Among the 27 tasks of KIM in the Russian language in 2019, there will traditionally be questions on spelling, so at the preparation stage it is important to learn all the words included in the USE spelling minimum, compiled by FIPI.
Orthoepy is a section of the Russian language that studies the norms and rules for pronunciation of words and placement of stress.
Orthoepic norms in oral speech
Compliance with orthoepic norms is an important evaluation parameter oral speech, because not correct pronunciation words and incorrect stress cut the hearing of others and characterize the speaker as an illiterate and uneducated person.
Among the millions of words that everyone hears, there is a small group whose memorization is problematic for many people.
It is worth noting that the norms of orthoepy are not something static. Over time, the pronunciation of some words changes under the influence of a variety of factors. All modern norms are collected in an orthoepic dictionary, but for successful delivery in 2019 USE year in Russian, graduates of the 11th grade will know quite well the orthoepic minimum, which includes about 300 words.
Structure of KIM 2019
The exam in Russian lasts 3.5 hours (210 minutes).
The 2019 Russian language ticket will include 27 assignments, 5 of which will be aimed at checking how the graduate speaks linguistic norms oral speech. Among these tasks of the USE in 2019, there will definitely be questions on the placement of stress in the words included in the orthoepic minimum.
All ticket tasks will be divided into difficulty levels as follows:
Thus, for the correct performance of 27 tasks, the examinee will be able to score 58 primary points.
List of words for spelling assignments
Especially for 11th grade students who are preparing for the Unified State Examination in 2019, FIPI compiled an orthoepic minimum - a mini-dictionary, which lists all the stressed vowels in difficult-to-remember words.
We bring to your attention such a dictionary with a convenient division of words alphabetically and indicating the correct stress.
Orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language - a dictionary of Russian words indicating their literary pronunciation and stress. Often orthoepic dictionaries and stress dictionaries are considered equivalent. However, the correct pronunciation of some words of the Russian language reflects precisely the orthoepic dictionary, as it notes the unpronounceable consonants in the root (sun, agency), the pronunciation [e] instead of [e] (baby, meringue, manager), the use of the letter e instead of e (scam, a not a scam; an engraver, not an engraver), endings in words (demonic, not demonic; visa, not visa), a combination of -ch- (bakery [shn]) and other norms.
List of epic dictionaries indicating the author, title and year of publication:
- Verbitskaya L.A. and others. Let's speak correctly! Difficulties of Modern Russian Pronunciation and Stress: A Brief Reference Dictionary. M., 2003.
- Gorbachevich K.S. Dictionary of difficulties in pronunciation and stress in modern Russian: 1200 words. SPb., 2000.
- Ivanova T. F., Cherkasova T. A. Russian speech on the air. Comprehensive handbook. M., 2000.
- Orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language: Pronunciation, stress, grammatical forms / S. N. Borunova, V. L. Vorontsova, N. A. Eskova; Ed. R. I. Avanesova. M., 1983; 4th ed., ster. M., 1988; 5th ed., rev. and additional M., 1989; 8th ed., rev. and additional M., 2000.
- Kalenchuk M. L., Kasatkina R. F. Dictionary of Russian pronunciation difficulties: Ok. 15000 words. M., 1997.
- Borunova S. N. and others. Orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language: Pronunciation, stress, grammatical forms. OK. 63,500 words / Ed. R. I. Avanesova. M., 1983.
- Vorontsova V. L. Russian literary stress of the XVIII - XX centuries. Forms of inflection. M., 1979.
- Russian literary pronunciation and stress / Ed. R. I. Avanesova, S. I. Ozhegova. M., 1955; 2nd ed. M., 1960.
- Avanesov R. I. Russian literary pronunciation. M., 1950; 5th ed. M., 1972
- Ogienko I. I. Russian literary stress. 2nd ed. 1914.
The list of stress dictionaries is given at
bows, fixed stress on 1st syllable
beard, vin.p., only in this form singular, stress on the 1st syllable
accountants, genus p.pl., motionless, stress on the 2nd syllable
religion, from faith to confess
citizenship
dispensary, the word came from English. lang. Through the medium of French, where is the blow. always on the last syllable
agreement
document
leisure
heretic
blinds, from French lang., where is the blow. always on the last syllable
significance, from adj. significant
monologue, obituary, etc.
quarter, from it. lang., where the stress is on the 2nd syllable
kilometer, in the same row with the words: centimeter, decimeter, millimeter ...
cones, cones, motionless. Stress on the 1st syllable in all cases in units. and many others. h.
self-interest
flint, flint, blow. in all forms on the last syllable, as in the word fire
ski track
localities, genus.p. plural, on a par with the word form of honors, jaws ... but news
garbage chute, in the same row with the words gas pipeline, oil pipeline, water pipeline
intention
outgrowth
enemy
ailment
obituary, see catalog
hatred
news, news, but: see localities
nail, nail, motionless. stress in all forms singular.
parter, from French. lang., where is the blow. always on the last syllable
briefcase
handrails
dowry
recall (ambassador), convening, but: Review (for publication)
beet
orphans, im.p.pl., stress in all forms pl. only on the 2nd syllable
funds, im.p.pl.
convocation, see call
statue
carpenter, on a par with the words painter, doYar, shkolYar ...
customs
cakes, cakes
cement
centner
chain
scarves, see bows
chauffeur, on a par with the words: kioskёr, controller ...
take-take
take-took
take-took
turn on, turn on
turn on, turn on
join-merged
break in-break in
perceive-perceived
recreate-recreated
hand-hand over
chasing-chasing
chasing-chasing
get-dobrala
get-got
wait-wait
call - call
get through
dose
wait-waited
live-lived
cork up
occupied, occupied, occupied,
occupied, occupied
lock-locked
lock up-locked up (with a key, with a lock, etc.)
call, call, call, call, call, call
exhaust
lay-lay
glue
sneak - sneaked
lie-lie
pour-lila
pour-poured
lie-lied
endow-endowit
overstrained-overstrained
name-named
bank-roll
pour-poured
narwhal-narwhala
litter-litter
start-started, started, started
call-call-call
drenched-drenched
hug-hugged
overtake-overtaken
rip-off
encourage
cheer up - cheer up
exacerbate
borrow-borrow
embitter
paste over
surround-surround
seal, in the same row with the words form, normalize, sort, reward ...
vulgarize
inquire - inquire
depart-departed
give-gave
turn-off
withdraw-revoked
responded-responded
call back - call back
transfuse-transferred
fruit
repeat-repeat
call-called
call-call-call
pour-watered
put-put
understand-understood
send-sent
force
tear-torn
drill-drill-drill
take off-taken off
create-created
pluck-plucked
litter-litter
remove-remove
speed up
deepen
strengthen-strengthen
scoop
pinch-pinch
click
bingoschool.ru
Dates
- graduated from high school in 2017;
The main stages of the exam
Video lesson about stress in Russian:
Read also:
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2018god.net
Dictionary of stress for the exam 2018
- Dictionary of accents
- Spelling dictionary for the exam
In the fifth task for the exam in the Russian language, it is required to put stress in words. FIPI has released an orthoepic dictionary to help students. The orthoepic vocabulary for the USE 2018 includes:
- General information about Russian stress;
- Features of Russian stress - heterogeneity and mobility;
- Reference material on the patterns of stress in words of different parts of speech:
- Accents in adjectives
- Stress in verbs
- Stress in some participles and participles
- List of words for tasks on the exam part of speech noun, adjective, verb, participle, gerund, adverb.
Download the PDF version of the spelling dictionary for 2018. Download
Or a 2017 dictionary. Download
List of words from the dictionary in the form of pictures.
Nouns
Adjectives
Verbs
Communions
Participles
Adverbs
acconline.ru
| A agent alphabet airports, im.p. plural B pampered, moreover. pamper indulge Minion (fate) indulging bows, im.p.pl.h beard, win.p.ed.h. took took accountant, rod.p. pl.n. IN willow correct religions took a took included included turn on will include turn on joined investing during broke in perceived recreated will present G gnala chasing citizenship D old hyphen dispensary white got a got there delivered to the top agreement waited get through get through dose red-hot document utterly bottom leisure dry milker E heretic AND blinds, cf. and pl. waited living W imported imported enviably folded ahead of time clogged cork up took took A took busy busy inhabited locked before dark | after dark called call them ringing calling significance significant winterer AND spoiled since ancient times X imperial instinct exclude Isstari exhausted exhaust TO catalog quarter kilometer clala glue cones, cones feeding self-interest krala sneaked taps more beautiful most beautiful flint, flint heels bleeding bleed kitchen L lied lecturers, lecturers rod.p. plural lilA poured agility ski track M areas of the genus.p. plural mosaic praying garbage chute H up liedA endowIt over a long time overstrained amassed acquired profited-remove named as bank it poured having poured poured intention hired NarwhalA outgrowth litter began beginning started started started starting started begin started enemy ailment obituary | hatred for a long time relegated news, news nail, sg. normalize ABOUT security will call it make it easier ease drenched embraced overtaken skinned encourage encouraged encouraged encouraged take courage aggravated exacerbate lend embitter paste over will surround seal vulgarized defined wholesale inquire get to know departed gave having given Review (for publication) disabled uncorked withdrew responded adolescence P PARTNER will call you back transfused bear fruit repeated divided raising called call, call polyla put put having understood understood Understood, Understood briefcase handrails sent (you're right honors (she is right arrived arrived arrived arrived dowry call accepted accepted force accepted started started tamed lived far-sightedIva percent | R rvalA WITH beet drills you drill (she) serA (you) sera orphans plum took off removed bent created a created convening litter funds, im.p.pl. means statue tableYar (she) slim It) is slender (you) are slim T |
saharina.ru
|
hyphen, from German, where the stress is on the 2nd syllable cheapness dispensary, the word came from English. lang. through through French, where the blow. always on last syllable agreement document blinds, from French lang., where is the blow. always on last syllable significance, from adj. significant X, im.p. pl., motionless stress catalog, in the same row with the words dialogue, monologue, obituary, etc. quarter, from it. lang., where the accent is on the 2nd kilometer, in line with the words centimeter, decimeter, millimeter... cones, cones, motionless. stress on the 1st syllable in all cases in units. and many others. h. cranes, fixed stress on 1st syllable flint, flint, blow. in all forms to the last syllable, as in the word fire lecturers, lecturers, see the word bow(s) localities, genus p.pl., in the same row with the word form of honors, jaws ... but localities |
Adolescence, from Youth-teenager parter, from French. lang., where is the blow. always on last syllable briefcase dowry call, in the same row with the words call, recall (ambassador), convening, but: Review (on publication) orphans, im.p.pl., stress in all forms plural only on the 2nd syllable funds, im.p.pl. convocation, see call carpenter, on a par with the words painter, doYar, shkolYar ... cakes, cakes scarves, see bows chauffeur, on a par with the words kioskёr, controller… expert, from the French. lang., where the stress is always on the last syllable |
correct, short adj. zh.r. significant prettier, adj. and adv. in comp. most beautiful, excellent kitchen agility, short adj. zh.r. |
mosaic perspicacious, short adj. f.r., in one next to the words cute, fussy, chatty ... but: gluttonous plum, derived from plum |
pamper, on a par with words spoil, spoil, spoil ..., but: minion of fate take-took take-take take-took take-took turn on, turn on turn on, turn on join-merged break in-break in perceive-perceived recreate-recreated hand-hand over drive-driven chasing-chasing get-dobrala get-got wait-wait call - call get through dose wait-waited live-lived cork up occupied, occupied, occupied, occupied, occupied lock-locked lock-locked (with a key, with a lock and call-called call, call, call, exhaust lay-lay sneak - sneaked lie-lie pour-lila pour-poured lie-lied endow-endowit overstrained-overstrained name-named bank-roll pour-poured narwhal-narwhala litter-litter start-started, started, started |
call-call-call facilitate-facilitate drenched-drenched hug-hugged overtake-overtaken rip-off encourage cheer up - cheer up exacerbate borrow-borrow embitter surround-surround seal, in the same row with the words form, normalize, sort, reward… vulgarize inquire - inquire depart-departed give-gave turn-off withdraw-revoked responded-responded call back - call back transfuse-transferred fruit repeat-repeat call-called call-call-call pour-watered put-put understand-understood send-sent arrive-arrived-arrived-arrived accept-accepted-accepted-accepted force tear-torn drill-drill-drill take off-taken off create-created pluck-plucked litter-litter remove-remove speed up deepen strengthen-strengthen pinch-pinch, pinch |
pampered enabled-enabled, see relegated delivered folded busy-busy locked-locked inhabited-inhabited spoiled, see spoiled feeding bleeding amassed acquired-acquired poured-poured hired started |
relegated-reduced, see included… encouraged-encouraged-encouraged aggravated defined-defined disabled repeated divided understood accepted tamed lived removed-removed bent |
poznaemvmeste.ru
Orthoepic minimum USE 2018
Single State exam in Russian is mandatory for school graduates. Many schoolchildren are sure that it will not be difficult to pass it, since Russian is their native language for the majority. Despite this, we still recommend that you show responsibility and devote several hours to studying the rules and repeating orthoepic norms.
Dates
The main stage of the Unified State Examination in the Russian language will traditionally begin at the end of May and will last until the beginning of June 2018.
From mid-March to mid-April early stage. You can pass the exam in advance:
- graduated from high school in 2017;
- who received a certificate instead of a certificate of secondary education;
- graduates of schools with evening education;
- planning to continue their studies abroad;
- applicants in 2018 who completed the curriculum in advance;
- schoolchildren who, during the main USE stage must participate in events of national or international importance;
- 11th graders who require treatment or rehabilitation scheduled on the date of the main exam.
In early September, students who received a low score or missed the exam due to a good reason (documentary evidence is required) are allowed to take the exam.
The main stages of the exam
Each ticket includes 26 tasks, including questions in the form of tests and writing an essay in given topic. Next year it is planned to add a task that will reveal knowledge lexical norms. Since 2016 in Russian Academy Educations are increasingly talking about the need to introduce the “Speaking” stage into the exam.
It is possible that in 2018, in addition to all of the above, schoolchildren will also be tested for their ability to verbally express their thoughts, draw conclusions and argue their position.
What words are included in the orthoepic minimum of the exam
One of the differences between the Russian language and others is that the stress in words can fall on a different syllable, and not like, for example, in French, only on the last one. Therefore, only a few can correctly place the stress in words. To successfully pass the orthoepic minimum in the Russian language, you will have to memorize about 300 words.
A complete list of words that are included in the USE 2018 orthoepic minimum can be found on the FIPI website. We will list only those that cause difficulties for most schoolchildren: the alphabet, airports, bows, willow, religion, on time, old, dispensary, to the top, get through, to the bottom, blinds, enviably, spoiled, from ancient times, catalog, quarter, kilometer, more beautiful, garbage chute, lighten, seal, wholesale, adolescence, partner, rights, dowry, drills, orphans, plum, funds, carpenter, cakes, chain, scarves.
How to get the maximum score
The first part of the ticket consists of 25 tasks. Successful completion will allow you to get 34 points, which is 59% of the total USE result In Russian. Task number 26 is an essay, the maximum score for it is 24 points, i.e. the remaining 41%. Responsible preparation for the exam, concentration during the exam and confidence in own forces and knowledge will help you get the highest score.
Video lesson about stress in Russian:
An important aspect of orthoepy is stress, that is, the sound emphasis of one of the syllables of a word. Stress in writing is usually not indicated, although in some cases (when teaching Russian to non-Russians) it is customary to put it.
Distinctive features of Russian stress are its uniformity and mobility. The diversity lies in the fact that the stress in Russian can be on any syllable of the word (book, signature - on the first syllable; lantern, underground - on the second; hurricane, orthoepy - on the third, etc.). In some words, the stress is fixed on a certain slot and does not move during formation grammatical forms, in others - changes its place (compare: ton - tons and wall - wall - walls and walls).
Stress in verbs.
One of the most tense points of stress in common verbs is the past tense. The stress in the past tense usually falls on the same syllable as in the infinitive: sit - sat, moan - moaned, hide - hid. start - started. At the same time, the group of common verbs (about 300) obeys another rule7: stress in the form female goes to the end, and in other forms remains on the base. These are the verbs to take, be, take, twist, lie, drive, give, wait, live, call, lie, pour, drink, tear, etc. It is recommended to say: live - lived - lived - lived - lived; wait - waited - waited - waited - waited; pour - lil - lIlo - lIli - l il A. Derivative verbs are also pronounced (live, pick up, finish drinking, spill, etc.).
The exception is words with the prefix you-, which takes on the stress: survive - survived, pour out - poured out. Summon - called. For verbs to put, steal, send, send, the stress in the feminine form of the past tense remains on the basis: slala, sent, stlala.
And one more pattern. Quite often, in reflexive verbs (in comparison with irrevocable ones), the stress in the form of the past tense passes to the ending: begin - began. began, began, began: to be accepted - to be accepted, to be accepted, to be accepted. started.
Free download e-book V convenient format, watch and read:
Download the book Orthoepic vocabulary - fileskachat.com, fast and free download.
- Live speech, Dictionary of colloquial expressions, Belyanin V.P., Butenko I.A., 1994
- Russian spelling dictionary, About 200,000 words, Lopatin V.V., Ivanova O.E., 2013
The following tutorials and books:
- How right? With a capital letter or with a small one?, Spelling Dictionary, About 20,000 words and phrases, Lopatin V.V., Nechaeva I.V., Neltsova L.K., 2002
Orthoepic dictionary from the FIPI website with the words, the pronunciation of which on the exam must be known exactly.
An important aspect of orthoepy is stress
, that is, the sound emphasis of one of the syllables of the word. The stress on the letter is usually not indicated, although
in some cases (when teaching the Russian language to non-Russians), it is customary to set it.
Distinctive features of Russian stress are its heterogeneity And mobility . The diversity lies in the fact that the stress in Russian can be on any syllable of the word (book, signed- on the first syllable; lantern, underground- on the second; hurricane, orthoepy- on the third, etc.). In some words, the stress is fixed on a certain syllable and does not move during the formation of grammatical forms, in others it changes its place (compare: ton – tons And wall – wall – walls And walls).
The last example demonstrates the mobility of Russian stress. This is the objective difficulty of mastering accent norms. “However,” as K. S. Gorbachevich rightly notes, “if the heterogeneity and mobility of the Russian stress create some difficulties in its assimilation, then these inconveniences are completely redeemed by the ability to distinguish the meaning of words using the place of stress (flour – flour, cowardly – cowardly, immersed on the platform – submerged in water) and even functional and stylistic fixation of accent options (Bay leaf, but in botany: laurel family). Particularly important in this regard is the role of stress as a way of expressing grammatical meanings and overcoming the homonymy of word forms. As established by scientists, most of the words of the Russian language (about 96%) are distinguished by a fixed stress. However, the remaining 4% are the most common words that make up the basic, frequency vocabulary of the language.
Here are some rules of orthoepy in the area of stress, which will help to prevent the corresponding errors.
Stress in adjectives
In full forms of adjectives, only a fixed stress is possible on the basis or on the ending. The variability of these two types in the same word forms is explained, as a rule, by a pragmatic factor associated with the distinction between little-used or bookish adjectives and adjectives of frequency, stylistically neutral or even reduced. In fact, little-used and bookish words are more often stressed at the stem, while frequent, stylistically neutral or reduced words are more often accented at the end.
The degree of mastery of the word is manifested in the variants of the place of stress: circle And circle, spare And spare, near-Earth And near-Earth, minus And minus, cleaning And treatment. Such words are not included in USE assignments, since both options are considered correct.
And yet, the choice of the place of stress causes difficulties most often in short forms of adjectives. Meanwhile, there is a fairly consistent norm, according to which the stressed syllable of the full form of a number of common adjectives remains stressed in the short form: Beautiful – beautiful – beautiful – Beautiful – beautiful; unthinkable – unthinkable – unthinkable – unthinkable – inconceivable and so on.
The number of adjectives with mobile stress in Russian is small, but they are often used in speech, and therefore the stress norms in them need comments. The emphasis often falls on the stem in the form plural, as well as in singular in the masculine and neuter and at the ending in the feminine form: right – rights – right – right – rights; gray - gray – gray – sulfur – sulfur; slim – slender – slender – slender – slender.
Such adjectives, as a rule, have monosyllabic stems without suffixes or with the simplest suffixes (-k-, -n-). However, one way or another, it becomes necessary to refer to the orthoepic dictionary, since a number of words “knock out” of the specified norm. You can, for example, say: lengths And long, fresh And fresh, full And full etc.
It should also be said about the pronunciation of adjectives in a comparative degree. There is such a rule: if the stress in the short form of the feminine falls on the ending, then in a comparative degree it will be on the suffix
-her: strong - stronger, sick - sicker, alive - livelier, slim - slimmer, right - right; if the stress in the feminine gender is on the basis, then to a comparative extent it is preserved on the basis: beautiful - more beautiful, sad - sadder, nasty - more nasty. The same applies to the superlative form.
Stress in verbs
One of the most tense points of stress in common verbs
lah are forms of the past tense.
The stress in the past tense usually falls on the same syllable as in the infinitive: sit - sat, moan - moaned, hide - hid, start - started. At the same time, the group of common verbs (about 300) obeys a different rule: the stress in the feminine form goes to the ending, and in other forms it remains on the stem. These are the verbs to take, be, take, twist, lie, drive, give, wait, live, call, lie, pour, drink, tear, etc. It is recommended to say: live - lived - lived - lived - lived; wait - waited - waited - waited - waited; pour - lil - lilo - lili - lila. Derivative verbs are pronounced in the same way (live, pick up, drink up, spill, etc.).
The exception is words with the prefix you-, which takes on the stress: survive - survived, pour out - poured out, call out - called out.
Verbs put, steal, lay, send the stress in the feminine form of the past tense remains on the basis: slala, sent, stlala.
And one more pattern. Quite often, in reflexive verbs (in comparison with non-reflexive ones), the stress in the form of the past tense passes
at the end: start - started, started, started, started; to be accepted - to be accepted, to be accepted, to be accepted, to be accepted.
About the pronunciation of the verb to call in conjugated form
Spelling dictionaries of recent times quite rightly continue to recommend stress on the ending: you call, call, call, call, call. This tradition is based on classical literature (primarily poetry), the speech practice of authoritative native speakers.
Stress in some participles and participles
The most frequent fluctuations of stress are recorded when pronouncing short passive participles.
If the stress in the full form is on the suffix -yonn-, then it remains on it only in the form male, in other forms goes to the ending: carried out – carried out, carried out, carried out, carried out; delivered-
ny – imported, imported, imported, imported. However, it is sometimes difficult for native speakers to choose the right place of stress in the full form. They say:
"imported" instead of imported,"translated" instead of translated etc. In such cases, it is worth referring to the dictionary more often, gradually practicing the correct pronunciation.
A few notes about pronunciation full participles with the suffix -t-. If suffixes of an indefinite form -o-, -nu- have an accent on themselves, then
in participles, it will go one syllable forward: weed – weedy, prick – chipped, bend – bent, wrap – wrapped.
Passive participles from verbs pour And drink(with the suffix -t-) are characterized by unstable stress. You can speak: spilled And spilled, spilled And spilled, spilled(only!), spilled And spilled, spilled And spilled; drunk And drunk, dopit And supplement, supplement And supplement, dopito And added, supplements And supplements.
The participles often have an accent on the same syllable as in the indefinite form of the corresponding verb: having put, having set, having filled, having taken, having taken, having exhausted (DO NOT: have exhausted), having begun, having raised, having lived, watering, having put, having understood, having given, having undertaken, having arrived, having accepted, having sold, having cursed, having spilled, having penetrated, having drunk, having created.
Stress in adverbs should mainly be studied by memorizing and referring to the orthoepic dictionary.
