Richard Walter Oscar Darre(German: Richard Walther Darr; July 14, 1895 - September 5, 1953) - Head of the SS Racial Settlement Directorate. Reich Minister of Food (1933-1942). SS Obergruppenführer (November 9, 1934).
Biography
Origin. early years
Born in the family of an entrepreneur, head of the trading house Hardt & Co. Richard Oscar Darre and his wife Emilie Bertha Eleonora Lagergren. Richard Darre, a descendant of the French Huguenots who moved from Northern France to Electoral Hall in 1680, was born in Berlin, and in 1888 moved to Argentina. Emilia Lagergren, half Swedish, half German, was born in Argentina. Darre's maternal uncle was mayor of Stockholm. According to Darre himself, the parents' marriage was not a happy one.
In addition to Richard, the family had three more children, among them:
- Ilsa (1900, Buenos Aires - 1985, Bremen). Wife of Manfred von Knobelsdorff, Commandant of Wewelsburg Castle.
- Erich (1902-after 1946), Desk Officer of the SS Main Office for Race and Settlement.
Education
Until the age of 10, he attended a German school in the Belgrano quarter of Buenos Aires. Then Darre was sent to Germany (in 1912 the rest of the family returned there and settled in Wiesbaden).
- real school in Heidelberg (1912). In 1911 he studied as an exchange student at King's College School in Wimbledon;
- Pedagogium in Bad Godesberg (Bonn) (1914, shortly before that, another prominent Nazi, Rudolf Hess, graduated from the Pedagogium);
- the colonial school in Witzenhausen, which trained personnel for the colonization of Africa (1920, diploma of a colonial agronomist);
- in 1922-1929 studied agriculture in Giessen and Halle. While studying at the university, he worked (without pay) as an assistant on a farm in Pomerania. In 1927 he went on an internship to Finland.
In addition to his native German, he was fluent in Spanish, English and French.
World War I
In 1914 he volunteered for the army (1st Nassau regiment of foot artillery). Member of the First World War on the Western Front, first served in the 4th Battery of the 111th Foot Artillery Regiment of the 56th Infantry Division as a driver, telephone operator and observer. As Darre himself recalled, during the shelling he somehow fell asleep in the trench tunnel, but in the end he got off cheaply. Having received a leave at the beginning of 1916, Darre came to his parents in Wiesbaden and was surprised to find a summons to the Argentine army that had come from the Argentine consulate, in which, however, it was said that he was on leave until graduation and that he would be credited service in the German army.
Upon returning to the front, Corporal Darre begins to grow rapidly in ranks: non-commissioned officer (02/01/1916), vice-sergeant major (04/23/1916). In November 1916 he was awarded the Iron Cross 2nd class. As a result, Darre decides to apply for a course to receive the rank of lieutenant of the reserve and in January 1917 he completes for this artillery school in Jüterbog.
Until the end of the war he commanded an artillery battery. In July 1917 he was wounded by two grenade fragments in his left leg. According to the official biography, on July 31, 1917, during the famous British offensive with two guns, he held back their superior forces for three hours until the main parts of his army approached. On October 19, 1918, due to a serious illness, he was evacuated to the rear and never returned to the front.
In 1918 he was demobilized with the rank of artillery lieutenant. He was in the Volunteer Corps.
After graduating from the colonial school, he was going to return to Argentina to take up farming, but the difficult financial situation of the family did not allow him to do so. After graduation in 1928-1929. worked as an agricultural appraiser at the German embassy in Riga.
Career in the National Socialist Movement
In the NSDAP since July 1925 (ticket number - 248 256). SS Obergruppenführer (ticket number - 6 882). He led the propaganda of National Socialist ideas in the countryside.
(Daladier), (1884-1970), statesman and politician of France, prime minister. Born June 18 in Carpentras in the family of a baker. Was school teacher stories. Participated in the 1st World War. Even in his youth he joined the radical socialists. In 1919 he was elected to the department of Vauclos. In 1921-24 Daladier opposed the French government's policy of occupying the Ruhr area. In 1924 he was appointed Minister for the Colonies in the government of Edouard Guerrier. In January 1933 he became prime minister. In July 1933 Daladier, on behalf of France, signed a quadripartite agreement between Great Britain, France, Germany and Italy - the so-called. "Pact of Four".
From October 1933 to January 1934 Daladier served as Minister of War. In 1935, having joined the Popular Front, Daladier became Minister of Defense in the first government of Léon Blum (June 1936 - June 1937), then in the government of Camille Chautomp (June 1937 - March 1938) and in the second government of Blum (March-April 1938). Daladier again became prime minister on the eve of the outbreak of World War II (in 1938). Contrary to the opinion of the socialists, Daladier signed the Munich Agreement of 1938, which essentially predetermined the outbreak of World War II. After France declared war on Germany (September 3, 1939), Daladier banned the activities of the French Communist Party, which meant the collapse of the Popular Front.
Daladier served as prime minister until March 1940, when he was replaced by Paul Reynaud, who promised to take more active action against Germany than his predecessor. The victory of Germany over France (June 1940) led to the resignation of Reynaud and the establishment of a puppet regime in the country, headed by Marshal Philippe Pétain. On September 8, 1940, Daladier was interned by the Vichy government and stood trial in February 1942. Then he was deported to Germany. Daladier was released on April 8, 1942, and in 1946 he was elected to the Constitutional Assembly, in 1947 to the National Assembly, where he was until 1958. At the same time, from 1953 to 1958, Daladier was mayor of Avignon. He died in Paris on September 10, 1970.
Dulles, Allen Welsh
(Dulles), (1893-1969), head of the American secret services in Europe. Born April 7, 1893 in Waterloo, New York. After graduating from Princeton University, he was diplomatic service first in Vienna and then in Bern, Switzerland. In December 1918, Dulles participated in the work of the American Commission for Peace Negotiations in Paris. In 1919 he was in Berlin, and then was transferred to work in the State Department, where in 1922-26 he headed the Department of Near East Policy. After the outbreak of World War II, Dulles was appointed to the post of head secret services in Europe. Beginning in November 1942, he maintained constant contacts from Switzerland with various groups of the German resistance movement. His activities helped force Italy's surrender on September 8, 1943.
German counterintelligence officer Hans Bernd Gisevius, who worked in Switzerland, recalled: "Allen Dulles was the first intelligence officer who had the courage to extend his activities to the political aspects of the war. He tried to establish contact with resistance groups operating in Europe."
The headquarters of Dulles in Bern became the center where, in addition to the Germans, oppositionists from many European countries occupied by Nazi Germany met.
From 1953 to 1961 Dulles headed the US Central Intelligence Agency. He died in Washington on January 29, 1969.
Dalyuge, Kurt
(Daluege), (1897–1946), Deputy Imperial Protector of Bohemia and Moravia. Engineer by profession. Born September 15, 1897 in Kreuzburg. After the 1st World War, he joined one of the many ultra-right organizations of the "Volunteer Corps" (Freikorps) - a group of militants under the command of Rossbach (see Rossbach, group). He was one of the first members of the NSDAP and initiated the creation of the first formation of the SA in Berlin. From 1928 to 1933 Dalyuge headed one of the SS divisions. In 1932 he became a member of the National Socialist faction in the Prussian Landtag. After Hitler came to power, Dalyuge received a number of high posts. At the end of 1933 - a member of the Reichstag from the East Berlin constituency. He was the head of the police of the Reich. He also served as Imperial Representative and State Secretary of Prussia. In 1936, Dalyuge was appointed head of the secret police in the central administration of the SD. In 1942, after the death of Reinhard Heydrich, Dalyuge became Deputy Protector of Bohemia and Moravia with the rank of SS Oberstgruppenführer (Colonel General). Hanged in Czechoslovakia on October 24, 1946.
"Danzig"
Code name for "continue offensive in the West". In a military directive dated November 20, 1939, Hitler ordered the ground forces to be ready for an offensive on the Western Front. The password "Danzig" meant an immediate offensive, the password "Augsburg" meant "postpone the offensive."
Darre, Richard Walther
(Darre), (1895–1953), Reichsleiter, head of the Central Office for Agricultural Policy of the NSDAP. Born July 14, 1895 in Buenos Aires, Argentina. He studied at a real school in Heidelberg and an evangelical school in Bad Godesberg. In 1911, Darre was sent to Wimbledon, England as a student exchange student. During World War I he served as a lieutenant in a field artillery regiment.
After the war, he began to engage in agriculture and, on the instructions of the Nazi Party, set about creating an organization of agricultural producers. Shortly after Hitler came to power, on April 4, 1933, Darra was instructed to head the "Union of the breadwinners of the Reich." Hitler appointed him Reichsbauernführer (Head of the Imperial Agriculture) and the Reichsärnerungeminister (Imperial Minister of Food). As an SS Gruppenführer (Lieutenant General), he was also Chief of the SS Central Office for Race and Resettlement. Darre was the author of numerous works on racial doctrine, Marxism and agriculture. He died in Munich in September 1953 from a liver disorder.
Dawes plan
Reparation plan for Germany, developed by an international committee of experts chaired by the American banker Dawes. It was approved on August 16, 1924 at the London Conference by representatives of the victorious powers in World War I and adopted by Germany. This plan was to ensure that Germany continued to pay reparations to the victorious powers and to facilitate the penetration of American capital into Germany to seize key sectors of the German economy in order to obtain high profits for American monopolies in the form of interest on loans and dividends from direct investment in industry. It was aimed at restoring the military - industrial potential of Germany. Provided for the provision of a loan of 200 million dollars to Germany (including 110 million from American banks) to stabilize the brand. He set the size of payments by Germany in the first five years at 1-1.75 billion marks a year, and then at 2.5 billion marks a year. Provided for the establishment of Allied control over the German state budget, money circulation and credit, railways.
Baroness Charlotte von Wittinghoff-Schelle (since 1931)
Richard Walter Oscar Darre(German Richard Walther Darre; July 14 - September 5) - Head of the Main Racial Settlement Directorate of the SS. Reich Minister of Food (1933-1942). SS Obergruppenführer (November 9, 1934).
Biography
Origin. early years
Born in the family of an entrepreneur, head of the trading house Hardt & Co. Richard Oscar Darre and his wife Emilie Bertha Eleonora Lagergren. Richard Darre, a descendant of the French Huguenots who moved from Northern France to Electoral Hall in 1680, was born in Berlin, moved to Argentina in 1888. Emilia Lagergren, half Swedish, half German, was born in Argentina. Darre's maternal uncle was mayor of Stockholm. According to Darre himself, the parents' marriage was not happy.
In addition to Richard, the family had three more children, among them:
- Ilsa (1900, Buenos Aires - 1985, Bremen). Wife of Manfred von Knobelsdorff, Commandant of Wewelsburg Castle.
- Erich (1902-after 1946), Desk Officer of the SS Main Office for Race and Settlement.
Education
Until the age of 10, he attended a German school in the Belgrano quarter of Buenos Aires. Then Darre was sent to Germany (in 1912 the rest of the family returned there and settled in Wiesbaden).
In addition to his native German, he was fluent in Spanish, English and French.
World War I
In 1914 he volunteered for the army (1st Nassau regiment of foot artillery). Participated in the First World War on the Western Front, first served in the 4th Battery of the 111th Foot Artillery Regiment of the 56th Infantry Division as a driver, telephone operator and observer. As Darre himself recalled, during the shelling he somehow fell asleep in the trench tunnel, but in the end he got off cheaply. Having received a leave at the beginning of 1916, Darre came to his parents in Wiesbaden and was surprised to find a summons to the Argentine army that had come from the Argentine consulate in his name, in which, however, it was said that he was on leave until graduation and that he would be credited service in the German army.
Until the end of the war he commanded an artillery battery. In July 1917 he was wounded by two grenade fragments in his left leg. According to the official biography, on July 31, 1917, during the famous British offensive with two guns, he held back their superior forces for three hours until the main parts of his army approached. On October 19, 1918, due to a serious illness, he was evacuated to the rear and never returned to the front.
After graduating from the colonial school, he was going to return to Argentina to take up farming, but the difficult financial situation of the family did not allow him to do so. After graduation in 1928-1929. worked as an agricultural appraiser at the German embassy in Riga.
Career in the National Socialist Movement
On December 31, 1931, he was appointed head of the newly created SS Racial Administration. On June 29, 1933, Richard Darre, as head of the NSDAP Agrarian Policy Office, issues an inheritance law, according to which land plots from 7.5 to 125 hectares can be assigned to their owners for life and be inherited only on condition that the owners can prove the purity of their blood until 1800. More than 60% of the entire agricultural area of Germany falls under this law.
After the war
He was an honorary citizen (deprived of his title in 2013) of the "imperial city of peasants" Goslar.
Family
- 1st wife - Alma Staadt, classmate of his sister Ilse (1922-1927, two daughters);
- 2nd wife - Baroness Charlotte von Fittinghoff-Scheel, secretary of Paul Schulze-Naumburg (since 1931).
Awards
- Iron Cross 2nd Class (1916)
- War Merit Cross 1st Class with Swords
- War Merit Cross 2nd class with swords
- Medal for long service in the NSDAP in bronze and silver
- Saber of honor of the Reichsführer SS
Compositions
- Das Bauerntum als Lebensquell der nordischen Rasse. Munich: J.F. Lehmann, 1929.
Dutch version:
- Het boerendom als levensbron van het noordras. Gravenhage: Volk en Bodem, 1943.
- Neuadel aus Blut und Boden. Munich: J.F. Lehmann, 1930.
Dutch version:
- Nieuwe adel uit bloed en bodem. Gravenhage: Volk en Bodem, 1943.
- Stellung und Aufgaben des Landstandes in einem nach lebensgesetzlichen Gesichtspunkten aufgebauten deutschen Staate. Munich: J.F. Lehmann Verl., 1930.
- Das Zuchtziel des deutschen Volkes. Munich: J.F. Lehmann Verl., 1931.
- Zur Wiedergeburt des Bauerntums. Munich: J.F. Lehmann Verl., 1931.
- Landvolk in Not und seine Rettung durch Adolf Hitler. Munich: Eher, 1932.
- Damaschke und der Marxismus. Munich: Eher, 1932.
- Das Schwein als Kriterium für nordische Völker und Semiten. Munich: J.F. Lehmann Verl., 1933.
- Rede des Reichsernährungsministers und Reichsbauernführers Darré, Richard Walther. Berlin: Amt f. Agrarpolitik d. Reichsleitg d. NSDAP., 1933.
- Walther Rathenau und das Problem des nordischen Menschen. Munich: J.F. Lehmann Verl., 1933.
- System der politischen Ökonomie. bd. 1-3; Allg. Volkswirtschaftslehre. Berlin: Zeitgeschichte, 1933.
- Rassenzucht. Munich: J.F. Lehmann, .
- Ziel und Weg der nationalsozialistischen Agrarpolitik. Munich: Eher, 1934.
- Zur Wiedergeburt des Bauerntums. Munich: J.F. Lehrmann Verl., 1934.
Bulgarian version:
- Vozrazhdane to ruralism. Sofia: Nova Europe, 1942 (came out under the same cover with the work "Krav and Zemya").
- Unser Weg. Berlin: Zeitgeschichte, .
- Rede des Reichsbauernführer R Walther Darré, gehalten auf dem Ersten deutschen Reichsbauerntag in Weimar am 21. Hartung 1934. Berlin: Stabsamt d. Reichsbauernsführers, 1934.
- Im Kampf um die Seele des deutschen Bauern. Berlin: Steegemann, 1934.
- Die Grundlagen des preußischen Staatsbegriffes. Goslar: Blut u. Boden Verl., .
- Rede des Reichsbauernsführers R Walther Darre auf dem 4. Reichsbauerntag. Berlin: Reichsnährstand Verl. Ges., 1936.
- Der Schweinemord. Munich: Eher, 1937.
- Rede des Reichsbauernführers R. Walther Darré auf dem 6. Reichsbauerntag in Goslar 1938. Berlin: Reichsnährstand Verlags-Ges., 1938.
- Nordisches Blutserbe im süddeutschen Bauerntum. . Munich: F. Bruckmann, 1938.
- La race. Paris: Sorlot, 1939.
- Blut und Boden. Berlin: Industrieverl. Spaeth & Linde, 1939.
Bulgarian version:
- Blood and earth. Vozrazhdane to ruralism. Sofia: New Europe, 1942.
- Deutsches Bauerntum. Goslar: Blut u. Boden Verl., . 2. Aufl.
- Nordisches Blutserbe im süddeutschen Bauerntum. Die Ostmark. Munich: F. Bruckmann, 1939.
- A Német Birodalom és a delkeleteurópai államok együttmüködése a mezögazdaság terén. Budapest: Magyar-nemet Társaság, 1940.
- 80 Merksätze und Leitsprüche über Zucht und Sitte aus Schriften und Reden. Goslar: Blut u. Boden Verl.,
- Vom Lebensgesetz zweier Staatsgedanken (Konfuzius u. Lykurgos). Goslar: Verl. Blut u. Boden, 1940.
- Erkenntnisse und Werden. Goslar: Verl. Blut u. Boden, 1940.
- Marktordnung überwindet Welthandelswirtschaft. : , 1940.
- The National Food Estate. London: Thornton Butterworth, .
- Um Blut und Boden. Munich: Eher, 1940.
- Neuordnung unseres Denkens. Goslar: Verl. Blut u. Boden, .
Dutch version:
- De nieuwe grondslag van ons denken. Amsterdam: Westland, 1943.
- Aufbruch des Bauerntums. Berlin: Reichsnährstand Verlag-Ges. m. b. H., 1942.
- Zucht als Gebot. Berlin: Verl. Blut u. Boden, 1944.
- (als C. Carlsson) Bauer und Technik // Klüter Blätter, Deutsche Sammlung. Lochham bei München: Türmer Verlag, 1951 (Sonderdruck aus Mappe 10/1951).
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Notes
Literature
- Reischle H. Reichsbauernführer Darre der Kämpfer um Blut u. Boden. Berlin, 1933 (official biography).
- Zalessky K. A. SS. Security detachments of the NSDAP. - M .: Eksmo, 2005. - 672 p. - 5000 copies. - ISBN 5-699-09780-5.
- Heinz Höhne.. - M .: OLMA-PRESS, 2003. - 542 p. - 6000 copies. - ISBN 5-224-03843-X.
- Anna Bramwell Walther Darre and Hitler's Green Party. The Kensal Press 1985
- Robert M. W. Kempner, Carl Haensel: Das Urteil im Wilhelmstraßen-Prozess. Schwabisch Gmünd 1950
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Excerpt characterizing Darre, Richard
Pierre heard that the French were discussing how to shoot - one at a time or two at a time? “Two,” the senior officer answered coldly and calmly. There was a movement in the ranks of the soldiers, and it was noticeable that everyone was in a hurry - and they were in a hurry not in the way they are in a hurry to do a task understandable to everyone, but in the same way as they are in a hurry to complete a necessary, but unpleasant and incomprehensible task.A French official in a scarf approached the right side of the line of criminals and read the verdict in Russian and French.
Then two pairs of Frenchmen approached the criminals and, at the direction of the officer, took two guards who were standing on the edge. The watchmen, going up to the post, stopped and, while they brought the bags, silently looked around them, as a downed animal looks at a suitable hunter. One kept crossing himself, the other scratched his back and made a movement like a smile with his lips. The soldiers, hurrying with their hands, began to blindfold them, put on bags and tie them to a post.
Twelve men of shooters with rifles stepped out from behind the ranks with measured, firm steps and stopped eight paces from the post. Pierre turned away so as not to see what was to come. Suddenly there was a crash and a roar, which seemed to Pierre louder than the most terrible thunderclaps, and he looked around. There was smoke, and the French, with pale faces and trembling hands, were doing something by the pit. They took the other two. In the same way, with the same eyes, these two looked at everyone, in vain, with the same eyes, silently, asking for protection and, apparently, not understanding and not believing what would happen. They could not believe, because they alone knew what their life was like for them, and therefore did not understand and did not believe that it could be taken away.
Pierre wanted not to look and turned away again; but again, as if a terrible explosion struck his hearing, and together with these sounds he saw smoke, someone's blood, and the pale, frightened faces of the French, again doing something at the post, pushing each other with trembling hands. Pierre, breathing heavily, looked around him, as if asking: what is this? The same question was in all the looks that met Pierre's.
On all the faces of Russians, on the faces of French soldiers, officers, all without exception, he read the same fear, horror and struggle that were in his heart. “But who is doing this after all? They all suffer just like me. Who? Who?” - for a second flashed in Pierre's soul.
– Tirailleurs du 86 me, en avant! [Arrows of the 86th, forward!] Someone shouted. They took the fifth, who was standing next to Pierre, - one. Pierre did not understand that he was saved, that he and all the others were brought here only to be present at the execution. He looked at what was being done with ever-increasing horror, feeling neither joy nor calm. The fifth was a factory worker in a dressing gown. As soon as they touched him, he jumped back in horror and grabbed Pierre (Pierre shuddered and pulled away from him). The factory worker could not go. They dragged him under the armpits, and he shouted something. When they brought him to the post, he suddenly fell silent. He seemed to suddenly understand something. Either he realized that it was useless to shout, or that it was impossible for people to kill him, but he stood at the post, waiting for the bandage along with the others and, like a wounded animal, looking around him with shining eyes.
Pierre could no longer take it upon himself to turn away and close his eyes. The curiosity and excitement of him and the whole crowd at this fifth murder reached the highest degree. Like the others, this fifth one seemed calm: he wrapped his robe and scratched one bare foot against the other.
When they began to blindfold him, he straightened the very knot on the back of his head, which cut him; then, when they leaned him against a bloodied post, he fell back, and, as he was uncomfortable in this position, he recovered and, putting his legs straight, leaned calmly. Pierre did not take his eyes off him, not missing the slightest movement.
A command must have been heard; after the command, shots of eight guns must have been heard. But Pierre, no matter how much he tried to remember later, did not hear the slightest sound from the shots. He only saw how, for some reason, the factory worker suddenly sank down on the ropes, how blood appeared in two places, and how the very ropes, due to the weight of the hanging body, unraveled and the factory worker, unnaturally lowering his head and twisting his leg, sat down. Pierre ran up to the post. Nobody held him back. Frightened, pale people were doing something around the factory. An old, mustachioed Frenchman's jaw shook as he untied the ropes. The body went down. The soldiers awkwardly and hurriedly dragged him behind a post and began to push him into the pit.
Everyone, apparently, undoubtedly knew that they were criminals who needed to cover up the traces of their crime as soon as possible.
Pierre looked into the pit and saw that the factory worker was lying there with his knees up, close to his head, one shoulder higher than the other. And this shoulder convulsively, evenly fell and rose. But already shovels of earth were falling all over the body. One of the soldiers angrily, viciously and painfully shouted at Pierre to return. But Pierre did not understand him and stood at the post, and no one drove him away.
When the pit was already filled up, a command was heard. Pierre was taken to his place, and the French troops, standing in fronts on both sides of the pillar, made a half-turn and began to walk past the pillar with measured steps. Twenty-four men of riflemen with unloaded rifles, standing in the middle of the circle, ran up to their places, while the companies passed by them.
Pierre was now looking with meaningless eyes at these shooters, who ran out of the circle in pairs. All but one joined the companies. A young soldier with a deadly pale face, in a shako that fell back, having lowered his gun, was still standing opposite the pit in the place from which he fired. He staggered like a drunk, taking a few steps forward and then back to support his falling body. An old soldier, a non-commissioned officer, ran out of the ranks and, grabbing a young soldier by the shoulder, dragged him into the company. The crowd of Russians and French began to disperse. Everyone walked in silence, with their heads bowed.
- Ca leur apprendra a incendier, [This will teach them to set fire.] - said one of the French. Pierre looked back at the speaker and saw that he was a soldier who wanted to console himself with something in what had been done, but could not. Without finishing what he started, he waved his hand and walked away.
After the execution, Pierre was separated from the other defendants and left alone in a small, ruined and filthy church.
Before evening, the guard non-commissioned officer with two soldiers entered the church and announced to Pierre that he was forgiven and was now entering the barracks of prisoners of war. Not understanding what they told him, Pierre got up and went with the soldiers. He was led to the booths built at the top of the field from burnt boards, logs and hews and entered into one of them. In the darkness about twenty different people surrounded Pierre. Pierre looked at them, not understanding who these people were, why they were and what they wanted from him. He heard the words that were spoken to him, but did not draw any conclusion or application from them: he did not understand their meaning. He himself answered what was asked of him, but did not understand who was listening to him and how his answers would be understood. He looked at faces and figures, and they all seemed equally meaningless to him.
From the moment Pierre saw this terrible murder committed by people who did not want to do this, it was as if in his soul that spring was suddenly pulled out, on which everything was supported and seemed to be alive, and everything fell into a heap of senseless rubbish. In him, although he did not realize himself, faith was destroyed in the improvement of the world, and in the human, and in his soul, and in God. This state was experienced by Pierre before, but never with such force as now. Before, when such doubts were found on Pierre, these doubts had their source of guilt. And in the very depths of his soul, Pierre then felt that from that despair and those doubts there was salvation in himself. But now he felt that it was not his fault that the world had collapsed in his eyes and only meaningless ruins remained. He felt that it was not in his power to return to faith in life.
Around him in the darkness stood people: it is true that something interested them very much in him. They told him something, asked about something, then they took him somewhere, and he finally found himself in the corner of the booth next to some people who were talking from different sides, laughing.
“And now, my brothers ... the same prince who (with a special emphasis on the word which) ...” said a voice in the opposite corner of the booth.
Silently and motionlessly sitting against the wall on the straw, Pierre first opened and then closed his eyes. But as soon as he closed his eyes, he saw before him the same terrible, especially terrible in its simplicity, the face of a factory worker and the faces of unwitting murderers, even more terrible in their anxiety. And he opened his eyes again and stared senselessly in the darkness around him.
Sitting next to him, bent over, was a small man, whose presence Pierre noticed at first by the strong smell of sweat that separated from him with his every movement. This man was doing something in the dark with his legs, and, despite the fact that Pierre did not see his face, he felt that this man was constantly looking at him. Looking closely in the darkness, Pierre realized that this man was taking off his shoes. And the way he did it interested Pierre.
Unwinding the twine with which one leg was tied, he carefully folded the twine and immediately set to work on the other leg, looking at Pierre. While one hand was hanging the string, the other was already beginning to unwind the other leg. Thus, in neat, round, argumentative movements that followed one another without slowing down, the man took off his shoes and hung his shoes on pegs driven in above his heads, took out a knife, cut something, folded the knife, put it under the head of the head and, having sat down better, hugged his raised knees with both hands and stared directly at Pierre. Pierre felt something pleasant, soothing and round in these disputed movements, in this well-organized household in the corner, in the smell of even this man, and he, without taking his eyes off, looked at him.
- And you saw a lot of need, master? A? said the little man suddenly. And such an expression of affection and simplicity was in the melodious voice of a man that Pierre wanted to answer, but his jaw trembled, and he felt tears. The little man at the same moment, without giving Pierre time to show his embarrassment, spoke in the same pleasant voice.
“Hey, falcon, don’t grieve,” he said with that softly melodious caress with which old Russian women speak. - Do not grieve, my friend: endure an hour, but live a century! That's it, my dear. And we live here, thank God, there is no offense. There are good and bad people, too,” he said, and, still speaking, with a flexible movement he leaned over on his knees, stood up and, clearing his throat, went somewhere.
- Look, rogue, come! - Pierre heard the same gentle voice at the end of the booth. - The rogue has come, remembers! Well, well, you will. - And the soldier, pushing away the little dog that jumped towards him, returned to his place and sat down. In his hands was something wrapped in a rag.
“Here, eat, master,” he said, again returning to his former respectful tone and unwrapping and serving Pierre several baked potatoes. - There was stew at dinner. And the potatoes are important!
Pierre had not eaten all day, and the smell of potatoes seemed to him unusually pleasant. He thanked the soldier and began to eat.
- Well, so then? - the soldier said smiling and took one of the potatoes. - And here's how you are. - He again took out a folding knife, cut the potatoes into equal two halves in his palm, sprinkled salt from a rag and brought it to Pierre.
“Potatoes are important,” he repeated. - You eat like this.
It seemed to Pierre that he had never eaten food tastier than this.
Darre was born on July 14, 1895 in a suburb of Buenos Aires. His parents were Richard Oskar Darre (1854-1929) and Emilia Berta Eleonora Darre, née Lagergren (1872-1936), half Swedish, half German. His father moved to Argentina in 1888 on business for a trading company. The head of the family was a drunkard and a womanizer, so the parental marriage was not happy, but the family lived very well, and the children received an excellent education. Richard Darre Jr. spoke four languages - German, Spanish, English and French. In 1912, the Darre family returned to their homeland due to the deterioration international relations. When the boy was 9 years old, his parents sent him to study in Heidelberg, Germany, and at the age of 11 he became a student at the prestigious King's College School in Wimbledon, England, which only accepted children with academic inclinations. In 1914, Darre studied at the German colonial Witzenhausen school, which trained specialists for African colonization, where his interest in agriculture awakened. With the outbreak of war, Darre volunteered for the front, was wounded several times, and was demobilized with the rank of lieutenant. After the war, Darre wanted to return to Argentina to engage in agriculture, but this proved impossible because inflation "ate" family capital.In 1922, Darré continued his studies at the University of Halle and in 1929 received a degree in animal husbandry.
Was married twice. The first marriage with Alma Staadt, a school friend of her sister, lasted 5 years and ended in 1927 with a divorce; Richard Darre's second wife was Charlotte Frein von Wittinghoff-Schell, who outlived him. In his first marriage, Darre had two daughters.
Initially, Darre joined the nationalist movement "Völkische bewegung". It was this that gave Darre the idea, later known as "Blut Und Boden", "blood and soil", that the future of the Nordic race was connected with the earth. His first book, which impressed SS chief Heinrich Himmler, was published in 1928. She viewed the peasantry as the lifeblood of the Nordic race, paid attention to the preservation of forests, and demanded the expansion of territories. This idea captured the minds of the leaders of Nazi Germany and led to expansion to the East.
In 1925, Darré joined the NSDAP and became an active Nazi figure. In 1930, he pursued a successful policy of recruiting members of the NSDAP from the German farming population in order to attract the minds and voices of people who in the future were to displace the Slavs from eastern territories. Unlike Himmler, Darre did not share the passion for the occultism of the ruling elite of the Third Reich, but in his books he sharply spoke out against the Christian religion, which proclaimed the equality of people before God.
After the Nazis came to power, Darré took up what he was well versed in - he took over as Minister of Agriculture; became head of the SS Race and Settlement Office and leader of the imperial peasantry. In addition to developing new territories and creating successful farms, Darré played a leading role in the creation of racist and anti-Semitic organizations within the SS, and also developed the ideological basis for the Nazi policy of conquering new territories. Under the influence of Darre, the head of the SS, Himmler, established himself in terms of creating a chosen German race through selection, which led to the death of tens of millions of people of other nationalities during the Second World War. In 1936, Darré received the gold NSDAP party badge, which was the hallmark of the top party leadership. In 1942 Darré resigned. The official reason was health, but in fact Darre was challenging Hitler's order to reduce rations in the labor camps.
Darre was arrested in 1945 and sentenced to Nuremberg Trials. He avoided serious charges, such as genocide, but was nevertheless sentenced to 7 years in prison. In 1950, Darré was released early and worked as a consultant in agricultural chemistry. Richard Darre died in Munich in 1953 from liver cancer caused by alcoholism.
