Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (1849—1936),
scientist-physiologist, the first Russian Nobel Prize winner (in medicine).
The son of a Ryazan priest, Ivan Pavlov studied at the natural department of the Physics and Mathematics Faculty of the University in St. Petersburg.
Pavlov studied very successfully and attracted the attention of professors throughout the years of study at the university. In the 2nd year of study, he was assigned a regular stipend, in the 3rd year he already received an imperial stipend, which was twice as much as usual.
Pavlov chose animal physiology as his main specialty, and chemistry as an additional one.
Pavlov's research activity began early. As a fourth-year student, he studied the nerves in the lungs of a frog, studied the effect of the laryngeal nerves on blood circulation. students
Pavlov brilliantly graduated from the university, having received degree candidate of natural sciences.
Pavlov believed that animal experimentation is necessary in resolving many complex and unclear issues of clinical medicine.
In 1890, Pavlov became a professor at the Military Medical Academy.
Pavlov carried out classical works on the physiology of the main digestive glands, which brought him worldwide fame and were awarded the Nobel Prize in 1904. It was the first prize in the history of mankind awarded for research in the field of medicine. A significant part of his work on conditioned reflexes immortalized the name of Pavlov and glorified Russian science.
What is Pavlov's dog?
Studying the work of the salivary glands, Pavlov noticed that the dog salivates not only at the sight of food, but also if it hears the steps of a person carrying it. What does this mean?
The secretion of saliva to food that has entered the mouth is the body's response to a certain irritation, occurs "by itself" and always manifests itself.
The steps of a man who was feeding a dog at a certain hour signaled: "Food." And in a dog, a conditioned connection was developed in the cerebral cortex: steps - food. Saliva began to stand out not only at the sight of food, but also at the sounds signaling its approach.
For the emergence of a conditioned reflex, it is necessary that a connection be formed in the cerebral cortex between two stimuli - conditioned and unconditioned. Saliva is secreted on food. If, while giving food (unconditioned stimulus), at the same time ring a bell (conditioned stimulus) and do this many times, then a connection will appear between sound and food. A new connection is formed between different parts of the cerebral cortex. As a result, even just at the sound of a bell, the dog begins to salivate.
The irritant can be light and darkness, sounds and smells, heat and cold, etc.
The dog salivates at the call: it has developed a conditioned reflex. If you light a light bulb before the call, then a new conditioned reflex is developed - to the light. But the reflex can disappear, slow down. Braking is of great importance in the life of the body. Thanks to him, the body does not respond to any conditioned irritation.
The brain is based on a combination of excitation and inhibition.
Irritations perceived by the senses are a signal of the environment surrounding the body.
Animals have such a system of signals, and humans also have it. But man has another signaling system, more complex and more perfect. She worked out in him in the process historical development and it is precisely with it that the fundamental differences between the higher nervous activity of man and any animal are connected. It arose among people in connection with social work and is associated with speech.
Pavlovian doctrine of higher nervous activity- this is a whole era in science. His teachings had an enormous impact on the work of physiologists around the world.
On his tombstone are the words: “Remember that science demands from a person his whole life. And if you had two lives, then they would not be enough for you.” .
Many scientific institutes and higher educational establishments are named after the great physiologist. educational establishments. New scientific institutions were organized for the further development of the scientific heritage of IP Pavlov, including the largest Moscow Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
None of the Russian scientists of the XIX-XX centuries, even D.I. Mendeleev, did not receive such fame abroad as academician Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (1849-1936). “This is a star that illuminates the world, shedding light on paths not yet explored,” HG Wells said about him. He was called "romantic, almost legendary figure"," a citizen of the world. He was a member of 130 academies, universities and international societies. He is considered the recognized leader of the world physiological science, the favorite teacher of doctors, a true hero of creative work.
Ivan Petrovich Pavlov was born in Ryazan on September 26, 1849 in the family of a priest. At the request of his parents, Pavlov graduated from a theological school, and in 1864 entered the Ryazan Theological Seminary.
However, he was destined for a different fate. In his father's extensive library, he once found a book by G.G. Levi's "Physiology of Everyday Life" with colorful illustrations that struck his imagination. Another strong impression on Ivan Petrovich in his youth was made by a book, which he later remembered with gratitude all his life. It was a study of the father of Russian physiology, Ivan Mikhailovich Sechenov, "Reflexes of the brain." It is perhaps not an exaggeration to say that the theme of this book has been the leitmotif of the entire creative activity Pavlova.
In 1869, he left the seminary and first entered the faculty of law, and then transferred to the natural department of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of St. Petersburg University. Here, under the influence of the famous Russian physiologist Professor I.F. Ziona, he forever connected his life with physiology. After graduating from the university, I.P. Pavlov decided to expand his knowledge of physiology, in particular, human physiology and pathology. To this end, in 1874 he entered the Medical and Surgical Academy. Having brilliantly finished it, Pavlov received a two-year trip abroad. Upon arrival from abroad, he devoted himself entirely to science.
All works on physiology carried out by I.P. Pavlov for almost 65 years, are mainly grouped around three sections of physiology: the physiology of blood circulation, the physiology of digestion and the physiology of the brain. Pavlov introduced into practice a chronic experiment that made it possible to study the activity of a practically healthy organism. With the help of the developed method of conditioned reflexes, he established that the basis mental activity lie physiological processes occurring in the cerebral cortex. Pavlov's studies of the physiology of higher nervous activity had a great influence on the development of physiology, psychology and pedagogy.
Works by I.P. Pavlov on blood circulation are mainly associated with his activities in the laboratory at the clinic of the famous Russian doctor Sergei Petrovich Botkin from 1874 to 1885. Passion for research completely absorbed him during this period. He abandoned the house, forgot about material needs, about his suit and even about his young wife. His comrades more than once took part in the fate of Ivan Petrovich, wanting to help him in some way. Once they collected some money for I.P. Pavlov, wanting to support him financially. I.P. Pavlov accepted comradely help, but with this money he bought a whole pack of dogs in order to set up an experiment of interest to him.
The first serious discovery that made him famous was the discovery of the so-called amplifying nerve of the heart. This discovery served as the initial impetus for the creation of the scientific theory of nervous trophism. The whole cycle of works on this topic was formalized in the form of a doctoral dissertation entitled "Centrifugal nerves of the heart", which he defended in 1883.
Already during this period, one fundamental feature was revealed scientific creativity I.P. Pavlova - to study a living organism in its holistic, natural behavior. The work of I.P. Pavlova in the Botkin laboratory brought him great creative satisfaction, but the laboratory itself was not convenient enough. That's why I.P. Pavlov gladly accepted in 1890 the offer to take over the department of physiology at the newly organized Institute of Experimental Medicine. In 1901 he was elected a corresponding member, and in 1907 a full member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. In 1904, for his work on digestion, Ivan Petrovich Pavlov received Nobel Prize.
Pavlov's teaching on conditioned reflexes was the logical conclusion of all those physiological experiments that he did on blood circulation and digestion.
I.P. Pavlov looked into the deepest and most mysterious processes human brain. He explained the mechanism of sleep, which turned out to be a kind of special nervous process of inhibition that spreads throughout the entire cerebral cortex.
In 1925 I.P. Pavlov headed the Institute of Physiology of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR and opened two clinics at his laboratory: nervous and psychiatric, where he successfully applied experimental results, obtained by him in the laboratory, for the treatment of nervous and mental diseases. Especially important achievement recent years works by I.P. Pavlov was the study of the hereditary properties of certain types of nervous activity. To address this issue, I.P. Pavlov significantly expanded his biological station in Koltushi near Leningrad - a real city of science - for which the Soviet government allocated more than 12 million rubles.
The teachings of I.P. Pavlov became the foundation for the development of world science. In America, England, France and other countries, special Pavlovian laboratories were created. February 27, 1936 Ivan Petrovich Pavlov died. After a short illness, he died at the age of 87. The funeral according to the Orthodox rite, according to his will, was performed in the church in Koltushi, after which a farewell ceremony took place in the Tauride Palace. A guard of honor was installed at the coffin of scientists from universities, technical universities, scientific institutes, members of the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR.
Ivan Pavlov is one of the brightest scientific authorities in Russia, and what can I say, of the whole world. Being a very talented scientist, throughout his life he managed to make an impressive contribution to the development of psychology and physiology. It is Pavlov who is considered the founder of the science of the higher nervous activity of man. The scientist created the largest physiological school in Russia and made a number of significant discoveries in the field of digestion regulation.
short biography
Ivan Pavlov was born in 1849 in Ryazan. In 1864 he graduated from the Ryazan Theological School, after which he entered the seminary. In the last year, Pavlov came across the work of Professor I. Sechenov "Reflexes of the Brain", after which the future scientist forever connected his life with the service of science. In 1870, he entered the Faculty of Law at St. Petersburg University, but a few days later he was transferred to one of the departments of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics. The Department of the Medical and Surgical Academy, which had been headed by Sechenov for a long time, after the forced relocation of the scientist to Odessa, came under the leadership of Ilya Zion. It was from him that Pavlov adopted the virtuoso technique of surgical intervention.
In 1883, the scientist defended his doctoral dissertation on the topic of centrifugal cardiac nerves. Over the next few years, he worked in the laboratories of Breslau and Leipzig, which were led by R. Heidenhain and K. Ludwig. In 1890, Pavlov held the positions of head of the Department of Pharmacology of the Military Medical Academy and head of the physiological laboratory at the Institute of Experimental Medicine. In 1896, the Department of Physiology of the Military Medical Academy fell under his tutelage, where he worked until 1924. In 1904, Pavlov received the Nobel Prize for successful research into the physiology of digestive mechanisms. Until his death in 1936, the scientist served as rector of the Institute of Physiology of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
Scientific achievements of Pavlov
A distinctive feature of the research methodology of Academician Pavlov was that he connected the physiological activity of the organism with mental processes. This relationship has been confirmed by numerous studies. The works of the scientist, describing the mechanisms of digestion, served as an impetus for the emergence of a new direction - the physiology of higher nervous activity. Pavlov devoted more than 35 years of his scientific work to this area. His mind belongs to the idea of creating a method of conditioned reflexes.
In 1923, Pavlov published the first edition of his work, in which he describes in detail more than twenty years of experience in studying the higher nervous activity of animals. In 1926, near Leningrad, the Soviet government built the Biological Station, where Pavlov launched research into the genetics of behavior and higher nervous activity of anthropoids. Back in 1918, the scientist conducted research in Russian psychiatric clinics, and already in 1931, on his initiative, a clinical base for research on animal behavior was created.
It should be noted that in the field of knowledge of the functions of the brain, Pavlov made perhaps the most serious contribution in history. Application of it scientific methods made it possible to lift the veil of the mystery of mental illness and outline possible ways for their successful treatment. With the support of the Soviet government, the academician had access to all the resources necessary for science, which allowed him to conduct revolutionary research, the results of which were truly stunning.
Ivan Petrovich Pavlov, whose contribution to medicine can hardly be overestimated, made many discoveries that influenced many sciences.
Ivan Pavlov: contribution to science
Discoveries of Ivan Pavlov in the physiology of digestion have earned the highest international recognition. His work served as an impetus for the development of a new direction in physiology. We are talking about the physiology of higher nervous activity.
Pavlov Ivan Petrovich devoted about 35 years of his life to his work. He is the creator of the method of conditioned reflexes. Study mental processes flowing in the body of animals, using this method led to the creation of the doctrine of the mechanisms of the brain and higher nervous activity.
The ingenious Russian academician I.P. Pavlov, having conducted a series experimental work, showed the world the concept conditioned reflex. Its essence is that, by combining a conditioned stimulus with an unconditioned response, a stable temporary neoplasm appears. In his experiments, Pavlov used a sound signal (conditioned stimulus) before feeding the dog. Over time, he noticed that salivation ( unconditioned reflex) appears in the animal only at an already familiar sound, without food demonstration. However, this connection turned out to be temporary, that is, without the periodic repetition of the "stimulus - reaction" scheme, the conditioned reflex is inhibited. In practice, we can develop a conditioned reaction in a person to any stimulus: a smell, a certain sound, appearance etc. An example of a conditioned reflex in a person is the sight or simply the presentation of a lemon. Saliva begins to be actively produced in the mouth.
Another important merit of his is the development of the doctrine of what exist types of higher nervous activity. He also owns the doctrine of the "dynamic stereotype" (a complex of reactions to certain stimuli) and other achievements.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (September 14 (26), 1849, Ryazan - February 27, 1936, Leningrad) - Russian scientist, the first Russian Nobel laureate, physiologist, creator of the science of higher nervous activity and ideas about the processes of digestion regulation; founder of the largest Russian physiological school; recipient of the Nobel Prize in Medicine and Physiology in 1904 "for his work on the physiology of digestion". The whole set of reflexes was divided into two groups: conditional and unconditioned.
Ivan Petrovich was born on September 14 (26), 1849 in the city of Ryazan. Pavlov's ancestors on the paternal and maternal lines were clergymen in the Russian Orthodox Church. Father Pyotr Dmitrievich Pavlov (1823-1899), mother - Varvara Ivanovna (nee Uspenskaya) (1826-1890).[* 1]
After graduating from the Ryazan Theological School in 1864, Pavlov entered the Ryazan Theological Seminary, which he later recalled with great warmth. In the last year of the seminary, he read a short book "Reflexes of the Brain" by Professor I. M. Sechenov, which turned his whole life upside down. In 1870 he entered the Faculty of Law (seminarians were limited in their choice of university specialties), but 17 days after admission, he moved to the natural department of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of St. Petersburg University (he specialized in animal physiology under I. F. Zion and F. V. Ovsyannikov ). Pavlov, as a follower of Sechenov, dealt a lot with nervous regulation. Sechenov, because of intrigues, had to move from St. Petersburg to Odessa, where he worked for some time at the university. His chair at the Medico-Surgical Academy was taken by Ilya Faddeevich Zion, and Pavlov took over the virtuoso operational technique from Zion. Pavlov devoted more than 10 years to getting a fistula (hole) of the gastrointestinal tract. It was extremely difficult to perform such an operation, since the juice flowing from the intestines digested the intestines and the abdominal wall. I. P. Pavlov stitched the skin and mucous membranes in such a way, inserted metal tubes and closed them with stoppers, that there were no erosions, and he could receive pure digestive juice throughout the entire gastrointestinal tract - from the salivary gland to the large intestine, which was made by him on hundreds of experimental animals. He conducted experiments with imaginary feeding (cutting the esophagus so that food does not enter the stomach), thus making a number of discoveries in the field of gastric juice secretion reflexes. For 10 years, Pavlov, in essence, re-created the modern physiology of digestion. In 1903, 54-year-old Pavlov made a presentation at the XIV International Medical Congress in Madrid. And in the following year, 1904, the Nobel Prize for the study of the functions of the main digestive glands was awarded to IP Pavlov - he became the first Russian Nobel laureate.
In the Madrid report, made in Russian, I. P. Pavlov for the first time formulated the principles of the physiology of higher nervous activity, to which he devoted the next 35 years of his life. Concepts such as reinforcement (reinforcement), unconditioned and conditioned reflexes (not quite well translated into English language as unconditioned and conditioned reflexes, instead of conditional) became the basic concepts of the science of behavior, see also classical conditioning.
There is a strong opinion that in the years civil war and war communism Pavlov, suffering poverty, lack of funding scientific research, refused the invitation of the Swedish Academy of Sciences to move to Sweden, where he was promised to create the most favorable conditions for life and scientific research, and in the vicinity of Stockholm it was planned to build, at the request of Pavlov, such an institute as he wants. Pavlov replied that he would not leave Russia anywhere.
This was refuted by the historian V. D. Esakov, who found and made public Pavlov’s correspondence with the authorities, where he describes how he desperately fights for existence in the hungry Petrograd of 1920. He is extremely negative about the development of the situation in new Russia and asks to let him and his employees go abroad. In response, the Soviet government is trying to take measures that should change the situation, but they are not completely successful.
This was followed by a corresponding decree of the Soviet government, and Pavlov was built an institute in Koltushi, near Leningrad, where he worked until 1936.
Academician Ivan Petrovich Pavlov died on February 27, 1936 in the city of Leningrad. The cause of death is listed as pneumonia or poison.
Stages of life
In 1875, Pavlov entered the 3rd year of the Medical and Surgical Academy (now the Military Medical Academy, VMA), at the same time (1876-1878) he worked in the physiological laboratory of K. N. Ustimovich; after the end of the VMA (1879) he was left the head of the physiological laboratory at the clinic of S. P. Botkin. Pavlov thought very little about material well-being and, before his marriage, did not pay any attention to everyday problems. Poverty began to oppress him only after in 1881 he married a Rostovite Serafima Vasilievna Karchevskaya. They met in St. Petersburg in the late 70s. Pavlov's parents did not approve of this marriage, firstly, in connection with the Jewish origin of Serafima Vasilievna, and secondly, by that time they had already chosen a bride for their son - the daughter of a wealthy St. Petersburg official. But Ivan insisted on his own and, without receiving parental consent, went with Seraphim to get married in Rostov-on-Don, where her sister lived. The money for their wedding was given by the wife's relatives. The next ten years, the Pavlovs lived very cramped. The younger brother of Ivan Petrovich, Dmitry, who worked as an assistant to Mendeleev and had a state-owned apartment, let the newlyweds in.
Pavlov visited Rostov-on-Don and lived for several years twice: in 1881 after the wedding and, together with his wife and son, in 1887. Both times Pavlov stayed in the same house, at the address: st. Bolshaya Sadovaya, 97. The house has been preserved to this day. There is a memorial plaque on the facade.
1883 - Pavlov defended his doctoral thesis "On the centrifugal nerves of the heart."
1884-1886 - was sent to improve knowledge abroad in Breslau and Leipzig, where he worked in the laboratories of W. Wundt, R. Heidenhain and K. Ludwig.
1890 - was elected professor of pharmacology in Tomsk and head of the department of pharmacology of the Military Medical Academy, and in 1896 - head of the department of physiology, which he led until 1924. At the same time (from 1890) Pavlov was head of the physiological laboratory at the then organized Institute of Experimental Medicine.
1901 - Pavlov was elected a corresponding member, and in 1907 a full member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.
1904 - Pavlov is awarded the Nobel Prize for many years of research into the mechanisms of digestion.
1925 - Until the end of his life, Pavlov headed the Institute of Physiology of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
1935 - at the 14th International Congress of Physiologists, Ivan Petrovich was crowned honorary title"Elder Physiologists of the World". Neither before nor after him, no biologist was honored with such an honor.
1936 - February 27 Pavlov dies of pneumonia. He was buried at the Literary Bridges of the Volkov cemetery in St. Petersburg.
Kotenius Medal (1903)
Nobel Prize (1904)
Copley Medal (1915)
Croonian Lecture (1928)
Collecting
IP Pavlov collected beetles and butterflies, plants, books, stamps and works of Russian painting. I. S. Rosenthal recalled Pavlov's story that happened on March 31, 1928:
My first collecting began with butterflies and plants. Collecting stamps and paintings was next. And finally, all the passion turned to science ... And now I cannot indifferently pass by a plant or a butterfly, especially those I know well, so as not to hold it in my hands, not to examine it from all sides, not to stroke it, not to admire it. And all this makes a good impression on me.
In the mid-1890s, in his dining room, one could see several shelves hanging on the wall with specimens of butterflies he had caught. Coming to Ryazan to his father, he spent a lot of time hunting for insects. In addition, at his request, various native butterflies were brought to him from various medical expeditions.
Given for his birthday, a butterfly from Madagascar, he placed in the center of his collection. Not satisfied with these methods of replenishing the collection, he himself grew butterflies from caterpillars collected with the help of boys.
If Pavlov started collecting butterflies and plants in his youth, then the beginning of collecting stamps is unknown. However, philately has become no less a passion; once, back in pre-revolutionary times, during a visit to the Institute of Experimental Medicine by a Siamese prince, he complained that there were not enough Siamese stamps in his stamp collection and a few days later the collection of I.P. Pavlov was already adorned with a series of stamps of the Siamese state. To replenish the collection, all acquaintances who received correspondence from abroad were involved.
Collecting books was peculiar: on the birthday of each of the six members of the family, a collection of works of a writer was bought as a gift.
The collection of paintings by I. P. Pavlov began in 1898, when he bought from the widow of N. A. Yaroshenko a portrait of his five-year-old son, Volodya Pavlov, painted by him; once the artist was struck by the face of the boy and persuaded his parents to allow him to pose. The second picture, painted by N. N. Dubovsky, depicting the evening sea in Sillamyaga with a burning fire, was donated by the author. And thanks to her, Pavlov had a great interest in painting. However, the collection was not replenished for a long time; only in the revolutionary times of 1917, when some collectors began to sell the paintings they had, did Pavlov amass an excellent collection. It contained paintings by I. E. Repin, Surikov, Levitan, Viktor Vasnetsov, Semiradsky and others. According to the story of M. V. Nesterov, with whom Pavlov met in 1931, Lebedev, Makovsky, Bergholz, Sergeev were in the collection of Pavlov's paintings. Currently, part of the collection is presented in the Pavlov Museum-Apartment in St. Petersburg, on Vasilyevsky Island. Pavlov understood painting in his own way, endowing the author of the picture with thoughts and ideas that he, perhaps, did not have; often, carried away, he began to talk about what he himself would put into it, and not about what he himself actually saw.
I. P. Pavlov awards
The first award named after the great scientist was the I.P. Pavlov Prize, established by the USSR Academy of Sciences in 1934 and awarded for the best scientific work in the field of physiology. Its first laureate in 1937 was Leon Abgarovich Orbeli, one of best students Ivan Petrovich, his associate and associate.
In 1949, in connection with the 100th anniversary of the birth of the scientist, the Academy of Sciences of the USSR was established Golden medal named after I.P. Pavlov, which is awarded for a set of works on the development of the teachings of Ivan Petrovich Pavlov. Its peculiarity is that works previously awarded the state prize, as well as nominal state prizes, are not accepted for the IP Pavlov gold medal. That is, the work performed must be really new and outstanding. For the first time this award was awarded in 1950 by Konstantin Mikhailovich Bykov for the successful, fruitful development of IP Pavlov's heritage.
In 1974, a commemorative medal was made for the 125th anniversary of the birth of the great scientist.
There is a medal of IP Pavlov of the Leningrad Physiological Society.
In 1998, on the eve of the 150th anniversary of the birth of I.P. Pavlov Russian Academy natural sciences established a silver medal named after I. P. Pavlov "For the development of medicine and health care."
In memory of Academician Pavlov, Pavlovsk readings were held in Leningrad.
The brilliant naturalist was in his 87th year when his life was cut short. Pavlov's death came as a complete surprise to everyone. Despite his advanced age, he was physically very strong, burned with seething energy, worked tirelessly, made plans for further work with enthusiasm II, of course, the last thing he thought about was death...
In a letter to I. M. Maisky (Ambassador of the USSR in England) in October 1935, a few months after suffering from influenza with complications, Pavlov wrote:
"Damned flu! Has knocked down my confidence to live to be a hundred years old. Until now, the tail of it remains, although so far I do not allow changes in the distribution and size of my classes"
MedicInform.net›History of Medicine›Biographies›Ivan Petrovich Pavlov
You have to live 150 years
Pavlov was distinguished by good health and never got sick. Moreover, he was convinced that the human body is designed for a very long life. “Do not upset your heart with grief, do not poison yourself with a tobacco potion, and you will live as long as Titian (99 years old),” said the academician. He generally proposed to consider the death of a person under 150 years of age as “violent”.
However, he himself died at the age of 87, and a very mysterious death. Once he felt unwell, which he considered "flu-like", and did not attach any importance to the disease. However, succumbing to the persuasion of relatives, the doctor nevertheless invited, and he gave him some kind of injection. After a while, Pavlov realized that he was dying.
By the way, he was treated by Dr. D. Pletnev, who was shot in 1941 for the "wrong" treatment of Gorky.
Was he poisoned by the NKVD?
The unexpected death of an old, but still quite strong academician, caused a wave of rumors that his death could be "accelerated". Note that this happened in 1936, on the eve of the Great Purge. Even then, the famous "poison laboratory" was created by the former pharmacist Yagoda to eliminate political opponents.
In addition, everyone was well aware of Pavlov's public statements against Soviet power. It was said that at that time he was almost the only person in the USSR who was not afraid to do this openly, actively spoke out in defense of the innocently repressed. In Petrograd, supporters of Zinoviev, who ruled there, openly threatened the brave scientist: “After all, we can hurt, Mr. Professor! ' they promised. However, the Communists did not dare to arrest the world-famous Nobel Prize winner.
Outwardly, Pavlov's death strongly resembles the same strange death of another great Petersburger, Academician Bekhterev, who discovered paranoia in Stalin.
He was also quite strong and healthy, although he was old, but he died just as quickly after visiting him by the "Kremlin" doctors. The historian of physiology Yaroshevsky wrote:
"It is quite possible that the NKVD organs 'easier' Pavlov's suffering."
Source(http://www.spbdnevnik.ru/?show=article&id=1499)
justsay.ru›zagadka-death-akademika-1293
Perhaps, any Russian person is well aware of the surname Pavlov. The great academician is known both for his life and his death. Many are familiar with the story of his death - in the last hours of his life, he called his best students and, using the example of his body, explained the processes taking place in a dying body. However, there is such a version that he was poisoned in 1936 for his political views.
Many experts believe that Ivan Petrovich Pavlov was the greatest scientist in St. Petersburg, second only to Lomonosov. He was a graduate of Petersburg University. In 1904 he received the Nobel Prize for his work on the physiology of digestion and circulation. It was he who was the first Russian to win this award.
His writings on physiology nervous system, and the theory of "conditioned reflexes" became known throughout the world. Outwardly, he was stern - a bushy white beard, a firm face and rather bold statements, both in politics and in science. For many decades, it was in his appearance that many imagined a true Russian scientist. During his life he received many invitations to the most prestigious world universities, but he did not want to leave his native country.
Even after the Revolution died down, when he, like many members of the intelligentsia, had a rather difficult life, he did not agree to leave Russia. His home was repeatedly searched, six gold medals were taken away, as was the Nobel Prize, which was kept in Russian bank. But it was not this that offended the scientist most of all, but Bukharin's impudent statement, in which he called the professors robbers. Pavlov was indignant: “Am I a robber?”
There were moments when Pavlov almost died of starvation. It was at this time that the great academician was visited by his friend science fiction writer from England, Herbert Wells. And when he saw the life of an academician, he was simply horrified. The corner of the office of the Nobel Prize-winning genius was littered with turnips and potatoes, which he and his students grew to keep from starving.
However, over time, the situation has changed. Lenin personally issued instructions, according to which Pavlov began to receive enhanced academic rations. In addition, normal communal conditions were created for him.
But even after all the hardships, Pavlov did not want to leave his country! Although he had such an opportunity - he was allowed to go abroad. So he visited England, France, Finland, the USA.
Tainy.net›24726-strannaya…akademika-pavlova.html
The purpose of this article is to find out the cause of death of a Russian scientist, the first Russian Nobel laureate, physiologist IVAN PETROVICH PAVLOV by his FULL NAME code.
Watch in advance "Logicology - about the fate of man".
Consider the FULL NAME code tables. \If there is a shift in numbers and letters on your screen, adjust the image scale\.
16 17 20 32 47 50 60 63 64 78 94 100 119 136 151 154 164 188
P A V L O V I V A N P E T R O V I C
188 172 171 168 156 141 138 128 125 124 110 94 88 69 52 37 34 24
10 13 14 28 44 50 69 86 101 104 114 138 154 155 158 170 185 188
I V A N P E T R O V I C P A V L O V
188 178 175 174 160 144 138 119 102 87 84 74 50 34 33 30 18 3
PAVLOV IVAN PETROVICH = 188.
188 \u003d 86-DIES + 102-FROM ILLNESS.
101 = DIES O*(t)
____________________
102 = O*T ILLNESS
188 \u003d 138-DYING + 50-FROM P (neumonia).
188 \u003d 172-DYING FROM + 16-P (neumonia).
16 = P * (nevmonia)
___________________________________
188 = DYING FROM P * (neumonia)
Marked with an asterisk (supporting letters of the NAME code).
Reference:
Med-curator.com›organy-dyhaniya/pnevmoniya…
Turbo
Pneumonia, or inflammation of the lungs, is a viral disease that ... an increase in temperature to any numbers - it can be a severe fever (39-40 degrees) or a prolonged subfebrile temperature (37-37.5 degrees) ...
50 = LIGHT*
____________________________
144 = SICK PNEUMONIA*(th)
154 = P*NEUMONIA
____________________________
50 = FROM P * (neumonia)
DATE OF DEATH code: 02/27/1936. This is \u003d 27 + 02 + 19 + 36 \u003d 29- (27 + 2) - ... PAL + 55- (19 + 36) - ... LE (gkikh) \u003d 84.
84 \u003d (in) BURNING OF LЁ (soft).
5 8 9 14 37 38 57 86 104 110 115 144 157 172 178 199 205 208 225 226 238 270
FEBRUARY 20 M Y
270 265 262 261 256 233 232 213 184 166 160 155 126 113 98 92 71 65 62 45 44 32
D (breathing) (interrupt) V (ano) + (stop) A (ser) DCA + (death) Th + SE (r) D (ce) (stopped) b + (pneumatic) MO (nia) + (die) E + (catastrophe) F (a) + (mon) EV (monia) + (zakupo) R (k) A L (light) + (died) I
270 \u003d D, V, +, A, DCA +, T + CE, D, L +, MO, +, E +, F, +, EV, +, P, A L, +, I.
101 \u003d (s) ONE FE (liar)
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102 \u003d (two) ADTS SE (dm)
101 = DIES O*(t)
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102 = O*T ILLNESS
Code for the number of complete YEARS OF LIFE: 164-EIGHTY + 97-SIX = 261.
3 18 36 42 55 84 89 95 113 145 164 189 195 213 232 261
EIGHTY SIX
261 258 243 225 219 206 177 172 166 148 116 97 72 66 48 29
145 = DEAD
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148 = CHOKED
"Deep" decryption offers the following option, in which all columns match:
SUN (burning) (lung) E + (s) M (ert) b + D (sigh) E (interrupts) SYA + (death) T (b) + (died) W (s) + (stopped) E (but ) + C(heart) + (death)Th
261 \u003d BOS, E +, M, L + D, E, XA +, T, +, W, +, E, + C, +, T.
Reference:
Pulmonary Inflammation - Doctor Reviewed Articles
Yandex.Health
The term "pneumonia" refers to a special vocabulary, "pneumonia" - to the commonly used one, but both of them are widely known today and, unfortunately, often sound. We are talking about an infectious inflammatory process in the lungs ...
We look at the column in the lower table of the FULL NAME code:
86 \u003d (c) SEVEN (eat)
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119 \u003d (eighty) YAT SIX (b)
86 = RES (lung disease)
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119 \u003d (from inflammation) LIGHT (x)
