Grammatical norms are examples of errors. II. Grammatical errors in the structure of the phrase. The most common mistakes in the exam in the Russian language

The most common mistakes in the exam in the Russian language:

Classification of errors according to FIPI

1. Grammatical errors.
2. Speech errors.
3. Logic errors
4. Factual errors.
5. Spelling mistakes.
6. Punctuation errors.
7. Graphic errors.

Grammar mistake- this is an error in the structure of a language unit: in the structure of a word, phrase or sentence; this is a violation of any grammatical norm: word-formation, morphological, syntactic.

For example:

• slip instead of slip, nobility instead of nobility- here a mistake was made in the word-formation structure of the word, the wrong prefix or the wrong suffix was used;
• no comment go instead of go,more lighter- the form of the word is incorrectly formed, i.e. the morphological norm is violated;
• pay the fare, awarded- the structure of the phrase is violated (management standards are not observed);
• Ride on the rink, legs hurt; In the essay, I wanted to show the meaning of sport and why I love it- incorrectly constructed sentences with dee participle turnover(1) and with homogeneous members(2), i.e., syntactic norms are violated.

Unlike grammar, speech errors- these are errors not in the construction, not in the structure of the language unit, but in its use, most often in the use of the word. These are predominantly violations lexical norms, For example:

• Stolz is one of the main characters of Goncharov's novel of the same name Oblomov;
• They lost their only two sons in the war.

A speech error can be noticed only in the context, this is its difference from a grammatical error, for the detection of which the context is not needed.

The following are generally accepted classifiers of grammatical and speech errors.

Types of grammatical errors:

1. Wrong word formation Trudol bim th, above laugh.
2. Erroneous formation of the noun form - Many miracles A technology, lack of time I.
3. Erroneous formation of the form of the adjective - More interesting, more beautiful.
4. Erroneous formation of the form of the numeral - WITH five hundred rubles.
5. Erroneous formation of the form of the pronoun - theirs pathos , their children.
6. Erroneous formation of the verb form - They travel, want, write about the life of nature.
7. Violation of agreement - I am familiar with a group of guys, seriously captivating imisya jazz.
8. Disruption of control - We need to make our nature more beautiful.
   Narrates readers.
9. Violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate - Majority objected against such an assessment of his work.
10. Violation of the way of expressing the predicate in separate constructions - He wrote a book that epic.
    Everyone was happy and happy funny.
11. Errors in constructing sentences with homogeneous members - A country loved And was proud poet.
    In my essay, I wanted to say about the meaning sport and why I love it.
12. Errors in constructing a sentence with a participial turnover - Reading the text , it feels like...
13. Errors in constructing a sentence with participial turnover - The narrow path was covered failing snow under your feet.
14. Build errors complex sentence - This book taught me to appreciate and respect friends, which I read as a child. It seemed to the man That that this is a dream.
15. Mixing of direct and indirect speech - The author said what am I I do not agree with the opinion of the reviewer.
16. Violation of the boundaries of the proposal - When the hero comes to his senses. It was too late.
17. Violation of the types of temporal correlation of verb forms - freezes for a moment the heart and suddenly will knock again.

Types of speech errors:

1. The use of the word in an unusual sense - We were shocked great acting by the actors.
   Thought develops on continuation the entire text.
2. Non-distinguishing of the shades of meaning introduced into the word by the prefix and suffix - My attitude towards this issue is changed.Were accepted spectacular measures.
3. Ignorance of synonymous words - IN final The author uses gradation in the sentence.
4. The use of words of a different stylistic coloring - The author, addressing this problem, tries to direct people A little to another track.
5. Inappropriate use of emotionally colored words and phraseological units - Astafiev every now and then resorts to the use of metaphors and personifications.
6. Unjustified use of colloquial words - These people always succeed cheat others.
7. Violation of lexical compatibility -​​​​​ Author increases impression. Author uses artistic peculiarities(instead of facilities).
8. The use of superfluous words, including pleonasm - The author conveys the beauty of the landscape us through artistic means.Young boy, Very beautiful.
9. The use of single-root words in a close context (tautology) - In that the story is being told about real events.
10. Unjustified repetition of the word - Hero story does not think about his act. Hero does not even understand the full depth of the deed.
11. Poverty and monotony of syntactic constructions - When the writer came to the editor , accepted Chief Editor. When they talked, the writer went to the hotel.
12. Bad use of pronouns This text wrote V. Belov. He refers to art style.I immediately had a picture in his imagination.

Typical grammatical errors (K9)

This errors associated with the use of the verb, verb forms, adverbs, particles:

1. Mistakes in the formation of personal forms of verbs: They are driven by compassion(follows: moves);
2. Incorrect use of tense forms of verbs: This book provides knowledge about the history of the calendar, teaches you how to make calendar calculations quickly and accurately.(it follows: ... will give .., teach ... or ... gives .., teaches ...);
3. Errors in the use of real and passive participles: Streams of water flowing down amazed the author of the text(follows: dripping);
4. Errors in the formation of gerunds: Stepping onto the stage, the singers bowed(norm: leaving);
5. Incorrect formation of adverbs: The author was wrong(norm: here);

These errors are usually associated with a violation of the laws and rules of grammar and arise under the influence of vernacular and dialects.

Typical ones include grammatical and syntactical errors :

1. Violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate: The main thing that I now want to pay attention to is the artistic side of the work.(norm: ... this is the artistic side of the work); To benefit the Motherland, you need courage, knowledge, honesty(norm: ... courage, knowledge, honesty are needed);
2. Errors associated with the use of particles, such as unnecessary repetition: It would be nice if the painting was signed by the artist; separation of the particle from the component of the sentence to which it refers (usually particles are placed in front of those members of the sentence that they should highlight, but this pattern is often violated in essays): The text reveals two problems in total.(the restrictive particle "everything" must come before the subject: "... just two problems");
3. Unjustified omission of the subject (ellipsis): His courage, (?) to stand up for honor and justice attract the author of the text;
4. Incorrect construction of a compound sentence: The author of the text understands the mind not only as enlightenment, intelligence, but also the concept of “smart” was associated with the idea of ​​freethinking.

Typical speech errors (K10)

These are violations associated with the underdevelopment of speech: pleonasm, tautology, speech stamps; unmotivated use of colloquial vocabulary, dialectisms, jargon; unsuccessful use of expressive means, stationery, non-distinguishing (mixing) of paronyms; errors in the use of homonyms, antonyms, synonyms; ambiguity not eliminated by the context.

The most common speech errors include:

1. Non-distinguishing (mixing) of paronyms: In such cases, I look in the "Philosophical Dictionary"(verb take a look usually requires the control of a noun or pronoun with the preposition "on" ("to look at someone or something"), and the verb look in(“quickly or stealthily look somewhere, look to find out, find out something”), which must be used in the above sentence, governs a noun or pronoun with the preposition “in”);
2. Mistakes in choosing a synonym: The name of this poet is familiar in many countries(instead of the word known a synonym is mistakenly used in the sentence familiar); Now our press devotes considerable space to advertising, and this does not appeal to us.(in this case instead of the word space it is better to use its synonym - place; And linguistic word impresses also requires a synonymous replacement);
3. Mistakes in the selection of antonyms when constructing an antithesis:In the third part of the text, a cheerful, not major motive makes us think(antithesis requires precision in choosing words with opposite meanings, and the words "cheerful" and "major" are not antonyms;
4. The destruction of the figurative structure of phraseological units, which happens in an unsuccessfully organized context: Don't put your finger in the mouth of this certainly talented writer Zoshchenko, just let the reader laugh.

Logic errors

Logic errors associated with a violation of the logical correctness of speech. They arise as a result of a violation of the laws of logic, committed both within a single sentence, judgment, and at the level of the whole text.

1. comparison (opposition) of two logically heterogeneous (different in volume and content) concepts in a sentence;
2. as a result of a violation of the logical law of identity, the substitution of one judgment for another.

Composition-text errors

1. Unsuccessful start. The text begins with a sentence containing an indication of the previous context, which is absent in the text itself, by the presence of demonstrative word forms in the first sentence, for example: In this text, the author ...
2. Mistakes in main body.
   • Convergence of relatively distant thoughts in one sentence.
   • Lack of consistency in presentation; incoherence and violation of the order of sentences.
   • The use of sentences of different types in structure, leading to difficulty in understanding the meaning.
3. Unsuccessful ending. Duplication of the conclusion, unjustified repetition of the thought expressed earlier.

Factual Errors

Factual Errors- a kind of non-linguistic errors, which consists in the fact that the writer cites facts that contradict reality, gives incorrect information about the actual circumstances, both related and not related to the analyzed text (background knowledge)

1. Distortion of the content of a literary work, misinterpretation, poor choice of examples.
2. Inaccuracy in the quote. Lack of reference to the author of the quote. Misnamed citation author.
3. Ignorance of historical and other facts, including temporary displacement.
4. Inaccuracies in the names, surnames, nicknames of literary heroes. Name distortions literary works, their genres, an error in indicating the author.

Spelling, punctuation, graphic errors

When checking literacy (K7-K8), errors are taken into account

1. On the learned rules;
2. Non-rough (two non-rough ones count as one):
   • in exceptions to the rules;
   • in writing capital letter in compound own names;
   • in cases of separate and continuous spelling not with adjectives and participles,
   • acting as a predicate;
   • in writing And And s after prefixes;
   • in difficult cases distinctions not and neither ( Where did he go! Wherever he turned, no one could give him an answer. Nobody else…; none other than…; nothing else…; nothing more than...etc.);
   • in cases where one punctuation mark is replaced by another;
   • in the omission of one of the combined punctuation marks or in violation of their sequence;

It is also necessary to take into account the repeatability and uniformity of errors. If the mistake is repeated in the same word or in the root of words with the same root, then it is considered as one mistake.

1. Same type(the first three errors of the same type are counted as one error, each subsequent similar error is counted as an independent one): errors per rule, if the conditions for choosing the correct spelling are contained in grammatical ( in the army, in the grove; prick, fight) and phonetic ( pie, cricket) features of this word. Important!!!
   • The concept of similar errors does not apply to punctuation errors.
   • Errors are not considered to be of the same type for such a rule, in which, for clarification
2. recurring(repetition in the same word or in the root of single-root words is considered as one mistake)

Spelling mistakes

1. ­ In word transfer;
2. ­ Letters e / e after consonants in foreign words(racket, plein air) and after vowels in proper names (Marietta);
3. ­ Uppercase or lowercase letters
   • in names associated with religion: M (m) aslenitsa, R (r) Christmas, B (b) og.
   • with the figurative use of proper names (Oblomov and Oblomov).
   • in proper names of non-Russian origin; spelling of surnames with first
   • parts don, van, sept... (Don Pedro and Don Quixote).
4. Continuous / hyphen / separate spelling
   • in names, with in compound nouns without a connecting vowel (mostly borrowings), not regulated by rules and not included in the minimum dictionary ( lend-lease, kebab, know-how, papier-mâché, tumbleweed, walk-city paperweight, but beef stroganoff, head waiter, sedan chair, price list);
   • to rules that are not included in school curriculum. For example: to spill, to scold behind the eyes, to match, on the run, in installments, to back down, to a curiosity, to the touch, in the wings, to put on the butt(cf. the current spelling recklessly, loosely);

Punctuation errors

• Dash in incomplete sentence;
• Separation of inconsistent definitions related to common nouns;
• Commas with restrictive-excretory revolutions;
• Distinguishing homonymous particles and interjections and, accordingly, not highlighting or highlighting them with commas;
• In the transfer of the author's punctuation;

Graphic errors

Graphic errors- various methods of shortening words, the use of spaces between words, various underlining and font selections. These include: various typos and misprints caused by the inattention of the writer or the haste of writing.

Common graphical errors:

• The omission of letters, for example: the whole novel is based on this conflict (follows: is built);
• Permutation of letters, for example: new product names(follows: products);
• Replacing some alphabetic characters with others, for example: legendary Battle on the Ice(should: legendary);
• Adding extra letters: That is why it is important in any, even the most difficult, conditions ...(should: even).

Types of grammatical errors

1.

• Prepositions according to, in spite of, thanks to, contrary to used with D. p. (not R. p.)

ERROR: according to schedule I contrary to orders A

• Incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition

• Remember mistakes

On arrival, on departure, on departure

Upon completion, upon return, upon completion

NORM: upon arrival, upon arrival

• Incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition

• The preposition PO can be used locally. 1 and 2 l. in P.p.

NORMA: miss us, miss you.

• Incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition

• Omitting a suggestion.

On water, land and air- we are everywhere

reserved. (in the air)

• The meaning of the suggestion.

Thanks to bad weather, we stayed at home.

(because of, because of)

• Incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition

• Management can be prepositional (belief in victory) and unprepositional (slow down progress).

An error occurs when the wrong choice

case or preposition.

ERROR: peculiar to us,

confidence in victory, the problem of protection.

• 2.

• Errors in sentences whose clause begins with allied words WHO, NOBODY.

WHO AND NOBODY is used with singular verbs.

Those, who have been to the city, could not help admiring

Those who has been in the city couldn't help admiring

by sea.

• Violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate

• The predicate must be in the plural if it is expressed in adj. or par.

ERROR: A number of scenes in the play are true and

interesting.

• Violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate

• The predicate must be plural if the subject has 2,3,4

ERROR: There are three books on the table.

• Violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate

• The predicate after homogeneous subjects must be plural.

ERROR: Industry and Agriculture is steadily developing.

• Violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate

• If the collected exist. does not have controlled words, then the predicate must be in the singular.

• 3. Violation in the construction of a proposal with an inconsistent application

• The names of works, paintings, films enclosed in quotation marks do not change if there is a common noun next to them. - genre designation.

ERROR: In the movie "War and Peace"

S. Bondarchuk played the role of Pierre.

• Violation in the construction of a sentence with an inconsistent application

• If common noun. absent, the proper name is changed.

MISTAKE: In "War and Peace" S. Bondarchuk played the role of Pierre.

• 4.

• If homogeneous predicates have one dependent word, it is necessary to check whether they can control it.

ERROR: During the war, the people hoped and

believed in victory.

(hoping to win)

• Error in constructing a sentence with homogeneous members

• Violation of homogeneity of concepts.

The slope of the mountain along which we descended, overgrown with dense ferns, was very steep.

He remembered the taiga and how he hunted a bear.

I love football and swimming.

His conclusions are simple and understandable.

• Error in constructing a sentence with homogeneous members

• Double alliances cannot be changed.

ERROR: Well answered as young men, but

also girls.

• It is necessary to check the place of homogeneous members in double alliances.

MISTAKE: I not only read newspapers, but also magazines.

• Error in constructing a sentence with homogeneous members

• You can not mix generic and specific concepts, combine incompatible ones.

In the boat lay carp, carp, fish.

He came with his wife and a bad mood.

• Error in constructing a sentence with homogeneous members

• Violation of case forms of the generalizing word and single members

ERROR: The meeting was attended by representatives three countries: England, France, Italy.

• 5.

• The adverb phrase cannot be used if the action expressed by the verb-predicate and the action expressed by the adverb refer to different persons.

ERROR: Using a calculator, the calculation is done quickly.

• Incorrect sentence construction with adverbial turnover

• The verbal turnover cannot be used in an impersonal sentence

ERROR: Walking in the evening, I was not healthy.

• Incorrect sentence construction with adverbial turnover

• The adverb phrase cannot be used in a sentence with a passive construction.

ERROR: Having delivered the necessary medical supplies, the aircraft will be inspected by technicians.

• Incorrect sentence construction with adverbial turnover

• Error when the aspectual form of the verb and the participle are not related.

MISTAKE: When meeting with a grandmaster, the young chess player won.

• 6.

• A break in participatory turnover by a defined word.

MISTAKE: Mom's cooked pancakes were delicious.

• Violation in the construction of a sentence with participial turnover

• Violation of agreement with the defined word.

MISTAKE: We are proud of the players who beat the English team.

• Violation in the construction of a sentence with participial turnover

• Replacement of suffering participles with valid ones.

ERROR: The task we are running does not cause problems.

• You can not use in the subordinate part of the pronoun 1 and 2 persons.
• ERROR: The student said I wasn't ready yet.

• Incorrect sentence construction with indirect speech

• Redundancy of unions

ERROR: He was constantly asked if he would complete the work he had begun.

He asked where his things were.

• In the story "The Jumper" Chekhov condemns idleness.
• He loved and enjoyed reading.
• You need to take great care of your children.
• A desk mate asked who would go to football with me.
• came to our city, admired its provincial simplicity.
• The sun illuminated the mountain peaks covered with snow.
• After resting a little, the work began to be done faster.

Check yourself I

1. In the story "The Jumper" Chekhov condemns idleness.

violation in the construction of a sentence with an inconsistent application

2. He loved and was fond of reading.

error in constructing a sentence with homogeneous members

3. You need to take great care of children.

incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition

4. A desk mate asked who would go to football with me.

incorrect sentence construction with indirect speech

5. Whoever came to our city admired its provincial simplicity.

violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate

6. The sun illuminated the mountain peaks covered with snow.

violation in the construction of a sentence with participial turnover

7. Having rested a little, the work began to be done faster.

violation in the construction of a sentence with adverbial turnover

As practical tasks, we offer you fragments from the work of students.

Find mistakes and try to fix them.

Exercise #1

Find errors related to the violation of word order. Try to explain and correct them.

1. In the proposed essay for analysis, the author turned to a topic that is always important.
2. I believe that every parent is obliged to raise a kind and honest child.
3. Many families find themselves in a situation similar to the one described by V. Tendryakov.
4. Four days later he reached his village,
5. Yesterday evening at about ten o'clock he was seen on the street.

Exercise #2

Determine the type of error. Correct the offer.

1. You can admire his courage and heroism.
2. Returning from vacation, he learned about the consequences of the news.
3. Sometimes people die in situations like this.
4. Every person needs attention and understanding of his problems.
5. They stop understanding and trusting each other.

Exercise #3

Determine the type of error. Try to rearrange the sentence in such a way as to avoid violating the speech norm.

1. He was not ashamed of his appearance and that his fellow villagers would laugh at him.
2. With a sigh of annoyance and completely upset, another visitor left the office.
3. It is necessary not only to help the elderly, but also young families.
4. Citizens who entered the bus are asked to pay for the fare.
5. After reading the essay, it seemed to me that the author was close to his problem.

Exercise number 4

In the proposed passage from the student's essay, find all cases of violation of speech norms. Edit the text.

The problem of patriotism and nationalism worries the author. One concept is quite often modified by another. If patriotism reflects the strength of a nation, then nationalism is something else. Already hair sometimes stand on end when you read newspaper materials on the topic of ethnic conflicts.

In addition to the above, I want to add that all people on earth are brothers and should treat each other with respect.

Exercise number 5

Divide sentences with stylistic errors into three groups: 1) mixing vocabulary of different styles; 2) the use of clericalism; 3) speech stamps. Try to rebuild the structures in accordance with the norm.

1. There was a real dubak in the village center of culture. 2. Sometimes it happens like this: a person himself reads and knows a lot, but does not spend among the population explanatory work. 3. The author brings to the attention of readers his thoughts on this matter. 4. Natasha Rostova loved one guy, but she wanted to give her hand and heart to another. 5. Anyone can get into trouble. life situation, and there is nothing to pose as invulnerable. 6. Pike, crucian carp, and small minnows were found in the aquatic environment. 7. The image of Andrei Bolkonsky is a typical role model. 8. Selfless patriotism and fortitude characterize the hero of this essay.

1. One of the facts of the biography of A.P. Chekhov, which has recently become known, is the construction by him at his own expense of four

rural schools.

2. Andryushin remained on the terrace for a long time, admiring the blinding flashes of lightning over the garden.

3. Everyone really liked the illustrations for the stories sent to the competition.

4. V.G. Belinsky wrote about 20 articles and reviews specifically dedicated to the work of N.V. Gogol.

5. Part of the listeners preparatory courses visits a film lecture hall interested in gaining knowledge.

6. In " explanatory dictionary living Great Russian language” V.I. Dahl contains more than 80 thousand words, previously not recorded.

7. Schoolchildren from our village willingly helped a group of archaeologists who came from Novgorod.

8. To the right of the steering wheel was a compass with a circle of pointer covered with cracked and partly chipped enamel, dotted with numerous divisions.

9. In these wonderful books, dedicated to the most interesting events and facts in a person's life, you will find answers

to many of your questions.

10. In late XVIII centuries, science became aware of the existence of an unusual mammal that lays eggs and incubates them: it was a platypus.

11. The page of the passport containing encoded information about its owner will be filled in by laser engraving.

12. I read this work by Vasil Bykov in the summer, dedicated to the Great Patriotic War.

13. One of the miracles on the Kuril ridge, which attracts tourists from all over the world, is connected

with volcanoes.

14. The girl who was sitting by the window and who sang well was remembered by everyone.

15. Among the houses built on this street, there were several multi-storey ones.

16. The football player who played in attack and who scored two goals was a pupil of a famous coach.

17. One of the independent types of art that has existed since the end of the 15th century is graphics.

18. One of the main features that characterize Natasha Rostova is honesty in relations with people.

19. A good speaker, having carefully prepared for a speech, has a figurative, emotional and at the same time logical speech.

20. A special commission on urban planning has been created in the city, coordinating the work of all construction companies.

21. In autumn, ears of wheat are waiting for the hour, heavy from ripened grains, when harvesters appear in the field.

22. The Order of St. Andrew the First-Called was established by Peter I in 1698, issued only in rare, exceptional cases.

23. F.I. Tyutchev wrote his first poem at the age of eleven, which became the largest representative of Russian philosophical lyrics.

24. The main source of energy for every living being inhabiting our planet is the energy of the sun.

25. In our time, transmitted over global trunk lines, the amount of information is constantly growing.

26. All the students understood difficult topic who came to an optional lesson.

27. Forest glades were covered with bright strawberries blooming abundantly this year.

28. Among the buildings built on this street were several multi-storey buildings.

Indirect speech

In indirect

5. descend; the shades they express are conveyed only by approximately other lexical means, for example:

1. If direct speech is declarative sentence, then when replacing it with indirect speech, the union is used that, for example:

* The servant entered and announced that the horses were served (P.). (Compare: A servant entered and announced: "Horses are served").

2. If direct speech is incentive offer, then when replacing it with indirect speech, the union is used to, for example:

* Tell him to get out ... (Ch.). (Compare: Say: "Get out...").

3. If direct speech is interrogative sentence , then when replacing it with indirect speech, two cases are possible:

a) if present in direct speech interrogative pronominal words they are preserved in indirect speech in the role of relative words, for example: They drove up to the hut, they ask, Where here to find the economic part (Furm.). (Compare: They drove up to the hut, they ask: “ Where here to find the economic part?").

b) in the absence of interrogative pronominal words in direct speech, an indirect question is expressed using a particle whether in the role of a union, for example: The general inquired if I was the son of Andrei Petrovich Grinev (P.). (Compare: The general inquired: “Are you the son of Andrei Petrovich Grinev?” Or “Are you the son of Andrei Petrovich Grinev?”).

4. In indirect speech, personal and possessive pronouns and persons of the verb are used from the point of view of the author, and not the person of the speaker, for example:

5.Addresses, interjections, emotional particles available in direct speech, in indirect speech descend; the shades expressed by them are transmitted only approximately by other lexical means, for example.