Considering the settlement of Siberia, its provinces and districts, they can be divided into three periods:
First period: from the beginning of the 17th century to 1725. During this period, the territory was annexed to Russia Eastern Siberia and the first Russian settlements began to appear there. The advance of the Russians to Siberia took place along a system of communication routes, consisting of a number of rivers connected by short land portages. All more or less significant settlements were located on the rivers. At the beginning of the 17th and the beginning of the 18th centuries, there was a time when it was easier to take what was easier to take - furs. Agriculture was of purely regional importance. In the early 50s of the 17th century, the lands of all Eastern Siberia were finally occupied by the Russians. The construction of the forts of Bratsk (1631), Verkholensky (1641), Verkhneangarsky (1647), Udinsky (1647), Irkutsk (1652), Balagansky (1654), Tunkinsky (1674) ensured the possibility of spreading Russian influence in Angarsko - Lensky districts. Here, settlements of Cossacks, free citizens, arable peasants, as well as exiles begin to grow rapidly. The main aim of the Russian government during the construction of settlements was the collection of yasak, the subjugation of the population and defense against hostile attacks, which was reflected both in the location of the settlements and in the composition of their population. New settlements arose where there were more fur-bearing animals, the yasak population was concentrated, Russian industrialists settled, and there were waterways.
In 1708 the Siberian province was established with the center in the city of Tobolsk. It included all of Siberia and even the Ural part of European Russia. Its first governor was Prince MP Gagarin. He had the right to appoint governors, who became known as commandants. In 1719 The Siberian province was divided into 5 provinces: Vyatka, Solikamsk, Tobolsk, Yenisei and Irkutsk. Eastern Siberia was part of the Irkutsk province, headed by a vice-governor who was subordinate to the Siberian governor-general. (In the 50-60s of the 17th century, new lands developed in Siberia were controlled by clerks, and then until 1731 by military governors). Throughout this period (17th century - early 18th century), settlements arose near the forts, because. people were afraid of raids by local residents.
Jails, as a rule, were built in places convenient for arable farming and haymaking, therefore, at some distance from the prisons, only zaimkas arose, which over time grew and turned into settlements (settlements). And the Cossacks themselves gradually turned from wandering warriors into settled villagers. Zaimkas were also built by industrial people who came here for mineral resources and fur-bearing animals. Zaimki arose both at the initiative of the authorities, and at the initiative of free and "walking" people. The authorities settled in them both peasants and exiles, and free people settled as they considered convenient. Siberian service people received a certain monetary, bread and salt salary. Land ownership was not obligatory for them, and if they owned land, it was as a grain salary, or with the obligation to pay “frilled bread” to the treasury.
The composition of the Russian population in the settlements being created was divided into two large groups: service and non-service (residential) people. Servicemen were concentrated in larger settlements and prisons for the defense of the region and the further strengthening of Russian power in new territories, as well as their management. Their core was made up of Cossacks (mounted and on foot), less often archers (on foot). Servicemen could have from the state: an apartment (room, corner) with a table (cereals, cabbage, kvass, salt), heating, lighting for Altyn per week or 1 ruble 69 kopecks. in year. From the "walking" people, who were so called because they did not have certain occupations, settlements were also formed. All of them worked for an annual cash, grain and salt salary. They were ruled by foremen, Pentecostals, who sometimes received the title of "boyar children" for certain merits. They were entrusted with more important tasks, responsible affairs, representation of the management of Cossack detachments, prisons, etc. Service people, in addition to governors, writing heads and "children of boyars" included clerks of clerk's huts, "ruzhniki" (clergy), a customs head, kissers (people who kissed a cross upon taking office) and others. On the state salary there were sometimes masters (Armored, spinners, including "shoulder cases" (executioners). Service people sent from the Tobolsk and Ural cities also settled for "eternal life".
The second group of the population of prisons and settlements were townspeople who were engaged in crafts, trade, crafts, cattle breeding and agriculture, and for this they paid quitrent to the treasury. Dues were collected from shops, smithies, baths, inns. The average quitrent was about 1 ruble 40 kopecks. in year. Posad people also paid money "for saddle and bridle work." There were also so-called "taxes" for "areal" or "posad" petition letters (collection of duties from petitions and various business papers), "taxes" (from holes in the rivers), wine, beer and kvass farms. Posad people were mainly representatives of "free" and "walking" people from among the locals, and sometimes sent from Russia. For many "posad" people, these "extortions" were impossible, in connection with which they ran away from their places of registration. There were also townsman uprisings. Another group of "non-serving" population were plowed peasants. "Parable building" was a matter of state power.
The government needed rich furs, and service people and miners of "soft gold" needed bread. Initially, bread was delivered to our region from the Yenisei prison. In order to provide bread in the localities, the government planted exiled and "walking" people on arable land, and transferred here "plowmen" from Russia. They were called "translators". These peasants were under the jurisdiction of local governors, who inspected arable land, built settlements, and called up peasants. General supervision, appointment of rural authorities (clerks), change and supervision over them. Since the governors could not do everything themselves, the direct management of state arable land belonged to a special person - the clerk appointed by the governor. Their duty was: the organization of construction, the inspection of the tithe arable land and the reprisals against the peasants. Sometimes the plowed sovereign peasants were workers who received payment in kind (bread), or in the form of a “sobina” (a piece of land with the right to plow for themselves). In the early years of settlement, they enjoyed benefits and even allowances. Assistance to the peasants was sometimes provided for the purchase of a horse and village accessories. Peasants who had their own arable land paid quitrent to the treasury in the form of "separate" or "dump" bread - the fifth or tenth sheaf. Compliance with these orders was monitored by: allocators, patrolmen, receivers, payers, kissers, hammerers, etc.
In those years, in Eastern Siberia it was possible to buy: for 5 kopecks - a good log, for 6 rubles - to hire carpenters to build a large and rich mansion, for 2-4 rubles - a good horse, for 1-3 rubles - a cow, for 2 rub. - a barrel of omul, for 15-20 kopecks - a pood of wheat, for 35 kopecks. hay cart, for 25 kopecks. - an ax, etc. With all this, the prices for bread were high and this was one of the reasons low level life, especially among the "pokruchnikov" - people enslaved at work by the owners, who paid taxes for them, fed them during fishing and gave a small reward. There was an even greater approach to the local population. Merchants sold gunpowder, lead, tea, salt, vodka, alcohol and manufactory to hunters at inflated prices. Merchants profited even more from debtors. The goods were sold to the natives at higher prices, the methods of drinking wine and their ignorance were used, sometimes for a glass of vodka - the best sable.
There were industrial and trading people in Siberia, from which a prosperous class was formed. For example, Erofey Pavlovich Khabarov came to Siberia as a "walking" man from Veliky Ustyug, later received the title of Ilimsky boyar son and ended his life as an orderly man over a number of Lena volosts. The well-known "Russian Columbus" G. I. Shelekhov in 1787. founded a trading and fishing company called American, which extended its influence not only to the Irkutsk province. He came from Rylsk and acted as a clerk to the merchant I. L. Golikov. After the organization of the company, Shelekhov leaves for Okhotsk, builds ships there and organizes the fishing of sea animals. They annexed a number of islands and Alaska to Russia. Empress Catherine 2 awarded Shelekhov and Golikov with gold medals, swords and letters of commendation.
The first settlers in the territory of the Irkutsk province were immigrants from the North of the European part of Russia and the Great Russian provinces: Arkhangelsk and Vologda and a number of cities. All settlers brought with them to Siberia their skills, habits, legends, songs, dialect and culture. They built forts here, rural settlements and cities.
The second stage of the emergence of Russian settlements on the territory of Eastern Siberia took place in the period 1725 - 1892, when trade and development began to come to the fore industrial production. Already by the end of the 17th century (1680) Siberia annually gave the state treasury 12% of the revenue part of the budget.
During this period, the military danger completely ceases, the erected fortresses lose their military significance, the collection of yasak recedes into the background, but Russian-Chinese trade and the gold industry develop rapidly, and the trade, transport and administrative functions of the state increase. In 1764 The Irkutsk province became an independent province. In 1782 - 1783. in Siberia, three governorships were established: Tobolsk, Kolyvan and Irkutsk. The Irkutsk governorship consisted of: Irkutsk, Nerchinsk, Yakutsk and Okhotsk regions. By 1796 Siberia was divided into two provinces: Tobolsk and Irkutsk. Each region, which is part of the province, was divided into discrites (districts). In 1803 in Irkutsk there were two rulers - the governor-general and the governor. Until 1822 The Irkutsk governor-general ruled all of Siberia, and the governor ruled the province. Under his command were: the treasury chamber (with financial and economic functions) “for house-building affairs and the management of state revenues”, the provincial land surveyor, the chambers of civil and criminal courts and the Supreme Zemstvo Court.
The management of the districts was concentrated in the Nizhny Zemsky Court, headed by the district police officer, appointed by the governor. A treasurer, a sworn surveyor, a doctor, a doctor and two assistant doctors were also appointed to the county. The Lower Zemstvo Court had administrative and police functions. Judicial affairs were in charge of the county court and the lower reprisals. Such a system of government made it possible to create arbitrariness in the territory under their jurisdiction, which was used by officials. Neither the governors of Siberia and the Irkutsk province, but also the governors of districts, police officers, and also petty officials did not disdain this. Governors M. P. Gagarin, Pestel, Treskin, Nizhneudinsky and Verkhneudinsky police officers Loskutov and Yanovsky served as an example of this. In 1819 M. M. Speransky was appointed governor-general of Siberia. He carried out a reform of the zoning of the space of Siberia.
In 1783 Irkutsk province was divided into four regions and 17 districts. Then in 1797 -1798. within the province, the regions were liquidated, but the counties were preserved. However, in 1805 this division was changed, the number of counties was reduced to 7. They became Irkutsk, Nizhneudinsky, Verkhneudinsky, Kirensky, Nerchinsky, Yakutsky and Kamchatsky. The rest were abolished or merged. The population in the county centers began to increase. So, if in 1800. in Nizhneudisk the population was only 100 people, then 1823. Already 412, in 1835. - 800, in 1851 - 2089, in 1865 - No. 003 and in 1897. 5725 people. The city had 546 houses, 47 shops, 1 shop, 3 churches, 6 chapels, one hospital and one Jewish school. The class composition of the population also changed in the county: there were more officials, clergy, merchants and exiled settlers.
In 1822 The county was renamed into a county. In the district there were: philistines - 5797, clergy -1063, officials - 285, settlers - 6319, peasants and soldiers - 2925, various - 2302 people.
Eastern Siberia entered the 18th century only in the name of river routes. Land roads were laid in short sections connecting river systems. If in the 17th century river routes met the needs of the state and trade, then in the next century they no longer corresponded to economic and vital needs. The speed of movement of goods along the rivers of Siberia ceased to suit both merchants and suppliers of goods. Land routes made it possible to speed up the transportation of goods several times. The waterway lasted from May to October, and in the summer there were practically no land roads. All this did not suit the merchants. And then in Siberia, especially in its southern part, intensive construction of land roads began, which were connected into a single transport network.
On the construction of this road, which became known as the Moscow Trakt, 10,000 exiles worked, who cut wood, swamped swamps, mined stone, arranged a roadbed, and dug ditches. By 1760 the tract route from Tomsk through Krasnoyarsk was brought to Irkutsk. As the Moscow tract was built, new settlements began to appear at an accelerated pace along it. This work has been leveled public policy and took various forms. Settlements in Siberia were subdivided into types: “by decree”, “by instrument”, “freely” and “in exile”. At first, these settlements were called winter huts: Taishet, Chuna, Alzamai, UK, Mara, Khingui, Khudoelanskoye, Tulun, Kuytun and others. These settlements arose on the territory of the Nizhneudinsky district. Passing goods carriers and Cossacks stopped in them, collecting yasak and watching the obyasachenny peoples.
By the middle of the 18th century, an overland road in Eastern Siberia was laid, and began to pull both passengers and cargo from the water. The road went through Tomsk, Achinsk, Krasnoyarsk, Kansk, Nizhneudinsk and Irkutsk. By 1722 the tract was finally determined and settlements arose on it, which later turned into large settlements and cities. By the end of the century, almost all cargo went along the highway, and they stopped using the waterway. The formation of a network of land roads caused the development of a geographical division of labor and the emergence of specialized regions in the Irkutsk province. Heavy traffic began on land roads. 50 thousand horses were employed in the transportation of goods. Most of the inhabitants of roadside settlements were engaged in carting, this is approximately 29% of the working population. The whole life of the settlements near the tract was connected with the maintenance of traffic along the tract.
The position of those settlements that adjoined the tract to waterways or were at the intersection of several roads was especially advantageous. Has been developing at an accelerated pace Agriculture trade. However, the density of the population and their numbers in the settlements varied. The average distance between settlements was more than 27 miles. Instead of separate settlement points in the south of Eastern Siberia in the 19th century, there were the villages of Tulun and Kimiltei. In Kimiltei there were 559 farms, in which there were 2488 people, and in Tulun in 552 farms 2482 people.
In Nizhneudinsk uyezd, there were 171 volosts locality, there are 12 departments, and a total of 183 settlements. The area of the Nizhneudinsky district was 106,798 square meters. miles, including 106741 villages and 57 in the city. The rural population was 49 thousand people, urban 3770 people. In total, 52779 people lived. The Nizhneudinsk district included six volosts: Alzamaiskaya, More - Mamyrskaya, Bratskaya, Kimilteiskaya, Kuytunskaya and Tulunovskaya, as well as the department - Nizhneudinskaya zemlyitsa. At the end of the 19th century, in the valley of the Uda River, downstream from the city of Nizhneudinsk, penal soldiers converted to Cossacks from the European part of Russia were settled, evicting the indigenous people (Buryats) who lived there. Cossack villages were formed here: Ukarskaya, Shipitsynskaya, Badaranovskaya and Zentsovskaya. In total, 569 men and 249 women were settled here. By national composition they were: Poles and Lithuanians - 41 people, Germans and Finns - 12 people, Tatars - 3 people, Jews 4 people, Greeks and Gypsies - 5 people, and the rest Russians. In 1868, 209 farms had houses, 107 horses, 72 farms plowing (land) at 2.5 acres per farm.
June 24, 1870 the river Uda overflowed its banks and flooded the entire populated valley. During the flood, 99 houses, two mills and a chapel were demolished and destroyed, 2 people died, 161 heads of cattle and 240 small cattle, 12 horses and 107 acres of arable land were washed away by water, half of which was sown. By 1887 519 Cossacks turned out to be: transferred to other villages or estates - 12, 49 people. 17 people left for Russia, 17 people were exiled to hard labor, 32 people fled from the settlement, 149 people died of natural causes, 5 people died by accident, 9 people were killed, 105 people live on the side, 76 people are in an unknown absence. and only 65 remained in stock.
A large number of exiles settled in the district. Especially a lot came here at the beginning and end of the 19th century. From 1823 to 1888, 784,901 people were exiled to Siberia.
There was little industry on the territory of the Nizhneudinsk district. The Nikolaevsky Ironworks and the Luchikhinsky Iron-Smelting Plants operated, salt deposits were developed in the lower reaches of the Tumashet River, and gold prospectors mined gold in the upper reaches of the Biryusa River. Mica was mined in the same area. There was also the Marninskoye copper deposit in the upper reaches of the Uda River, at the confluence of the Marne River with the Uda. In the city of Nizhneudinsk, the businessman Galyan built in 1902. a brewery with 15 employees. The city also had a small number of small household workshops. But Nizhneudinsk in 1897. was not a well-developed industrial city and belonged to the second type of cities, i.e. was considered a trade and transport center of the second order. Trade in the city was conducted by merchants who had up to 60 small trading establishments. The largest was the shop of merchants of the first guild Shchelkunov and Mitelev. These merchants had their shops in many places throughout Siberia. Medium and small traders were: Gurdus, Varshavsky, Katkov, Vasiliev and a number of others. Non-patent trade in the city was conducted by small shopkeepers and shinkari.
There were schools, churches and various government agencies. In 1887-1888. in the district there were 8 schools of the Ministry of Public Education and 6 schools of the spiritual department. In addition, in Nizhneudinsk there were: a women's gymnasium, a city two-year school and a church-parish school. In total, 10,346 rubles were allocated for the maintenance of schools. Libraries were: in Kimiltei - 1032 books, in Zima - 515, in Bratsk - 450, in Kuitun - 303, in Alzamai - 207, in Tulun -122. In 1888 There were only 2160 literate people in the district. There were three churches in Nizhneudinsk: in the old part of the city, the part beyond the river, in Sloboda, and the third one next to the locomotive depot. There was also a Jewish synagogue.
The third period of the settlement of Siberia and its industrial development 1892 - 1917. was the time of the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway and the resettlement of a large number of workers from the European part of Russia. 1981 at the same time from both ends - from Chelyabinsk and Vladivostok, the construction of the railway began. The reasons for its construction were the need to move goods and industrial goods, agricultural products to and from Siberia. Another reason is the strengthening of the interests of the government's foreign policy in the Far East and the desire to gain a foothold there economically and politically, the desire to capture markets and expand its influence there. The construction of the railway lasted 13 years.
At first, the road was laid in one track and put into operation in separate sections. In 1896 the West Siberian Railway from Chelyabinsk to the Ob River. In 1899 Central Siberian from the Ob River to Irkutsk. In 1900 traffic was opened along the Transbaikal railway from Irkutsk to Baikal and from Mysovaya to Sretensk. Communication through Baikal was supported by two ferries - the icebreakers "Baikal" and "Angara". Crossing the lake lasted about 2.5 hours. In 1897 the road from Vladivostok to Khabarovsk was completed, and in 1903. The Chinese-Eastern Railway, which connected Transbaikalia with Vladivostok through the territory of Manchuria. Only in 1905. The Circum-Baikal Road was completed, which created a continuous rail track. As a result of the Russian-Japanese war of 1904 - 1905. Russia's dominant position in Manchuria was lost, and the tsarist government decided to connect the Far East with Transbaikalia by a railway that ran entirely through Russian territory.
Construction of the Amur railway from the station. Kuenga to Khabarovsk began in 1908. and ended during the First World War. During the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway, there were widespread facts of abuse and theft. More than 20 million gold rubles were found to be overspending during construction. During the construction of the railway from Nizhneudinsk further to the East, railway stations arose on the railway line: Uda 2, Khingui, Kaduy, Khudoelanskaya, Sheberta, Budagovo, Utai, Kotik, Tulun, Nyura, Shuba, Sheragul, Tulyushka, Mingatui, Kuytun, Kimiltey, Transportation, Winter. Of interest is the origin of some of the station names.
The head of the construction section of the Tulun station, lodged in Tulun with one mistress with his wife, whose name was Anna. When they moved on to continue the construction of a section of the track, and this was already in late autumn, the caring hostess said: “Nyura, take a fur coat with you so that you don’t freeze later,“ winter will come soon ”. It was then that the names of the stations “Nyura” and “Shuba” appeared on the territory of the Tulun Volost, and then the station “Winter”. According to the technical conditions, at a distance every 120-150 km, larger stations with a depot for equipping and repairing steam locomotives and wagons were to be arranged. In this regard, such workshops were built in Taishet, Nizhneudinsk, Tulun and Zima. The Siberian tract has witnessed many historical events. In 1891 the tsar's heir, Tsarevich Nikolai, passed through Nizhneudinsk, making a voyage from Saint Petersburg to Japan. In honor of his journey, the Triumphal Arch was built in Nizhneudinsk. The Nizhneudinsk transit prison saw Decembrists and revolutionaries within its walls.
At the very end of the 19th century, in connection with the completion of the construction of the railway, the elimination of the isolation of Eastern Siberia from the center of the country was completed. The railroad drew it into all-round ties with other regions of the country. Cargoes from the Siberian tract were transferred to the rails, the tract population switched from carting and yamshchina to agriculture. The resettlement movement intensified, in which the Stolypin reform played a significant role. For the needs of the railway, there was a need for coal, the construction of workshops and depots, in which it was necessary to repair steam locomotives and wagons, and for this, specialists and skilled workers were needed, which were practically absent in the field.
I had to relocate them from the European part of Russia. According to the registration points, 697.2 thousand people proceeded to Eastern Siberia. Due to this, the population in the city of Nizhneudinsk also increased, if in 1898. the population of the city was 5.7 thousand people, then by 1917. there were already 8.9 thousand people. The railroad, which basically coincided with the direction of the Moscow tract, increased the concentration of the population in the lane immediately adjacent to it. But since the sphere of activity of the population has changed radically, having lost their earnings due to the destruction of the carriage, they had to look for other sources of livelihood. The railroad with its contingent of workers, as well as requests from the North, increased the demand for agricultural products. During the Russo-Japanese War of 1905 - 1907. The Siberian railway was single-track. The insufficient capacity of the road, among other reasons, contributed to Russia's defeat in this war. In 1907 The government decided to proceed with the construction of the second track. By the beginning of the First World War, work on the Omsk-Karymskaya section was completed and the road could already pass up to 18 pairs of trains per day. This required more more workers. They, as before, arrived here from the western regions of the country.
The area of the province was 653,290 sq. miles, including the water mirror of Lake Baikal - 15,042 sq. miles and Olkhon island - 550 sq. verst. The greatest length of the Irkutsk province from the southwest to the northeast was 1300 versts with a width of 650 versts. The borders of the province: in the north and partly in the northeast - the Yakutsk region, in the east and southeast - the Trans-Baikal region, in the south - the Chinese Empire (Mongolia), in the west - the Yenisei province.
Relief
In general, the surface of the Irkutsk province was a flat hill with a slope from south to north, belted from the southwest, south and east by mountain ranges, among which in the southeastern outskirts of the province lies a vast deep-water depression - Lake Baikal. The terrace-like lowering of this flat hill is due to an ancient shift that separated most of the area occupied by it from the high Transbaikal plateau lying in the southeast, and in the northwest from a lower terrace located in the middle part of the Yenisei province. In particular, the area of the Irkutsk province consisted of: a mountainous alpine country with chains of mountains diverging from it, flat hills and riverine valleys - the two main water arteries - the Angara and the Lena and their tributaries. The mountains that fill the Irkutsk province belong to two main ranges - the Sayan and the Baikal mountains; of these, the first one, filling the south of the province with its spurs, has an alpine character and, entering the borders of the Irkutsk province, in its southwestern part, near the upper reaches of the Biryusa and Uda rivers, it goes from northwest to southeast - then in one chain, wide from 15 to 20 versts, then by several parallel chains separated by deep and narrow gorges of mountain rivers, and the width of the ridge reaches 50 versts. The average height of the main peaks of the Sayan is 7500 feet above the sea surface, with its individual peaks from 8 to 8500 feet, and its highest loach lying on the border with Mongolia - Mungu-Sardyk, that is, a silver mountain, forever covered with snow at the top, reaches up to 11500 ft. On the northern slope of this char, a double glacier descends from its top for 4 versts, pushing its terminal moraines to Lake Ekhoi. The general disorder in the location of the Sayan mountains, scattered by deep valleys and wild gorges, with fast water flows, conical, stone peaks of bald mountains, devoid of any vegetation, constitute character traits the main chain of the ridge, on the tops of which the snow disappears from June to August. In deep mountain hollows facing north, in some years snow lies throughout the summer. Starting from the central axis of the Sayan Range, to the north. there is a gradual decrease in its spurs - to the valley of the river. Angara, which, however, at the mouth of the river. White lies still at an altitude of 1200 feet above sea level. The lowering of the Sayan mountains goes as if by ledges: the highest row of bald mountains is followed by their second row with a softer outline of the tops of the mountains, already covered with forest, then follows - the third row, of even lower height, etc., all these mountains run parallel to each other to each other, then mutually intersecting. Within the Irkutsk province, Sayan separates from itself many branches that can be considered independent ridges: at the southwestern corner of the province, on its border, at the head of the river. Biryusy, part of the Sayan Range is called the Biryusinsky Mountains, reaching up to 6200 feet of absolute height. Further, the main part of the Sayan, Ergik-Targak-Taiga, going in a southeasterly direction, has a rather complex relief. From the mountain node Taraskhan-Daban, in the upper reaches of the river. Ii, two ridges begin, going to the north: Kuytun-Khardyn and another ridge that does not have a name. At the Junbuluk node, where the extinct crater Khukushka (Cup) lies with lava flows over 20 versts, a high, rocky ridge up to 7200 feet rises, going between pp. Hoyt-Okoy and Okoy. Then from the node of Nuku-Daban, rising to 7500 feet and making sowing. spur of Mungu-Sardyk, diverge like a fan: a) Ida Mountains, between pp. Okoy and Belaya; b) Kitoi Alps, between the channels of the Belaya and Kitoi rivers; c) Tunkinsky squirrels accompanying the valley of the river from the north. Irkut; The chain of mountains running parallel to them, which limits the Irkut valley from the south, is called Gurbi-Daban and, preserving the complex relief of the Sayan, branches into many mountain ranges that differ in geological and faunistic respects from the Sayan. Finally, in the southeastern part of the province there is the Urguldeysky knot, which lies at the head of the river. - Zon-Murin, a tributary of the Irkut and Dzhida rivers, which flows into the Selenga River; From this node, a high chain of mountains (7500 feet of absolute height) is directed to the East, bearing the name of Khamar-Daban, which is one of the highest heights lying at the southwestern corner of Baikal and the Baikal Mountains in general. Of the mountain passes in the Sayan were the most famous and convenient:
- mountain pass - Obo-Sarym, lying at an altitude of 6100 feet, in the upper reaches of the Khanga River, a tributary of the Irkut River.
- pass Naryn-Khoroisky,
- Uryuk-Daban,
- Tengiz-Daban,
- Toros-Daban and
- Mustag-Arsha;
of these, the first and third served for a significant drive of cattle from Mongolia to the city of Irkutsk and for the delivery of manufactured goods from the latter to Mongolia (up to 80,000 rubles). The second group of mountains of the Irkutsk province were the Baikal ones, rising at the sources of the Lena and Kirenga rivers to a maximum height of 6000 feet and consisting of chains: Primorsky and Onotsky. The flat upland, on which the mountainous alpine country of the Sayan rests, occupies the entire north and north-west of the Irkutsk province, having for the most part a height of 1,500 to 2,000 feet. The lower ledge of this plateau, representing the least elevated part (up to 800 feet of absolute height) of the province, is located in the northwest of its part, along the course of pp. Lower Tunguska and Lena, near the borders of the Yakutsk region. The considerable irregularities of the soil encountered on this plateau are the consequences of erosion and the formation of river valleys; of these low watershed ranges are known in the province: Berezovy, Ilimsky, Tungussky and others. The most extensive plain is located along the course of the Angara River, having a boundary line running approximately from Irkutsk to the Kitoy River, from here to the Belaya River to the mouth of the Zalara River, then crosses the middle course of the Kada River and heads northeast to the Angara River, where, passing to its right bank ends; but even this plain is hilly in many places. In addition to this plain, there were two more in the Irkutsk province: one between the Oka and Uda rivers, the other, more elevated and treeless, bearing the name of the “Brotherly Steppe”, stretches along the Yakutsk tract to the Kachugskaya pier on the Lena River.
Geology
The geognostic composition of the soil of the Irkutsk province deserves special attention due to its diversity. Sedimentary rocks belonging to the latest modern deposits consist of lacustrine-river pebble and sandy-argillaceous sediments, are found everywhere in river valleys and often border the shores of lakes in the form of a rampart; alluvium is often found on the slopes and even on the tops of mountains; loose sands are located in different places of the province, but in small areas. From the older Tertiary deposits in the southwestern part of Baikal, in some places in the Sayans and in the entire Tunkinskaya basin, loess deposits were found. In the valley of the Angara River, the following were found from the post-Pliocene layers: pebble deposits, loess-like layered loam and forest; then tertiary deposits are also found: along the Kamenka River and in the western part of the province - along the course of the Oka, Kimilteika, Uda and other rivers. In the eastern part of the Irkutsk province, in the upper reaches of the Lena River and its tributaries, as well as along the course of pp. Angi and Buguldeyki are sediments - clay-sand or gravel; in addition, uniform red-colored deposits and loess are strongly developed in the Lena Valley. The remains of thick-skinned animals that once lived in this area were found in the Tertiary sediments: a primitive bull, aurochs, various deer and antelopes. The rocks of the tertiary system have a slight distribution in the Irkutsk province. From the sediments of the Mesozoic era at that time, only the Jurassic formation was found in the southern part of the province, stretching a strip of about 100 miles wide from Lake Baikal to the city of Nizhne-Udinsk; its sediments (on Devonian red sandstones or on Upper Silurian limestone) consist of shaly clays and marls, sandstones with interlayers of brown coal and, in places, limestone and silicic shale. Of the sedimentary rocks of the Paleozoic (primary) era, the most common in the province are the Carboniferous, Devonian and Silurian systems, which, from the outburst of the Angara from Lake Baikal, run in a wide strip along the Angara almost to the northern border of the Balagansky district; they are also found in the watershed of the Angara and Lena rivers, and in the valley of the last rocks of the Devonian system they are more widespread relative to others and consist of red sandstones, marls and clays. The rocks of the Devonian system are located: in the Tunkinsky Alps, on the right bank of the Angara River, a little higher than the city (now an urban-type settlement) Balagansk, along the entire valley of the Osa River, then, moving to the left bank of the Angara, they stretch along the Unga, Ii and Oka rivers and at the confluence of the latter into the Angara - on both banks of the latter. They accompany the upper reaches of the river. Lena to the city of Kirensk, followed by the red sandstones of the Silurian system along the right bank of the Lena to the Darinskaya station, and on the left bank there is Upper Silurian limestone. Older sedimentary deposits - the Cambrian-Silurian system - which are distinguished by a significant thickness of their layers (up to 2500 feet), are very common in the mountainous parts of the Irkutsk province, and the upper tier is made up exclusively of limestones located in the northwestern slope of the Onotsky ridge, in many places on Lena, on the river. Angara (near Usolye), from the mouth of the Belaya River to Balagansk, etc. The lower tier of the Cambrian-Silurian system consists of clay and gray slates and sandstones, mainly located in the Sayan - in the upper reaches of the rivers Irkut, Oka, Butogol, Dzhanbulak and others, then in the Onot Range and partly in the Primorsky - Baikal Mountains and other places. Crystalline rocks belonging to the Archean (Laurentian) system make up all the ridges of the main ranges - the Sayan, the Tunka Alps, the Baikal Mountains. These rocks form two tiers: the upper layer consists of alternating layers of dolomite or crystalline limestone with feldspar rocks, and the lower tier is most often gneiss, granite, granite-syenite and chlorite schists. The layers are bent into a series of folds, often overturned and pressed against each other. The spread of folds in the southern part of the province in the Sayan Mountains and the Tunka Alps in the direction west-southwest - east-northeast, in the Eastern Sayan from west-southwest to northwest, and in the Baikal Mountains from west-southwest to east-northeast; moreover, in the latter there are anticlinal inflections of the layers. Crystalline rocks are also common in other mountainous parts of the Irkutsk province, for example, in the valley of the river. Angara below the confluence of the river. Oki granites form all significant Angara rapids. Less than other crystalline rocks are widespread in the province - diorites and serpentines; diabases are located mainly in the western and northwestern parts of the province and in the valley of the river. Tunguska. Basalts have a more significant distribution, they are found: on the slope of Mungu-Sardyk, at the Khanginsky guard and at Tunka - along the Irkut, southwest. parts of Lake Baikal, between pp. Slyudyanka and Tala, in the lower reaches of the Ilim, along the river. Angara, while along its tributaries, volcanic tuffs are more common, as well as obsidian and pumice; finally, there are lava hills in the Tunka basin, and lava flows in the Elovsky spur and other places: all this indicates that the local area was once the center of strong volcanic activity, which is now manifested in fairly frequent earthquakes in Irkutsk.
Minerals
The Irkutsk province was rich in minerals, but poorer in gold than neighboring provinces; its richest gold-bearing placers are located in its southwestern part, along the Biryusa river system, in the Nizhneudinsk district, where in 1892, 23 poods of gold 22 pounds 20 spools were washed at 21 mines, with an average gold grade of 100 poods - 25.25 shares. Three mines were developed back in the Kirensky district, along the Nerpa and Dzhalogun rivers, where in 1890 gold was panned 2 pounds 30 pounds. Placers poor in content, now not being developed, are located along the rivers flowing into Baikal, and along the upper tributaries of the Lena River, in the Verkholensky District. Graphite of high dignity was available in Botugolsky bald (by the beginning of the 20th century, its development was abandoned) and on the island of Olkhon. Brown coal was found in many places: near the city of Irkutsk in the coastal cliffs of the Angara, along the Irkut, Kuda, Ushakovka rivers, in several places in the Balagansky district, coal deposits along the Oka rivers are most noteworthy; but it was not found anywhere. Iron ore was found in many places in the province, but was developed only at the confluence of the Oka River with the Angara, at the Nikolaev ironworks. Iron vitriol was located near the village of Ziminsky, on the right bank of the Oka River and in Zheltuni-Tong Mountain.
There were salt springs: 68 miles from the city of Irkutsk, on the Angara River, along the Ilim River and four miles from the banks of the Lena River, on the Kuta River. In these places, in 1892, table salt was mined in four varnits in the amount of 170,929 rubles. In addition, salt springs were known: on the Taganka River, which flows into the Oka River, in the upper reaches of the Unga River, a tributary of the river. Angara, in the valley of the Kuda and Belaya rivers, near the village of Uzkiy Luch and on the island of the Angara River, lying above Balagansk. Glauber's salt (gujir) was located in small lakes off the northwestern shores of Lake Baikal, between the Anga and Olkhon islands. Saltpeter mud - along the Talaya River, near the village of Tunki. Of the mineral springs, the most famous were: Turan - near the Nile Desert, on the Ukhe-Ugun River, 250 miles from Irkutsk, had a temperature of up to 36.6 ° R (degrees Reaumur). Arshan-Su is a carbonic source, 40 miles from the Turan Guard. Okinsky - on the Oka River, 500 miles from Irkutsk. Barnaul - sonar, near the village of Bolshe-Mamyrsky, in the Nizhneudinsky district and others.
Hydrography
Irkutsk province was abundantly irrigated with water; the first place in terms of the vastness of the reservoir belongs to Lake Baikal, which constituted the natural border of the province in the southeast. Besides him, there were no large lakes in the province. Almost all the rivers of the Irkutsk province belonged mainly to two river basins - the Yenisei and the Lena. 3 Tunguskas belonged to the Yenisei system: Upper, or Angara, Podkamennaya and Lower, with their tributaries.
Of the plants, we should mention the bushes found in the Sayan Mountains - camel's tail (Caragana jubata) and sea buckthorn (Hippophaë rhamnoides).
In addition to forests, alpine vegetation, calcareous rocks and cliffs, solonetz and steppe vegetation is developed in the province, and in the Baikal places there are already plants belonging to the flora of the Far East.
Fauna
In the animal kingdom, there is a great variety, especially forest ones. From predatory badger, wolverine, brown bear, sable, ermine, otter, wolf, fox, lynx; from rodents: flying squirrel, squirrel, chipmunk, evrashki, hare, etc.; from artiodactyls - wild boar; from ruminants: musk deer, roe deer, red deer, moose (moose) and reindeer. In Baikal there is a special kind of seal - seal ( Phoca baicalensis). Of the insects, we note only a special harmful genus of filly ( Gomphocerus sibirica), which breeds strongly in dry years, destroying crops and meadow grasses.
Administrative division
In administrative terms, the Irkutsk province is divided from the city into 5 districts: Irkutsk, Balagansky, Nizhneudinsky, Verkholensky and Kirensky, in which there are 18 sections (stans), 45 volosts, 40 foreign departments and one separate rural society. The entire population of the province, with 4 district cities, 1 provincial and 1 provincial, in 1892 extended to 465,428 villages, including 249,151 men. and 216277 women. Most of the peasant settlements were grouped along the banks of pp. Angara, Lena and some of their tributaries, as well as along the Moscow tract. There are few large villages, and they are located along the postal route; with more than 500 households, there are only seven. Loan life is developed only in the Balagansky district.
| county | Russians | Buryats | Jews | Tatars | Yakuts | Evenki | Poles |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Province as a whole | 73,1 % | 21,2 % | 1,4 % | 1,4 % | … | … | … |
| Balagansky | 60,8 % | 35,6 % | … | 1,2 % | … | … | … |
| Verkholensky | 59,8 % | 35,6 % | 1,0 % | 1,2 % | … | … | … |
| Irkutsk | 75,5 % | 18,9 % | 2,3 % | 1,2 % | … | … | … |
| Kirensky | 88,7 % | … | 1,7 % | … | 4,9 % | 2,3 % | … |
| Nizhneudinsky | 91,3 % | 1,9 % | … | 2,4 % | … | … | 1,1 % |
Taxes and fees
In 1892, 1,112,098 rubles were due for collection of all salaries, of which 450,149 rubles remained in arrears. Most of the arrears remain with the exiled settlers, who have the least payment power. Unsettled collections remained in the arrears of 561,977 rubles, in the payment of which only 43,153 rubles were received. Treasury payments, worldly expenses and natural service of the three districts, Irkutsk, Balagansky and Nizhneudinsky, together amounted to 1,294,723 rubles. (1887), of which 914,721 rubles fall to the share of peasants, and 380,002 rubles to foreigners. One worker accounts for from 24 to 30 rubles, and for a cash soul - from 10 to 13 rubles. Worldly incomes extended only to 94,143 rubles, including 87,506 rubles for peasants and 6,637 rubles for foreigners. Of natural duties, the cost of the road is up to 560,000 rubles, underwater - up to 300,000 rubles. Of the state revenues in 1892, the most gave: excise tax - 1910794 rubles. and customs - 7263884 rubles.
Education, medicine, charity
public education, with the exception of the provincial city, is poorly developed: in 1892 there were 427 educational institutions, students - 11112, including 8056 males, or 72.5%, and 3056 females, or 27.5%. Of the entire population of the province, students accounted for 2.1%, of the population of cities - 7.7%, districts - 1.2%; to children school age in cities - 46.3%, in districts - 7.2%, in the entire province - 12.2%. There were 366 rural schools, including literacy schools - 223, parochial schools - 74, schools of the Ministry of Public Education: parish - 63 and two-class - 6. In addition, there are many home schools in the villages with settler teachers; in three districts there are 107 such schools, with the number of students up to 1020. In the province there are 13 hospitals (for 664 beds), 3 stage infirmaries, 15 emergency rooms (72 kr.), 4 infirmaries at plants and factories (26 kr.), 5 pharmacies (of which two are rural), 37 doctors, 4 female doctors, 66 paramedics, 21 midwives. Charity, with the exception of Irkutsk, is poorly developed; in the villages there are only 8 almshouses, in which 66 people were nursing; in addition, there are 4 private almshouses and up to 9 houses in which the decrepit and crippled find only shelter, earning food by alms.
Economy
Agriculture
The main occupation of the inhabitants is agriculture, which is not practiced only by the Olkhon Buryats and the Alaguev clans of the Kapsal department, as well as the Tungus and Karagas. The entire north of the province, that is, most of the Kirensky district and the northeastern part of the Nizhneudinsky district, as well as the entire rocky western coast of Lake Baikal with Olkhon Island, should be included in the non-grain zone; then, less than other parts of the province, the western and southwestern ones are grain-growing, starting from the river. Udy to zap. province borders. The center and the southern part are very fertile: the soil here is very fat and does not require fertilization; but in the south only the Irkut valley is populated. The most common soils in the Irkutsk province are loamy, mostly reddish, then gray and, as an exception, white, the former lie on more high places and on the slopes of the mountains, and the forest loam, which occurs in higher places, is considered better for processing than the steppe. This kind of soil, at a depth of 3-4 inches, is difficult to cultivate, but wheat will be born well on them. The second place belongs to - black lands, divided into strong and light; the latter are subdivided into steppe and so-called pukhuns or buzuns (bukhovina). This soil lies below the red loams, mostly at the bottom of the pads (intermountain valleys), richer in humus; its depth is from several inches to an arshin. In the steppes, black (light) soils contain less humus than bukhovina, soon lose their productivity and require a long rest, so that after the removal of 3 or 5 loaves, they are left in fallows for up to 15 years and are unsuitable for winter. Bukhovina, lying in low places where there were swamps, is considered the worst soil, tundra soils located near swamps and caltus approach it. Finally, sandy soils and sandy loams of various qualities are widely distributed in the province, with which silty soils are sometimes found side by side. These soils are of little use for crops; even less suitable for arable farming are silty soils that occur with sandy loam and solonets, requiring fertilizer, which, with the exception of the Kirensky district. and some large villages, is not used anywhere, and depleted arable land is usually thrown under fallow land for decades. Although local conditions include all the data for the development of a three-field crop rotation, but most of the cultivated area - 8/9 - is exploited through a two-field system together with a fallow one, and the field is sown for several years in a row, until it is completely exhausted (up to 15 years), or completely abandoned , being replaced by a new one, for which the undercut is used. Land under crops in 1892 shows only 348,400 acres; of this number, Balagansky district accounted for 39.8%, Irkutsk province - 22%, Verkholensky - 16.1%, Nizhneudinsky - 14.6%, Kirensky - 7.5%. IN last years the number of plowlands has increased, especially in the Balagansky and Irkutsk districts. Of the winter crops, more are sown in the Verkholensky and Nizhneudinsky districts, and spring crops - in the Balagansky district. The average grain yield for a seven-year period (1880-1887): for winter rye itself-5.9, spring 3.4, wheat (spring) 3.2, oats 3.1.
The settlement of the region was hampered by temporary measures against voluntary resettlement, for example, decrees and years. The settlement of the Irkutsk province was mainly carried out by exiles.
A significant part of the settlers (exiles), however, is constantly outside the province: either in the gold mines, or in an unknown absence. A considerable contingent of migrants was made up of penal soldiers, prisoners of war, and especially Polish insurgents - and the years: in 1866 there were up to 18,000 exiled Poles in Siberia.
The settlement of the region by the exiled element continues to this day: for example, in 1890, 4019 exiles of various categories entered the Irkutsk province; in addition, 1088 people were settled in the province, including 261 members of their families. The landmark buildings in the Irkutsk province were
Lieutenant Governors
| FULL NAME. | Title, rank, rank | Position replacement time |
|---|---|---|
| Sumarokov Philip Alexandrovich | court adviser, 1st comrade of the governor | 1764-1766 |
| Vetlitsky Vasily Vasilievich | Major, 2nd Comrade Governor | 1764-1771 |
| Pantusov Denis Ivanovich | 1766-1771 | |
| Solovyov Ivan Osipovich | baron, colonel, 1st comrade of the governor | 1771-1772 |
| Sobolev Dmitry Konstantinovich | Court Counsellor, 2nd Companion to the Governor | 1771-1775 |
| Bestuzhev Vasily Semyonovich | Collegiate Counsellor, 1st Comrade Governor | 1773-1775 |
| Yuniy Alexander Alexandrovich | Colonel, 1st Comrade Governor | 1775-1782 |
| Bestuzhev Vasily Semyonovich | Collegiate Counsellor, 2nd Comrade Governor | 1775-1778 |
| Palibin Matvey Trofimovich | Lieutenant Colonel, 2nd Comrade Governor | 1778-1782 |
| Tseddelman Alexander Yurievich | major general | 1778-1784 |
| Chulkov Vasily Vasilievich | foreman | 1784-1785 |
| Burtsov Evtifei Evtifeevich | collegiate adviser | 1785-1789 |
| Mikhailov Andrey Sidorovich | collegiate adviser | 1789-1793 |
| Pokhvisnev Fedor Ivanovich | Colonel, State Councilor | 1793-1797 |
| Kramarenkov | Acting State Councilor | 15.12.1798-18.01.1799 |
| Goloshchepov Semyon Kondratievich | Acting State Councilor | 01.02.1799-1804 |
| Shishkov Arseny Antonovich | State Councillor | 1804-1806 |
| Semivskiy Nikolay Vasilievich | collegiate adviser | 1806-1809 |
| Levitsky Karp Ivanovich | State Councillor | 1809-1814 |
| Zerkaleev Ivan Semyonovich | collegiate adviser (state councilor) | 1814-1822 |
Chairmen of the provincial government
| FULL NAME. | State Councillor | 17.03.1839-10.04.1845 |
|---|---|---|
| Karpinsky Alexey Mikhailovich | State Councillor | 08.11.1846-18.02.1853 |
| Struve Bernhard Vasilievich | State Councillor | 18.02.1853-20.12.1855 |
| Izvolsky Peter Alexandrovich | State Councillor | 01.01.1858-18.12.1859 |
| Shelekhov Alexey Dmitrievich | collegiate adviser | 05.02.1860-05.02.1865 |
| Ern Nikolai Kasperovich | Acting State Councilor | 08.02.1865-27.02.1875 |
| Izmailov Alexey Petrovich | Acting State Councilor | 04.06.1875-19.09.1879 |
| Garf Eduard Egorovich | State Councillor | 28.03.1880-15.03.1884 |
| Petrov Vasily Vasilievich | State Councillor | 10.05.1884-13.11.1886 |
| Davydov Dmitry Nikandrovich | State Councillor | 08.01.1887-24.01.1891 |
| Bulatov Viktor Nikolaevich | Acting State Councilor | 24.01.1891-12.10.1895 |
Lieutenant Governors
| FULL NAME. | Title, rank, rank | Position replacement time | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bulatov Viktor Nikolaevich | Acting State Councilor | 12.10.1895-12.07.1897 | |||||
| Tsekhanovsky Boleslav Pavlovich | State Councillor | 12.07.1897-21.09.1901 | |||||
| Bulatov Viktor Nikolaevich | Acting State Councilor | 11.12.1901-12.12.1903
Pers. | |||||
| Map of the Irkutsk province in 1857: | |||||||
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| Media files at Wikimedia Commons | |||||||
| county | Russians | Buryats | Jews | Tatars | Yakuts | Evenki | Poles |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Province as a whole | 73,1 % | 21,2 % | 1,4 % | 1,4 % | … | … | … |
| Balagansky | 60,8 % | 35,6 % | … | 1,2 % | … | … | … |
| Verkholensky | 59,8 % | 35,6 % | 1,0 % | 1,2 % | … | … | … |
| Irkutsk | 75,5 % | 18,9 % | 2,3 % | 1,2 % | … | … | … |
| Kirensky | 88,7 % | … | 1,7 % | … | 4,9 % | 2,3 % | … |
| Nizhneudinsky | 91,3 % | 1,9 % | … | 2,4 % | … | … | 1,1 % |
Taxes and fees
In 1892, 1,112,098 rubles were due for collection of all salaries, of which 450,149 rubles remained in arrears. Most of the arrears remain with the exiled settlers, who have the least payment power. Unsettled collections remained in the arrears of 561,977 rubles, in the payment of which only 43,153 rubles were received. Treasury payments, worldly expenses and natural service of the three districts, Irkutsk, Balagansky and Nizhneudinsky, together amounted to 1,294,723 rubles. (1887), of which 914,721 rubles fall to the share of peasants, and 380,002 rubles to foreigners. One worker accounts for from 24 to 30 rubles, and for a cash soul - from 10 to 13 rubles. Worldly incomes extended only to 94,143 rubles, including 87,506 rubles for peasants and 6,637 rubles for foreigners. Of natural duties, the cost of the road is up to 560,000 rubles, underwater - up to 300,000 rubles. Of the state revenues in 1892, the most gave: excise tax - 1910794 rubles. and customs - 7263884 rubles.
Education, medicine, charity
Public education, with the exception of the provincial city, is poorly developed: in 1892 there were 427 educational institutions, students - 11112, including 8056 males, or 72.5%, and 3056 females, or 27.5%. Of the entire population of the province, students accounted for 2.1%, of the population of cities - 7.7%, districts - 1.2%; to children of school age in cities - 46.3%, in districts - 7.2%, in the entire province - 12.2%. There were 366 rural schools, including literacy schools - 223, parochial schools - 74, schools of the Ministry of Public Education: parish - 63 and two-class - 6. In addition, there are many home schools in the villages with settler teachers; in three districts there are 107 such schools, with the number of students up to 1020. In the province there are 13 hospitals (for 664 beds), 3 stage infirmaries, 15 emergency rooms (72 kr.), 4 infirmaries at plants and factories (26 kr.), 5 pharmacies (of which two are rural), 37 doctors, 4 female doctors, 66 paramedics, 21 midwives. Charity, with the exception of Irkutsk, is poorly developed; in the villages there are only 8 almshouses, in which 66 people were nursing; in addition, there are 4 private almshouses and up to 9 houses in which the decrepit and crippled find only shelter, earning food by alms.
Economy
Agriculture
The main occupation of the inhabitants is agriculture, which is not practiced only by the Olkhon Buryats and the Alaguev clans of the Kapsal department, as well as the Tungus and Karagas. The entire north of the province, that is, most of the Kirensky district and the northeastern part of the Nizhneudinsky district, as well as the entire rocky western coast of Lake Baikal with Olkhon Island, should be included in the non-grain zone; then, less than other parts of the province, the western and southwestern ones are grain-growing, starting from the river. Udy to zap. province borders. The center and the southern part are very fertile: the soil here is very fat and does not require fertilization; but in the south only the Irkut valley is populated. The most common soils in the Irkutsk province are loamy, mostly reddish, then gray and, as an exception, white; This kind of soil, at a depth of 3-4 inches, is difficult to cultivate, but wheat will be born well on them. The second place belongs to - black lands, divided into strong and light; the latter are subdivided into steppe and so-called pukhuns or buzuns (bukhovina). This soil lies below the red loams, mostly at the bottom of the pads (intermountain valleys), richer in humus; its depth is from several inches to an arshin. In the steppes, black (light) soils contain less humus than bukhovina, soon lose their productivity and require a long rest, so that after the removal of 3 or 5 loaves, they are left in fallows for up to 15 years and are unsuitable for winter. Bukhovina, lying in low places where there were swamps, is considered the worst soil, tundra soils located near swamps and caltus approach it. Finally, sandy soils and sandy loams of various qualities are widely distributed in the province, with which silty soils are sometimes found side by side. These soils are of little use for crops; even less suitable for arable farming are silty soils that occur with sandy loam and solonets, requiring fertilizer, which, with the exception of the Kirensky district. and some large villages, is not used anywhere, and depleted arable land is usually thrown under fallow land for decades. Although local conditions include all the data for the development of a three-field crop rotation, but most of the cultivated area - 8/9 - is exploited through a two-field system together with a fallow one, and the field is sown for several years in a row, until it is completely exhausted (up to 15 years), or completely abandoned , being replaced by a new one, for which the undercut is used. Land under crops in 1892 shows only 348,400 acres; of this number, Balagansky district accounted for 39.8%, Irkutsk province - 22%, Verkholensky - 16.1%, Nizhneudinsky - 14.6%, Kirensky - 7.5%. In recent years, the number of plowlands has increased, especially in the Balagan and Irkutsk districts. Of the winter crops, more are sown in the Verkholensky and Nizhneudinsky districts, and spring crops - in the Balagansky district. The average grain yield for a seven-year period (1880-1887): for winter rye itself-5.9, spring 3.4, wheat (spring) 3.2, oats 3.1.
In the city in the middle reaches of the Angara, the first prison on this river, Rybinsk, arose. In the city, the Ilimsk winter hut was founded, on a portage leading to the river. Lena, and on the last Nikolsky churchyard, renamed in the city of Kirensky prison. In the city, the foundation was laid for the Irkutsk yasak winter hut, and in the city, Balagansky prison was laid in the very center of the Buryat nomads. The Tunkinsky region is annexed only in
Maps of the Irkutsk province
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Story In 1708, the Siberian order was liquidated and the Siberian province was formed (from Vyatka to Kamchatka). The Siberian province in 1764 was renamed into the Siberian kingdom, which was subdivided into the Tobolsk and Irkutsk general governments. In 1805, the Yakutsk region was separated from the Irkutsk province. After February Revolution In 1917, the Irkutsk Governor-General that existed before, which included the Irkutsk and Yenisei provinces, the Trans-Baikal and Yakutsk regions, ceased to exist. On August 15, 1924, the territory of the Irkutsk province was divided into 3 districts - Irkutsk, Tulunsky, Kirensky and 2 industrial regions - Cheremkhovsky and Bodaibinsky. On May 25, 1925, the Siberian Territory was formed by a decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. Irkutsk province became part of it. On June 28, 1926, by a decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, the Irkutsk province was abolished, and 3 districts were created on its territory - Irkutsk, Tulunsky and Kirensky. Geographical position Irkutsk province is located in Eastern Siberia, between 51 ° and 62 ° 30 "N and 96 ° and 107 ° E (from Greenwich) exceeds France or Germany in space: according to Strelbitsky's measurement, it has 653290 sq. versts, including under part of the waters of Lake Baikal 15042 sq. versts and under the island of Olkhon 550 sq. versts.The greatest length of the Irkutsk province from the southwest to the northeast reaches 1300 versts with a width of 650 versts.Province borders: in the north and partly in the northeast - Yakutsk, in the east and southeast - the Trans-Baikal region, in the south - the Chinese Empire (Mongolia), in the west - the Yenisei province. Administrative division of the Irkutsk province In administrative terms, the Irkutsk province has been divided since 1857 into 5 districts: Irkutsk, Balagansky, Nizhneudinsky, Verkholensky and Kirensky, in which there are 18 sections (stans), 45 volosts, 40 foreign departments and one separate rural society. The entire population of the province, with 4 district cities, 1 provincial and 1 provincial, in 1892 extended to 465,428 villages, including 249,151 men. and 216277 women. Most of the peasant settlements were grouped along the banks of pp. Angara, Lena and some of their tributaries, as well as along the Moscow tract. There are few large villages, and they are located along the postal route; with more than 500 households, there are only seven. Loan life is developed only in the Balagansky district. IN late XIX century, the province included 5 districts: No. Okrug Center Area, verst² Population, people. All materials presented for download on the site are obtained from the Internet, therefore the author is not responsible for errors or inaccuracies that may be found in the published materials. If you are the copyright holder of any submitted material and do not want a link to it to be in our catalog, please contact us and we will immediately remove it. |
Province Russian Empire and the RSFSR in 1764-1926. The capital is Irkutsk. In 1900 it consisted of five districts and one county.
Irkutsk province bordered in the north and northeast with, in the east and southeast with, in the south with the Chinese Empire, in the west with.
The history of the formation of the Irkutsk province
In 1708, the Siberian order was liquidated and the Siberian province was formed (from Vyatka to Kamchatka). The Siberian province in 1764 was renamed into the Siberian kingdom, which was subdivided into the Tobolsk and Irkutsk general governments. In 1805, the Yakutsk region was separated from the Irkutsk province.
After the February Revolution of 1917, the previously existing Irkutsk General Government, which included the Irkutsk and Yenisei provinces, the Trans-Baikal and Yakutsk regions, ceased to exist. On August 15, 1924, the territory of the Irkutsk province was divided into 3 districts - Irkutsk, Tulunsky, Kirensky and 2 industrial regions - Cheremkhovsky and Bodaibinsky. On May 25, 1925, the Siberian Territory was formed by a decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. Irkutsk province became part of it.
On June 28, 1926, by a decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, the Irkutsk province was abolished, and 3 districts were created on its territory - Irkutsk, Tulunsky and Kirensky.
Administrative-territorial division of the Irkutsk province
In administrative terms, the Irkutsk province has been divided since 1857 into 5 districts: Irkutsk, Balagansky, Nizhneudinsky, Verkholensky and Kirensky, in which there are 18 sections (stans), 45 volosts, 40 foreign departments and one separate rural society.
At the end of the 19th century, the Irkutsk province included 5 districts:
Additional materials on the Irkutsk province
- Map of the Nizhneudinsk district of the Irkutsk province. -, in an inch 10 versts.
- Map of the Irkutsk district of the Irkutsk province. —, in English. inch 10 verst.
- Map of the Balagansky district of the Irkutsk province. —, in English. inch 10 verst.
- Map of the Verkholensky district of the Irkutsk province / worked by G. M. Andreev. —, in English. inch 8 verst.
- Map of the Irkutsk province [Maps]: [with changes]. -, 40 versts in English. inch (1.7 km in 1 cm). - St. Petersburg: Kartogr. head G. de Kelsch, [after 1911]. — 1 set: col. ; 40x51 (46x55). Download .
- A map of the Irkutsk province, the Tunkinskaya and Torskaya basins, and the Ilchinsko Kultukskaya valley / according to I. D. Chersky was supplemented by A. V. Lvov. -, 5 versts in English. inches, heights in feet.
- Ilim portage [Maps]. - 1: 2,100,000, .
- River map Angara: according to the research of the Angara opisny party, produced in 1888 and 1889. under the guidance of engineer M. Cherntsov.
- Route map of reconnaissance officers. expeditions of 1907: surveys of the railway. way Irkutsk - Bodaibo / comp. early expeditions eng. V. P. Polovnikov. - 20 versts in 1 inch. - No area color. The numbers indicate the absolute - the heights in m., Determined by aneroids from observations. V. M. Kozlovsky. - Copying traits, plans and maps according to the method of Lieutenant Colonel Yanov.
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