Ankara accent. Accents in proper names. Capital: its streets and avenues

From book:

A.N. Kononov.
Grammar modern Turkish literary language. 1956

word stress

§ 59. Word stress in Turkish is musical and forceful, and the quantitative side, unlike Russian stress, does not play any role, i.e. a long vowel may be in an unstressed position, and a short one in a stressed position: hâdise (a) "event", âle m (a.) "world", etc.

The ratio of the musical and power moment in the stress depends mainly on the nature of the sentence, which, in turn, is explained by the direct connection of the Turkish verbal stress with the phrasal stress.

In a calmly declarative sentence, the determining factor, despite the increase in tone in the stressed syllable, is mainly the work of the speech organs on the stressed syllable.

In exclamatory and interrogative sentences, the determining factor, despite some increase in the work of the speech organs, is the increase in tone on the stressed syllable.

In addition to the nature of the sentence, the presence or absence of stress in affixes also affects the ratio of musical and power moments in stress: stressed affixes are characterized by a predominance of the power factor; unstressed affixes stress the syllable that precedes them, in which the musical factor appears mainly.

The word stress in a single Turkish word is relatively related in relation to its place, since it usually gravitates towards the end of the word. The coherence of Turkish verbal stress is relative in the sense that, depending on the phrasal stress, the verbal stress can be on any syllable of the word, although each given word has its own specific stressed syllable: in the words of the Turkish root, as a rule, this is the last syllable.

§ 60. According to the place of stress, the vocabulary of the Turkish language can be divided into two groups:

a) words in which the stress falls on the last syllable;

b) words in which the stress does not fall on the last syllable.

The stress on the last syllable is typical for most Turkish words, if there are no unstressed affixes in the middle of the word or at the end of the word: baba "father"; ana "mother"; kundura "shoes"; gönderme k "to send"; arkadaşla r "comrades".

The stress not on the last syllable is typical for; a) a significant number of borrowed words; b) Turkish words (under certain conditions, §§ 62-66).

§ 61. In words borrowed from Western languages ​​(Italian, Greek, French, South Slavic) and ending in a vowel sound ( open syllable), stress, as a rule, is distributed - depending on the number of syllables in a word - as follows:

1) In two compound words the stress, as a rule, falls on the first syllable: ba nka (it.) "bank"; po sta (it.) "mail"; ba lo (It.) "ball"; ka blo (It.) "cable"; ta vla (it.) "backgammon" (board game); lâ mba (gr. ?) "lamp"; so ba (Bulgarian) "stove"; çe te (usya "Russia"; Fransa "France"; Fra kya "Thrace"; Lo ndra (L "ondra) "London"; Ko nya "Konia"; Bu rsa "Bursa", etc.

Some two-syllable place names with a final closed syllable also have stress on the first syllable: İ sveç "Sweden"; No rveç "Norway"; İ ran "Iran"; Irak "Iraq"; İzmir "Izmir"; Paris "Paris", etc.

2) In three-syllable and four-syllable words, the stress, as a rule, falls on the penultimate syllable: efe ndi (gr.) "sir", "sir"; kana rya (gr. ?) "canary"; tiya tro (It.) "theater"; kompo sto (It.) "compote"; tulu mba (It.) "pump"; loka nta (l "okanta ata (it.) "lemonade"; termome tre (fr.) "thermometer", etc. The same in geographical names: Avru pa "Europe"; Hola nda "Holland"; İsvi çre "Switzerland"; Alma nya "Germany"; Viya na "Vienna"; Gala ta "Galata" ( district of Istanbul); Çankı rı "Çankırı" (vilayet city in Turkey); Ameri ka "America"; Ingilte re "England"; Danıma rka "Denmark".

Separate three-syllable words, mainly geographical names, have stress on the first syllable: Mo skova "Moscow"; Ankara "Ankara"; Tü rkiye "Turkey"; Su riye "Syria"; Ru meli (andıra (It.) "flag", etc.

3) In some four-syllable, ch.arr. geographical names, the stress falls on the second (from the beginning) syllable: Ana dolu "Anatolia"; Kasta monu "Kastamonu" (A. S. Emre. TD, 100).

§ 62. Words borrowed from the above languages, with a closed final syllable, as a rule, have the stress on the last syllable: bile t (French) "ticket": istimbo t (English) "steam boat"; avuka t (French) "lawyer"; iskambi l (gr.) "cards" (games); iskarpi n (it.) "shoes", etc.

Exceptions to this rule fall mainly on the place names Berlin, Samsun, etc.

It should be especially noted that many Turkish nouns that have become the name of a geographical point shift their stress to the first syllable: Kartal, but: karta l "eagle"; Si rkeci "Sirkeci" (Istanbul district), but: sirkeci "vinegar seller"; Çe kmece "Chekmece" (a point in the vicinity of Istanbul), but; çekmece "drawer" (of a table, etc.); To kat "Tokat" (city), but toka t "slap in the face".

§ 63. An explanation of the presence of stresses on various syllables in borrowed words is to be sought in the nature of the stress of the language from which the word is derived or in the nature of the intermediary language through which the given word is borrowed; so, the stress on the first syllable in the words: Tü rkiye, Su riye, I ran, I rak, Ce zayir "Algeria" and some. others should apparently be explained by the influence of Arabic accentuation.

Stress unusual for the words of the Turkish root is found even in such words as terms of kinship, which should also presumably be explained by the assimilation of these words with Arabic stress: a mca "uncle (by father)"; ha la "aunt (paternal)"; te yze "aunt (by mother)", but: dayı "uncle (by mother)", as a proper Turkish word, has an accent on the last syllable.

Arabic borrowings with an accent not on the last syllable are associated with certain parts of speech: mainly these are adverbs and particles; these parts of speech and of proper Turkish origin often do not have the stress on the last syllable.

Arabic adverbs in -an, -en retain, as a rule, in Turkish their accent ceva ben "in response" (cevap "answer"); iktısa den "economically" (iktısat "savings"); mufa ssalan "detailed" (muffasal "detailed"); ma ddeten "materially" (madde "matter") adverbs formed from nouns in -at, -et (singular) have an accent on the syllable preceding the suffix -at, -et: hakika ten "in reality" ( hakikat "reality").

The following Arabic and Persian borrowings also belong to the number of words with stress on the first syllable: a caba (a.) "really"; bâ zı (a.) "other", "some"; ha yır (a.) "no"; but: hayı r (a.) "good", etc.
he men (p.) "immediately"; he nüz (p.) "just now"; me ğer (p.) "only"; ba ri (p.) "at least", etc.

§ 64. When unstressed affixes (enclitics) are combined with words that are not stressed on the last syllable, the stress is mixed on the syllable preceding the unstressed affix: posta mı? "Is it mail?" (po sta "mail"); soba da "and stove" (so ba "stove").

If an unstressed affix is ​​followed by an enclitic, then the stress moves to the end of the word on the syllable preceding the enclitic: Sen daha küçü ksün "You are still small"; compare:. . . timarı ben yapacağım, derdim - Yapamazsın. — Nicin? — Daha küçüksü n de ondan. ... "I'll take care of my departure," I said. "You can't do [this]. Why?"

When combined with stressed affixes with words that are not stressed on the last syllable, the rest are pronounced clearly, without reduction - Ru syada "In Russia"; A nkaradan "from Ankara"; Ana doluya "to Anatolia"; so balı bir oda "a room with an oven"; ba nkacı "bank clerk".

§ 65. Donation not on the last syllable in Turkish words is connected:

1. Adjacent conditions, the situation of speech, for example, when exclaiming, addressing, when expressing an appeal, command, order, irony, surprise, etc .; in this case, the stress shifts to the first syllable: do stum! "buddy!"; ya vrularim! "kids!"; cf.: kı zla r mektebe gidi yorlar "girls go to school"; kı zlar, mektebe mi gidiyo rsunuz? "Girls, are you going to school?" 2l. plural imperative inflect. characterized by the fact that the stress (as in all "vocative" forms") falls on the stem of the verb: ya zın!, ya zınız! "write!"; in short form (yazın) there is a well-known optionality of the place of stress: ya zın - yazı n. Interjections expressing an impulse to action, etc., have the stress on the first syllable: ha ydi "come on!" (but: haydi n); ha ni! "come on!"; he le! "Here you go!"; a ferin! "Bravo!" and etc.

2. With the morphological form of the word, that is, it depends on the non-stress of affixes, which include, for example:

1) Personal affixes I (§ 451) and short forms of past. temp. (§478), past-subjective temp. (§ 467), conditional tax. and conditional modality (§§ 494, 510): dokto rum "I am a doctor" (doktoru m "my doctor"); işçi ydi "he was a worker"; işçi ymiş "he is said to be a worker"; in the forms of past, - cat. temp. and past-subjective temp. indicative inflect. affix stress: yazdı "wrote", but ya zdı "[it] was summer"; yazmı ş "he, they say, wrote", but: yzmış "[it] was, they say, summer"; docto rsa "if he is a doctor", but: yazsa "if he (on) wrote." yaza rsa, yaza ydı, yazmı ştı.

2) Particles: a) question: mı\mi\mu\mü: hasta mı? ‘sick?’, but: yaralı mı sın? ‘are you hurt?’; gelece k mi? ‘will he come?’, but: gelecek mi siniz? ‘will you come? "; b) da de; ta te: çocukla r da geldiler ‘and the children came."

3) Aff. verb negation -ma -me: yazma k "to write", ya zmamak "not to write"; gelme k "to come", ge lmemek "not to come"; aff. -a ma- e me, forming the form of impossibility, has the stress on the first syllable: yaza mamak ‘not being able to write'; gele memek 'not being able to come'.

4) Aff. -ce-ce-ça-çe (in the formation of adverbs): ru sça "in Russian"; ada mca ‘in a human way’; yazdı kça "as he wrote"; yazı nca "when he wrote"; cf.: güzelce "quite handsome"; çokça "quite a lot"; çekmece "drawer" (of a table, etc.); cf. also: do ğruca, ba şlıca;

5) Aff. gerunds -madan-meden; -maksızın-meksizin; -ken: ya zmadan, ya zmaksızın, yaza rken.

6) Short forms (affixes) of postpositions ile(-la,-le) and için (-çin): seni nle ‘with you’; seni nçin ‘for you’; compare: böyle, şöyle, öyle.

7) Conjunction ki: yazıyor ‘writes‘, yazıyo r ki ‘writes that..‘; cf.: çü nkü "since"; sanki "as if"; be lki "maybe".

8) Aff. -ın...; -casina|-cesine; -leyin, forming adverbs: ya zın "in summer"; öğleyin "at noon"; deli cesine "like a madman".

Full scan in pdf (63 mega) is downloaded from Ilya Frank's website.

Every day in the press, in the information of television and radio, we meet with many of our own names. Surnames of statesmen, political figures of the countries of the world, names of cities, means mass media, objects of culture, names of firms, corporations, concerns - how to navigate in this sea of ​​not always familiar proper names? They somehow enter into our speech, live in it. The culture of a person's speech obviously suffers if he does not know how to pronounce this or that name, surname. First of all, this applies to persons speaking in public: announcers, presenters, observers, television and radio correspondents. Our Dictionary of Proper Names of the Russian Language will help to cope with this task. stress. Pronunciation. word change".

This is a unique dictionary. In it, proper names, in addition to information about stress, are provided with notes about pronunciation and inflection. This is its difference from many encyclopedias, general and private (literary, theatrical, musical, film dictionary, etc.), in which this information is not provided. The dictionary provides in a concentrated form a wide range of material, including personal names, surnames (about 16 thousand), geographical names of various types (more than 21 thousand) and other categories of proper names (more than 1 thousand) according to the principle of difficulty in placing stress, in pronunciation and declination. In total, it contains more than 38 thousand proper names.

The dictionary is a standard edition. Its main task is to consolidate the literary norm in the field of stress, pronunciation and inflection of proper names and to help eliminate inconsistency in speech. Therefore, of the coexisting in modern Russian literary language accent, pronunciation and grammatical options are given only one, which is traditionally used in the field of mass media or is the most common in today's language practice. The criterion for selecting material is the difficulty in stressing, pronunciation and inflection of proper names - the most significant, commonly used, corresponding to the requirements of today.

The discrepancy in television and radio speech, which is now observed on television and radio, causes dissatisfaction with viewers and listeners. In addition, it complicates the work of teachers in schools, who sometimes do not know which norms to focus on. This is evidenced by their numerous letters.

Previously, the standard of literary pronunciation and stress was the speech of television and radio announcers. The whole country knew them: on television - I. Kirillov, N. Kondratova, V. Leontieva, A. Shilova, V. Balashov, A. Shatilova, A. Likhitchenko, V. Shebeko, E. Suslov, G. Zimenkova, S. Zhiltsova, A. Vovk, S. Morgunova, D. Grigorieva and many others. others; on the radio - Y. Levitan, O. Vysotskaya, E. Tobiash, V. Solovyova, E. Goldina, E. Otyasova, V. Gertsik, N. Dubravin, T. Vdovina, N. Tolstova, A. Zadachin, M. Ivanova , Vl. Balashov and many others. etc. Now their place has been taken by journalists, presenters, correspondents. But their language leaves a lot to be desired.

"Dictionary of proper names of the Russian language" is intended to contribute to the stabilization literary norms and elimination of inconsistency in stress, pronunciation, declension of proper names. Pronunciation, accentological and grammatical recommendations of the Dictionary are correlated with the latest data theoretical works on accentology, orthoepy and grammar.

The sources of the Dictionary are materials related to the practice of television, radio and the press, data from reference and information services of television and radio, numerous reference books, universal and industry encyclopedias, general and special philological dictionaries, information bulletins (see bibliography), as well as materials of the author's file cabinets.

The dictionary is addressed to the widest readership. First of all, these are people professionally associated with public speaking: television and radio workers (presenters, columnists, journalists), as well as other media (newspapers, magazines, agencies), actors, lecturers, teachers, students, lawyers, judges , politicians, preachers. The dictionary is also of interest to all those who care about the literacy of their speech.

The author is grateful to Doctors of Philology A. V. Superanskaya and L. P. Kalakutskaya, Candidates of Philology I. P. Litvin and G. I. Donidze, who different years on different stages work on the dictionary with their advice and consultations helped to improve the quality of the book. She is grateful to T. A. Lazutova, T. I. Retukova, and G. P. Romanchenko, members of the reference and information service of the TV Center, for their painstaking and efficient work, which helped the author in creating the Dictionary.

History and content of the Dictionary

The prehistory of the Dictionary is as follows. Especially for the speakers, a Stress Dictionary was created, which included common nouns and proper names. The first two editions were issued by the Radio Committee back in the 50s. last century for internal use as a manuscript. From 1960 to 2000 eight editions of the Dictionary were published in state publishing houses (authors F. L. Ageenko and M. V. Zarva): 1st edition of the Dictionary (1960) (scientific editor - Professor K. I. Bylinsky) - in the State Publishing House of Foreign and National Dictionaries, subsequent editions (from the 2nd to the 6th) were edited by Professor D. E. Rosenthal. From the 2nd to the 4th edition (1967, 1970, 1971), the dictionary was published by the Soviet Encyclopedia publishing house, from the 5th to the 7th (1984, 1985, 1993) - by the Russian Language publishing house, 8- e edition (2000) - in IRIS PRESS. The first six editions of the dictionary were called "Dictionary of Stress for Radio and Television Workers", the 7th and 8th were published under the name "Dictionary of Stresses of the Russian Language". The dictionary was improved, its lexical composition was enriched, recommendations were taken into account latest works in the field of accentology and orthoepy. From the 1st to the 4th edition, common nouns and proper names were given in the general alphabet; in the 5th edition, two sections "Common nouns" and "Proper names" appeared. In 2001, two sections that are part of the dictionary were published as separate books by the publishing house "NC ENAS" under the titles: "Proper names in the Russian language. Stress Dictionary (author F. L. Ageenko) and Russian Word Stress. Dictionary” (author M. V. Zarva). The book “Proper names in Russian. Dictionary of Accents” was the first attempt to create a dictionary of proper names.

In recent years, active use has been involved a large number of new proper names, the placement of stress in which caused difficulties. Therefore, there was a need to republish the Dictionary in a more expanded and updated composition.

And here before you, dear reader, is a new edition of the Dictionary of Proper Names of the Russian Language. stress. Pronunciation. word change".

Dictionary contains:

1. geographical names (domestic and foreign);
2. names of state public organizations, parties, movements, as well as scientific and educational institutions;
3. names of state and public figures, politicians, scientists and cultural figures (scientists, inventors, astronauts, writers, artists, composers, actors);
4. names of mass media (media) (newspapers, magazines, news agencies, television and radio companies);
5. titles industrial enterprises, trading firms, corporations, concerns, banks;
6. names of cultural objects (theaters, libraries, museums, concert halls, art galleries, film studios, archaeological and architectural monuments);
7. names of works of art fiction, painting, operas, ballets, operettas, films), as well as the names of the characters in these works;
8. names associated with religion (names of holidays, names of major religious figures, names of cult books);
9. sports-related names (sports clubs, names of famous athletes);
10. names of famous pop singers and musicians;
11. biblical and mythological characters.

In this edition, the vocabulary has been significantly replenished, more than three thousand new dictionary entries have been included. At the same time, proper names that have fallen into disuse or have ceased to exist are excluded from the Dictionary.

The Dictionary contains all the renaming of geographical objects of recent years, both in our country and abroad, using data from the information bulletin "Changes in the geographical names of the CIS countries" ( federal Service Geodesy and Cartography of Russia, 1997) and Appendices No. 1, No. 2 and No. 3 to the indicated edition.

The book contains significant innovations:

1. for the first time, explanations are given for all geographical names, a generic word such as city, village, river, mountain, etc. is indicated, as well as the location of the toponym;
2. the number of explanations to the names of heads of state, major political and public figures has significantly increased, indicating in some cases chronological information;
3. the problem of vocabulary normativity was developed in more detail using a system of links and font selections;
4. the names of streets, lanes, avenues, squares of Moscow and some capitals of foreign countries have been introduced, causing difficulty in stress, pronunciation and declension;
5. for the first time, grammatical information is given to all vocabulary units.

Dictionary Structure

Material supply

1. Proper names are listed in the Dictionary in alphabetical order. Heading words are in bold.

2. To quickly search for the desired name of the person, the surnames are typed in capital letters.

3. If a dictionary entry (geographical name, name of a press agency, personal name and surname) consists of several words, then the alphabet of subsequent words is also taken into account, for example:

Velikie Dederkaly - Velikie KoroVinci - Veliki Krynk;

CARPINSK Alexandr - CARPINSK VyacheslaV;

"Journale de GenetV"[de, ne], non-cl., and. (gas., Switzerland) - "Journale du dimansh", non-cl., and. (gaz., France).

4. All non-single words are stressed: CYPRUSNSKY Orest. Emphasis is also placed on monosyllabic significant words in the compound names of foreign press organs, news agencies etc. for the correct pronunciation of transliterations:

"New York taymes", non-cl., and. (gaz., USA);

new zeeLand Press Associateation[le, re], non-cl., Wed. (a-vo, New Zealand).

Non-monosyllabic service words, in turn, may not carry stress, for example, in the Italian names of press organs "della", "dello":

"Corrierre della sera"[re, de, se], neskl., m. (Vestn., Italy);

"Gadzetta dello sport"[ze, de], neskl., and. (gaz., Italy).

In words that have a side (secondary) stress, it is also put:

BarrakabermeHa, -i (mountains, Colombia);

VerhnedneproSun, -а (gor., Ukraine);

BENKATARAMAN Ramaswami, Venkatara mana Ramaswami (Indian statesman).

In compound names, two main stresses are usually indicated:

CalaCh-on-Don(city, Volgograd region, RF);

Novograd-Oxennsky(gor., Ukraine).

If both components are monosyllabic, then the first part is collaterally stressed, and the second is the main one, for example:

Fert-of-fort, F erth of Fort (Hall, UK).

Do not put an accent mark over the letter yo: Goethe, Gothenburg, DENYOV, Cologne, KONYONKOV, NEYOLOV(this letter indicates not only the pronunciation, but also the place of stress). In compound words, if there is a main stress, then the letter yo can indicate collateral stress: DÖBEREYNER Yogann Volfgang[re, ne], but if the letter yo occurs in the word two or three times, then the stress is also placed over the letter yo: BörölöX(r., Yakutia).

5. The names of information and telegraph agencies, television and radio companies are given in the Dictionary twice: in expanded form and in the form of abbreviations. For each abbreviation, information about its pronunciation is given in square brackets, including stress, and also a grammatical label indicating the gender. If there is a transliteration in the dictionary entry, it is separated from the abbreviation by a dash and is provided with a pronunciation mark, if necessary. Further, in parentheses, the decoding of the name is given. For example:

AP[a-pe], non-cl.,Wed. - Associate ed Pre ss [te, re] (a-vo, USA),

Associateed Press - AP[te, re; a-pe], non-cl.,Wed. (a-vo, USA);

BBC, non-cl., and. - British Broadcasting Corporetion [re] (British Broadcasting Corporation),

Breetish broDcasting Corporeation - BBC[re], non-cl., and. (British Broadcasting Corporation).

The names of agencies and radio and television companies are given without quotation marks.

6. With abbreviations of political, public and sports organizations, information is usually given in one dictionary entry:

ICAO[ika o], uncl., w.- International Civil Aviation Organization;

FAPSI[fapsy], neskl., cf.- Federal Agency for Government Communications and Information;

FIDE[fide], uncl., w.- International Chess Federation.

7. Explanations are given for all geographical names. The following information is given in parentheses: a term indicating the type of object - mountains. (city), hall. (bay), cape, lake. (lake), island (island), r. (river), Mt. (ridge), etc., and the location of the object. With domestic geographical names, the name of the republic, region, autonomous region, autonomous district is given and their state affiliation is indicated, for example:

Zadonsk, -a (mountain, Lipetsk region, RF); Calachinsk, -a (gor., Omsk region, RF).

With foreign toponyms, the term is also given and the location of the object is indicated:

Ploermeeh, -i (mountain, France); Yesllas, -а (horizontal, USA).

7.1. When naming a state, its name is given in parentheses. official name, after the term in other parentheses is the name of the continent:

Gabon, -a (Gabon Republic) (state in Central Africa);

Guatemala, -s [te] (Republic of Guatema la) (state in Central America).

7.2. With the word capital, the name of the state is given in the form genus. pad. in brackets:

GaboroNot[ne], neskl. (capital of Botswana); KaiR, -a (capital of Egypt).

7.3. When submitting subject names Russian Federation the traditional Russian name is given in the first place, and the official name adopted in the Constitution of the Russian Federation is indicated in brackets, for example:

Kalmycue, -i (Republic of Kalmykia) (Russian Federation);

Yakutiya, -i (Republic of Sakha) (Russian Federation).

In everyday practice, i.e. when reading ordinary information and other programs, it is recommended to use traditional options: Kalmycue, Yakutiya. If we are talking about diplomatic documents (agreements, treaties, etc.), then it is recommended to use the official name: Republicanthe glare of Kalmacue, Republicanglare Sakha; also with the names of neighboring countries, for example:

BeloruRussia, -i (Belarus) (Republic of Belarus);

Moldawiya, -i (Republic of Moldova).

In everyday life, preference is given to options: BeloruRussia, Moldawiya, in official speech - options: Republicanglare Belaracamping, Republicanglare Moldowa.

7.4. If the name refers to several objects, the terms denoting these objects are separated from the place name of the object by a dash:

Halveston, -а (hall, mountains - USA); HeraT, -a (mountain, prov. - Afghanistan).

In cases where objects of the same name are located in different states, the corresponding term is separated with a dash, and a semicolon is placed between the names of the states, for example:

HaI, -i (gor. - India; Niger); Garonna, -s (r. - Spain; France).

If there are several terms and, accordingly, places of objects, they are separated from each other by a semicolon:

deepkaya, -oy (settlement, Sverdlovsk, region, RF; r., Rostovsk region, RF).

7.5. If an object (river, lake, mountain range, etc.) is located on the territory of two or more states and has different names, respectively, each of them is given in a separate dictionary entry, while its names are given in neighboring countries:

Guerirad, -a (p. - Afghanistan; Iran); on the territory. Turkmenistan - Teje n;

tejen, -a (r., Turkmenistan); on the territory. Afghanistan; Iran - Guerira d;

Eforehead, -s (b., Germany); on the territory. Czech Republic; Slovakia - La ba;

laba, -s (r. - Czech Republic; Slovakia); on the territory. Germany - Elba.

7.6. An explanation is also given for unofficial names:

Gebriislands(unofficial Hebrides, -and d) (architect in the Atlantic. c.),

Hebrides, cm. Gebriislands.

8. In some cases, chronological information is given in explanations of surnames. This applies to heads of state, major political and public figures, representatives of famous dynasties, family groups, etc., for example:

IURKEL Angela, Angela Merkel (Chancellor of Germany since 2005);

PERES DE CUELYAR JavierR, Perez de Cue llar Javier ra [re, de] (UN Secretary General in 1982-1991);

VALUA, neskl. (Dynasty of French kings in 1328-1589).

When submitting borrowed surnames belonging to the same family, the dictionary entry is given in the following form:

GRIMM, -A; Grimmy, -ov; Icob And Wilgelm;

brothers Grimm (German philologists);

LUMIERR, -A; Lumiere, -ov;

Louisjean And Ogust; brothers Lumier (French inventors).

There are fluctuations in the use of borrowed surnames in combination with the word brothers. As practice shows, the use of singular, for example: brothers GRIMM, brothers LUMIER P1.

When difficulties arise when submitting the names of family groups, in particular, when declension, the material is presented in the form of separate articles:

FDNDA Genri, Funds Henry (American actor);

FDNDA Jane, Fondy Jane (American actress; daughter of G. Fonda);

FDNDA Piter, F undy Peter [te] (American actor; son of G. Fonda).

9. Normative and non-normative pronunciation options associated with the spelling of toponyms and anthroponyms are indicated by using a system of links and font selections. Recommended options are in bold, non-recommended options are in light.

9.1. When submitting pronunciation variants of toponyms, the dictionary entry is given in the following form:

Ahyung, -a (A Aachen) (gor., Germany),

Aachen cm. Ahyung;

Are(A are) [re], neskl. (b., Switzerland),

And are cm. Are;

haeju(Haeju), neskl. (mountain, North Korea),

haeju, cm. haeju.

The preferred options are: Ahyung,Are And haeju printed in bold type.

9.2. When submitting pronunciation variants of anthroponyms, after the recommended variant printed in bold type, another variant (outdated or less commonly used) typed in light type is given in parentheses. Then the name is given, then the form genus is indicated in full. case - last name and first name and pronunciation marks (if necessary). The non-recommended variant is also given in a separate dictionary entry in its alphabetical place, printed in light type, with a reference cm. to the normative version in bold type:

GAZENKLEVER(Hazenkle ver) Waalter, Gazenkle faith (Hazenkle faith) Walter [ze, ze, te] (German poet and playwright),

HA ZENKLE VER Walter, cm. Hazenklever(Hazenkle ver) Waalter.

9.3. In cases different from the previous ones, there is such a presentation of surnames:

GART(Hart) Freynsis bret, Ga rta (Ha rta) Francis Breta (Bre t-Ga rt) (Amer. writer),

Bre t-ga rt, cm. Garth(Hart) Freynsis bret.

9.4. For the first time, the names of streets, lanes, avenues, squares of Moscow and some capitals of foreign countries have been introduced into the Dictionary, causing difficulty in stress, pronunciation and declension, for example:

grayvoronovskaya st.(in Moscow);

Gas pipelined, st.(in Moscow);

Golikovskiy per.(in Moscow);

Derbenevskaya st.(in Moscow);

Tiananmeny, neskl., and. (area in Beijing).

9.5. For the first time, the Dictionary provides grammatical information for all vocabulary items, i.e. solving the word problem different types proper names (see section "").

System of notes and explanations

Many words are given various kinds of explanations and marks, directly or indirectly related to the purpose of the Dictionary.

1. In parentheses are:

1.1) Explanations for surnames with the same spelling but different stress:

KAPICA Mihail, Kapiza Mihai La (Russian historian, diplomat);

KAPICA Sergeth, Sergey Kapitsy (Russian physicist);

1.2) pronunciations associated with writing:

Haid-park(Ha id-pa rk), Ga id-pa rka (Ha id-pa rk) (in London);

GAUV(ha uh) Wilgelm, Ga ufa (Kha ufa) Wilge lma (German writer);

1.3) adjectives formed from geographical names and having a different accent from them:

Barbados, -A ( adj. - Barbadian);

Hambiya, -And ( adj. - Gambian);

1.4) other names of the same geographical objects:

Bely nile(Ba hr-el-A byad);

1.5) former place names:

Yekaterinburg, -a (in 1924-1991 Sverdlo vsk) (city, Sverdlovsk region, RF);

Sverdlo vsk, cm. Yekaterinburg;

1.6) explanations for the names of press organs (indicating the type of publication and the name of the state where it is published), news agencies, works of art, etc.:

"Finensl times", neskl., and. (gaz., Great Britain);

Associateed Press - AP[te, re; a-pe], neskl., Wed. (a-vo, USA);

"Ivengo"[ve], neskl., m. (novel by W. Scott);

1.7) explanations for indeclinable borrowed female surnames and given names indicating the profession and litter f. (female) if it is not clear in the description, for example:

SHELiusid, neskl. (American astronaut, woman);

CASERM Denmarkeh[de, ie], neskl. (French actress);

1.8) explanations for ancient Greek and ancient Roman names:

AsklePius, -I ( other Greek myth.); other rome. Aescula p;

AesculaP, -A ( other Roman myth.); other Greek. Asclepius;

1.9) explanations when submitting the names of some domestic and foreign figures of science and culture:

GAMALEI am Nikolath, Gamale and Nikola I (Russian microbiologist and epidemiologist);

NOTRO FraNCO[ne], neskl. (Italian actor);

1.10) explanations when submitting pseudonyms of famous figures of literature and art:

GREEN Alexandr, Gris on Alexa ndra; present fam. Grinevsky (Russian writer);

GREENEVS Alexandr (pseudo. - A. Green);

GORKYI Maxim, Maxim Gorky; present Name And fam. Alexey Maksimovich Peshkov (Russian writer);

PESHKOV Alexey 2 , Alexey Peshkova ( pseudo. - Maksim Gorky).

With surnames domestic writers and poets the word Rus is given. (Russian), since the determinant is the Russian language in which they wrote or write.

2. In square brackets are given:

2.1) marks indicating the normative pronunciation:

BAUDUEN DE COURTAINS, baudueon de Courtenay[de, tene] (Russian and Polish linguist);

BONN Charles, Bonnet Charles [ne] (Switzerland naturalist);

Byrt-au-prens, Port-au-Prince nsa [re] (the capital of Haiti);

2.2) labels warning against incorrect pronunciation, for example:

AVIJUS Yous, Avi jusa Yo nasa [ Not zhu; ё] (Lithuanian writer);

JUREYITIS Algis, Zhura Itis Algis [ Not zhu] (conductor);

Qiurich, -A [ Not zu] (mountains, Switzerland);

JUPPEalen, Juppe Ale on [ne; Not zhu] (French statesman);

2.3) marks fixing the syllable section in words with side stress: for example, Folxuni[s/u], neskl. (party, Belgium).

3. In quotation marks are the names of the press, literary works, operas, ballets, as well as publishing companies, industrial enterprises, concerns, musical ensembles, sports clubs:

"Frankfurter algemeine[te, ne], neskl., and. (gaz., Germany);

"Banyuta", “Ba nuta” (opera by A. Kalnins);

"Glazgo Reingers[re], neskl., m. (football club, Scotland).

4. Without quotes, the names of news and telegraph agencies are given:

APA[a-pe-a], neskl., Wed. - A ustria Pre sse-A gentur [re, se] (a-vo, Austria).

5. Litter neskl. means that the proper name does not change in cases:

Thatkio, neskl.; SCARLATTI, neskl.; Orly, neskl. (airport in Paris).

6. Notes printed in italics b. - former, neskl. - indeclinable (word), m. - male (genus), and. - feminine (genus), woman, local. - local, Wed. - neuter gender); official. - official, adj. - adjective, unfold. - colloquial cm. - Look; terr. - territorial, Tibet. - Tibetan, actual. - actually; some explanations are also given for proper names of persons and geographical names.

Special terms found in the Dictionary

anthroponym- a person's own name: personal name, patronymic, surname, nickname, pseudonym.

Toponym(geographical name) - the name of any geographical feature: ocean, mainland, country, city, river, town, etc.

microtoponym- own name of a small physical-geographical object: the name of a grove, spring, tract, street, district, etc.

1 Cm. Rosenthal D. E.

2 The bearer of the surname himself pronounced it with an accent at the end (PESHKO B), but in the Dictionary, in accordance with tradition, the variant PESHKOV is given.

Stress and pronunciation

1. Emphasis in geographical names

The Dictionary includes proper names that cause difficulties in determining the place of stress.

1.1. When choosing stress options for domestic geographical names, attention is paid to local stress. The departments of the announcers of the All-Union Radio and Central Television periodically sent inquiries to the local committees on television and radio broadcasting, to the permanent missions of the republics, to special correspondents of television and radio in different cities about the stress in certain geographical names. Their answers were taken into account in the preparation of this edition of the Dictionary. The recommendations of special dictionaries of geographical names were also used, cm. , Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary. But in the approach to the stress norm of domestic and borrowed toponyms, the existence of two opposite tendencies is taken into account: 1) the desire to get closer to the local pronunciation and 2) the desire to preserve the traditional stress characteristic of the Russian language. Unconditional adherence to one or another trend is wrong; an approach is required specifically for each case. If the accent in the local name differs from the generally accepted one in the Russian literary language, does not correspond to the accent system of the Russian language, then the traditional variant characteristic of the literary language is accepted.

One of important factors, which plays a decisive role when choosing an accent option, is the reliance on the tradition of the Russian language. For example, options have come into wide use: Obskaya Bay (Tyumen region), Tiksi (bay and township - Yakutia), Murmansk (Murmansk region), Kandala ksha (mountains, Murmansk region), Cherepovets (city, Vologda region), etc. Official sources cite these traditional options. But the local accents are different: Obska I Guba, Tiksi, Murmansk, Kandalaksha, Chere povets.

In other cases, dictionaries give different recommendations about the stress in certain names, for example, the name of a city in Karelia: Kondopoga and Kondopoga ( adj. - kondopozhsky and kondopozhsky). This name, which is difficult to pronounce in Russian, is presented in the Dictionary as follows: Ko ndopo ha, -And ( adj. - kondopozhskiy).

Dictionaries give different indications about the stress in the names of the capital of Kalmykia - Elista and the cities - Kirishi (Leningrad region) and Neryungri (in Yakutia). Based on letters from local television and radio broadcasting committees, they should be pronounced: Elista, Kirishi, Ne rungri ( adj. - Neryungri). This Dictionary lists these options. They have become widespread in the practice of speech and have become familiar to the Russian language.

IN Lately on television and radio, the names of the city and the tract near Smolensk are pronounced differently: Katyn, Katyn forest and Katyn, Katyn forest. In response to our request, the Smolensk television and radio company reported: “The name Katyn (place, village, later station) came from ancient name the Katynka River and the nearby Katyn burial mounds - the Katyn site, one of the oldest in Europe ... ". But now the most common options are: Katyn, Katyn forest.

There is a discrepancy in the declension of the name of the city of Osh in Kyrgyzstan. The Dictionary gives: Osh oh sha, in oh sha ( local in Osh) cm. A. A. Zaliznyak. Grammar Dictionary of the Russian Language: Inflection. - M., 2008, p. 780.

1.2. Geographical names of foreign countries are borrowed from the literary, official, state language countries where the named objects are located. Therefore, in this case, there is no discrepancy between local and literary pronunciation. But when borrowing foreign toponyms, as a rule, the traditional approach is used in setting the stress. This leads in some cases to discrepancies with the accent of the original.

There are a number of traditional geographical names, well mastered by the Russian language, the stress in which does not correspond to the stress of the source language. For example, in the literary language it is customary to pronounce: Amsterda m ( niderl. - A msterdam), Ankara ( tour.- A nkara), Belgrade d ( Serbian-Croatian. - Be fences), Washington n ( English. -Woshington), Manche erased ( English. - Manchester), Island ( Czech. - O Strava), Pana ma ( Spanish. - Panama), Hiroshi ma ( jap. - Hiro Shima), Florida Yes ( English. - Florida). It is these traditional variants that are given in this Dictionary: Amsterdam, Ankara, Belgrade, Washington, Manchester, Ostrava, Panama, Hiroshima, Florida.

But sometimes in the speech of individual commentators and journalists there are fluctuations in the choice of stress for some names. They say Florida, Washington, Panama, but this pronunciation does not correspond to the established tradition. The Dictionary also takes into account some extralinguistic factors: the strengthening of political and economic ties with foreign countries, active possession foreign languages, the unifying role of television and radio, etc. As practice shows, in recent decades there has been a tendency to bring the stress closer to foreign languages proper names to source languages.

Special mention should be made of the accent in the name of the state in South America- Peru. For many years, the traditional version of Peru was used, it was recorded in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, 2nd ed., M., 1955, but in the 3rd ed., M., 1975, a version of Peru is already given. Previously, this name was rarely used, contacts with the country were insignificant. But in connection with the expansion of economic and political ties between our states, the variant Peru, close to the source language, has become widespread in the practice of speech. It is given in all dictionaries of recent years. This Dictionary also accepts this option: Peru.

The confrontation between the two options is noted in the use of the name of the state in South Asia - Sri Lanka ( b. Ceylon). In the Dictionary, it is given with an emphasis on the last syllable - Sri Lanka, in accordance with the recommendation of the leadership of the Main Editorial Office of Radio Broadcasting to the Countries of Asia, the Near and Middle East ("Voice of Russia"). Numerous entries statesmen Sri Lanka, available to the editors, confirm the correctness of this recommendation. Dictionaries recommend Sri Lanka with a final accent - Sri Lanka, and in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary Sri Lanka is given with two accents: Sri La nka.

Thus, when choosing stress options for foreign geographical names, in some cases, extralinguistic factors are taken into account, the degree of use of certain options in speech practice. Sometimes traditional options become obsolete, and options that are close to the original get citizenship rights, for example: Caracas (the capital of Venezuela), Boston (city, USA), Oxford (city, UK). All the above dictionaries, as well as this Dictionary, prefer these options. The following variants have become widespread in television and radio speech: Qatar (state in South-West Asia), Cordoba (mountain, Spain), Melbourne (mountain, Australia), Rostock (mountain, Germany ), Si days (mountains, Australia).

in dictionaries ( cm. bibliography), various recommendations are given:

Katar -; Kata r - ( official. Katar);
Kordova -; Ko rdo va -;
Melbourne - ; Melbu pH -;
Si days -; Si day th -;
Ro stock - ; Ros one hundred k - .

In this Dictionary - "Dictionary of proper names of the Russian language" are given: Qatar, Kordova, Melbourne, Si days, Rostock.

In other cases, the traditional variants are used, which are given in the Dictionary: Iowa (state, USA), Potsda m (mountains, Germany), Buchenva ice (German-fascist concentration camp), Balato n (lake, Hungary), Reykja vik (the capital of Iceland), although in the source languages ​​they are pronounced differently: A yova, Po tsdam, Bu henvald, Balaton, Reykjavik.

2. Emphasis in the names of streets, lanes, passages, squares in Moscow

The microtoponymic names of the capital are part of its culture, its history. Correct pronunciation metropolitan toponyms is of particular importance.

Professional television and radio workers (presenters, commentators, observers, correspondents, journalists) often have difficulty pronouncing the names of squares, streets, lanes in Moscow.

In order to establish greater uniformity in the pronunciation of this category of vocabulary and, if possible, minimize inconsistency in this area, the State Television and Radio Broadcasting Company published a dictionary-reference book by F.L. Rosenthal. This manual was the first experience in the study of the orthoepy of the microtoponymy of Moscow2, the only reference book at that time that provided information on the stress, pronunciation and inflection of the names of Moscow streets, squares, lanes. A small certificate about the origin of the names of the streets of Moscow was also attached.

The list of Moscow street names included in this publication has been significantly expanded. It also includes microtoponyms of some capitals of foreign countries, for example: Shte fan-platz [te], neskl. (main square of Vienna), etc.

They are divided into several types of names associated with: 1) with Russian surnames, 2) with foreign-language surnames, 3) with geographical names, 4) with the names of churches, 5) with professional activity of people.

1. In practice, speech can be heard: Dezhnev Ave. and Dezhnev Ave., st. Vasily Botyleva and st. Vasily Botyleva, st. Bory sa Zhigulenkova and st. Bori sa Zhigule nkova, st. Konenkov and st. Horse nkova. It is recommended to pronounce all these names in the same way as their carriers themselves pronounced their surnames, after whom the streets are named, namely: Dezhnev Ave., st. Vasily Botylev, st. Boris Zhigulenkov, st. Konenkov.

2. Along with the difficulty of choosing correct stress may have difficulty with pronunciation in words foreign origin, for example, At Lofa Palm, st. [me], A mundsen, st. [se]. In these cases, after the name, the pronunciation mark [me], [se] is given in square brackets.

3. In the names associated with geographical names, it is recommended to follow the stress characteristic of this object. Variation is noted when using the name Derbenevskaya emb. It is named after the Derbe Nevka tract, it is recommended to pronounce: Derbe Nevskaya Embankment, and not Derbenevskaya Embankment.

Sometimes they use the option Reutovskaya st. instead of Reutovskaya. It is named after the mountains near Moscow. Reutov.

There is a discrepancy in the use of names: Golikovskiy per. and Golikovsky lane, Stavropolskaya and Stavropolskaya st., Belgorodsky avenue and Belgorodsky avenue, Novgorodskaya st. and But vgorodskaya st., Kargopolskaya st. and Kargopolskaya st., Zvenigorodskaya st. and Zveni city street. There are certain regularities here. In adjectives with the suffix - ck formed from geographical names, the stress is more often placed on the same syllable as in the name from which it is formed (Tambo v - Tambo vovsky, U glich - U glichsky, Goliki (from the tract Goliki) - Golikovskiy per., but sometimes there is a shift of stress towards the end of the word: Stavropol - Stavropolskaya st., Belgorod - Belgorodsky pr., But in the city - Novgorodskaya st., Kargopol - Kargopolskaya st., Ring the city - Zvenigorodskaya st.

The name Vorotnikovsky lane fluctuates in use. Named after being here since the XV century. Vorotnikovskaya settlement, whose inhabitants - "collars" - guarded the gates of the Kremlin, Kitay-Gorod and the White City. In the adjective, formed from the word "vorotnik" (guard at the gate), the stress moves closer to the end of the word: vorotkovskiy.

4. In some cases, the names are associated with the names of churches. The names Bolshoi Nikolovorobinsky and Maly Nikolovorobinsky lanes arose in the 19th century. according to the Church of Nicholas "in Vorobin", located here since the 17th century. This is how the names should be pronounced.

Of interest is the name Bolshoi Devyatinsky Lane, associated with the name of the Church of the Nine Martyrs. The name was assigned to the lane in the 18th century. It should be pronounced: Bolshoi Devyatynsky per.

5. Some names are associated with the professional activities of people, for example: Bolshoi Gnezdnikovsky per. The modern name arose in the 18th century, given by the foundry masters who lived here. The name is recommended to be pronounced: Bolshoi Gnezdnikovskiy per.

3. Stress in surnames and personal names

The correctness of the recommendations in setting the stress in the surnames was checked by the author by referring to the bearers of the surnames - in some cases, studying the issue on the basis of documentary data and evidence of contemporaries - in others. The recommendations of encyclopedic dictionaries were also taken into account. But in a number of cases, the indications of dictionaries and encyclopedias regarding the placement of stress in certain surnames do not correspond to how the carriers themselves pronounced them. For example, the Russian poet Konstantin Balmont pronounced his last name with an accent on the last syllable (Balmont). This is evidenced by the statement of his daughter Bruni-Balmont, who participated in one of the radio programs dedicated to the poet. The poetess Marina Tsvetaeva3 also wrote about this. In this Dictionary, this surname is given with the final stress: Balmo nt. In the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary (M., 2005), it is given with an emphasis on the first syllable: Balmont.

In borrowed surnames, the stresses in some cases are set in accordance with those adopted in the source languages, for example, RE MBRANDT Harmens van Rijn [re] (dad. artist), LEE NCOLNE Abraham (16th US President), WASHINGTON George (1st President of the United States). Here, the degree of use of stress variants in television and radio speech is taken into account.

In other cases, the Dictionary gives traditional variants that are widely used in the practice of speech: SHO U George Berna rd (English writer), DALTO N (Dolton) John (English physicist and chemist), BRE HT Bertolt (German writer, director), NEWTO N Isaac (English mathematician, astronomer and physicist), IBARRU RI Dolo res (Spanish statesman), KARMEN (Spanish name). Shakespeare's surname retains the traditional stress on the last syllable. The transcription itself does not correspond to the true pronunciation of the surname (Sheikspear). Probably, the transfer of stress (Shakespeare) is associated with the influence French. The variance of the use of Shakespeare's name is noted: William and William. Recently, in the press, as well as in the reprinting of the writer's works, a variant close to the original, William, has been used. The Dictionary gives: Shakespeare Williams.

In recent years, the version of Mary I Stuart has become common in television and radio speech. This pronunciation can be heard in the speech of actors, directors in various television programs. The Dictionary cites: STU ART Gilbert, Stuart Gilbert (Amer. artist); STU ART James, Stuart James (English economist); but: STU RT Marie I, cm. Mary Stuart; Marie I Stuart, Marie and Stuart (Scottish queen in 1542-1567). The Marie Stuart variant is widespread in the practice of speech, so it is given with the traditional stress.

Variation is noted in the use of the surname of Shakespeare's hero Macbeth. In accordance with the rule of stress in English, you should pronounce Macbe t, since the Scottish prefix Mac is never stressed. This version, close to the original, is increasingly used in television and radio programs. The Dictionary gives: Macbeth (tragedy by W. Shakespeare; opera by G. Verdi; ballet by K. Molchanov); but: “Lady Ma kbet of the Mtsensk district” - a story by N. Leskov. As you can see, the traditional version is preserved in the title of the work by N. Leskov.

Accent variation is observed when using the name of the American animator Walt Disney. As practice shows, the norm is shifting towards the traditional option: Disney th. The dictionary gives: DISNEY Y Walt, Disney I Walt [ne], Disney nd, -a [ne, le] (children's park, California).

The emphasis fluctuates in the use of the name of the French artist (of Spanish origin) - PICASSO Pablo. He was a French citizen and lived most of his life in France. The French pronounce this surname with the final stress - PICASSO. This option came to Russian culture through the French language and was widely used.

But, as practice shows, in recent years, the variant of PIKA SSO, corresponding to the stress of the source language, has become widespread in the Russian language. This edition gives: PIKA MTR Pa blo.

4. Rules for placing stress in proper names borrowed from other languages

4.1. The stress in non-Russified surnames, geographical names is usually motionless, that is, when declensed, it remains in the same place: Balza k, -a, Dvo rzhak - Dvo rzhak, Limo zh - Limo zha, Myu nchen - Myu nhena.

4.2. In words borrowed from French, the stress is always at the end of the word: Zola, Stend le, Flaubert, Lyon, Bordeaux, "France Catholic" (gaz., France).

4.3. In proper names that came into Russian from English, the stress in most cases is on the first syllable: Byron, Darwin, Cardiff, but: Manchester, Liverpool.

4.4. In German words, the stress is placed on the root of the word and rarely on the suffix or ending: Baden, Egmont, Schumann, Gendel, but: Burley n.

4.5. In Swedish, Dutch, Norwegian, Icelandic and Danish, the stress is usually placed on the first syllable: U psala, Bergen, O slo, Groningen, O rhus.

4.6. In words that came into the Russian language from Finnish, Hungarian, Czech, Slovak, Estonian, Latvian, the stress is on the first syllable: Helsinki, Tallin, Sigulda, De bretsen, Baldone, “Helsingin sa nomat” (gas ., Finland), “Ne psabadshag” (gaz., Hungary), “Ze medelske but viny” (gaz., Czech Republic).

4.7. In words from the languages ​​of Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Romanian, the stress is placed mainly on the second syllable from the end of the word, much less often on the third and only in some cases on the last: Tole do, Sarago sa, Peruja, Pale rmo, Da nte Alighier ri, Mige l Servantes de Saave dra, but: Evora (mountain, Portugal), Valladoli d (mountain, Spain).

4.8. In Polish, the stress is on the penultimate syllable: Szczecin, Gdynya, Wlotsla vek, Senkiewicz, Veniawski, “Gaze ta vyborcha” (gaz., Poland).

4.9. In words that came into the Russian language from Turkish, Tatar, and also from some Caucasian languages, for example, Dagestan, Kabarda, etc., the stress is placed at the end of the word: Musa Jali l, Nazy m Hikmet, Ankara, Stambu l, " Gulsara" (opera by R. Glier), "Millie t" (gaz., Turkey).

4.10. In Japanese surnames and names, the stress, as a rule, is on the penultimate syllable: Yamaga ta, Akira Kurosa wa, but: “Sanke i simbu n” (gaz., Japan), O saka, To kyo.

4.11. In the words that came into the Russian language from Chinese, the stress is placed on the end: Shankha y, Urumqi, Peki n, Deng Xiaopi n, Sun Yat-sen, but: Qingda o, “Renmi n zhiba o” (gaz., PRC).

4.12. In Korean and Vietnamese surnames and names, the stress is placed on the end of the word: Hano y, Seoul, Pyongyang n, Ho Chi Minh, Pham Van Do ng, “Nodo n sinmu n” (gaz., DPRK).

4.13. Sometimes the same names, names and surnames are pronounced differently in different languages, for example, the names Ahmed, Hassan, Muhammad (Mohammed) Tatars, Uzbeks, Turkmens, Afghans, Iranians, Pakistanis pronounce with an emphasis on the last syllable: Ahmed d, Hasa n, Muhammad d (Mohammed d), and the Egyptians, Syrians, Sudanese, Libyans, residents of Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Iraq, Tunisia - with an emphasis on the penultimate one: Ahmed, Khasan, Mukha mmed (Mokha mmed), these differences in the place of stress in the Russian language are preserved.

4.14. In some borrowed surnames and names in Russian, the stress is traditionally placed on a different syllable than in the source languages, for example, Washington n (gor.), Balato n, Reykjavik, Shakespeare, Manchester, Hiroshima , but in English they pronounce: Washington, Manchester, Sheikspear, in Hungarian - Balaton, in Icelandic - Reykjavik, in Japanese - Hiro Sima.

5. Pronunciation

The Dictionary provides partial information about pronunciation. Some orthoepic features are noted in it: 1) the lack of softening of a number of consonants before e, 2) softening in some cases of hissing and, c And sh.

Pronunciation of consonants before e

Most borrowed proper names are pronounced with softening of the consonant before e in accordance with the norms of Russian literary pronunciation: [B"] erlio z4, [B"] etkho ven, Buda [n"] e pcs, etc. However, you can give a lot of foreign proper names in which the consonants in this position are pronounced firmly: B [RE]HT Bertolt, BRI T[TE]N Benjamin, WALLENCH[TE]IN A lb[re]ht, BRO [DE]LE A anna.

Sometimes in the speech of speakers on television and radio, an unjustified softening of consonants before e, for example: [C "] E N-SA NS Camille, GOB [S "] E K, [N "] EYGA UZ Heinrich, FO LK [N "] ER William instead of [SE] H-CA HC Kami le, GOB[SE]K, [NE]YGA UZ Henrikh, FO LK[NE]R William.

Information about the hardness of consonants before e in proper names are given in square brackets, for example, MATE YKO Yang [te].

Pronunciation agree x w, c and w

Letters and, c And sh always denote solid consonants [zh], [ts] and [w]: Zhilbe r - [Zhy] lbe r, Shelly - [She] li, Tse tkin - [Tse] tkin. However, in some borrowed proper names in a high style of speech, it is preferable to use variants with soft [w], [g] and [c], although this does not comply with the rules of Russian orthoepy. In such cases, the Dictionary gives the appropriate notes, for example: MASSNET Jules [ne; Not zhu]; RENA R Jules [re; Not zhu]; SORE LE Julier n [re; Not zhu]; JURA YTIS A lgis [ Not zhu]; SE N-JU ST Louis [se; Not zhu]; Qiurich [ Not zu].

However, the number of proper names where it is preferable to use variants with soft [w], [g] and [c] is small. In most cases, these consonants are pronounced firmly in accordance with the rules of Russian orthoepy.

1 Dictionary-reference book was published by the Main Editorial Office of Letters and Sociological Research of the USSR State Television and Radio Broadcasting Company (1st ed. - 1980; 2nd - 1983).

2 In such publications as Encyclopedia "Moscow" (1998), "Big Illustrated Encyclopedia" Moscow ". Moscow Studies from A to Z” (compiled by M. I. Vostryshev) (2007), microtoponyms of Moscow are given selectively. Most full information on specified topics was presented in the book "Names of Moscow streets". Toponymic dictionary. - M., 2007.

3 M. Tsvetaeva. "Prose" (section "Balmont and Bryusov", p. 129). - The Netherlands, 1969 (Zetchworth, Hertfordshire). A footnote is made to the name of K. Balmont: “I ask the reader, according to the carrier, to pronounce it with an accent on the end” (Balmont). In the book "Konstantin Balmont". - St. Petersburg, 1997 in the preface, the emphasis is on the names of Balmont nt.

4 Softness of consonants before e denoted by the sign ": [B"] erlio h.

declination

1. Place names

1.1. If the geographical name is not inflected, then it is marked neskl. In other cases, for each toponym, the form genus is given. pad. It is given in full:

1) with monosyllabic names: Belz, Belza; Gzhel, Gzhe;

2) in non-single-word names, which are ordinary phrases: Stary Oskol, Stary Oskol;

3) in compound words written with a hyphen: Baba -Durma s, Baba -Durma for; Ba den-Ba den, Ba den-Ba dena [de].

In other cases, the form genus. pad. given in a truncated form: Badhy s, -a; Babad g, -a; Bavle ny, -e n; Badajo s, -a.

1.2. With some toponyms, forms of other cases are also given: with geographical names on - evo, -ovo, -ino, -yno forms are given genus., creative. and suggestion. pad., since in speech practice, in the press, in television and radio programs, these names are sometimes not declined, which contradicts the traditional norm of the Russian literary language, for example: Bagerovo, -a, -om, in Bagerov (Ukraine) ; Ko sovo, -a, -om, in Kosov (Rep. Serbia); Gabrovo, -a, -om, in Gabrow (gor., Bulgaria).

1.3. East Slavic names ending in - O with a preceding consonant, do not decline: Dubno, neskl. (gor., Ukraine); Ro no, neskl. (gor., Ukraine); Gro bottom, neskl. (gor., Belarus).

1.4. In geographical names on - ev, -yov, -ov, -in genitive and instrumental forms are given: Belev, -a, -om (city, Tula region, RF); Bobro in, -a, -om (city, Voronezh region, RF); Bardejov, -a, -om (gor., Slovakia); Babi n, -a, -om (lake, Canada).

1.5. Foreign toponyms ending in a vowel - A, experience significant fluctuations in inclination:

many borrowed geographical names mastered by the Russian language are declined according to the type of noun. female kind on - A percussion, for example: Bukhara, -s; Bugulma, -s; Ankara, -s;

do not inflect toponyms French in origin with final stress: Jura, neskl. (mountains - France; Switzerland);

inflected Japanese place names ending in - A unstressed: O saka, -i; Yoko bitch, -i [yo];

do not inflect Estonian and Finnish names ending in - A, -I unstressed: Sa wonlinna, neskl. (mountains, Finland); Yu vaskyla, neskl. (mountains, Finland); Sa aremaa, neskl. (Island, Estonia);

Abkhazian and Georgian toponyms ending in unstressed - experience fluctuations in declension - A. In the Dictionary, the names are given in a declined version: Шха pa, -ы (city - on the border of Georgia and Kabardino-Balkaria, RF); Ochamchi ra, -s (gor., Rep. Abkhazia); Gudau ta, -s (gor., Rep. Abkhazia);

complex geographical names are not inclined to - A unstressed, borrowed from Spanish and other Romance languages: Bai ya Blanca, neskl. (mountains, Argentina); Bai ya-la ypa, neskl. (mountains, Argentina); Here s de la Fronte ra [re, de, te], neskl. (mountains, Spain);

decline as nouns compound Slavic names that are nouns in the presence of derivational signs of adjectives, for example: Bya la-Podlya ska, Bya la-Podlya ski (gor., Poland); Banska-Bi Strica, Banska-Bi Stritsy (gor., Slovakia); Zielona-Gura, Zielona-Gura (mountains, Poland);

both parts are inclined in names with the word river, for example: Moscow river, Moscow river, on the Moscow river, etc. But in colloquial speech there are cases of inclination of the first part of these combinations: beyond the Moscow river, on the Moscow river, etc. e. However, this use does not correspond to the standard of the literary language.

1.6. Toponyms ending in vowels - And, -s and not perceived in Russian as plural forms. numbers are given in indeclinable form, for example: Burli, neskl. (s., Kazakhstan); Karshi, neskl. (s., Turkmenistan); Ismayilli, neskl., (gor., Azerbaijan); Mary, neskl. (gor., Turkmenistan); Dzhusaly , neskl. (town, Kazakhstan).

1.7. With monosyllabic names ending in a soft consonant, the forms of genus, dates are given. and suggestion. pad., since they experience fluctuations when declining: Rus, Rus, to Rus, in Rus; Ob, Ob, to the Ob, to the Ob; Perm, Perm, to Perm, about Perm; Kerch, Kerch, to Kerch, to Kerch. In the latter case, the stress was fixed on the base.

1.8. With names ending in consonants - and, -c, -sh, the forms of the genus are indicated. and creativity. pad., as in creative. pad. under stress is written - O, and without the accent - e, for example: Fate w, -a, -em (gor., Kursk region, RF); Kirzha h, -a, -o m (city, Vladimir region, RF).

1.9. Some foreign names such as Saint-Catarins [se] are not declined, neskl., (mountain, Canada); Pe r-Lache s [pe], neskl. (cemetery in Paris); Pla ya-Hiro n (Pla ya-Hiro n), neskl. (pos., Cuba).

1.10. In an indeclinable form, some foreign-language names from the area of ​​​​urban nomenclature are given with the second part - straight, -square: Wall Street, neskl.; Washington n-square, neskl. etc.

2. Male and female surnames ending in -o, -e, -i, -u, -yu

O, -e, -And, -at, -Yu, are presented in the Dictionary in an indeclinable form, for example: SHI LO Nikolay i, Shi lo Nikolay i (Russian geologist); Craft Vasily, Craft Vasily (Russian breeder); Durnovo Ivan, Durnovo Ivan (Russian statesman); VA YKULE Laima, Vaikule Laima (Latvian pop singer); VESKY And anna, neskl. (Est. pop singer); BASILASHVI LI Ole g, Basilashvi li Ole ha (Russian actor); ILIIE SCU Io n, Ilie sku Io na (Rom. statesman); BENTO yu Pasca l, Bento yu Pasca la (rum. Composer).

3. Male and female surnames and personal names ending in -ah, -ya, -ya, -ya, -oy

Male and female surnames and personal names ending in - A, -I, -and I, -and I, -oya are usually inclined. But there are also cases of their non-declension, which is associated with the place of stress in the word and the tradition of their use in Russian:

3.1. Male and female surnames and personal names ending in - A, -I unstressed, as a rule, bow; for example: TO MA Svetlana, That we are Svetlana (Russian actress), DO GA Evgeny, Dogi Evgenia (Mold. composer).

3.2. Japanese given names and surnames ending in - A unstressed, recently in the press, in television and radio programs, in literature, they are regularly declined. The Dictionary gives: KUROSA WA Aki ra, Kurosa you Aki ry (Japanese director); HATOYA MA Ichi ro, Hatoya we Ichi ro (jap. statesman).

3.3. Georgian names and surnames of the indicated type experience fluctuations during declension, but in accordance with the norm of the Russian literary language, they should be declined, for example: OKUJA VA Bula t, Okudzha you Bula ta; HORA WA Aka cue, Hora you Aka cue; VA ZHA Pshave la, Va zhi Pshavely. But the name of the Georgian poet, ending in - A shock, Shota Rustavi is traditionally not declined in Russian.

3.4. Finnish given names and surnames ending in - A unstressed, mostly not inclined, for example: KE KKONEN Urho Kaleva, Kekkonen Urho Kaleva, PE KKALA Ma yno, neskl.

3.5. Names and surnames ending in - A with the preceding - And, do not decline, for example: GAMSAHU RDIA Konstantin n, Gamsahu rdia Konstantin na (Georgian writer).

3.6. Slavic surnames ending in - A percussion, decline: SKORODO Gregory, Skovorody Gregory (Ukrainian philosopher); POTEBNYA Alexa ndr, Potebnya Alexa ndra (Ukrainian and Russian philologist-Slavist).

3.7. French surnames and personal names ending in - A percussion, do not decline: TALMA François, neskl. (French actor); THOMA Ambrois s, Thomas Ambrois for (French composer); GAMARRA Pierre, Gamarra Pierre (French writer); DUMA Alexa NDR, Dumas Alexa Ndra (French writer).

3.8. Some African surnames on - A the shock experience fluctuations in declination: BABANGIDA Ibragi m, Babangida Ibragi ma (government figure of Nigeria); YAMARA Semoko [se], neskl. (common leader of Chad).

3.9. Women's personal names and surnames ending in - and I are inclined according to the pattern of declension of personal names such as Ra I, Ta I, Agla I. The Dictionary gives the forms genus, dates. and suggestion. pad., for example: GULA I I nna, Gula and I nna, to Gula e I nna, about Gula e I nna (Russian actress); SANA Ya Marina, Sana and Marina, to Sana e Marine, o Sana e Marine (Russian figure skater).

3.10. Male surnames ending - oya decline according to the type of declension n. “needles”, for example: PIHO I am Rudolf, Pikho and Rudolf, to Pikho e Rudolf, about Pikho e Rudolf (Russian statesman).

3.11. Georgian surnames ending in - and I, are inclined according to the model of the name Mariya (Mariya, born, dated, proposition. AndAnd), although in speech practice, on TV and radio, in the press, surnames of this type are sometimes not declined, which does not correspond to the norm of the Russian literary language. Correct: DANELIA Georgy, Daneliya Georgiy, to Daneliya Georgiy, about Daneliya Georgy [ne] (Russian film director); ALEXA NDRIIA Na na, Alexa ndria Na na, to Alex andria Na ne, about Alexandria Na ne (Georgian chess player); Chkonia Lamar, Chkonia Lamara, to Chkonia Lamar, about Chkonia Lamar (Georgian actress).

3.12. For personal names And I, Li I, Vi I, Ti I, Gi I (masculine Georgian name) are given the forms of genus, dates. and suggestion. pad. ending - ai: And I, And and, to And and, about And and. There is a second way of inflecting these names: And I, And and, to And e, about And e. The dictionary prefers the first, i.e.: And I, AND and, to AND and, about AND And.

3.13. Personal names and surnames of eastern origin such as Ali I, Alfie I, Zulfi I forms are given genus., dates. and suggestion. fall: Zulfi I, -And And; to Zulfi e Oh Zulfi e.

4. Male and female surnames and personal names ending in a consonant (including th)

4.1. Male surnames and personal names ending in a consonant (hard or soft) are inclined: DAL Vlad And world, D A la Vlad And peace; BRECHT Bert O lt, Br e hta bert O lta [re].

4.2. Male and female surnames ending in - their, -s, do not decline: RAV E NSKIKh Nikol A y, Rav e Nsky Nikolai A me (Russian director); CHEREMN S X Micha And l, Cheremn s x Micha And la (Russian artist); Cheremn s X, neskl. (female f.).

4.3. TO male names and surnames ending in hissing and - c, the forms of the genus are given. and creativity. pad. Emphasis on creativity. pad. written - O, and without the accent - e, for example: SHEET F e renz, L And hundred F e renz, L And stomy F e Rents (Hungarian composer, pianist, conductor); B A RENTZ V And llem, B A renz V And llema, B A ranz B And llem (netherl. navigator); BIL A Sh Alex A ndr, Bilash A Alex A ndra, Bilash O m alex A ndrom (Russian composer); B A LJ (B A lash) B e la, b A crap (B A lash) B e ly, B A we're screwed (B A lash) B e loy (Hungarian writer). However, there are exceptions, for example: T E LESHOV Nikol A th, T e Leshova Nikol A I (Russian writer); VLAD AND MIRTSOV Bor And s, Vlad And Mirtsova Bor And sa (Mongolian scientist); COOK ABOUT VTSOV P A led, Kok O vtsova P A vla (Russian scientist and Semitologist).

4.4. Male surnames of East Slavic origin that have a fluent vowel during declension can have two declension options - with and without loss of a vowel, depending on the tradition of their use in literary speech. The Dictionary gives: Z A Yats Anat O ley, Z A Yatsa Anat O liya (Russian poet); COURT E C Vlad And peace, judgment e tsa Vlad And peace (Russian military leader); GRITSEV E C Serg e y, Gritsevts A Serg e I (Russian pilot); LUCHEN ABOUT TO AND gore, Luchenko A AND grief (Belarusian composer); KOVALENOK Vlad And peace, Kovalenka Vlad And the world (Russian cosmonaut); MAZUR ABOUT TO YU Riy, Mazur O ka YU ria (Russian singer).

4.5. For male surnames and personal names of West Slavic and West European origin, the gender forms are given. pad. without dropping a vowel, for example: Г A SHEK Yaroslav A c, g A Sheka Yaroslav A va (Czech writer); G A VRANEK B O guslav, G A vraneka B O guslava [ne] (Czech linguist); GOTT K A rel, G O tta K A rela [re] (Czech singer).

4.6. Male Polish, Czech and Slovak surnames on - sky, -tsky are usually given with full endings in the nominative case and are declined according to Russian models (following the model of adjective declension), for example: OLBR S HSK Dani e l, Olbre s khskogo Tribute e la [ie] (Polish actor); OG AND NSK (Og And English) M And hal cle O face, og And nsky (Og And nsky) M And challah cle O face (Polish composer). But sometimes surnames of this type are used in an indeclinable form, for example: FLOOR A NSKI Rum A n, Paul A nsky rum A on (Polish film director), although on the recommendation of experts they should be declined. Dictionary gives: Gender A NSK (Gender A nski) Rum A n, Paul A nsky (Pol A nski) Rum A on the.

4.7. Women's surnames can be issued in different ways: with full endings (- skye, -tskaya) and with truncated (- ska, -tska). In both cases, they are more often inclined according to Russian models (following the model of declension full adjectives), for example: BANDR ABOUT VSKA-T At RSKA E wah, bandr O vskoy-T at Russian E you (Polish singer); BR S LSKA Barb A ra, br s lskoy barb A ry (Polish actress); H E RNY-STEF A NSCA Gal And on, h e rny-steph A nsk gal And ny (Polish pianist). Quite often the name Br s lskoy is pronounced incorrectly, with an emphasis on the first syllable: B A rbara. But in Polish, the stress is always placed on the penultimate syllable: Barb A ra. The Dictionary gives: BR S LSKA Barb A ra.

4.8. With borrowed male surnames ending in unstressed - ov, -in, the forms of the genus are given. and creativity. pad. ending - ohm:D A RWIN Charles, D A Rvina Ch A rlza, D A rvinom Ch A rlzom (English naturalist); H A PLIN Charles Sp e nser, Ch A plate H A rlza sp e nsera, Ch A plinom H A rlzom sp e nser [pe, se] (Amer. film actor, film director); FL ABOUT TOV Fr And dryh, FL O Comrade Fr And dryha, Fl O Comrade Fr And dryh (German composer). Similar Russian surnames are in creation. pad. ending - th.

4.9. European female surnames on unstressed - ov, -in are presented in the Dictionary in indeclinable form: Х ABOUT JKIN D O roti, neskl. (English scientist, f.); H A PLIN Gerald And on, h A Plin Gerald And us (amer. actress).

4.10. The Dictionary also includes male surnames with stress - in. If these are Russian and Russified male surnames, then they tend to general rule, i.e., they have creative. pad. percussion - th. Therefore, this form is not given in the Dictionary, for example: KARAMZ AND N Nicol A y, Karamzin A Nicol A I; BUTURL AND H you And Liy, Buturlin A You And liya.

4.11. Female surnames of the given type are also inclined according to the Russian model: ROSTOPCHIN A Evdok And I, Rostopchin O th Evdok And and (Russian poetess).

4.12. To borrowed non-Russified male surnames with stress - in the form of creation is given. pad. with unstressed - ohm: RAS AND N Jean, Ras And on F A on, Ras And Mr. F A nome (French playwright); BARTOL AND H Er A zm, Bartol And on Er A zma, Bartol And Mr. Er A zmom (Dat. scientist).

4.13. Female surnames of this type are presented in the indeclinable version: DENEV Qatr And n [de], neskl. (French actress), BIRK AND N Jane, neskl. (French actress).

4.14. Female surnames and names ending in a consonant (hard or soft) are given in indeclinable form, for example: ABOUT YNICH Et e le lily A n [te], neskl. (English writer); WELL E L Nick O l [se], neskl. (French actress).

4.15. Women's personal names of biblical origin (Ag A rah, rah And l, Ruth, Shulam And f, esf And ry, yud And ph) are inclined according to the type of declension of the word "salt" (salt, with O li, s s O lol, oh O whether), for example; Ag A r, Ag A ri, with Ag A ryu, oh ag A ri. The Dictionary lists the forms of the genus, creation. and suggestion. pad. The name Rush is inclined according to the same pattern. e le (Rush e le, Rush e Lee, with Rush e lew oh rush e li), but the stage name of the French actress RASH E L ( present fam. - Al And for Rush e l Fel And ks) does not decline.

4.16. The name Love is declined without dropping out a vowel, the Dictionary contains the forms of genus, dates. and suggestion. fall: Love O wow, love O vee k love O uh oh love O in and. Nin's names e le and ass O l fluctuate when declining. Dictionary gives: Nin e l, -i [ne] (female name); Ass O eh, neskl. (f. name).

5. Complex borrowed names and surnames

5.1. In complex Western names and surnames connected by a hyphen, it declines the last word: BELMOND ABOUT AND A n-p O l, Belmond O AND A n-p O la (French actor); RUSS ABOUT AND A N-F A k, Russ O AND A N-F A ka (French writer and philosopher); CAPABL A NCA Haws e-Ra at le, Capable A nk haws e-Ra at la [se] (Cuban chess player). If the second name is not inclined, then the first name takes over the inflection function, for example: TRENTIN I N F A n-lu And, Trentigne I on F A on-lu And(French actor); G E Y-LUX A K Joz e f-lu And, G e i-Luss A ka joz e fa-lu And[ze] (French chemist and physicist).

5.2. In compound names and surnames of Vietnamese, Korean, Burmese, Cambodian, Chinese, etc., the last part is inclined: Ngu e n Thi Binh, Ngu e n thi b And nya [en] (Vietnamese statesman); Kim Young Nam, Kim Young N A ma (northern-kor. statesman); BA THEIN TIN, Ba Thein T And na [te] (Burmese statesman); H E A SIM, H e a C And ma (cambodian statesman); LI PENG, Li P uh on (Chinese statesman).

6. Double surnames

In Russian double surnames, both parts are declined if their endings can be declined, for example: SOKOL ABOUT V-MIKIT ABOUT V, Falcon O va-mikit O va (Russian writer); GOLEN AND SHEV-KUT At CALL, Golen And shcheva-kut at Zova (Russian poet, philologist, literary critic), but: FALCON ABOUT V-SCAL I, Falcon O va-skal I(Russian artist).

If the first part is not used as an independent word, it is not declined: D E MUT-MALIN ABOUT VSKY, D e mut-malin O vsky (Russian sculptor); GROOM-GRZHIM A YLO Vlad And peace, Grum-Grzhim A ylo Vlad And the world (Russian scientist-metallurgist); B ABOUT LF-BRU E HIV, B O h-bru e vicha (Russian military figure).

Bibliography

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1. Ageeva R. A. Hydronymy of the Russian North-West as a source of cultural-historical information. - M., 1989.

2. Ageeva R. A. The origin of the names of rivers and lakes. - M., 1985.

3. Ageenko F. L. Mass media bodies of foreign countries. International political, public and sports organizations: Pronunciation, stress, translation of names into Russian. Handbook / Ed. prof. D. E. Rosenthal. - M., 1986.

4. Ageenko F. L. Proper names in Russian: Dictionary of stresses. - M., 2001.

5. Ageenko F. L. Accents in the names of streets in Moscow and geographical names of the Moscow region: Dictionary-reference book / Ed. prof. D. E. Rosenthal. - M., 1980 and 1983.

6. Ageenko F. L., Zarva M. V. Dictionary of stresses of the Russian language / Ed. M. A. Studiner. - M., 2000.

7. Alekseev D. I., Gozman I. G., Sakharov G. V. Dictionary of abbreviations of the Russian language / Ed. D. I. Alekseev. - 3rd ed. - M., 1983.

8. Atlas of the world. - M.: PKO "Cartography" federal agency Geodesy and Cartography of the Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation, 2007.

9. Baranova L. A. Dictionary of abbreviations of foreign origin. - M., 2009.

10. Baskakov N. A. Russian surnames of Turkic origin. - M., 1979.

11. Big Dictionary of Geographical Names / Ch. ed. Academician V. M. Kotlyakov. - Yekaterinburg, 2003.

12. Big explanatory dictionary of the Russian language / Ch. ed. S. A. Kuznetsov. - St. Petersburg, 1998.

13. Bukchina B. Z., Sazonova I. K., Cheltsova L. K. Spelling dictionary of the Russian language. - 4th ed., Rev. - M., 2009.

14. Ganzhina I. M. Dictionary of modern Russian surnames. - M., 2001.

15. Gilyarevsky R. S.,Starostin B. A. Foreign names and titles in the Russian text. - 2nd ed., revised. and additional - M., 1978.

16. Gorbanevsky M.V. Names of the land of Moscow. - M., 1985.

17. Gorbanevsky M.V. Russian urban toponymy. - M., 1996.

18. Gorbanevsky M. V., Maksimov V. O. Onomastics for everyone. - M., 2008.

19. Graudina L. K. The modern norm of declension of toponyms (in combination with geographical term) // Onomastics and grammar. - M., 1981.

20. Graudina L. K., Itskovich V. A., Katlinskaya L. P. Grammatical correctness of Russian speech. Stylistic dictionary of variants. - 2nd ed., corrected. and additional - M., 2001.

21. Eskova N. A. Difficulties in inflection of nouns. - M., 1990.

22. Zaliznyak A. A. Grammar Dictionary of the Russian Language: Inflection. - 5th ed., Rev. - M., 2008.

23. Foreign Press: A Brief Reference. - M., 1986.

24. Ivanova T. F. New pronouncing dictionary Russian language: Pronunciation. stress. Grammar forms. - M., 2004.

25. Names of Moscow streets. - M., 1988.

26. Names of Moscow streets: Toponymic dictionary. - M., 2007.

27. Kalakutskaya L.P. Declination of surnames and personal names in the Russian literary language. - M., 1984.

28. Kalakutskaya L.P. Surnames. Names. Patronymic. Writing and declension. - M., 1994.

29. Kalenchuk M. L., Kasatkina R. F. Dictionary of the difficulties of Russian pronunciation. - M., 1997.

30. Krysin L.P. Dictionary foreign words. - M., 2000.

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32. Labunko O. I. Declination of geographical names in the modern literary language (names settlements). - M., 1964.

33. Levashov E. A. geographic names. Difficult cases usage: Dictionary-reference book. - M., 2003.

34. Lopatin V. V., Cheltsova L K., Nechaeva I. V. Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Language: Capital or Lowercase? - M., 1999.

35. Loseva I. N., Kapustin N. S., Kirsanova O. T., Takhtamyshev V. G. Mythological dictionary. - Rostov n / a, 2000.

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38. Ozhegov S. I. Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. - 27th ed., Rev. - M., 2010.

39. Ozhegov S. I., Shvedova N. Yu. Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. - 4th ed. - M., 1997.

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41. Pospelov E. M. Illustrated ATLAS OF THE WORLD. GEOGRAPHY OF THE WORLD. The latest toponymic dictionary. - M., 2007.

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43. Reznichenko I. L. Dictionary of stresses of the Russian language. - M., 2009.

44. Rosenthal D. E. Practical stylistics of the Russian language. - M., 2008.

45. Rosenthal D. E. Spelling guide and literary editing for press workers. - 5th ed., Rev. and additional - M., 1989.

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47. Samin D.K. One hundred great composers. - M., 2001.

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49. Sklyarevskaya G. N. Dictionary of abbreviations of the modern Russian language. - M., 2004.

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51. Dictionary of geographical names of foreign countries. - M., 1986.

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53. Superanskaya A.V. Grammatical observations on proper names // VYa. 1957, no. 4.

54. Superanskaya A.V. Declension of proper names in modern Russian // Spelling of proper names / otv. ed. A. A. Reformatsky. - M., 1965.

55. Superanskaya A.V. Dictionary of Russian personal names. - M., 1998.

56. Superanskaya A.V. Emphasis in proper names in modern Russian. - M., 1966.

57. Superanskaya A. V., Suslova A. V. Modern Russian surnames. - M., 1981.

58. Sytin P.V. From the history of Moscow streets (essays). - M., 1948.

59. Sytin P.V. The past is in street names. - M., 1948.

60. Fedosyuk Yu. A. Russian surnames: A popular etymological dictionary. - 3rd ed., Rev. and additional - M., 1996.

61. Cheltsova L.K. Features of the declension of foreign geographical names on - s, -And// Onomastics and norm. - M., 1976.

II. Encyclopedic dictionaries

1. Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary (BRES). - M., 2005.

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3. World Biographical Encyclopedic Dictionary. - M., 1998.

4. Geographic encyclopedic dictionary. geographical names. - M., 1983.

5. Literary Encyclopedic Dictionary / Ed. V. M. Kozhevnikov and P. A. Nikolaev. - M., 1987.

6. Musical encyclopedic dictionary. - M., 1990.

7. New Russian Encyclopedia(in 12 volumes) / Ed. A. D. Nekipelova. - M., 2003-2010.

8. Encyclopedia "Moscow". - M., 1998.

The materials of the Dictionary are reproduced on this site on the basis of a license issued by the owner of the Dictionary, the Mir i Obrazovanie publishing house. Reproduction of dictionary materials without the permission of the copyright holder is prohibited.

Romanova or Romanova?! Wow, buy yourself a dictionary of accents of proper names and forget everything you once knew. It's incredible, but I counted more than 50 words (more precisely, proper names) that everyone pronounces differently. In order for you to pronounce correctly, I suggest that you carefully read the list below. All words are written in small letters on purpose. shock letter- uppercase.

accents

• ny YU tone, r E mbrant, b E nard sh ABOUT wow, picas ABOUT, Emily br ABOUT nte, d E type of copperf AND ld, car A cas, b ABOUT stnon, to A nzas, ark A nzas, lane At, DAVID GETA, MELEN PHARME, SERGIY OF RADONEZH, SALVAD ABOUT r gave AND, alex AND y, falcon ABOUT v-mikit ABOUT c, balash AND ha, led AND cue At styug, to AND live, stavrop ABOUT lsky region, nikar A gua, queb E to, with AND days, sri lanka A, V A Shington (first President of the United States).

Pronunciation

deck A rt (de), flob E p (be), decamer ABOUT n (de), r E jigan (re), shop E n (pronounced through "o"), volt E p (pronounced through "o"), jules E n (w"), w YU le (g").

Controversial cases:

1. makb E t (in Shakespeare). As for Leskov's work "Lady Makbet of the Mtsensk District" and Verdi's opera "Makbet", the traditional stress ("a") is preserved here.
2. ankara A(however, in Turkish the stress falls on the first syllable - Ankara)
3. picasse ABOUT- if we consider the artist a Frenchman and picAsso - if we remember his Spanish roots.
4. ha AND ti (Spanish people pronounce HaitI)
5. pan A ma (Spanish people pronounce panama)
6. chiros AND ma (Japanese pronounce hiroshima)
7. belgr A e (Serbs emphasize E)

Features of declension of surnames

Surnames that end in - and I, bow: Chkonia Lamar, Chkonia Lamar. Surnames that end in - ia, do not bow: Faria Jesus, Faria Jesus. You can add to this article. You know complex example- indicate it in the comments. I'm sure everyone will benefit. Yuliana Romanova.

1. Emphasis in geographical names

The Dictionary includes proper names that cause difficulties in determining the place of stress.

1.1. When choosing stress options for domestic geographical names, attention is paid to local stress. The departments of the announcers of the All-Union Radio and Central Television periodically sent inquiries to the local committees on television and radio broadcasting, to the permanent missions of the republics, to special correspondents of television and radio in different cities about the stress in certain geographical names. Their answers were taken into account in the preparation of this edition of the Dictionary. The recommendations of special dictionaries of geographical names were also used, cm. , Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary. But in the approach to the stress norm of domestic and borrowed toponyms, the existence of two opposite tendencies is taken into account: 1) the desire to get closer to the local pronunciation and 2) the desire to preserve the traditional stress characteristic of the Russian language. Unconditional adherence to one or another trend is wrong; an approach is required specifically for each case. If the accent in the local name differs from the generally accepted one in the Russian literary language, does not correspond to the accent system of the Russian language, then the traditional variant characteristic of the literary language is accepted.

One of the important factors that plays a decisive role in choosing the accent option is the reliance on the tradition of the Russian language. For example, options have come into wide use: Obskaya Bay (Tyumen region), Tiksi (bay and township - Yakutia), Murmansk (Murmansk region), Kandala ksha (mountains, Murmansk region), Cherepovets (city, Vologda region), etc. Official sources cite these traditional options. But the local accents are different: Obska I Guba, Tiksi, Murmansk, Kandalaksha, Chere povets.

In other cases, dictionaries give different recommendations about the stress in certain names, for example, the name of a city in Karelia: Kondopoga and Kondopoga ( adj. - kondopozhsky and kondopozhsky). This name, which is difficult to pronounce in Russian, is presented in the Dictionary as follows: Ko ndopo ha, -And ( adj. - kondopozhskiy).

Dictionaries give different indications about the stress in the names of the capital of Kalmykia - Elista and the cities - Kirishi (Leningrad region) and Neryungri (in Yakutia). Based on letters from local television and radio broadcasting committees, they should be pronounced: Elista, Kirishi, Ne rungri ( adj. - Neryungri). This Dictionary lists these options. They have become widespread in the practice of speech and have become familiar to the Russian language.

Recently, on television and radio, the names of the city and the tract near Smolensk have been pronounced differently: Katyn, Katyn forest and Katyn, Katyn forest. In response to our request, the Smolensk TV and radio company reported: “The name Katyn (a place, a village, later a station) came from the ancient name of the Katynka River and the nearby Katyn burial mounds - the Katyn site, one of the oldest in Europe ... ". But now the most common options are: Katyn, Katyn forest.

There is a discrepancy in the declension of the name of the city of Osh in Kyrgyzstan. The Dictionary gives: Osh oh sha, in oh sha ( local in Osh) cm. A. A. Zaliznyak. Grammar Dictionary of the Russian Language: Inflection. - M., 2008, p. 780.

1.2. Geographical names of foreign countries are borrowed from the literary, official, state language of the country where the named objects are located. Therefore, in this case, there is no discrepancy between local and literary pronunciation. But when borrowing foreign toponyms, as a rule, the traditional approach is used in setting the stress. This leads in some cases to discrepancies with the accent of the original.

There are a number of traditional geographical names, well mastered by the Russian language, the stress in which does not correspond to the stress of the source language. For example, in the literary language it is customary to pronounce: Amsterda m ( niderl. - A msterdam), Ankara ( tour.- A nkara), Belgrade d ( Serbian-Croatian. - Be fences), Washington n ( English. -Woshington), Manche erased ( English. - Manchester), Island ( Czech. - O Strava), Pana ma ( Spanish. - Panama), Hiroshi ma ( jap. - Hiro Shima), Florida Yes ( English. - Florida). It is these traditional variants that are given in this Dictionary: Amsterdam, Ankara, Belgrade, Washington, Manchester, Ostrava, Panama, Hiroshima, Florida.

But sometimes in the speech of individual commentators and journalists there are fluctuations in the choice of stress for some names. They say Florida, Washington, Panama, but this pronunciation does not correspond to the established tradition. The Dictionary also takes into account some non-linguistic factors: the strengthening of political and economic ties with foreign countries, active knowledge of foreign languages, the unifying role of television and radio, etc. As practice shows, in recent decades there has been a tendency to bring the stress in foreign proper names closer to languages ​​- - sources.

Special mention should be made of the accent in the name of the state in South America - Peru. For many years, the traditional version of Peru was used, it was recorded in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, 2nd ed., M., 1955, but in the 3rd ed., M., 1975, the version of Peru is already given. Previously, this name was rarely used, contacts with the country were insignificant. But in connection with the expansion of economic and political ties between our states, the variant Peru, close to the source language, has become widespread in the practice of speech. It is given in all dictionaries of recent years. This Dictionary also accepts this option: Peru.

The confrontation between the two options is noted in the use of the name of the state in South Asia - Sri Lanka ( b. Ceylon). In the Dictionary, it is given with an emphasis on the last syllable - Sri Lanka, in accordance with the recommendation of the leadership of the Main Editorial Office of Radio Broadcasting to the Countries of Asia, the Near and Middle East ("Voice of Russia"). Numerous records of statesmen of Sri Lanka, available to the editors, confirm the correctness of this recommendation. Dictionaries recommend Sri Lanka with a final accent - Sri Lanka, and in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary Sri Lanka is given with two accents: Sri La nka.

Thus, when choosing stress options for foreign geographical names, in some cases, extralinguistic factors are taken into account, the degree of use of certain options in speech practice. Sometimes traditional options become obsolete, and options that are close to the original get citizenship rights, for example: Caracas (the capital of Venezuela), Boston (city, USA), Oxford (city, UK). All the above dictionaries, as well as this Dictionary, prefer these options. The following variants have become widespread in television and radio speech: Qatar (state in South-West Asia), Cordoba (mountain, Spain), Melbourne (mountain, Australia), Rostock (mountain, Germany ), Si days (mountains, Australia).

in dictionaries ( cm. bibliography), various recommendations are given:

Katar -; Kata r - ( official. Katar);
Kordova -; Ko rdo va -;
Melbourne - ; Melbu pH -;
Si days -; Si day th -;
Ro stock - ; Ros one hundred k - .

In this Dictionary - "Dictionary of proper names of the Russian language" are given: Qatar, Kordova, Melbourne, Si days, Rostock.

In other cases, the traditional variants are used, which are given in the Dictionary: Iowa (state, USA), Potsda m (mountains, Germany), Buchenva ice (German-fascist concentration camp), Balato n (lake, Hungary), Reykja vik (the capital of Iceland), although in the source languages ​​they are pronounced differently: A yova, Po tsdam, Bu henvald, Balaton, Reykjavik.

The microtoponymic names of the capital are part of its culture, its history. The correct pronunciation of metropolitan toponyms is of particular importance.

Professional television and radio workers (presenters, commentators, observers, correspondents, journalists) often have difficulty pronouncing the names of squares, streets, lanes in Moscow.

In order to establish greater uniformity in the pronunciation of this category of vocabulary and, if possible, minimize inconsistency in this area, the State Television and Radio Broadcasting Company published a dictionary-reference book by F.L. Rosenthal. This manual was the first experience in the study of the orthoepy of the microtoponymy of Moscow2, the only reference book at that time that provided information on the stress, pronunciation and inflection of the names of Moscow streets, squares, lanes. A small certificate about the origin of the names of the streets of Moscow was also attached.

The list of Moscow street names included in this publication has been significantly expanded. It also includes microtoponyms of some capitals of foreign countries, for example: Shte fan - pla ts [te], neskl. (main square of Vienna), etc.

They are divided into several types of names associated: 1) with Russian surnames, 2) with foreign-language surnames, 3) with geographical names, 4) with the names of churches, 5) with the professional activities of people.

1. In practice, speech can be heard: Dezhnev Ave. and Dezhnev Ave., st. Vasily Botyleva and st. Vasily Botyleva, st. Bory sa Zhigulenkova and st. Bori sa Zhigule nkova, st. Konenkov and st. Horse nkova. It is recommended to pronounce all these names in the same way as their carriers themselves pronounced their surnames, after whom the streets are named, namely: Dezhnev Ave., st. Vasily Botylev, st. Boris Zhigulenkov, st. Konenkov.

2. Along with the difficulties of choosing the correct stress, there may be difficulties associated with pronunciation in words of foreign origin, for example, U lofa Palme, st. [me], A mundsen, st. [se]. In these cases, after the name, the pronunciation mark [me], [se] is given in square brackets.

3. In the names associated with geographical names, it is recommended to follow the stress characteristic of this object. Variation is noted when using the name Derbenevskaya emb. It is named after the Derbe Nevka tract, it is recommended to pronounce: Derbe Nevskaya Embankment, and not Derbenevskaya Embankment.

Sometimes they use the option Reutovskaya st. instead of Reutovskaya. It is named after the mountains near Moscow. Reutov.

There is a discrepancy in the use of names: Golikovskiy per. and Golikovsky lane, Stavropolskaya and Stavropolskaya st., Belgorodsky avenue and Belgorodsky avenue, Novgorodskaya st. and But vgorodskaya st., Kargopolskaya st. and Kargopolskaya st., Zvenigorodskaya st. and Zveni city street. There are certain regularities here. In adjectives with the suffix - ck formed from geographical names, the stress is more often placed on the same syllable as in the name from which it is formed (Tambo v - Tambo vovsky, U glich - U glichsky, Goliki (from the tract Goliki) - Golikovskiy per., but sometimes there is a shift of stress towards the end of the word: Stavropol - Stavropolskaya st., Belgorod - Belgorodsky pr., But in the city - Novgorodskaya st., Kargopol - Kargopolskaya st., Ring the city - Zvenigorodskaya st.

The name Vorotnikovsky lane fluctuates in use. Named after being here since the XV century. Vorotnikovskaya settlement, whose inhabitants - "collars" - guarded the gates of the Kremlin, Kitay-Gorod and the White City. In the adjective, formed from the word "vorotnik" (guard at the gate), the stress moves closer to the end of the word: vorotkovskiy.

4. In some cases, the names are associated with the names of churches. The names Bolshoi Nikolovorobinsky and Maly Nikolovorobinsky lanes arose in the 19th century. according to the Church of Nicholas "in Vorobin", located here since the 17th century. This is how the names should be pronounced.

Of interest is the name Bolshoi Devyatinsky Lane, associated with the name of the Church of the Nine Martyrs. The name was assigned to the lane in the 18th century. It should be pronounced: Bolshoi Devyatynsky per.

5. Some names are associated with the professional activities of people, for example: Bolshoi Gnezdnikovsky per. The modern name arose in the 18th century, given by the foundry masters who lived here. The name is recommended to be pronounced: Bolshoi Gnezdnikovskiy per.

3. Stress in surnames and personal names

The correctness of the recommendations in setting the stress in the surnames was checked by the author by referring to the bearers of the surnames - in some cases, studying the issue on the basis of documentary data and evidence of contemporaries - in others. The recommendations of encyclopedic dictionaries were also taken into account. But in a number of cases, the indications of dictionaries and encyclopedias regarding the placement of stress in certain surnames do not correspond to how the carriers themselves pronounced them. For example, the Russian poet Konstantin Balmont pronounced his last name with an accent on the last syllable (Balmont). This is evidenced by the statement of his daughter Bruni-Balmont, who participated in one of the radio programs dedicated to the poet. The poetess Marina Tsvetaeva3 also wrote about this. In this Dictionary, this surname is given with the final stress: Balmo nt. In the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary (M., 2005), it is given with an emphasis on the first syllable: Balmont.

In borrowed surnames, the stresses in some cases are set in accordance with those accepted in the source languages, for example, RE MBRANDT Harmens van Rijn [re] (dad. artist), LEE NCOLNE Abraham (16th US President), WA SHINGTON George (1st President of the United States). Here, the degree of use of stress variants in television and radio speech is taken into account.

In other cases, the Dictionary gives traditional variants that are widely used in the practice of speech: SHO U George Berna rd (English writer), DALTO N (Dolton) John (English physicist and chemist), BRE HT Bertolt (German writer, director), NEWTO N Isaac (English mathematician, astronomer and physicist), IBARRU RI Dolo res (Spanish statesman), KARMEN (Spanish name). Shakespeare's surname retains the traditional stress on the last syllable. The transcription itself does not correspond to the true pronunciation of the surname (Sheikspear). Probably, the transfer of stress (Shakespeare) is associated with the influence of the French language. The variance of the use of Shakespeare's name is noted: William and William. Recently, in the press, as well as in the reprinting of the writer's works, a variant close to the original, William, has been used. The Dictionary gives: Shakespeare Williams.

In recent years, the version of Mary I Stuart has become common in television and radio speech. This pronunciation can be heard in the speech of actors, directors in various television programs. The Dictionary cites: STU ART Gilbert, Stuart Gilbert (Amer. artist); STU ART James, Stuart James (English economist); but: STU RT Marie I, cm. Mary Stuart; Marie I Stuart, Marie and Stuart (Scottish queen in 1542-1567). The Marie Stuart variant is widespread in the practice of speech, so it is given with the traditional stress.

Variation is noted in the use of the surname of Shakespeare's hero Macbeth. In accordance with the rule of stress in English, you should pronounce Macbe t, since the Scottish prefix Mac is never stressed. This version, close to the original, is increasingly used in television and radio programs. The Dictionary gives: Macbeth (tragedy by W. Shakespeare; opera by G. Verdi; ballet by K. Molchanov); but: “Lady Ma kbet of the Mtsensk district” - a story by N. Leskov. As you can see, the traditional version is preserved in the title of the work by N. Leskov.

Accent variation is observed when using the name of the American animator Walt Disney. As practice shows, the norm is shifting towards the traditional option: Disney th. The dictionary gives: DISNEY Y Walt, Disney I Walt [ne], Disney nd, -a [ne, le] (children's park, California).

The emphasis fluctuates in the use of the name of the French artist (of Spanish origin) - PICASSO Pablo. He was a French citizen and lived most of his life in France. The French pronounce this surname with the final stress - PICASSO. This option came to Russian culture through the French language and was widely used.

But, as practice shows, in recent years, the variant of PIKA SSO, corresponding to the stress of the source language, has become widespread in the Russian language. This edition gives: PIKA MTR Pa blo.

4. Rules for placing stress in proper names borrowed from other languages

4.1. The stress in non-Russified surnames, geographical names is usually motionless, that is, when declensed, it remains in the same place: Balza k, -a, Dvo rzhak - Dvo rzhak, Limo zh - Limo zha, Myu nchen - Myu nhena.

4.2. In words borrowed from French, the stress is always at the end of the word: Zola, Stend le, Flaubert, Lyon, Bordeaux, "France Catholic" (gaz., France).

4.3. In proper names that came into Russian from English, the stress in most cases is on the first syllable: Byron, Darwin, Cardiff, but: Manchester, Liverpool.

4.4. In German words, the stress is placed on the root of the word and rarely on the suffix or ending: Baden, Egmont, Schumann, Gendel, but: Burley n.

4.5. In Swedish, Dutch, Norwegian, Icelandic and Danish, the stress is usually placed on the first syllable: U psala, Bergen, O slo, Groningen, O rhus.

4.6. In words that came into the Russian language from Finnish, Hungarian, Czech, Slovak, Estonian, Latvian, the stress is on the first syllable: Helsinki, Tallin, Sigulda, De bretsen, Baldone, “Helsingin sa nomat” (gas ., Finland), “Ne psabadshag” (gaz., Hungary), “Ze medelske but viny” (gaz., Czech Republic).

4.7. In words from the languages ​​of Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Romanian, the stress is placed mainly on the second syllable from the end of the word, much less often on the third and only in some cases on the last: Tole do, Sarago sa, Peruja, Pale rmo, Da nte Alighier ri, Mige l Servantes de Saave dra, but: Evora (mountain, Portugal), Valladoli d (mountain, Spain).

4.8. In Polish, the stress is on the penultimate syllable: Szczecin, Gdynya, Wlotsla vek, Senkiewicz, Veniawski, “Gaze ta vyborcha” (gaz., Poland).

4.9. In words that came into the Russian language from Turkish, Tatar, and also from some Caucasian languages, for example, Dagestan, Kabarda, etc., the stress is placed at the end of the word: Musa Jali l, Nazy m Hikmet, Ankara, Stambu l, " Gulsara" (opera by R. Glier), "Millie t" (gaz., Turkey).

4.10. In Japanese surnames and names, the stress, as a rule, is on the penultimate syllable: Yamaga ta, Akira Kurosa wa, but: “Sanke i simbu n” (gaz., Japan), O saka, To kyo.

4.11. In words that came into Russian from Chinese, the stress is placed on the end: Shanha y, Urumqi, Pek n, Deng Xiaop n, Sun Yat-sen, but: Qingda o, “Renmi n zhiba o” (gaz., PRC).

4.12. In Korean and Vietnamese surnames and names, the stress is placed on the end of the word: Hano y, Seoul, Pyongyang n, Ho Chi Minh, Pham Van Do ng, “Nodo n sinmu n” (gaz., DPRK).

4.13. Sometimes the same names, names and surnames are pronounced differently in different languages, for example, the names Ahmed, Hasan, Mohammed (Mohammed) Tatars, Uzbeks, Turkmens, Afghans, Iranians, Pakistanis pronounce with an emphasis on the last syllable: Ahmed, Hasa n, Mohammed d (Mohammed d), and the Egyptians, Syrians, Sudanese, Libyans, residents of Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Iraq, Tunisia - with an emphasis on the penultimate one: A hmed, Kha san, Mukha mmed (Mokha mmed), these differences are in the place of stress in Russian is preserved.

4.14. In some borrowed surnames and names in Russian, the stress is traditionally placed on a different syllable than in the source languages, for example, Washington n (gor.), Balato n, Reykjavik, Shakespeare, Manchester, Hiroshi ma, but in English they pronounce: Washington, Manchester, Sheikspear, in Hungarian - Balaton, in Icelandic - Reykjavik, in Japanese - Hiro Shima.

5. Pronunciation

The Dictionary provides partial information about pronunciation. Some orthoepic features are noted in it: 1) the lack of softening of a number of consonants before e, 2) softening in some cases of hissing and, c And sh.

Pronunciation of consonants before e

Most borrowed proper names are pronounced with softening of the consonant before e in accordance with the norms of Russian literary pronunciation: [B"] erlio z4, [B"] etkho ven, Buda [n"] e pcs, etc. However, you can give a lot of foreign proper names in which the consonants in this position are pronounced firmly: B [RE]HT Bertolt, BRI T[TE]N Benjamin, WALLENCH[TE]IN A lb[re]ht, BRO [DE]LE A anna.

Sometimes in the speech of speakers on television and radio, an unjustified softening of consonants before e, for example: [C "] E N-SA NS Camille, GOB [S "] E K, [N "] EYGA UZ Heinrich, FO LK [N "] ER William instead of [SE] H-CA HC Kami le, GOB[SE]K, [NE]YGA UZ Henrikh, FO LK[NE]R William.

Information about the hardness of consonants before e in proper names are given in square brackets, for example, MATE YKO Yang [te].

Pronunciation agree x w, c and w

Letters and, c And sh always denote solid consonants [zh], [ts] and [w]: Zhilbe r - [Zhy] lbe r, Shelly - [She] li, Tse tkin - [Tse] tkin. However, in some borrowed proper names in a high style of speech, it is preferable to use variants with soft [w], [g] and [c], although this does not comply with the rules of Russian orthoepy. In such cases, the Dictionary gives the appropriate notes, for example: MASSNET Jules [ne; Not zhu]; RENA R Jules [re; Not zhu]; SORE LE Julier n [re; Not zhu]; JURA YTIS A lgis [ Not zhu]; SE N-JU ST Louis [se; Not zhu]; Qiurich [ Not zu].

However, the number of proper names where it is preferable to use variants with soft [w], [g] and [c] is small. In most cases, these consonants are pronounced firmly in accordance with the rules of Russian orthoepy.

1 Dictionary-reference book was published by the Main Editorial Office of Letters and Sociological Research of the USSR State Television and Radio Broadcasting Company (1st ed. - 1980; 2nd - 1983).

2 In such publications as Encyclopedia "Moscow" (1998), "Big Illustrated Encyclopedia" Moscow ". Moscow Studies from A to Z” (compiled by M. I. Vostryshev) (2007), microtoponyms of Moscow are given selectively. The most complete information on these topics was presented in the book "Names of Moscow streets". Toponymic dictionary. - M., 2007.

3 M. Tsvetaeva. "Prose" (section "Balmont and Bryusov", p. 129). - The Netherlands, 1969 (Zetchworth, Hertfordshire). A footnote is made to the name of K. Balmont: “I ask the reader, according to the carrier, to pronounce it with an accent on the end” (Balmont). In the book "Konstantin Balmont". - St. Petersburg, 1997 in the preface, the emphasis is on the names of Balmont nt.

4 Softness of consonants before e denoted by the sign ": [B"] erlio h.

A few words about the rules that I try to follow in my daily work at the microphone.

Try to arrive at the studio a few minutes before the start of the broadcast so that you can concentrate on the material.

Be sure to check the page sequence before starting transmission.

When reading the materials of the Latest News, it is necessary to remember:

We are talking about just received messages that should interest the listener;

Notes should differ in the nature of reading, depending on the content and style of presentation;

When reading in pairs, avoid differences in style and be able to pick up the last words of your partner.

When conducting studio concerts, try to ensure that the announcements of the numbers do not differ in the nature of the sound from the work being performed. Before announcing the next number, make a short pause so that the radio listener subsides the impression of what he has just heard. Make announcements calmly, without shouting them out.

Having made a mistake, you should take a short pause and calmly correct the reservation. In other cases, you can apologize to radio listeners. When you suddenly start to “stumble”, you should slow down the pace of reading a little.

Check the quality of your reading more often by listening to your tape recordings. This helps to eliminate deficiencies.

(M., NMO GKRT, 1959)

ABOUT THE CULTURE OF ANNOUNCER'S SPEECH

F. Ageenko, Senior Editor of the Department of Announcers of the Central Television

The problem of speech culture on television and radio is very important and relevant. It should equally excite both editors and announcers, commentators, correspondents, observers, performers - in a word, all those involved in the release of programs on the air.

The importance of television and radio broadcasting in the promotion of high culture oral speech, in particular, normative pronunciation and stress, it is difficult to overestimate. And a special role in this work, of course, belongs to the announcer. His speech should be a model of correct literary pronunciation. He must carefully, carefully treat the word.

Caring for the word is a delicate, painstaking, versatile affair. The word is a tool, a tool. The tool is universal, the tool is accurate. It is this attitude to the word that every speaker should cultivate in himself.

To help announcers in their work, to help establish uniformity in pronunciation, stress and avoid inconsistency in this area, in 1954 the Scientific and Methodological Department of the Main Directorate of Radio Information of the USSR Ministry of Culture published the Dictionary of Accents. To help the announcer” (about 35 thousand words).

In 1960, he was published by the publishing house "Soviet Encyclopedia" under the title "Dictionary of Accents for Radio and Television Workers."

The preparation of the 5th edition of the Dictionary of Accents for Radio and Television Workers has been completed (authors F. Ageenko and M. Zarva, edited by Prof. D. Rosenthal).

In the proposed article, we are talking about the section of the dictionary "Proper Names", which contains a large number of proper names that present difficulties in terms of stress, pronunciation or inflection.

The “Dictionary of Accents”, which, as a rule, does not give accentological options in the “Proper Names” section, in several cases gave them, taking into account the tradition and specific conditions for their use in television and radio shows, literary compositions, etc. announcers and other participants of programs.

Pronunciation variants of some foreign names and surnames close to the original language, for example: Newton (emphasis on "u"), Rembrandt (emphasis on "e"), William Shakespeare (emphasis on "i"), have become widespread in television and radio speech. , Bernard Shaw (emphasis on "e" and "o"). But since the traditional variants are also widely used in these cases, they are given in brackets. For example: Newton and Newton (emphasis on "o"). In the first place is given the pronunciation that is recommended to the speakers. Since for some proper names it is difficult to establish a single norm for all cases and situations of communication with television viewers and radio listeners, the second option is given in brackets. It can be used by announcers in relation to those programs in which this option is used.

A few years ago, the film "David Copperfield" based on the novel by Charles Dickens was shown on television. The announcers had a doubt - how to pronounce correctly? That's right - use a variant close to the original language, i.e. "David Copperfield" (with emphasis on "e" and "i", no soft sign).

Sometimes there is a discrepancy in the pronunciation of the names and surnames of persons born in one country, but living in another country. Cases of stress fluctuations are found in Picasso's surname. Ruiz Pablo Picasso (Spanish by origin) is a French artist. There is every reason to pronounce this surname as it is pronounced in France, i.e. with an emphasis on "o". In relation to specific programs, where another option can be used in the recording, the announcer has the right to pronounce the artist's surname with an emphasis on the second syllable.

There is a variance in the pronunciation of the surname of the Lithuanian poetess Salome Neris. With an emphasis on "and" - closer to the original.

Speakers often have a question: what criterion should be followed when pronouncing the names and surnames of political and statesmen, as well as cultural figures of foreign countries - to accept the traditional version or the version close to the original language?

In a number of cases, the "Dictionary of Stresses" contains traditional variants that are widely used: Dolores (emphasis on "o" second) Ibarruri (emphasis on "u"), Shakespeare (on "i"), etc., although in languages ​​- in the sources they are pronounced by Ibarruri (with an emphasis on "a") and Shakespeare (with an emphasis on "e").

The surname of Shakespeare's hero Macbeth is given with final stress, since the Scottish prefix Mac is always unstressed. As for Leskov's work "Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District" and Verdi's opera "Macbeth", the traditional accent ("a") is preserved here.

Sometimes it is difficult to pronounce Czech surnames. As you know, in the Czech language, the stress is always placed on the first syllable, but it is weaker than the Russian stress. It does not have a typical Russian connection between stress and longitude. Long vowels are longer than short vowels. Sometimes the duration of the sound of a vowel is perceived as a stress. But to emphasize the first syllable, and also to pronounce a long vowel for a long time (as in Czech) is impossible in Russian. This is inconsistent with his rules. However, there are few such cases. As a rule, the announcers pronounce Czech words with the stress on the first syllable.

Recently, there has been a discrepancy in the pronunciation of some Western European names.

Sometimes there is difficulty in pronouncing the French name Maurice. We say Maurice Thorez, Maurice Ravel (with emphasis on the last syllables), but in English it is Maurice (accent on "o"), and in German it is Moritz (emphasis on "o").

Variation is also noted in the pronunciation of Italian names. It should be pronounced like this: Domenico Cimarosa (emphasis on "e" and "o"), Giacomo Puccini (emphasis on "a"), Niccolo Paganini (emphasis on "o" the last and "and" of the third syllable). When creating the TV movie, the traditional version was used - Niccolo (with an emphasis on the first "o").

Sometimes there is a discrepancy in the pronunciation of the names Ahmed, Muhammad, Hassan.

It should be noted that in different countries the stress in these names is placed differently. For example, Tatars, Uzbeks, Turkmens, Iranians, Pakistanis, Afghans pronounce with stress on the last syllable, and Arabs (Syrians, Egyptians, Sudanese, Libyans, residents of Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Iraq, Tunisia) - with stress on the first or second syllable.

When working on the dictionary, much attention was paid to changes in the area of ​​stress in geographical names. In the geographical names of foreign countries, stresses are usually placed in accordance with those adopted in the source language. For example, Caracas (stress on the second syllable), Boston (stress on the first syllable), Kansas (stress on the first syllable), Arkansas (stress on the second syllable).

It should be said about the stress in the name of the state in South America - Peru. Previously, this name was rarely used, contacts with countries were insignificant. But recently, in the practice of speech, a variant close to the source language with an emphasis on the second syllable has begun to occur.

However, the desire to observe the stress norms of the source language sometimes does not correspond to the stress tendencies in the Russian language. There are a number of geographical names, well mastered by the Russian language, the stress in which differs from the stress in the source languages. We usually say: Ankara (with the stress on the last syllable), and Turkish - with the stress on the first syllable; Haiti (stress on the second syllable), and Spanish stress on the last; Panama (stress on the second syllable) and Spanish on the last syllable; Hiroshima (stress on the third syllable), and Japanese - on the second; Belgrade (emphasis on "a"), Serbian - Beograd (emphasis on "e").

In the dictionary, a large place is devoted to the pronunciation of letter abbreviations.

Unlike previous editions, the dictionary more consistently presents the inclination of proper names ending in unstressed "a". For example: Lope de Vega, Lope de Vega.; Kurosawa Akira, Kurosawa Akira. It is appropriate to recall that the surnames of the indicated type should be declined regardless of whether they belong to a man or a woman.

Surnames ending in -iya are given in the dictionary with a declined option, for example: Chkonia Lamara, Chkonia Lamara.

As for surnames ending in -ia, they do not decline, for example: Faria Jesus, Faria Jesus.

I would like to hope that the new edition of the Dictionary of Accents will attract the interest of radio and television staff.

LOGIC OF SPEECH (BASIC REGULARITIES)

V. Vsevolodov, Honored Artist of the RSFSR

In the daily work of an announcer, the process of preparing for reading is always regulated by tight deadlines: often there is not enough time, and sometimes you have to read even without a preview. Under these conditions, it is especially important to know the laws of speech, its logical patterns - it facilitates the development of the text, speeds up the preparation process.

These laws are not invented by anyone, not invented. They are the result of many years of painstaking observations of scientists and artists, the result of studying the objective, organic patterns of sounding speech.

In ordinary conversation, we do not always care about its logic. She, so to speak, lives in our minds and, without much effort on our part, directs the course of thoughts and words, thanks to which the necessary and accurate intonations are born as if by themselves.

Quite another - when reading at the microphone. Before you is an unfamiliar text, facts unknown or little known to you and the thoughts of the author. And you must master the text in such a way that you can broadcast these thoughts as your own, talk about events as if they were well-known to you. To do this, you must first of all subject the text to logical analysis: to see and understand the general logic of the entire text, to establish what is the main thing in it and what is secondary, and then “expand” each phrase, i.e. determine stress words, places of logical pauses and thus understand the logical intonation of the sentence.

The main requirement for a professional speaker is the ability to read consciously, meaningfully, that is, logically. Any virtues that adorn speech - a beautiful voice, excellent diction, contagious temperament - all this becomes useless if the speaker is difficult to understand, if he does not convey the meaning of the text to the listener. Of course, the power of expressiveness of speech is not only in logic, it is created by the whole complex of human qualities and abilities, both internal (psychological) and external (physical). But logic is the basis of speech expressiveness, its necessary precondition.

Depending on the content, you can read softly or loudly, quickly or slowly, softly or abruptly, with approval or condemnation, less formally or more formally, cheerfully or sadly - all the same, if the logical intonations exactly correspond to the meaning, they will remain "carrying construction" of the text, no matter what means of emotional expressiveness you use.

The texts that the announcer reads, in the vast majority of cases, oblige him to a particularly in-depth logic. I mean informational materials in which the emotional impact on listeners is embedded in the reported facts themselves. Of course, I in no way want to belittle the importance of the emotional-evaluative aspect in the speaker's reading. But the more logical it is, the stronger will reach the listener his assessment, his attitude to what is being reported.

It is impossible to talk about the logic of reading without touching on the issue of punctuation. Even though punctuation marks belong writing, they reflect the features and speech of the oral.

One of the main functions of punctuation is separation and emphasis. In order to separate phrases from each other or to highlight a particular phrase in a phrase, it is necessary to make a stop, a pause. The question is logical: “Are not punctuation marks indicators of pauses?” Yes, in the overwhelming majority of cases, all punctuation marks serve as pause signals, their graphic designation. In addition, they play an important role in organizing the intonation-sound structure of oral speech. Each sign corresponds to a certain tonal change, its own melodic pattern, its own logical-syntactic intonation. K.S.Stanislavsky called these intonations voice "figures" of punctuation marks. Each sign has its own voice "figure", which is determined by its logical and functional essence.

Before me is a note of six sentences. There are six dots in it, but none of them (with the exception of the last one) should have a final sound - all sentences are closely related in meaning:

“Several ancient riverbeds hidden under a thick layer of sediment have been discovered in western Kazakhstan. One of them lies between the Volga and the Urals. As hydrological studies have shown, the once disappeared river flowed into the Caspian Sea. Even now there is fresh water at a depth of 20-30 meters. It was decided to build a water supply here. It has been established that the former river is capable of supplying a dozen state farms with drinking water.”

Consequently, within the connected text, the sound of the dot changes according to the meaning and the duration of the pause is reduced. But in those cases when an utterance ends a thought, when nothing else follows it, or a phrase will follow that puts forward another, new thought - in these cases, the point requires a lowering of the voice and a distinct pause. In such cases, as K.S. Stanislavsky said, the phrase "is put to the bottom."

In order for a period to sound at the end of a sentence, the voice reduction must be on the last stressed word of this sentence. And this stressed word is by no means always the last: it can be the second or third from the end. For example:

"The police dispersed the demonstrators and ARRESTS some of them."

If not done before the point of this final drop, the phrase will hang in the air, requiring continuation. Therefore, in cases where a sentence is the end of a transmission, article, note (one that is not connected in meaning with the next note), a clear final point is necessary. The pause after it will be the longer, the less connected in meaning the subsequent text with the already spoken one.

In sentences containing interrogative words, interrogative intonation can be much weaker. The interrogative word will itself raise the sentence to the level of a question: this sentence cannot be uttered otherwise than as an interrogative.

And when there are no interrogative words, only intonation gives the sentence an interrogative sound: “Were you in the studio?” Without raising your voice on words bearing logical stress, such sentences may not sound right.

But it would be wrong to say that interrogative intonation is associated only with raising the voice. There are interrogative sentences that sound not with an increase, but with a decrease in tone, for example: “Well, isn’t it an outrage?”, “Isn’t it insulting?” In these proposals, in fact, less of an issue than assertions.

Here it would be appropriate to touch on one of the most important conditions for the expressiveness of speech - the very ability of our voice to change in pitch.

It has been established that certain emotional states steadily gravitate either to the plane of the melodic "top" or to the plane of the melodic "bottom". For example, when we are firmly convinced that we are right, that our arguments are weighty, we speak, convince or prove most often on low notes. As soon as we lose confidence, we raise our tone, start speaking on higher notes.

Thus, a decrease is associated with certainty, while an increase is associated with uncertainty. As a rule, all interrogative intonations, as well as intonations characterizing anxiety, expectation, surprise, bewilderment, doubt, etc., sound in the plane of the constant “top”. Raising the tone also indicates that the thought is not over yet.

In the plane of the melodic "bottom" most often sound a confident answer and a decisive refusal, affirmation, calmness, certainty, reliability, etc.

With the help of a decrease, a disconnecting pause is carried out, thanks to an increase, a connecting pause sounds. The stronger the increase, the stronger the connection of previous words with subsequent ones. The stronger the decrease, the more pronounced their disunity. This pattern of sounding speech is one of the most valuable for us.

Let's return, however, to punctuation marks. EXCLAMATION MARK requires intonations of the most diverse in brightness and strength. They are expressed by varying degrees of raising and lowering the voice and amplifying the sound on stressed words. An exclamation point also means a strongly emphasized negation or affirmation; it accompanies interjections and onomatopoeic turns.

When uttering an exclamation, one must be able to fill it with emotional content in order to evoke emotional responses in the audience: interest, approval, sympathy, protest, etc.

The main purpose of the DOTS is to indicate that the proposal has not been completed for some reason: something is implied, something has not yet been agreed.

An ellipsis can also stand at the end of a semantic link or at the end of a work. In this case, the voice on the stressed word sometimes drops almost like on a dot. Any ellipsis must correspond to a pause.

We examined those separating punctuation marks that are placed at the end of sentences. Now briefly about the distinguishing characters: brackets and quotation marks.

The text enclosed in brackets should be pronounced, firstly, at a faster pace and, secondly, as "colorlessly" as possible, monotonously.

Sometimes brackets end a sentence, and then the last stressed word of the text in brackets is lowered in the same way as with a period.

QUOTATION MARKS that highlight a word, quote or direct speech require a change in the pitch of the voice (more often a decrease in comparison with the main text) and some slowing down of the tempo of speech (for example, in a quote, to highlight other people's words, so to speak, “submit” them; before a quote and after it pauses are necessary).

Quotation marks also distinguish all kinds of names and titles of books, newspapers, magazines, etc. In this case, a rise in tone and a pause are used.

Finally, quotation marks are used to show that the word has not its own, but most often ironic meaning. Such words should be especially clearly emphasized: sometimes this can be done only with the help of the intonational pattern of the entire phrase. There are also such situations when quotation marks are almost not perceived by ear, and then the announcer has to say after the quotation mark: "In quotation marks." For example: "He was well known, this tall, handsome, 'handsome' (in quotation marks" man).

A COMMA is placed where the thought is not finished, which means that the pause called for by the comma should be a connecting pause, requiring a voice increase. This determines the voice “figure” of a comma: before it, an increase on the last stressed word is necessary, for example: “There were eighty people in the hall, and they all listened attentively to the speaker.”

In this case, the stress word before the comma is the word "eighty", and the increase is made on it. But the stressed word, as we know, does not always stand immediately before the punctuation mark, it can also be removed from it.

The degree of voice rise on a comma is quite variable, just like the degree of voice fall on a full stop. In this respect, there is a direct similarity between the voice "figures" of a comma and a period. But at the same time, the main functions of these punctuation marks are polar opposites: a comma - connects, connects; point - separates, separates.

It is necessary to note one more circumstance. It is known that all punctuation marks, including the comma, are pause signals, i.e. indicate the need or desirability or admissibility of a pause. But the comma has a significant “flaw”: it (the only one of all signs) makes it difficult to read in some cases. For example, before a non-common comparative turnover, the comma is “not readable”, a pause is not needed: white as snow; red like blood; as light as thistledown.

Commonly pronounced phrases like “Ai, ai, ai!”, “Yes, yes, yes!”, “No, no, no!” and so on.

The appeal, standing in the middle or at the end of the phrase, merges with the previous words, despite the comma: “No, my friends, you drop it!”

Often it is difficult for speakers to read sentences with adverbial phrases. For example, in the sentence: "A flock of cranes stretched to the south and, filling the air with sharp cries, slowly disappeared into the distance." You should pause before the union "and", and not after it, i.e. how to break the rules of punctuation and "rearrange" the comma.

It must be borne in mind that all parts of speech that serve for transition and for combination (this includes prepositions, conjunctions, relative pronouns) usually require and in any case allow a pause in front of them. In front of! Union and preposition are always closer to the word that is attached than to the one to which they are attached. In live colloquial speech, we do just that: we never say “by commas”, but where necessary, we rearrange or skip pauses for commas.

The name of the sign itself suggests the semicolon voice figure - it separates the phrase, and at the same time combines the parts of the phrase or period into one whole. The semicolon requires some voice downvote. It is necessary to ensure that the intonation does not turn into a “point”, so that it remains connecting, and not disconnecting.

A COLON always serves as a warning: a warning about the intention to explain the reason for the action, to list or clarify what is said above, or to warn that a direct speech will go on. The intonation of the warning is feature colons. It is quite difficult to describe the voice figure of a colon in words. Before the colon, the voice changes, lowering more often than rising. You just need to make sure that the decrease is not too strong, so that the intonation of a dot does not arise: after all, the sentence is not finished, and the main meaning is after the colon. For example: “The following were elected to the presidium of the meeting: the chairman of the collective farm, his deputy, the agronomist and all the foremen.”

The intonation of a colon can also be conveyed by a rise on the preceding word; in this case, demotions are required for the words following the colon: "Psychology is one of the ancient sciences: it arose about two and a half thousand years ago in ancient Greece.

A colon always corresponds to a larger or smaller pause.

DASH also requires a pause and almost always raises: "They cut the wood - the chips fly." It is the dash that predicts the listener the presence of something unexpected or significant, emphasizes the opposition: “To live life is not to cross the field.” The dash also means the omission of the easily implied word: "Arctic tundra - the land of the winds."

These, in brief, are the voice figures of punctuation marks. Of course, grammar, and along with it punctuation, is basically an expressor of logic only, and lively oral speech is an expressor of the entire emotional and semantic set as a whole. Of course, our attitude, actively and accurately expressed by subtext, gives rise to intonations of such subtlety and variety that it is difficult to designate them with the small arsenal of signs that our punctuation has.

Dividing the text into parts while reading, we reveal its structure, as if we expose and emphasize its semantic structure. Speech without pauses is either meaningless, or at least very difficult to understand, just like speech with unreasonable, i.e. with logically inexplicable pauses.

We have already said above that pauses can be disconnecting and connecting, that punctuation marks can be considered signals of pauses. But often there is a need for a pause in such places of speech where, according to the rules of punctuation, punctuation marks are not put.

For ease of pronunciation of the sentence and its intelligibility, it should be divided into parts. At the same time, it is necessary that the groups of words into which we divide the phrase make up meaningful phrases. To recognize such phrases, it is enough to ask yourself a series of relevant questions: “Who?” - "The whole team of our plant" ... "What did you do?" - “I made a commitment” ... “What?” - Overfulfill the annual plan. This is how we will not be mistaken: these phrases will constitute syntactic units - a subject group, a predicate group, a circumstance group, etc.

Therefore, when pronouncing a sentence, we divide it into meaningful, intonationally isolated groups and combinations of words, separated from each other by pauses. Such groups of words we call speech links. Each speech link is pronounced on one exhalation, inseparably, together, almost like one word. For example: "The last chill of the night frost has melted under the spring sun."