot. All this happened from June 1918. In May 1919, the Eastern Front of the Red Army went on the offensive. On August 7, 1919, Tyumen was liberated. Feeling the approach of the Reds, the Kolchakites perpetrated atrocious reprisals against their prisoners. On one of the August days of 1919, two large groups of prisoners were taken out of the prison. One group - 96 people - was shot in a birch forest (now the territory of a furniture factory), another, in the amount of 197 people, was hacked to death with swords across the Tobol River near Lake Gingiryai ... ".

From the certificate of the Deputy Director of the Yalutorovsk Museum Complex N.M. Shestakova:

“I consider myself obliged to say that my grandfather Yakov Alekseevich Ushakov, a veteran of the First World War, a Cavalier of St. George, was hacked to death by Kolchak drafts beyond Tobol. My grandmother was left with three young sons. My father was only 6 years old at that time ... And how many women throughout Russia did the Kolchakites make widows, and children - orphans, how many old people were left without son's care?

Therefore, the logical result (please note no torture, no bullying, just execution):

“We entered the cell to Kolchak and found him dressed - in a fur coat and a hat,” writes I.N. Bursak. It looked like he was expecting something. Chudnovsky read out to him the decision of the Revolutionary Committee. Kolchak exclaimed:

- How! Without trial?

Chudnovsky replied:

- Yes, Admiral, just like you and your henchmen shot thousands of our comrades.

Having risen to the second floor, we entered the cell to Pepelyaev. This one was also dressed. When Chudnovsky read out to him the decision of the revolutionary committee, Pepelyaev fell to his knees and, wallowing at his feet, begged not to be shot. He assured that, together with his brother, General Pepelyaev, he had long decided to rebel against Kolchak and go over to the side of the Red Army. I ordered him to get up and said: “You can’t die with dignity…

They again went down to Kolchak's cell, took him away and went to the office. The formalities are over.

By 4 o'clock in the morning we arrived at the bank of the Ushakovka River, a tributary of the Angara. Kolchak behaved calmly all the time, and Pepelyaev - this huge carcass - was in a fever.

Full moon, bright frosty night. Kolchak and Pepelyaev are standing on a hillock. Kolchak refuses my offer to blindfold. The platoon is lined up, rifles at the ready. Chudnovsky whispers to me:

- It's time.

I give the command:

- Platoon, on the enemies of the revolution - pl!

Both fall. We put the corpses on a sledge, bring them to the river and lower them into the hole. So the "supreme ruler of all Rus'" Admiral Kolchak goes on his last voyage ... ".

(“The defeat of Kolchak”, military publishing house of the Ministry of Defense of the USSR, M., 1969, pp. 279-280, circulation 50,000 copies).

In the Ekaterinburg province, one of the 12 provinces under Kolchak's control, at least 25 thousand people were shot under Kolchak, about 10% of the two million population were flogged. They flogged both men and women and children.

M. G. Aleksandrov, commissar of the Red Guard detachment in Tomsk. He was arrested by Kolchak, imprisoned in Tomsk prison. In mid-June 1919, he recalled, 11 workers were taken out of the cell at night. Nobody slept.

“The silence was broken by weak groans that came from the courtyard of the prison, prayers and curses were heard ... but after a while everything was quiet. In the morning, the criminals told us that the Cossacks who had been taken out were chopped with sabers and stabbed with bayonets in the back exercise yard, and then they loaded the carts and took them away somewhere.

Aleksandrov said that he was then sent to the Alexander Central near Irkutsk, and out of more than a thousand prisoners there, the Red Army released only 368 people in January 1920. In 1921–1923 Alexandrov worked in the county Cheka of the Tomsk region. RGASPI, f. 71, op. 15, d. 71, l. 83-102.

American General W. Graves recalled:

“The soldiers of Semenov and Kalmykov, being under the protection of Japanese troops, flooded the country like wild animals, killed and robbed the people, while the Japanese, if they wished, could stop these killings at any time. If at that time they asked what all these cruel murders were for, they usually received in response that the dead were Bolsheviks, and such an explanation, obviously, satisfied everyone. Events in Eastern Siberia were usually presented in the most gloomy colors, and human life there was not worth a penny.

Terrible murders were committed in Eastern Siberia, but they were not committed by the Bolsheviks, as was commonly thought. I won’t be mistaken if I say that in Eastern Siberia, for every person killed by the Bolsheviks, there were a hundred people killed by anti-Bolshevik elements.”

Graves doubted that it was possible to point to any country in the world during the last fifty years where murder could be carried out with such ease and with the least fear of responsibility, as in Siberia during the reign of Admiral Kolchak. Concluding his memoirs, Graves noted that the interventionists and the White Guards were doomed to defeat, since "the number of Bolsheviks in Siberia by the time of Kolchak had increased many times over in comparison with their number at the time of our arrival"

There is a board for Mannerheim in St. Petersburg, now there will be Kolchak ... Next - Hitler?

The opening of the memorial plaque to Admiral Alexander Kolchak, who led the White movement in the Civil War, will take place on September 24 ... Memorial plaque will be installed on the bay window of the building where Kolchak lived ... The text of the inscription is approved:

"In this house from 1906 to 1912 lived an outstanding Russian officer, scientist and researcher Alexander Vasilyevich Kolchak."

I won't argue about his outstanding scientific merit. But I read in the memoirs of General Denikin that Kolchak demanded (under pressure from Mackinder) that Denikin enter into an agreement with Petlyura (giving Ukraine to him) in order to defeat the Bolsheviks. For Denikin, the homeland turned out to be more important.

Kolchak was recruited by British intelligence when he was a captain of the 1st rank and commander of a mine division in the Baltic Fleet. It happened at the turn of 1915-1916. This was already a betrayal of the Tsar and the Fatherland, to whom he swore allegiance and kissed the cross!

Have you ever thought about why the fleets of the Entente in 1918 calmly entered the Russian sector of the Baltic Sea?! After all, he was mined! In addition, in the confusion of the two revolutions of 1917, no one removed the minefields. Yes, because Kolchak's entry ticket for joining the British intelligence service was the surrender of all information about the location of minefields and barriers in the Russian sector of the Baltic Sea! After all, it was he who carried out this mining and he had all the maps of minefields and obstacles in his hands!

The civil war is a historical past in which the people openly and sharply expressed their interests, sympathies and antipathies, made their choice. The civil war is a historical past in which the people openly and sharply expressed their interests, sympathies and antipathies, made their choice. Why did the population of Siberia not support the Kolchak regime? Why did the population of Siberia not support the Kolchak regime? A.V. Kolchak

Having come to power, Kolchak tried to continue the Stolypin reform, turning the peasants from actual users into land tenants. The Kolchak government was unable to oppose the Decree on Land with real agricultural policy. Having come to power, Kolchak tried to continue the Stolypin reform, turning the peasants from actual users into land tenants. The Kolchak government was unable to oppose the Decree on Land with a real agrarian policy.

The economic policy of the Supreme Ruler was based on the restoration of the tax system, the collection of arrears, and mass requisitions. It exacerbated economic crisis worsened the life of the people. The economic policy of the Supreme Ruler was based on the restoration of the tax system, the collection of arrears, and mass requisitions. This aggravated the economic crisis and worsened the life of the population. Retail food prices rose 10 times in 1919. Retail food prices rose 10 times in 1919. The cost of living was: The cost of living was: In October 1918 - 193 rubles In October 1918 - 193 rubles In February 1919 - 326 rubles. In February 1919 - 326 rubles.

Forced mobilization caused protests from the peasantry and urban residents. The units formed in this way, under the influence of Bolshevik propaganda, went over to the side of the Reds. Forced mobilization caused protests from the peasantry and urban residents. The units formed in this way, under the influence of Bolshevik propaganda, went over to the side of the Reds. Punitive expeditions committed atrocities in the villages of Omsk and other regions of Siberia. Peasants were flogged, subjected to brutal torture, and shot. Punitive expeditions committed atrocities in the villages of Omsk and other regions of Siberia. Peasants were flogged, subjected to brutal torture, and shot.

The command of the Czechoslovak corps in a memorandum to the allies stated: “Under the protection of the Czechoslovak bayonets, the Russian military authorities allow themselves such deeds from which the entire civilized world is horrified. The burning of villages, the murder of Russian civilians by entire families, execution without trial is a common occurrence.” The command of the Czechoslovak corps in a memorandum to the allies stated: “Under the protection of the Czechoslovak bayonets, the Russian military authorities allow themselves such deeds from which the entire civilized world is horrified. The burning of villages, the murder of Russian civilians by entire families, execution without trial is a common occurrence.” By the summer of 1919, the Kolchak dictatorship was in a state of confrontation with the peasantry. A partisan movement began throughout Siberia. By the summer of 1919, the Kolchak dictatorship was in a state of confrontation with the peasantry. A partisan movement began throughout Siberia. Mid-1919 - 19.6 - 19.7 thousand partisans Mid-1919 - 19.6 - 19.7 thousand partisans End of 1919 - thousand partisans End of 1919 - thousand partisans Urban uprisings took place everywhere. Urban uprisings took place everywhere.

Thus, an ill-conceived economic policy, constant mobilizations, requisitions, taxes, arbitrariness and terrorism became the reasons for the people's rejection of Kolchak's dictatorship. Thus, an ill-conceived economic policy, constant mobilizations, requisitions, taxes, arbitrariness and terrorism became the reasons for the people's rejection of Kolchak's dictatorship.

A monument to Kolchak is planned to be erected in Omsk. His bronze figure is conceived as standing at the railing of the destroyer's captain's bridge. There will be an inscription on the pedestal: "Admiral Alexander Vasilievich Kolchak". A monument to Kolchak is planned to be erected in Omsk. His bronze figure is conceived as standing at the railing of the destroyer's captain's bridge. There will be an inscription on the pedestal: "Admiral Alexander Vasilievich Kolchak". Is this statue necessary? Is this statue necessary? After all, Kolchak blocked his former merits as a naval commander and polar explorer with the “glory” of a bloody dictator. After all, Kolchak blocked his former merits as a naval commander and polar explorer with the “glory” of a bloody dictator.

Why did the Siberians rebel against Kolchak?

The history of Siberia in the 20th century is unthinkable without history partisan movement during the period of Kolchak. A lot of contradictory things have been said about the red partisans. Under the dominance of the Communist Party, popular uprisings against Kolchak were declared Bolshevik. Then, after the rehabilitation of the admiral (now there are monuments to him in Siberia), they were gangsters. Now, having cooled a little from momentary political interpretations of the past, we seem to come to a common denominator. But there is still no consensus on the partisan movement.

Below are the journalist's subjective notes about the historical truth as he sees it after reading numerous sources and testimonies.

The civil war in Kuzbass, and throughout Siberia, began with the rebellion of the Czechoslovak corps. The rebellion broke out throughout Siberia, from the Urals to Irkutsk.

A few words about the body. It was formed from prisoners. He took part in hostilities against Austria-Hungary and Germany. After the fall of the monarchy in Russia, he was formally included in the French army. In agreement with the new Russian government(first with the bourgeois, and then with the Soviet) the corps was to be withdrawn from the territory of Russia along the Trans-Siberian Railway to Vladivostok, and then by military transports by sea - to Europe. The personnel retained small arms.

The first echelon safely reached Vladik in early 1918. The rest stretched all over the Trans-Siberian. Fifty thousand armed men. This is at a time when the old army has practically ceased to exist, and the Red Army has just begun to form.

The withdrawal of the corps coincided with the beginning of military intervention against Soviet Russia from outside, including the Entente. The central government ordered the disarmament of the corps. But to execute such an order was almost impossible. The rebellious corps brought down the still weak Soviet power.

In Kuzbass, the rebellion began in Mariinsk. There was a large Czechoslovak detachment. By the end of July 1918, the entire Kuzbass was in the hands of the rebels.

The Czechoslovaks brought to power the bourgeois intelligentsia, who held elections and created a coalition (without the Bolsheviks, however) government in Omsk, but not for long. Intellectuals and doctrinaires called (as it turned out later - on their own heads) into the power of Admiral Kolchak, first the Minister of War, and then, after dispersing the talkative but indecisive Socialist-Revolutionary-Menshevik government, which proclaimed for some time the Siberian Republic, a self-proclaimed sole dictator and "supreme ruler of Russia."

Kolchak was a creature of the Entente, more precisely, of Britain: his military units were equipped from English arsenals, soldiers' overcoats and officer jackets were English. And the habits in relation to the local population are quite colonialist. The then Minister of War of Great Britain, Churchill, after the coup in Omsk, frankly declared in parliament: "The British government called on Kolchak to be with our help when the need demanded it."

The total number of invaders in Siberia, in addition to the Czechoslovaks, amounted to over 200 thousand bayonets. These were: the 10,000th American corps under the command of General Grevs; three Japanese divisions with a total strength of 120,000 men (according to official figures), stationed beyond Baikal; a Polish division under the command of Colonel Rumsha, numbering 11,200 soldiers and officers; two English battalions, one of which, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Ward, served in the guard of Kolchak; Canadian brigade; French units (1100 people), including aviation; legion of Romanians (4500 people); several thousand Italians under Colonel Comossi; a regiment of Croats, Slovenes and Serbs; battalion of Latvians (1300 people).

The Siberian peasantry, which constituted the vast majority of the population, was largely indifferent to the overthrow of the Bolshevik revolutionary committees. But tax collections under Kolchak more than quadrupled compared to the tsarist. There was discontent and, as a result, skirmishes with the armed groups that collected those taxes. In parallel, Kolchak began mobilization in white army. And no one wanted to fight against his own in Kolchak's tax-punitive detachments.

In reality, only local Cossacks became Kolchak's allies - they were rewarded with increased land plots by 100 acres each.

Kolchak guardsmen willingly committed atrocities. The above-mentioned American General Grevs, who daily observed the acts of the Cossack chieftains in Eastern Siberia, recalled: "The soldiers of Semenov and Kalmykov, being under the protection of Japanese troops, flooded the country like wild animals, beaten and robbed the people." And he made a very important addition: “Terrible murders were committed in Eastern Siberia, but they were not committed by the Bolsheviks, as was usually thought. I will not be mistaken if I say that in Eastern Siberia, for every person killed by the Bolsheviks, there were 100 people killed by anti-Bolshevik elements ".

Kolchak's government adopted an emergency "law on rebellion". Everyone who was seen in connection with the "Reds" (all non-monarchists were recorded as such, from the ideological Bolsheviks, anarchists, Socialist-Revolutionaries and Mensheviks, to simply sympathizers and indifferent), were subjected to repression. judged courts-martial as part of the "triples" (that's where it came from, not from the NKVD). The prisons were overcrowded. Concentration camps were created (a practice taken from the British colonialists, who first mastered this know-how during the Boer War), by 1920 they simultaneously contained more than a million people.

In comparison with the data of the Cheka, Kolchak repressed the people 24 times more than the "evil" Chekists in Soviet Russia during the entire period of the Civil War.

I note that there were camps in Kuzbass and in the settlements close to it: Omsk, Tomsk, Novonikolaevsk, Barnaul, Biysk, Achinsk. The most numerous was in Omsk (33 thousand people), rather large in Tomsk (11 thousand prisoners). In Kuzbass there were two prisons for "political" people: a little over a thousand people were imprisoned in Mariinsk, and 292 people in Kuznetsk.

The first Kuzbass and one of the first in Siberia partisan detachment created by a peasant in the village of Svyatoslavka, Mariinsky district, Pyotr Lubkov. In the autumn of 1918, the detachment struck at the echelon of the Czechs guarding the Mariinsk station, and then withdrew to the Antibes station. In December 1918, a punitive detachment was sent to the village of Malopeschanka to defeat the Lubkovites. In the battle, the commander of the punishers, Lieutenant Kolesov, and two soldiers were killed. Later, in a battle near Svyatoslavka, partisans destroyed a detachment of ensign Sokolovsky.

In June 1919, within the Chernsky Territory (as the vast subtaiga territory on the border adjacent to Mountain Shoria and the Salair Ridge was then called), a detachment of Ivan Novoselov appeared. A little later, partisans arrive under the command of Grigory Rogov, who had previously operated within the Barnaul and Biysk districts. Having united, the detachments began to operate in the area along the Chumysh River. Rogov's detachment grew in battles to five thousand people and by the autumn of 1919 liberated a significant territory from Kolchak.

In parallel with these detachments, Kolchak’s men were actively crushed by others. popular armies. In general, partisan formations in late 1919 - early 1920s numbered up to 140 thousand fighters in Siberia.

The armament was awful. Peaks. Hunting rifles, up to capsule and even flintlock. Museum fortification tools were used. They even made wooden cannons. One of these is kept in the Barnaul Museum of Local Lore.

The guerrilla war in Kuzbass continued until the arrival of the heroic Fifth Red Army, which was awarded the Order of the Red Banner for the liberation of Siberia from Kolchakism.

"Top Secret", No.1/402 Sergei Balmasov.

"In 1919, in the Suchansky district of Primorye, the local population, irritated by the exactions and violence from the whites, began to protest. But instead of dialogue, troops were sent against them, whose commanders, not really delving into the causes of the riot, preferred to shoot the disaffected, and the most" restless "population items - burn.

However, this did not always happen. In at least three cases, punitive detachments arrived at the scene of the events, the participants of which were looking forward to massacre over the "Bolsheviks", were unable to do their job.

Indeed, the comparison between the losses in Russia of the Americans and the Japanese looked clearly not in favor of the Japanese: the Yankees in the North and Far East in battles, only 48 people were lost, while the Japanese on the Far Eastern outskirts alone - more than 5000.

It must be understood that such behavior of Graves was due not to "chivalrous" motives, but to the desire to prevent the strengthening of their Japanese competitors, who relied on local chieftains.

Nevertheless, the Americans, alien to the local population, turned out to be really closer to the peasants than "their own" Kolchak, who first brought the situation to a boiling point, and then tried to pacify the dissatisfied with force, committing such atrocities that could not leave indifferent the fighters of the American Expeditionary Force, many of whom were specially recruited from Russian-speaking emigrants.

For example, Lieutenant Walter Reming reported to his command that only on March 9, 1919, in the villages of Brovnichi and Gordeevka, he recorded the facts of the brutal murder after sophisticated torture of 23 people who were hiding from mobilization into the army or were relatives of such persons. And this was just one episode when the Americans kept whites from brutal reprisals.

No less colorful in this regard is the "case of the Shcheglov police", which began after, on the night of August 21-22, 1919, the Czechoslovak lieutenant Kauril helped the head of the garrison of the city of Shcheglov in the Tomsk province (today Kemerovo) to arrest almost the entire local Kolchak police in led by her chief Ozerkin.

This case was unique even for the dashing years of the Civil War, because, in fact, some Kolchak people opposed other Kolchak people, and even with the direct help of foreign invaders!

To investigate the events, the Minister of the Kolchak Ministry of Internal Affairs, Viktor Pepelyaev, sent Shklyaev, an official on special assignments, to Shcheglov. Contrary to expectations, having familiarized himself with the case on the spot, he not only did not take the side of his colleagues, but also supported the actions of the "revolutionaries".

As Shklyaev stated, "the policemen were arrested ... for their wrong actions. Those arrested are charged with murder, torture, extortion, bribery and other crimes ..." The investigation he started confirmed these accusations. Shcheglov's militiamen began their fight against "crime" with mass extortion of money from the population.

Shklyaev wrote that “on May 5-7 of this year, in the village of Dideevo, a village clerk and four citizens were arrested by the police for the fact that the society, according to the verdict, imposed taxes on those not assigned to their village. During the arrest, wearable clothes were taken away, the secretary was so flogged that the walls were splattered with blood," after which the detainees were released for bribes in the amount of 1,000-1,300 rubles."

At the same time, under various pretexts, the police arrested the most prosperous local residents in order to beat more money out of them. And, as it turned out, "the police themselves initiated robberies under the guise of criminals and red partisans."

As follows from the documents, “flogging extended to arrested women, even pregnant women ... 17 bandits were brought from the village of Buyapakskaya. Among them, 11 women. often became disabled or bedridden for at least a few days).

Three women were pregnant. Women were accused of having their husbands go to the Reds, and their property and houses were taken from everyone, although earlier they had publicly renounced any relationship with their husbands without any coercion. The treatment of those arrested was cruel. Policeman Ziganshin hit the arrested woman with the butt of a gun only because she began to give birth, in which he was inclined to see a simulation ... "

Meanwhile, impunity gave rise to more and more new crimes, which became more and more sophisticated and defiant. Thus, police officers who arrested local residents for no reason other than money often demanded intimacy from women they liked in order to release their relatives, and, according to the investigation, "usually it was carried out by frightened women."

Shklyaev testifies: "One arrested person was released for the bribe transferred to Ozerkin, and Berezovsky spoke out the right of the night with the red's wife ... He asked her to give the money and agree to what was proposed because of the unbearable torture."

The law enforcement officers did not stop before direct violence. So, as a result of the investigation conducted by Shklyaev, it turned out that in May 1919, near the pier on the Tom river near the village of Shevelev, Shcheglovsky district, “by order of the head of the 1st police station Kuzevanov, three peasant girls were delivered to the ship, one of whom, Anna Sheveleva, was was raped by policeman Voronin, and the other two were released only because they were menstruating."

However, there were more serious cases on the lists of acts of representatives of the local police. In particular, on the same day they shot "on suspicion of espionage, on the orders of the drunken Kuzevanov, the peasant Smirnov, stripped him and threw him into the river. His brother was beaten half to death."

For this, they were almost torn to pieces by the soldiers of the local Kolchak garrison, who witnessed this crime, according to the confession of his chief, Lieutenant Lugovsky, who openly threatened the law enforcement officers "to raise them with bayonets." According to him, this desire was strengthened in them after "on June 23, a peasant Alexander Dyukov was seriously wounded by a drunken policeman ..."

Shortly thereafter, the drunken passenger Anisimov, disguised as a Bolshevik, was "killed and robbed in front of the crowd by a policeman," although, according to Shklyaev's investigation, it was established that this was a murder in order to conceal the robbery. In addition, the policemen killed a circus actress after refusing to have sex with law enforcement officers.

Ozerkin himself did not yield to his subordinates, who in May 1919 committed the murder of the Shcheglovsky tradesman Novikov. This happened under the following circumstances: policeman Anokhin entered his house with the aim of robbery. Novikov, who was there, defending himself, disarmed him. The disgraced law enforcement officer complained to Ozerkin. He, having called Novikov, shot him dead through the front door.

Interestingly, the authorities standing above the policemen in the person of the manager of the Tomsk province B.M. Mikhailovsky came to the defense of such "guardians of order" as "ideological fighters against Bolshevism", at the same time trying to prove Shklyaev's "incompetence".

So, speaking about the murder of Anisimov, the governor justified this by saying that the deceased was "a Bolshevik agitator who agitated on the ship for Soviet power and, being arrested, was killed on the way while trying to escape."

In turn, in a letter to Pepelyaev about the murder of a worker Kolomiyets committed by policemen, he tried to make the latter a dangerous state criminal, "leading the preparations for the uprising", "killed while trying to escape." However, this version was not confirmed by the investigation, and further Shklyaev managed to establish that "Ozerkin had flogged the arrested Kolomiets to death."

Such behavior is quite understandable: protecting his subordinates (under Kolchak, the governor was subordinate to the minister of the interior, to whom, in turn, the local policemen were accountable), Mikhailovsky tried to shield himself. After all, what happened directly cast a shadow on him.

As Shklyaev established, in his actions Ozerkin indicated that he was acting with the approval of Governor Mikhailovsky. Which, however, was already clear, given how he defended his police subordinates in front of Pepelyaev.

Mikhailovsky tried in every possible way to prevent Shklyaev from investigating, and when he realized that "confidential conversations" with him had no effect, he complained about the inspector to his immediate superior, Pepelyaev.

He wrote to him that Shklyaev "exaggerated" the extent of the violations committed by his subordinates, which arose during the "active struggle of Ozerkin and his colleagues against banditry and red partisans", as a result of which they made numerous enemies.

Mikhailovsky also insisted that the people who fell at the hands of his bone-breakers were "notorious criminals." In addition, they included those who died from accidents. As an example, Mikhailovsky cited the death of the aforementioned circus performer, who died as a result of "a suicide established with certainty", while Shklyaev managed to prove that it was a premeditated murder.

And such crimes were not isolated cases, but reflected the general picture of the white terror unleashed against the population. Even when Mikhailovsky was pinned to the wall with evidence, he tried to justify his subordinates, pointing to "... the martyr role that falls to the lot of police officers, who are persecuted by the Bolsheviks in the first place with particular cruelty.

Under such conditions, they respond to the Red Terror with anti-Bolshevik terror. From this flow these "liquidations", "attempts to escape", etc.".

As a result, as Shklyaev reported, "... the villagers hid at the sight of the police no worse than from any bandit. The horror of the situation is that this mischief of the police was shifted to the head of the government" (Kolchakovsky)

According to the disappointing conclusions of Shklyaev, it was precisely this behavior of law enforcement officers that ultimately led to the very spread of Bolshevism that Mikhailovsky complained about.

In October 1919, two months before the capture of the Tomsk province by the Bolsheviks, Pepelyaev decided to "punish" Governor Mikhailovsky ... by removing him from his post, offering Shklyaev to take it.

However, the latter refused, realizing that he did not have the necessary managerial skills for this, and he was not particularly eager to indirectly assume responsibility for the actions of the previous manager. As a result, Mikhailovsky held his post until the arrival of the Reds.

It should be noted that reports of such crimes committed by policemen and representatives of the authorities in general were then massive and came literally from everywhere where the Kolchak people stood, which caused mass uprisings against them.

For example, the same Shklyaev, sent in December 1919 for revision in Irkutsk province, in his report to the Minister of Internal Affairs, he reported that almost all local police chiefs had committed serious malfeasance or were suspected of committing them.

As a result, those very prosperous Siberian peasants, who until recently were alien to any kind of politics, abandoned everything and went into the partisans. And this happened almost throughout the vast territory controlled by Kolchak.

Shklyaev, an official on special assignments who fell into the hands of the Bolsheviks in Irkutsk, remained to serve as the Reds in their internal affairs bodies. In January 1920, Governor Mikhailovsky managed to leave the rebellious Tomsk province and in 1923 to participate in the Yakut campaign of his former boss's brother, General A.N. Pepelyaev, during which he was captured and got off for his art and the "exploits" of his subordinates with a ten-year prison sentence.

His boss, Interior Minister Viktor Pepelyaev, was less fortunate: in February 1920, already the head of the Kolchak government, he was shot together with Admiral Kolchak in Irkutsk, before being shot, according to the testimony of its participants, he humiliatedly lay at the feet of the Bolsheviks, praying for mercy.

It is significant that when they and the former Supreme Ruler were taken to the ice hole on the Angara, the admiral asked in surprise why this was happening without trial, but he was immediately reminded that during his reign, mass executions were also carried out without any trial. So the boomerang is back."

"Red Gas" 1925. In the role of a Kolchak officer - former Kolchak officer Georgy Pozharnitsky.