The activities of each society most of all depend on its leaders. This psychological axiom prevails all the more in the army, where discipline reigns.
Some officers now serve for a long time, they educate, they are the source of knowledge, they are the highest commanders and they are the guarantee of victories and defeats.
The basis of the entire life and combat activity of the army should be its officers.
If the character of a nation declines, then the great feelings that inspire the warriors also decline: the material goods of the world come to the fore.
Happy are those nations where there is a consciousness that not everything can be bought with money, happy are those where there is an estate of knights who value iron and steel more than silver and gold.
Such a class always gives energy from the idea, the class of martyrs, which is not equal to the energy of interest, to the class from the philistines. The efforts of pseudo-philosophers and subject peoples who dream of independence will always be directed towards destroying the foundations of the army.
Finally, many civilians still do not like officers simply because of petty everyday reasons.
Thus, from various sides, both external and internal, they are trying to prevent, consciously and unconsciously, the development of the army and improve the composition of its officers.
And meanwhile, who does not know the axiom that for the state a lost campaign will always be more expensive than preparations for a victorious war. And who will dare to fight with us when they know our strength and readiness.
Even before the unfortunate Russo-Japanese War, it seemed that in the life of our army and its head - officers - there are many aspects where improvements are necessary and possible.
At the beginning of 1903, I published my work "Statistics of Generals" where, examining the conditions for the service of a higher command element, I tried to find ways to improve.
Although the book was written with great restraint and, it seemed to me, justly, nevertheless, troubles had to be endured. The bottom line was that some unknown person dared to look for new ways in the training of the officer corps and did not say that everything was fine.
It seemed to me that our army had deviated from the path indicated by the great commanders, the great connoisseurs of man. They began to educate her in a wrong way and teach her not what was needed for the war.
In it, the main attention was paid to the appearance, partly to the life of a soldier, but little attention was paid to the essence of the improvement of an officer.
Gone was the spiritual power, the great connection between fathers-commanders and their subordinate children. The ability to lead and manage, the ability to make everyone and everything go to death has ceased to be valued in practice. There was no need, and I did not want to look into the future. More attention was paid to the exact knowledge of forms, to the ability to manage the household, in a word, to the valor of a peaceful citizen and a good owner.
I repeat, a good composition of officers is the basis of a good combat activity of the army. The Russian army has never had better soldier material than at present, and yet it has only experienced defeat.
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Topic: 3 "The place and role of officers in the implementation of the requirements of the Minister of Defense Russian Federation By information support reforms of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation"
Questions:
1. Information work is the most important factor in the successful implementation of the reform of the Armed Forces
2. The tasks of the officer corps in information support of the reform process.
Literature:
1. The concept of building the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation of 08/07/97
2. Defense Law.
3. Journals of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation "Landmark" No. 1 and No. 6, 1998.
Question 1 Information work is the most important factor in the successful implementation of the reform of the Armed Forces
At the end of July of this year, the President of the Russian Federation B.N. Yeltsin approved the Concept of building up the Armed Forces for the period up to 2005. From the moment of its signing, the practical stage of implementing this concept began.
Reforming the army and navy, optimizing their numbers, improving the structure and composition is supposed to be carried out in two stages.
First stage: 1997-2000. During this period of time, the tasks of the Armed Forces will be specified, their structure and composition will be streamlined, parallel, duplicating structures will be eliminated. Work in these areas is in full swing.
Second stage: 2001-2005. This is, first of all, the beginning of equipping the Armed Forces with new systems of weapons and equipment. The reorganization of the troops will be continued. At the second stage, a transition will be made to a three-service structure of the Armed Forces in terms of their areas of application: land, air and space, sea. Preparation will be provided for a systematic increase in the quality parameters of troops and forces through the supply of the latest weapons and an increase in the level of operational and combat training, and an improvement in the command and control system of the Armed Forces.
Thus, the main goal of the reform is the creation of a new army that meets the requirements of modernity, an army in which it will be honorable and prestigious to serve. An army capable of reliably defending the Fatherland.
In terms of its tasks, scope and complexity, military reform has no analogues in world practice. The main directions of the reform of the Armed Forces.
1. Optimization of the structure, combat composition and strength of the Armed Forces.
2. Qualitative improvement of the composition of the training and support of the officer corps.
3. Raising the efficiency and quality of operational and combat training, indoctrination of troops, strengthening law and order and military discipline.
4. Raising the quality level of technical equipment of the troops.
5. Creation of economical, rational systems of manning, training of military personnel, military education, military science and military infrastructure.
6. Ensuring legal and social protection of servicemen and those discharged from military service, their families.
The reform of the Armed Forces is taking place in the difficult conditions of the formation of the new Russia. The financial and political crisis that broke out in the country left its mark on the construction of the army. Under these conditions, the role of officer cadres in the implementation of the requirements of the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation on information support for the reform of the Armed Forces has increased more than ever.
First of all, what is "information support". Literally according to the dictionary: "Information" is information about the surrounding world and the processes taking place in it, perceived by a person. "Provide" means to supply something in the right amount.
The most important role in reforming the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, along with financial, personnel and other measures, is assigned to its information support. Today, we should strive to ensure that information work becomes the concern of the entire officer corps. To do this, it is important for each officer to understand the relevance of this difficult work, its goals and objectives, and the specifics of its implementation. It is necessary to learn in the conditions of information freedom in society to effectively influence the consciousness and feelings of subordinates.
The events taking place in the world and the country convincingly testify to the growing role of information in human life and activity. However, it is also capable of negatively influencing people, collectives, and even state institutions. In recent years, the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation have fully felt this impact on themselves.
Of course, the "moral well-being" of soldiers in the flow of conflicting information depends on their level of upbringing, education, service and personal experience, many other components.
It is not news what contingent of conscripts, and often under contract, are now entering the Armed Forces. A set of various diseases, including mental disorders, up to 20% of recruits are underweight. What positive information can a person with an empty stomach carry. The difficult situation is with those entering military schools, and now institutes. We all, especially the teaching staff, know that the quality of education in schools is steadily declining.
Taking into account complete informational freedom, or, more simply, informational chaos, it is difficult to deny the fact that the life attitudes of people (especially unprepared people with little experience), their behavior is largely determined by the nature and content of the information they receive. That's why it's so necessary purposeful work commanders of divisions and units, their deputies for educational work, all officers for information support of the tasks facing the Armed Forces. The indifference of officer cadres to this problem can seriously affect the course of reforms in the army and navy.
Information support of the reform is understood as purposeful, complex use military command and control bodies, military media, officers, means and methods of informational influence on personnel and society in order to successfully solve the problems of reforming the Armed Forces.
The main goal is to help strengthen the convictions of soldiers in the need and importance of the ongoing reform of the army and navy, to form in each soldier a sense of personal responsibility for the fate of the reform, to maintain high combat readiness, military discipline and law and order.
It is gratifying that information and educational work is becoming more and more a powerful factor in ensuring the combat readiness of troops, strengthening military discipline, a proven means of forming a state-patriotic position among military personnel, a sense of duty, professionalism and strict adherence to the best traditions of the Russian army and navy.
The most important condition effective information support for the construction and development of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation is the purposeful, coordinated use of the information potential available in the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation.
To accomplish this task, by decision of the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation, the Coordinating Council of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation for information support for the reform of the Armed Forces was created.
A plan for information support of the reform has been adopted and is being implemented. It is aimed at explaining to personnel the military policy of the state, the tasks of military reform, decisions of the President of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Russian Federation, orders and directives of the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation on reforming the Armed Forces, ensuring an objective communication to the Russian and foreign public of the content of practical measures of military reform in the Russian Federation; formation in society of a deep understanding of the activities of the country's leadership to strengthen the defense power of the state, increase the prestige of military service and the authority of the Armed Forces.
For this, there are:
- organization of prompt communication to the military and civilian media of decisions on military reform, as well as the positive experience of reforming troops and forces;
- information counteraction to attempts to discredit the idea and progress of the military reform;
- dissemination of positive experience in solving issues arising in the course of the military reform in the troops (forces) and other areas of work.
Undoubtedly, the main burden of information support for the reform directly in the troops (forces) falls on the officers of units and subunits. In carrying out this work, it is important to be able to use, first of all, classes in combat training, UCP, informing personnel, as well as other forms and methods of satisfying information requests from military personnel and civilian personnel.
Question 2 The tasks of the officers in information support of the reform process
In providing information for the reform process, it is extremely important to project the general tasks of the military reform onto the problems of a specific unit (unit). It is important to help people see the reform not only from above, but also from below. For this purpose, it is expedient to make maximum use, first of all, of combat training.
It is no secret that at present the combat training of troops is associated with well-known difficulties. Moreover, the responsibility of officers for its organization increases. In the course of combat training, the entire educational material through the prism of the problems of reforming the Armed Forces, explain to the personnel the intention, goals and expected results of the military reform.
Public-state training is called upon to play a key role in providing information to the reform process. It has the most systemic organization, has a certain depth of content, and has great potential to influence the consciousness of personnel.
In accordance with the order of the Minister of Defense of 1993 No. 250, OCP classes are held with officers for at least 4-6 hours a month, with female military personnel - 2 hours a week, with other categories of military personnel - at least 3 hours a week. Training is also provided for civilian personnel.
In comparison with other types of information impact, the UCP has the most developed educational and methodological base, allows you to convincingly and thoroughly convey to the audience the issues of state policy, national history, rights, etc.
It should be taken into account that many officers of the units (ships) are the leaders of the UCP groups. They are faced with the task of effectively using the opportunities of their studies for the purpose of in-depth and comprehensive coverage of the tasks and progress of military reform.
Plans for public-state training of personnel for 1998 academic year a block of topics directly devoted to military reform is provided. There are topics that highlight the experience of military reforms of the past. Of particular importance are topics that reflect today's problems of military reform in Russia. One cannot do without highlighting certain aspects of the reform in the study of other topics. Much here depends on the preparedness and methodological skill of the leaders of the classes.
Another effective form of information support for the reform process is informing personnel. According to the order of the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation No. 235 of 1995, informing soldiers, sailors, sergeants and foremen serving on conscription is organized 2 times a week for 30 minutes; warrant officers (midshipmen), cadets (listeners) military educational institutions- once a week for 1 hour; officers - 2 times a month for 1 hour; civilian personnel, family members of military personnel - at least once a month.
Thus, informing, being an operational form, makes it possible to timely explain the measures taken by state bodies for military reform, the facts of the successful implementation of tasks within the framework, reforms in the troops (forces), and the relevant decisions of commanders and chiefs.
Great importance has unified information days. Their competent and creative organization allows not only to highlight individual issues of reform, but also provides feedback. An experienced commanding officer gets the opportunity to study the mood of subordinate personnel, their attitude to specific measures in the framework of reforming the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.
From the point of view of information support for the military reform, military social work plays an important role. An important place in it is occupied by bringing to the attention of subordinates and explaining legal documents, both of a more general nature and directly related to the reform of the army and navy. It is especially valuable when an officer not only carries out this work himself, but also attracts law enforcement specialists, representatives of the military leadership, government, and local administration to it. Of course, such work should be supported by an increase in the level of social protection of military personnel, observance of the principles of social justice in the unit (unit). To do everything possible to fulfill the assigned tasks, to solve the problems of subordinates - the primary task of the commander (chief) of any rank.
It is also important to use such forms as evenings of questions and answers, honoring the foremost workers in service and study, summing up the results of work to strengthen law and order and military discipline.
The effectiveness of the information support of the military reform will not be high enough without individual work with subordinates. It makes it possible to most accurately convey to each serviceman, worker and employee the reform strategy, as well as to set subordinates specific tasks arising from the general logic and goals of military reform.
Along with the listed forms, in the interests of information support, cultural and leisure work should be used. This includes themed evenings, oral magazines, amateur performances, quizzes and more. In a word, we are talking about those measures in which the troops have accumulated vast experience. The list of forms of information work would be incomplete without mentioning wall printing. All that remains is to introduce new ideas and fresh factual material into this work, to adjust it, figuratively speaking, to the pulse of the reform.
Improving the level and focus of informing various categories of military personnel, it is advisable to use the appropriate dates and anniversaries, primarily public holidays and the days of Russia's military glory. The latter are determined by the Federal Law "On the days of military glory (victory days) of Russia" dated March 16, 1995.
In order to achieve a greater effect in the information support of the reform, one should not be confined within the framework of a unit (subdivision). The success of the reform largely depends on the attitude towards it not only of the personnel of the Armed Forces, but of the whole society. It is necessary to actively work with the local population, at sponsored enterprises, organizations and institutions.
Conducting information work, the officer must take into account the socio-political reality of today. One of its conditions is a multi-party society. This causes an ideological confrontation between parties and movements, and is the reason for different interpretations of the problems of reform in the media. A complete distortion of the facts is not ruled out. Counteracting such phenomena is one of the most important tasks of officers in the framework of information support for military reform. In this case, it is preferable to work "ahead of the curve", to prevent negative, harmful reform of information. The most effective means of prevention is the timely, systematic and objective informing the personnel of the unit (subdivision) about the events, facts, and problems of the progress of the reform. The more convincing the information, the fewer reasons for the appearance various conjectures.
Undoubtedly, speaking about the information support of the reform of the Armed Forces, it is impossible to foresee everything. However, the main thing in this work is creativity and foresight, initiative and perseverance.
Topic: 2 "The Constitution, the legislation of the Russian Federation on the defense of the country. The legal basis for the reform of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation."
Questions:
1. Legal basis for organizing the defense of the Russian Federation. Responsibilities of public authorities and administration in the field of defense.
2. Legislation of the Russian Federation on the composition and organization of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.
Literature:
1. The Constitution of the Russian Federation. 1993
2. Federal Law of the Russian Federation "On Defense".
3. Federal Law of the Russian Federation "On military service and military service "of February 11, 1993.
4. Military law. Textbook for military schools of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. Edited by N.I. Kuznetsov. - M.: Publishing house "MORF Military University", 1996.
5. In the service of the Fatherland. A manual for public-state training. Under the editorship of Academician of the LEN RF, Major General Zolotarev V.A., Military Publishing House, M .: 1997.
6. Social and legal protection of military personnel. Collection of normative reports and sample documents. Edited by N.V. Sumenko. Publishing house "Printing yard", St. Petersburg, 1994.
7. Benefits, guarantees and compensation for military personnel, employees of internal affairs bodies, persons equated to them and members of their families.
8. Directory: Federal laws and other regulatory and legal acts. // Pchelintseva L.M., Pchelintsev S.V. Alpha publishing house. St. Petersburg, 1997
Question1. Legal bases of the organization of defense of the Russian Federation. Obligations of public authorities and administration in the field of defense
The defense of the country is one of the most important external functions of the state. The content of this function includes the implementation of a set of measures of an economic, political, social, scientific, technical, legal and military nature, ensuring the readiness and ability of the country to repel any military attacks, encroachments on the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the state.
Public relations in the field of defense and military construction are regulated by norms that can be combined under the concept of “defense legislation”. Taking into account the significance and specifics of the actual military construction, from the content of this legal branch, one can single out “military legislation (law)”, which is the core of defense legislation (law). The norms of these legal branches are contained in the Constitution of the Russian Federation (1993); Laws “On Defense” (1996), “On the Status of Servicemen” (1993), “On Military Duty and Military Service” (1993), “On the State Border of the Russian Federation” (1993), “On the State Defense Order” (1995) , “On the Railway Troops of the Russian Federation” (1995), etc.
Issues of organizing defense and military development are also regulated in the regulatory decrees of the President of the Russian Federation, resolutions of the Government of the Russian Federation, orders and directives of the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation.
The most important, fundamental provisions on the organization of defense and military development are enshrined in the Basic Law - the Constitution of the Russian Federation. Its norms stipulate the obligation of the state to ensure the integrity and inviolability of its territory (Article 3). In Art. 59 of the Constitution establishes that the defense of the Fatherland is the duty and obligation of a citizen of the Russian Federation. Paragraph 2 of this article emphasizes that a citizen performs military service in accordance with federal law, and paragraph 3 establishes the right to replace military service with alternative civilian service if military service is contrary to the beliefs or religion of a citizen.
The Constitution of the Russian Federation contains norms that fix the constitutional foundations for the powers of the highest bodies of state power in the field of organizing defense and military development. So, in Art. 80, 82, 83, 87-89 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation establishes the competence of the President of the Russian Federation as head of state in this area; in Art. 102, 104, 105 - the competence of the Federation Council and the State Duma; in Art. 114 - the basis of the competence of the Government of the Russian Federation.
The fundamental principles of defense and military construction are also enshrined in the Laws “On Defense”, “On Military Duty and Military Service”, as well as in the Military Doctrine. Russian state.
In the Law "On Defense" the first section is devoted to this, establishing the foundations and organization of defense. The law fixes the very concept of defense, thereby determining its content.
Defense is understood as a system of political, economic, military, social, legal and other measures to prepare for armed defense and armed defense of the Russian Federation, the integrity and inviolability of its territory.
The Armed Forces play the leading role in the defense of the country. At the same time, according to the Law, the Border Troops of the Russian Federation, the internal troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, the Railway Troops of the Russian Federation, the troops of the Federal Agency for Government Communications and Information under the President of the Russian Federation, and the civil defense troops are involved in defense.
Of particular importance for the organization of the country's defense and military development is such a document as the Basic Provisions of the Military Doctrine of the Russian Federation.
The military doctrine is a system of views officially adopted in the state on the prevention of wars, armed conflicts, on military development, preparing the country for defense, organizing counteraction to threats to the military security of the state, using the Armed Forces and other troops of the Russian Federation to protect vital important interests states.
The current Basic Provisions of the Military Doctrine of the Russian Federation were approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of November 2, 1993. In terms of its content, this document is integral part concepts of security of the Russian Federation. Its implementation is achieved through the implementation of coordinated measures of a political, economic, legal and military nature with the participation of all state authorities, public associations and citizens.
This document formulated the political foundations of military doctrine, military foundations, as well as military-technical and economic foundations. The political foundations include provisions establishing the attitude of the Russian Federation to armed conflicts, the use of the Armed Forces and other troops; determining the main sources of military danger; fixing the political principles and main directions of the socio-political provision of the military security of the Russian Federation; formulating the tasks of the state in the field of ensuring military security.
The powers of the President of the Russian Federation as head of state in the field of defense and military development are enshrined in Art. 80, 82, 83, 87-89 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, as well as in Art. 4 of the Federal Law "On Defense".
The President of the Russian Federation, being the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, determines the main directions of military policy and approves the military doctrine of the Russian Federation; exercises leadership of the Armed Forces, other troops, military formations and bodies.
Based on the provisions of Art. 87-88 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, in the event of aggression or a direct threat of aggression against the Russian Federation, the outbreak of armed conflicts directed against the Russian Federation, the President announces general or partial mobilization, introduces martial law on the territory of the country or in its individual areas with an immediate report to the Federation Council and the State Duma, issues an order from the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces on the conduct of hostilities. It enacts normative legal acts of wartime and terminates them, forms and abolishes executive authorities for the period of wartime in accordance with the federal constitutional law on martial law.
The President of the Russian Federation, in accordance with federal laws, makes a decision to involve the Armed Forces, other troops, military formations and bodies in the performance of tasks using weapons not for their intended purpose. This provision of the Law "On Defense" makes it possible to implement the task of preventing and suppressing internal conflicts and other actions using armed violence on the territory of the Russian Federation that threaten its territorial integrity, other interests of society and citizens.
The President approves the concept and plans for the construction and development of the Armed Forces, other troops, military formations, bodies. It also approves federal state programs for armaments and the development of the defense industrial complex, programs for nuclear and other special tests, and authorizes the conduct of these tests.
In accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the Law “On Defense”, the President of the Russian Federation approves a unified list of military posts to be filled by senior officers, the total number of posts to be filled by colonels (captains of the 1st rank), assigns the highest military ranks appoints military personnel to military positions for which the state provides for the military ranks of senior officers, releases them from these positions and dismisses them from military service in the manner prescribed by federal law.
The President approves the structure and composition of the Armed Forces, military formations (up to and including unification) and bodies, as well as staffing military personnel. He makes decisions on the deployment and redeployment of the Armed Forces, other troops, military formations from the unit and above.
The President of the Russian Federation issues decrees on the conscription of citizens for military service, on military training (indicating the number and distribution), as well as on the dismissal from military service of citizens undergoing military service on conscription. It approves the maximum number of servicemen of the Armed Forces, other troops, military formations and bodies for secondment to federal government bodies.
The Constitution of the Russian Federation and the Federal Law “On Defense” establish the powers of the highest legislative bodies in the field of defense.
The Federation Council considers:
- defense spending, established by the federal laws adopted by the State Duma on the federal budget;
- federal laws adopted by the Duma in the field of defense;
- approves decrees of the President of the Russian Federation on the introduction of martial law and a state of emergency on the territory of the Russian Federation or in its individual areas, as well as on the involvement of the Armed Forces, other troops, military formations and bodies using weapons to perform tasks not for their intended purpose;
- resolves the issue of the possibility of using the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation outside the territory of the country.
The State Duma is considering:
- defense spending established by federal laws on the federal budget;
- adopts federal laws in the field of defense, thereby regulating various aspects of the organization of defense and military development.
In addition to these powers, the Federation Council and the State Duma exercise parliamentary control in this area through their security and defense committees.
In accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Government of the Russian Federation “implements measures to ensure the defense of the country” (paragraph “e” of Article 114). This constitutional norm is specified in Art. 6 of the Law "On Defense", which establishes the powers of the Government of the Russian Federation in the field of defense.
Government:
- carries out measures to ensure defense and bears responsibility within the limits of its powers for the condition and provision of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, other troops, military formations and bodies;
- directs the activities on defense issues of the federal executive bodies subordinate to him.
- represents in State Duma proposals for defense spending in the federal budget.
- organizes the equipping of the Armed Forces, other troops, military formations and bodies with weapons and military equipment according to their orders;
- organizes their provision with material resources, energy and other resources and services on their orders;
- organizes the development and implementation of state programs for armaments and the development of the defense industrial complex.
- organizes the development and implementation of plans for the transfer (mobilization plans) of federal executive authorities, executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local government and the country's economy to work in wartime, as well as plans for the creation of stocks of material assets of the state and mobilization reserves;
- supervises the mobilization training of executive authorities of local self-government and organizations, regardless of the form of ownership, transport, communications and the population of the country.
In the field of military education, the Government of the Russian Federation makes decisions on the creation, reorganization and liquidation of military educational institutions of professional education, faculties of military training and military departments under educational institutions higher professional education; approves the Regulations on military departments at these institutions.
Among the powers of the Government of the Russian Federation, an important place is occupied by the organization of the development of a federal state program for the operational equipment of the country's territory for defense purposes and the implementation of the program, as well as the development of plans for the deployment on the territory of the Russian Federation of facilities with nuclear charges, facilities for the elimination of weapons of mass destruction and nuclear waste.
An important place in the leadership of defense and military construction belongs to the Security Council of the Russian Federation, headed by the President. The Security Council is a constitutional body that prepares decisions of the President of the Russian Federation on issues of ensuring the protection of the vital interests of the individual, society and the state from internal and external threats, and the implementation of a unified state policy in the field of security. The tasks and functions of the Security Council, its composition and the procedure for formation, the procedure for working and other issues are regulated by the Law “On Security” and the Regulations on the Security Council of the Russian Federation, approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation on July 10, 1996.
In addition to the highest executive authorities of the Russian Federation, the executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Federation and local self-government bodies are involved in organizing and ensuring defense and military development. The functions and responsibilities of these bodies are also enshrined in the Federal Law "On Defense", which emphasizes that they carry out this work in cooperation with military command and control bodies.
Organizing and ensuring the implementation of legislation in the field of defense, the executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Federation and local governments:
- participate in the development and provision of programs for the operational equipment of the territory and the preparation of communications for defense purposes;
- organize and ensure military registration, preparation of citizens for military service, conscription for military
service and mobilization;
- make reservations for the period of mobilization and in wartime;
- provide accounting and mobilization preparation of transport and other technical means for defense purposes;
- organize work on military-patriotic education;
- meet the needs for material resources, energy and other resources and services;
- provide social guarantees established in connection with military service, participation in hostilities;
- ensure the fulfillment of mobilization plans and tasks for the accumulation of state and mobilization reserves;
- participate in planning and provide measures for civil and territorial defense;
- ensure the fulfillment of the defense order.
In accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation, local self-government bodies are not included in the system of state authorities. However, in the field of defense, they are vested with separate state powers.
Question: 2 Legislation of the Russian Federation on the composition and organization of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation ..
The Armed Forces of the Russian Federation is a state military organization that forms the basis of the country's defense. The Armed Forces consist of central bodies of military command, associations, formations, military units and organizations that are included in the types and types of troops of the Armed Forces, in the Logistics of the Armed Forces and in the troops that are not included in the types and types of troops.
A branch of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation is their component, distinguished by special weapons and designed to perform assigned tasks, as a rule, in any environment. This Rocket troops strategic purpose, Ground Forces. Troops air defense. Air Force, Navy.
A branch of service is understood to be a part of a branch of the Armed Forces that is distinguished by its main armament, technical equipment, organizational structure, the nature of training, and the ability to perform specific combat missions.
The ground forces include: rocket troops and artillery; motorized rifle; tank; airborne troops; air defense troops; special forces (engineering, chemical, radio engineering, communications, automobile, road, pipeline).
In the air defense forces - anti-aircraft missile; fighter aviation; radio troops.
The Air Force consists of long-range, front-line and military transport aviation.
Part Navy includes: surface, submarine forces of the fleet; naval aviation; coastal troops; Marines; auxiliary fleet.
Other troops are also intended to solve the problems of the country's defense, which include: Border Troops of the Russian Federation; internal troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation; Railway troops of the Russian Federation; troops of the Federal Agency for Government Communications and Information; civil defense troops.
The Armed Forces are designed to repel aggression, to defend the integrity and inviolability of the territory of the Russian Federation by armed means, and to carry out tasks in accordance with Russia's international treaties.
In accordance with the main provisions of the military doctrine of the Russian Federation, the Armed Forces and other troops can be used to counter internal sources of military threats. To prevent and suppress internal conflicts and other actions using means of armed violence on the territory of Russia that threaten its territorial integrity, other interests of society and Russian citizens, mainly internal troops and internal troops are involved. They ensure the protection of public order and the maintenance of the legal regime of the state of emergency in the conflict area; carry out localization and blockade of conflict areas; stop armed clashes; carry out measures to disarm and liquidate armed formations and to seize weapons from the population in the conflict area, etc.
Separate formations of the Armed Forces and other troops may be involved in order to assist the internal affairs bodies and the internal troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs in localizing and blocking the conflict area, stopping armed clashes and separating the opposing sides, as well as in protecting strategically important objects in the manner prescribed by current legislation.
The state border of the Russian Federation is guarded by the Border Troops. The Armed Forces may also be entrusted with the task of providing assistance in the protection state border, assistance in the protection of maritime communications, important state facilities and economic zones, in the fight against terrorism, drug trafficking, and piracy. The forces and means of the Armed Forces and other troops may also be involved in rendering assistance to the population in the aftermath of accidents, catastrophes and natural disasters.
The involvement of the Armed Forces in the performance of tasks using weapons not for their intended purpose is carried out by the President of the Russian Federation in accordance with federal laws.
The use of the Armed Forces to perform tasks in accordance with international treaties and agreements of the Russian Federation is carried out on the basis of and in accordance with the procedure established by the Constitution and legislation of the Russian Federation and specified in these treaties and agreements. Part of the composition of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation may be part of the joint armed forces or be under joint command in accordance with the international treaties of the Russian Federation.
The Law "On Defense" for the first time formulated the legal basis for resolving issues related to the deployment of the Armed Forces. The deployment of associations, formations and military units is carried out in accordance with the tasks of defense and the socio-economic conditions of the places of deployment. The redeployment of military units and subunits within the territories transferred to the use of the Ministry of Defense is carried out by decision of the Minister of Defense, and from formations and above - by decision of the President of the Russian Federation.
MILITARY THOUGHT No. 6/1990, pp. 36-43
To help students of Marxist-Leninist theory
Professional culture of an officer
ColonelV. F. KOVALEVSKY ,
Doctor of Philosophy, Professor
The PRINCIPLE of defense sufficiency, orientation towards the qualitative parameters of the improvement of the Armed Forces pose in a new way the problem of the personality of a serviceman as a specialist, a professional. “Practically all problems,” notes USSR Minister of Defense Marshal of the Soviet Union D.T. Yazov, “related to the deepening of the restructuring of the Armed Forces, their qualitative improvement, directly affect a person, his inner world, his ideological and moral image.”
The role of officers is increasing. Modern military equipment, the increasingly difficult conditions for maintaining combat complexes, and combat training bring to the fore such qualities of officers as high general and technical literacy, pedagogical skills, ideological commitment, developed feelings of military duty, and professional honor. In a word, a high military-professional culture is especially needed now.
Proceeding from the generally accepted philosophical definition of culture (lat. cultura - cultivation, processing), military professional culture is a set of organizational, technical, socio-psychological and spiritual values developed throughout military history that are associated with military activity and ensure it.
The concept of "officer culture" reflects the level of assimilation of these values, the possession of knowledge, skills and abilities, formed by individual psychological characteristics, as well as the moral and aesthetic properties of the individual, necessary for successful military professional activity. The culture of an officer, his professionalism are among the most important factors military activity, combat power of any army. No wonder the saying has long lived: "What are the officers, such is the army." An insufficiently high professional culture of command personnel reduces the combat potential of the armed forces and can be the cause of failures and major defeats. This has happened more than once in military history.
A certain part of the population was characterized by low professional qualities. commanders the tsarist army, especially in the period preceding the events of 1905. With great artistic depth and truthfulness, AI Kuprin portrayed the officers of that time in the novel "Duel". Giving a description of the officer corps in a report to the Ministry of War for 1898, the commander of the troops of the Kiev military district, General M.I. Dragomirov wrote: in the military will be harmful. The weak composition of the highest military commanders requires serious attention.
The outcome of the war with Japan that soon broke out was largely predetermined precisely by this circumstance. One of the obvious and immediate reasons for the defeat of Russia in this war was the professional unsuitability of the commanding and indeed the entire officer corps. “Officers,” wrote V. I. Lenin, analyzing the reasons for the fall of Port Arthur, “turned out to be uneducated, undeveloped, unprepared, devoid of close ties with the soldiers and not enjoying their confidence” (Poli. sobr. soch., vol. 9, p. .155).
Cases of unprofessional actions of some of our military leaders also took place in the Great Patriotic War, especially in its initial period, it showed with special force the enormous role of the officers, ruthlessly exposed the ever-present pattern - military success, the price of victory directly depend on the combat skills of officers and, ultimately, on the professional culture of military leaders of all ranks: from the platoon commander to commander. The lessons of the war are a stern warning against complacency and gross mistakes in the military personnel sphere, belittling the role of the officer corps and its qualitative characteristics.
It would be a dangerous delusion modern conditions underestimate the changes that are taking place in the armies of NATO countries. A fact of great military importance is the transition of the United States and other NATO countries to the recruitment of armed forces. The professionalization of military service means a significant increase in the level of combat training of troops. A reliable counterbalance to this should be the professional skill of Soviet soldiers.
The core of an officer's military professional culture is his competence. This concept includes a high degree of professional and business reliability of an officer, his ability to make unmistakable decisions within the framework of his official functions. The culture of an officer, a military specialist is a capacious and multifaceted concept. It does not come down only to the presence of purely business, functional indicators, but involves an analysis of all aspects of the personality, and above all his moral and political qualities, high social feelings. Professional culture is inconceivable without reliance on extensive general educational and general scientific knowledge, a broad general culture. “Whoever understands nothing but chemistry,” wrote G. Lichtenberg, “understands it insufficiently.”
The general culture includes a thorough knowledge of history, philosophy, political science, law, implies possession of the wealth of world and domestic literature, music, painting and theater, the ability to distinguish genuine spiritual values from fakes. General culture can be judged by whether an officer has a need for reading; classics of literature, does he see depth in the works of Homer, A. Dante, W. Shakespeare, A. S. Pushkin, L. N. Tolstoy, F. M. Dostoevsky, does he enjoy the music of J. Bach, L. Beethoven, M. Mussorgsky, P. Tchaikovsky, G. Sviridov. In the age of scientific and technological progress, high technical culture and computer literacy are integral facets of an officer's personality.
A common culture is the foundation of an officer's personality. It gives the right orientation in the human world, allows you to be, as they say, at the level of your time, develops the depth of judgment, analytical skills and conceptual thinking. Its role in the structure of the officer's personality is especially great now, when the process of establishing new political thinking and universal human values as priorities is underway. “The power of the mind,” wrote Charles de Gaulle, “requires a variety that cannot be found in the exceptional skills of a particular profession. The true school of command is a common culture... There was not a single famous commander who did not draw his art from the treasury of the human mind. In the end, we always find Aristotle at the basis of the victories of Alexander the Great.
Most Russian officers have always been distinguished by a high general culture. This is one of the national traditions. Many of them themselves have become the pride of national culture, its brilliant representatives. The officers were the writers M. Yu. Lermontov and L. N. Tolstoy, F. M. Dostoevsky, D. V. Grigorovich, At I. Kuprin, the artists N. A. Yaroshenko and K. A. Trutovsky, the sculptor N.K. Klodt. Known more as a composer, Caesar Antonovich Cui was an outstanding military engineer. Engineer-General C. Cui taught at the Nikolaev Engineering Academy. He left not only the most valuable works on field fortification, but also beautiful operas and romances.
Of course, at any time one can find narrow-minded and even immoral people among the officer corps. But they do not determine the appearance of the domestic officer corps. The honor of the pioneers of the liberation movement in Russia belongs to Russian officers. The names of P. I. Pestel, K. F. Ryleev, N. A. Bestuzhev, P. G. Kakhovsky, the brothers M. I. and S. I. Muravyov-Apostols, and other Decembrists became a symbol of honor, dedication, impulse to freedom . All of them were true Russian intellectuals, enlightened people who set the goal of their lives to serve the Fatherland, the people. Their selfless educational and cultural activities are known - the construction of schools for peasant children, teaching in the Russian outback, the creation of art galleries.
The wives of the Decembrists became a brilliant symbol of love and fidelity. Their civic feat is not only priceless moral lesson for all subsequent generations of officer wives, but also the property of the national spiritual and moral culture. The entire history of the revolutionary liberation movement in Russia preserves the names of army and navy officers. Among them - the outstanding Russian Marxist G. V. Plekhanov, the theoretician of populism, a friend of Karl Marx, Professor of the Mikhailovsky Artillery Academy Pyotr Lavrov.
It should be noted that military educational institutions have played a prominent role in the history of national culture. A. S. Pushkin called them the nursery of the sons of the Fatherland. Not a forge of personnel, as we call them now, but a nursery! Feel the difference? Not mass, in-line forging of specialists, but organic, long-term nurturing, education of the military intelligentsia. Military educational institutions were not only centers of military education, but also centers domestic science and culture.
Wealth, versatility of personality, deep spiritual culture contribute to the development of a person's desire to realize their strengths and abilities for the benefit of society, to establish their personality in some particular business. High professionalism is generated, as a rule, by a high, socially significant goal. Such remarkable Russian commanders and naval commanders as A. V. Suvorov, M. I. Kutuzov, F. F. Ushakov, P. S. Nakhimov, military scientists, engineers, doctors, as A. F. Mozhaisky, N. E. Zhukovsky, A. D. Zasyadko, N. I. Pirogov, completely subordinated their talent, knowledge, skill, all their lives to serving the Fatherland. In this they saw the meaning of their existence, an opportunity to earn a good name from the people. A. V. Suvorov instructed his compatriots "to devote | life to the public good ... Do not worry about our own person, despise the vicissitudes of fortune and sacrifice yourself for the good of the Fatherland and mankind."
Understanding the social significance of their activities and responsibility to the country, the people was characteristic of the outstanding Soviet commanders G.K. Zhukov, A.M. Vasilevsky, K.K. Rokossovsky, L.A. Govorov, I.S. Konev, A.I. Eremenko, R. Ya. Malinovsky, the creators of powerful defense equipment and weapons I. V. Kurchatov and S. P. Korolev. They were ardent patriots, people of great general and professional culture, of inexhaustible spiritual generosity.
With the approval of the new political thinking, the officer's political vocabulary is updated. His life and activities included such concepts as military-strategic parity, defense sufficiency, qualitative parameters of the development of the Armed Forces, military security in the structure of a new security model, defense consciousness, openness and democratization in the army and navy. Without their assimilation, it is impossible for an officer to correctly orient himself in dynamically changing conditions of service, to choose the most effective, modern forms training and education of personnel. However, this is not just about updating the baggage of political knowledge. No, our ideas about world processes, about the state, ways and prospects for the development of society, about the nature and methods of ensuring the country's security, about military policy and military doctrine are undergoing such profound, fundamental changes that it would perhaps be more correct to speak of the need to form officers of the new political culture.
This understanding of the situation involves non-traditional approaches to the organization political studies officers. In our opinion, the need has come to transform the programs of ideological and theoretical training of officers in the troops, putting at the center the problems of new political thinking, military reform, education of officers in the spirit of patriotism, loyalty to the Constitution of the USSR, oath and military duty.
It is difficult to overestimate the role of military educational institutions, and especially academies, in shaping the general and humanitarian culture officers. The military academy seems to be powerfully equipped with departments of social sciences - world and national history, philosophy, political science, sociology, political economy and military economics. Within the walls of the academies - "Universities of the Armed Forces" - there should be lectures on literature and art, ethics and military etiquette, aesthetics and military rhetoric. It is worth seriously considering how to make the military academies a favorite venue for performances by prominent state and public figures, scientists, poets and writers While they are rare guests here.
We are talking about the revival of the entire historically formed complex of humanitarian knowledge, because it is humanitarian training that makes an officer the owner of “all the riches that humanity has developed”, introduces universal human values, high morality, determining the level of his intelligence. Humanization of education, overcoming lack of spirituality, technocracy in personnel training - this is the central idea that runs through all the documents on perestroika high school. The prosperity of the new complex of social sciences, socio-political, spiritual and moral, educational activities social science educators will help turn every academy, every higher educational institution into a true center of culture and science, into a center of ideas for renewing the entire military organization of society, ways of military reform.
An essential worldview and ideological and moral component of an officer's culture is his attitude towards military profession to his work, without a passionate attachment to which it is impossible to reach the heights of mastery in any field. Therefore, it is important throughout the officer's career to maintain and develop this social feeling, to make sure that in the chosen profession the officer sees, first of all, an opportunity to realize his patriotic aspirations to the fullest extent. At the same time, we must not forget that the professional well-being of an officer, his attitude to the service also depend on how timely and objectively his service and labor efforts, the quality of work, the level of qualification, and how his promotion is going are assessed. An officer, like any Soviet person, has the right to count on a fair assessment and public recognition of his activities, on the appropriate receipt of material and social benefits.
An indispensable condition and an important component of the military-professional culture is the legal literacy of an officer. In his work, the officer-commander faces With solving many issues that require both a well-developed legal consciousness and specific administrative and legal knowledge, the exact fulfillment of the requirements military regulations, instructions, orders. An officer's legal preparedness helps him to feel responsible for his decisions and actions, to evaluate any fact of army reality in the light of the tasks facing the Armed Forces. The legal consciousness and high morality of an officer cannot allow him to give incorrect, embellished information to higher authorities, distort reporting, “push” people who are not worthy of it up in the service, and commit other anti-legal acts.
Now, when a law-based state is being formed step by step, and at the same time legal relations are being strengthened in the Armed Forces, the legal service is expanding, its functions are changing, the protection of not only state, official interests, but also the rights of military personnel, the strict legality of the actions of commanders and superiors is coming to the fore. . This process needs people with up-to-date legal knowledge. Only such officers are able to build work and relations between servicemen on a legal basis.
The absolute majority of officers have personnel under their command, manage military collectives, organizing their work, training and education. And this requires a certain psychological and pedagogical culture, mastery of the art of influencing the spiritual world of a person, the ability to create and maintain a fighting mood, the desire to win in the most difficult conditions of a combat situation. The best domestic commanders and military leaders knew the way to the heart of a soldier, they could form a high spirit of the troops, full confidence in themselves.
Psychological and pedagogical readiness is manifested in the ability to study the personal characteristics and capabilities of soldiers, to transfer the necessary knowledge to them, to develop in them the techniques and skills of military and combat activities. To put this into practice, an officer must have pedagogical observation, pedagogical imagination and tact, be able to organize training and educational process.
Psychological and pedagogical culture has a direct impact on the level of methodological skill of an officer. Methodical mastery is a system of general and special knowledge, highly developed skills and abilities, which, together with personal qualities, make it possible to successfully solve educational problems. It is characterized by: firstly, a deep knowledge by officers of the requirements of orders and directives of the Minister of Defense of the USSR, others governing bodies to the combat training of troops, its goals and tasks for a certain period; secondly, the ability to competently be guided by programs of combat and political training, psychological and pedagogical principles of training and education; thirdly, thorough freehold the subject of training (whether it is the operation of a particular type of equipment, combat or physical training etc.), achievements of modern military science; fourthly, the practical ability to organize the process of education and upbringing and personally participate in it.
Officers receive basic methodological training at universities. However, exercises, sea and ocean campaigns, combat firing, training missile launches, air tactical flight exercises, and command and staff games are the practical school here. In the course of them, the existing forms of combat training are tested, new, more advanced forms are searched for. effective ways troop training. It is important that, when organizing exercises and maneuvers, one of the basic principles of Soviet military didactics "Teach troops what is necessary in war", the art of fighting not by numbers, but by skill, and not to allow concessions and simplification, be strictly observed. This approach to organizing exercises is an enduring requirement. vocational training officers, which is of particular importance in the context of the qualitative improvement of the Armed Forces.
An important facet of an officer's military professional culture is operational-tactical and tactical-special literacy, the ability to effectively manage troops and fleet forces. Life and military practice suggest the need to improve the staff culture of officers. “The incompetence of officers,” wrote F. Engels, “never does so much harm as in the staff service” (K. Marx and F. Engels. Works, vol. 11, p. 456). In modern conditions, it is unacceptable not only for officers of staff bodies, commanders. Staff culture is necessary to a certain extent for all officers. In fact, the assessment of the combat situation, decision-making, the execution of combat documents - all this should be able to any officer, and not just a staff officer. Life shows the need to equip future officers with solid skills in staff work. This gap is now being successfully filled.
As for a modern headquarters, especially a large one, only a professional, a person who has received a special education, can work in it. After all, if previously a staff officer was armed mainly with a map, a ruler, a curvimeter and a pencil, now the work of the headquarters is impossible without automated combat control equipment, computers, and various communication systems, including satellite. There is only one conclusion: a staff officer is not only a position, but also a profession.
An important aspect of general professional culture officers is now certain ergonomic and ecological education. For number of students of military academies General professional disciplines should be supplemented, in our opinion, by military professionalism - a science that studies the patterns of professionalization of military activity and is the theory of military personnel work. The central component of the professional culture of officers is their special training, the essence of which is to deepen general military professional training, focusing it on the main, specific business. The military-applied orientation of training ensures the formation of a high culture of professional thinking, versatile practical skills and helps to perform combat training and combat missions in any conditions.
The acquisition and improvement of military professional culture is a process that lasts throughout the service and life. It is known that in the course of the restructuring of general education and higher education in the country, the task is to create a system continuing education. In this regard, it should be noted that the first form of such education historically is the command training of officers, introduced back in the 60s of the last century in the course of the Milyutin military reform. It was caused by the urgent needs of restructuring the system of professional training of officers, a deep understanding of the results Crimean War and became a tradition of the Russian, and then the Soviet Army.
Affirming the great role of commanding and self-study officers, General A. A. Brusilov wrote: “It is necessary ... to constantly monitor military science and continue to study it, since military equipment is rapidly improving, and those who calm down with folded hands after graduating from any academy will quickly fall behind from his time and work, and will become more dangerous for his work than an ignoramus, since he will have backward, and therefore imaginary, but not real knowledge. In the course of the ongoing restructuring in the Armed Forces, command training is changing its forms, being filled with new content, and becoming more and more effective.
Perestroika creates conditions for the use of all the talents, abilities and personal capabilities of each serviceman. Businesslike quality of a specialist, a military leader, is now acquiring particular value. Efficiency is the best side of the culture of military personnel, a quality that is opposite to empty verbosity, the composition of countless directives and instructions, the deliberative "activities" of various commissions and "headquarters" on a voluntary basis.
Unfortunately, among officers there are often people who do not have practical acumen and even weak characters, although this does not fit in with the appearance of an officer. For an officer is the embodied unity of word and deed. To establish an atmosphere of efficiency in a military team, it is equally important whether the officer-commander considers service issues competently and efficiently, whether he takes responsibility for their solution, whether he has enough independence, whether he is fond of all kinds of “coordinations”, whether he sets an example of organization , disciplines. Subordinates very sensitively catch the slightest indecision, unwillingness to take on a new business. Uncertainty, expectancy of the officer-leader immediately affect the mood of people: service activity decreases, interest in the matter fades, indifference, inertia, and even irritation, annoyance begin to penetrate everywhere.
It is impossible not to dwell on one more aspect of the officer's personality, which to a large extent determines the level of his professional competence. This is about moral qualities ah, professional ethics. Even in the charter of Peter I, it was prescribed: “An officer must be healthy, brave, firm, determined, truthful, pious ...” Centuries-old practice shows that the culture of an officer is not just a sum of knowledge and skills, but an integral characteristic of his personality. It is inseparable from morality, merged With such qualities as honor, dignity, professional conscience and pride of an officer. An officer with high professionalism and well-formed military ethics considers the impeccable performance of his official duty, mastery of equipment and weapons, improvement of his qualifications, courage on the battlefield a matter of honor. A military man who values his dignity, aware of his duty as a defender of the Motherland, will never agree to a stagnant, routine life of service, will not degrade himself with incompetence, professional ignorance.
The ability to treat one's official duties with high responsibility, to do everything to prevent an illiterate, ill-considered decision or action, to raise the honor of an officer in the eyes of others is an important indicator of his professional culture. Honor is a sharp, active feeling that prompts an officer to jealously take care of his good name and reputation. It is incompatible with a bureaucratically indifferent attitude towards subordinates, unprincipled insidiousness, opportunism and servility. At the same time, this is the opposite of dilettantism, irresponsibility, official and socio-political passivity of servicemen.
It should be noted that professional activity, especially combat, is a sphere of intense moral life, bright dynamic changing emotional and volitional personality states. And if a high professional culture, competence are associated with the concepts of honor, dignity, happiness, admiration (let us recall what a rare ability of such an emotional and moral experience of military activity was possessed by A.V. Suvorov: “Gentlemen officers, what a delight!”), Then the unskilled, illiterate, and even more irresponsible actions dishonor, discredit the rank of an officer. And this is understandable: the professional unsuitability of a military leader, specialist is a direct, sometimes difficult to predict damage to the combat readiness of a unit, subunit, and in battle - defeat, unjustified victims. The price and consequences of the professional illiteracy of a military leader in modern warfare is generally impossible to imagine. Therefore, they say correctly: unprofessional means immoral, and sometimes criminal.
A high professional culture determines public recognition, the authority of a specialist, his weight and significance in the eyes of the military community, prompting those around him to highly value and reckon with his opinion. It gives the officer's behavior a special style: dignity, confidence in his actions, the ability to make decisions independently, boldly. It has nothing to do with narrow-mindedness, callousness, petty-bourgeois pedantry. On the contrary, a master of his craft is a person, as a rule, restless, dissatisfied with himself, looking for new forms and methods of activity, boldly taking risks. There are many examples of such a revolutionary and creative attitude to business in Russian military history. Here is one of them.
The famous Russian military pilot P. N. Nesterov V In August 1913, for the first time in the world, he performed a “dead loop” on an airplane. Many were amazed at the "desperate courage" of P. Nesterov, but ranked his act as "reckless". In this feat, of course, both courage, and Russian enthusiasm, and a romantic impulse were manifested. However, what was not in it was amateurish recklessness. P. Nesterov at first comprehensively theoretically proved the possibility of such an air maneuver, convinced himself of the success of the upcoming experiment, and then firmly, contrary to the existing instructions, carried it out. “I am not a magician,” the pilot said to his friends, “my dead loop is proof of my theory: support is everywhere in the air.” The true innovators in their profession were the successors of the Nesterov tradition, famous military pilots, three times Heroes of the Soviet Union A. I. Pokryshkin, I. N. Kozhedub. Masters-professionals, specialists-innovators, people with a creative streak, a restless character are especially needed now, when society has set in motion, big extraordinary problems are being solved everywhere.
Along with the personal aspect of the professional culture of officers, one must also see the broader meaning of this phenomenon. After all Soviet officers- a special socio-professional community with a specific way of life, traditions, customs of official and family life, interests. Along with those common to all Soviet people, she has her own morality, her own ideals.
The officer subculture also includes professional vocabulary, folklore, holidays, and even (which is more common for officers' wives) their own everyday signs and prejudices. This culture captures the peculiar attitude of the military environment towards life, society, and other professional groups. And the people also have their own special attitude towards the military. It is expressed in different ways: from a respectful tone of recognition of their cause to a playfully ironic one.
For all their originality, Soviet officers, as a special socio-professional group, do not represent any sharp difference from other social strata either in terms of material well-being or in terms of social and living conditions. All the attributes of the life of officers evolved as society developed and, on the whole, corresponded to its capabilities. They are in complete harmony with the average, typical indicators of the life of Soviet people, organically fit into the picture of all-Union life with its shortage of housing, food in stores and an excess of domestic hardships. Only the adversity of the officers, perhaps, is much greater than that of civilians.
Among the hundreds of thousands of refugees from Transcaucasia who do not have "their own corner", a large group is made up of the wives and children of the military. And how do officer families “settle down” after the withdrawal of troops from the countries of Eastern Europe? In the same barracks, hostels. Who where! Just because of the restraint inherent in officers, they talk little and reluctantly about their everyday difficulties, referring them to the "natural" features of military nomadic life. Like, he chose a profession himself - that means you have to endure, "endure the hardships and hardships of military service."
True, we can no longer turn a blind eye to the further decline in the prestige of the officer's profession, as evidenced by numerous reports of dismissal. The most frequent motive for leaving the army is the unsatisfactory living conditions, the lack of social protection for officers and their families.
In the course of the military reform, it is necessary to thoroughly analyze the state of the officer corps, develop a system of organizational, legal and social measures that would provide each officer with a decent standard of living, reliably protect him from the arbitrariness of other superiors, protectionism, and guarantee promotion in accordance with the principle " From each according to his ability, .. to each according to the final result of labor.
The military reform must create new, more favorable conditions for the further development of the professional culture of officers. In particular, great opportunities for this are opening up in connection with the establishment of Officers' Meetings as an amateur military-public organization. The decision to create them renews the tradition of Russian officers: after all, the first such meetings appeared in Russia more than 200 years ago, and they have become widespread since the 70s of the last century.
Previously, they were a place for everyday communication of officers during off-duty hours. Even in a remote garrison, the young officer did not puzzle over what to do with a free evening? I went to the Assembly - to a building of good architecture, built and maintained at the expense of the officers themselves, as in my own home. There, a table, billiards, a dance hall, a fencing hall awaited him. And most importantly - comrades in the service, people of the same fate as him. Chiefs and subordinates converged here simply as people of the same trade.
The meeting was an indispensable form of maintaining the spirit of the officer brotherhood, a school of honor, a kind of regimental patriotism. They were dominated by the spirit of regimental traditions, officer youth and panache. The young officers learned lessons in dignified behavior, secular manners and courtesy. Now, when the Officers' Assemblies are being established on a new* social ground, it is important to make the most of the experience of the old Assemblies.
Here, perhaps, the main thing is not to reduce their activities to planned events and meetings. In one of the brochures of the 70s of the last century on the organization of the Officers' Meetings, their amateur character was emphasized: “... if the organization of the Officers' Meetings, in the sense of initiative and conducting the business itself, goes from above ... there is nothing to start this business: the officers will attend own club except in the case when an order is given for the regiment.
This warning, I believe, should be heeded even now, giving the initiative in the activities of the Assemblies to the officers themselves.
It is also worth thinking about how to restructure the work of the Houses of Officers. It's no secret that some of them function as simple cinema halls. How to attract officers, their wives and children to them in the evenings and weekends? And not by order, but by the need for communication, joint leisure. Yes, and the name - the House ... Maybe, after all - the Assembly?
The military practice that is being transformed in the course of the military reform makes ever new demands on the level of professional culture of military personnel. Today, for professional success, it is necessary to work with full dedication, to be creative, to learn how to build a service, to lead military teams in the face of growing demands, expanding democracy and openness. This is not possible for everyone. Further improvement and enhancement of the professional culture of officers is ahead. This is one of the main ways of activating the human factor in the Armed Forces and strengthening their combat might. This is both a condition and, at the same time, one of the expected results of the military reform.
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The leader of the lesson is recommended to focus the attention of students on the fact that, on the one hand, the ongoing military reform is being carried out to ensure reliable defense of the country, to improve the conditions of service and life of military personnel. On the other hand, its success is largely determined by the professionalism and morale of the servicemen themselves. This is what the next question is about.
The role and place of military personnel in the successful implementation of military reform
Starting the presentation of the third question, the leader of the lesson is recommended to recall that the essence of military reform lies in quality transformation Armed Forces. The task of ensuring Russia's external security is still relevant. In connection with the change in the nature and scale of military dangers for the country, there is a certain adjustment of the specific tasks of the branches of the Armed Forces. And this will inevitably predetermine the content and direction of the entire process of combat training and military service.
The main task of deterring any possible aggression is still assigned to the Strategic Rocket Forces. They serve as the core of Russia's national defense system, a reliable guarantee of its security. And for a period of deep economic and political transformations, including military reform, the role of the nuclear deterrence factor even increases.
In terms of conventional Armed Forces and armaments, even under the new conditions, Russia has sufficient capabilities to deter a potential adversary from unleashing military conflicts, local and smaller. An important role in this respect is called upon to be played by the constant readiness formations of the Ground Forces, which are distinguished by their mobility of the Airborne Forces. In local wars and armed conflicts, the importance of Air Force units will increase.
The current stage of military reform is characterized by a large-scale reorganization of the army and navy. There is a mass dismissal of military personnel. Many supporting structures are being withdrawn from the Armed Forces. It is important that all these and other events continue to be carried out in an organized manner, without any disruption. Main - to prevent a weakening of attention to the tasks of increasing vigilance and combat readiness. In no case should complacency and carelessness be allowed, because the modern world is not safe.
The success of the military reform, the level of the combat capability of the army and navy depends, first of all, on the quality and efficiency of the military labor of the servicemen, especially officers. Requirements for officers - organizers of training and education of subordinates, conductors of state policy in the army and navy are increasing significantly. Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation, Marshal of Russia I.D. Sergeev notes: “We must not forget that the state of the army and navy is determined, first of all, by the state of the officer corps. It is the officers, true professionals, patriots, devoted to their Fatherland, who carry with dignity their high title of defender of the Russian land” (“Red Star”, July 1, 1997).
Indeed, it is officers who decisively determine the results of military transformations. Despite the numerous material and everyday problems that they face today, officers, as a rule, perform their official duties with the highest dedication. The fate of the ongoing reform is in the hands of the officer corps. The quality of combat training, the level of military skill of soldiers and sergeants primarily depends on his professionalism. A personal example compliance with Russian laws and military regulations by officers serves as an effective means of establishing law and order in the troops.
In officer audiences, it seems appropriate to dwell in more detail on the tasks of the officers in relation to specific units (ships), subunits.
The attention of officers today should be riveted, first of all, to the issues of improving the combat skills of subordinates. combat training- this is so far the only way to compensate for the reduction in the number of personnel and weapons systems. For combat training, with all the difficulties with underfunding, we must really take on, use training time effectively and save material resources. Combat training, as required by the Charter, should be "the main content of the daily activities of military personnel in peacetime."
It is advisable to remind the listeners - conscripts of the content of the concept " combat readiness. This is the ability of troops (forces), units (ships), subunits in any conditions of the situation to start military operations, to fulfill the assigned tasks to defend the Motherland in a timely manner. It is the main indicator of the qualitative state of the Armed Forces and consists of many important components (equipment, weapons, organization, discipline, professional skills, and much more). It is important to find out how servicemen understand their tasks to ensure it in modern conditions.
One of the most important tasks is strengthening the education of military personnel. In this work, it is necessary to be guided by the requirements of military legislation and general military regulations, the Concept for military organizational development, the Concepts educational work, legal and military patriotic education.
The leader of the lesson is recommended to briefly dwell on the problems of patriotic education. ON THE. Nekrasov wrote wonderful lines: "Go into the fire for the honor of the Fatherland, for conviction, for love." The poet very accurately noted that patriotism and readiness to defend one's Motherland are inseparable. The strength of patriotism determines the human dignity of everyone, including a person in military uniform.
It is advisable to turn to the military with questions: what is patriotism? Why is it necessary to form a sense of patriotism among soldiers? What are the ways of its formation in modern conditions?
Patriotism- the foundation on which the strength and strength of our Armed Forces is based. It is the foundation of the moral and psychological character and combat qualities of the Russian soldier and sailor. Only a patriotic warrior is able to defend his Fatherland selflessly, to the last breath.
Patriotism implies: selfless love and devotion to one's Fatherland, pride in belonging to a great nation and its accomplishments, trials and problems, veneration of national shrines and symbols, readiness for worthy and selfless service to society and the state. A patriotic warrior is always aware of his military duty and is faithful to it.
Patriotism and fidelity to military duty have been shown by Russian soldiers at all times. The exploits of the ancient Russian squads and militias, the soldiers of Peter and Suvorov will never be forgotten.
On November 16, 1941, 28 Panfilov guardsmen did not retreat before the onslaught of 30 fascist tanks, destroying more than half of them. Almost all of them, loyal to military duty, heroically laid down their lives for their Motherland, they did not let the enemy through. And there are many such examples.
Practice shows that the degree of combat training of military personnel, their discipline and responsibility for service directly depend on the level of patriotic and moral education. Without love for the Motherland, for the Armed Forces, exemplary performance of military duty is impossible.
“There is no doubt that much depends on the general routine in the institution,
but the main thing will always depend on the personality of the immediate
teacher standing face to face with the pupil: the influence of personality
educator for a young soul is that educational force,
which cannot be replaced either by a textbook, or by moral maxims, or by a system of punishments and rewards.
K. D. Ushinsky
Moral qualities occupy the most important place among all social qualities of a person. Manifested through concrete activity to defend the Fatherland, they are expressed in the concept of the moral character of a military man.
Thus, moral character of an officer- this is a system of certain moral traits in its creation and behavior, which, having relative stability, determine the character of the individual.
An analysis of the results of pedagogical research conducted in the troops and universities made it possible to identify moral qualities professionally necessary for an officer. It is advisable to classify them on the following grounds:
A) qualities shown by an officer in relation to the Motherland: patriotism, devotion to the Fatherland, loyalty to military duty, responsibility, selflessness;
b) qualities shown by officers in relation to military labor, service activities: courage, endurance, self-control, steadfastness, determination, discipline, adherence to principles, courage, courage, courage, initiative, military camaraderie, military friendship, honesty, disinterestedness, openness, diligence, diligence, efficiency, independence;
V) qualities shown by an officer in relation to other people: collectivism, justice, generosity, tolerance, exactingness, truthfulness, directness, politeness, delicacy, goodwill, sociability, decency;
G) officer's personal qualities: modesty, pride, exactingness, self-criticism, self-esteem and honor.
A special quality that has absorbed most of the moral traits of an officer's personality is officer honor.
Activities for the formation of these moral qualities are based on a number of principles, including:
- purposefulness of educational influences;
- humanism and democracy in solving problems of personal development;
- education in the process of military labor;
- education in the team and through the team by creating in it an atmosphere of mutual understanding, friendship, camaraderie, social justice, a high culture of relationships;
- an individual approach to the education of the personality of an officer;
- ensuring the unity of word and deed, scientific theory and practice in the process of education;
- unity of exactingness and respect for the individual;
- consistency and continuity of educational influences and influences;
- stimulation educational activities and self-improvement of the officer's personality.
The effectiveness of the process of forming the moral character of an officer depends on: humanization of the way of life of troops; affirmations of social justice in them; combining the democratic foundations of the relationship of military personnel with one-man command; creating a healthy moral atmosphere in military teams; ensuring personal exemplification of command personnel, as well as stimulating their activity in self-improvement.
Formation of morality - The process is complex and multifaceted. It cannot be instilled or introduced into the consciousness and behavior of an officer automatically. It is formed by systematic educational influences in the course of solving three interrelated groups of psychological and pedagogical tasks.
The first one associated with the development of moral consciousness: professional and ethical knowledge, beliefs and attitudes, moral motives for activity, a sense of duty, honor, conscience, responsibility for one's deeds and actions, for the results of one's work and the training of subordinates.
Moral consciousness, fixed in the relevant views and ideas, ideas, traditions and habits, determines the officer's attitude to professional activities. The unity of ideological and moral convictions allows him to choose right line behavior in the educational process, to successfully solve official tasks.
Second- is to form the professional pride of an officer and improve the ethics of his relationships.
The success of an officer's work is ensured primarily by his attitude to his profession. This is expressed in pride in belonging to it, in the conscientious fulfillment of one's military duty, in the constant creative search for effective ways to solve educational problems.
No less important are the moral relations of an officer with the military team, higher commanders, the local population, family members of military personnel, parents of subordinates, and his own family.
To do this, an officer must improve his communication skills with people, show restraint, courtesy, pedagogical tact and moral culture in relationships with them. This requires a thorough psychological and professional preparation from him.
The third group of tasks covers issues of moral behavior of an officer. It is a concrete expression of the level of development of moral qualities and traits of his personality as a military leader, teacher and educator of his subordinates. In practice, this is manifested in moral actions and deeds, skills and abilities, methods and techniques of the officer's educational influence, moral habits that have been formed and established in his life.
The profession of defender of the Fatherland has always been honorable in Rus'. Historically, our people had to fight for centuries against foreign invaders for their national existence. One of best achievements of the past is the developed code of morality in the Russian army - the basis of the moral character of an officer. We are talking, first of all, about such enduring values as honor and military duty, the system for educating these excellent qualities among Russian officers.
The moral traditions of the officer corps have been preserved to this day. To develop them, to make them the foundation of the emerging new Russian army is the most important task of the state.
Ideal officer...
“Very bold, but without rashness, quick without recklessness, active without frivolity, submissive without humiliation, at ease without slyness, firm without stubbornness, thorough without pedantry, pleasant without frivolity, benevolent without deceit, insightful without innocence (stupidity), affable without roundaboutness helpful without greed."
