PhD in Psychology reduction.  Official abbreviations for academic degrees. Analogue of a PhD in other countries

Candidate of Sciences in the Russian Federation and some countries is the first of the postgraduate degrees awarded to the applicant by the dissertation council after the defense of the candidate's dissertation. Only scientists with a Ph.D. can apply for the PhD degree.

The PhD degree is obtained in two ways

First common way: after graduation, the graduate submits documents for admission to graduate school.

If you enter with work experience, by this time you must have worked in the chosen field for at least two years, if the form of study is full-time, that is, the age limit is no more than 35 years.

In addition, it is necessary to obtain a recommendation from the Academic Council of the educational institution in which the student showed proper results in scientific research in the chosen specialty. These recommendations are accepted in many universities in the field of research. This is followed by the preparation of documents and the passage of entrance exams, usually these are:

• speciality
• philosophy
• foreign

It is also possible to enroll in graduate school and contractual basis, for this you will need to pass an interview or entrance examinations. A graduate student at the end of graduate school, having defended a dissertation, which will be the result of study and research, will already be able to apply for a Ph.D.

Second way- This competition.

This path has a number of advantages. No need to be constantly present educational institution. The Academic Council only approves the chosen topic of scientific work and appoints a supervisor. Applying for more independent work. For three years, it is important to show that the work is moving forward and receive advice from the supervisor. Work on research, preparation for passing candidate exams, writing a dissertation - the applicant takes over. But there are no strict time limits here, the deadlines are set by the future candidate of sciences. The only limitation is the term for preparing a dissertation for no more than three years.

So, apply for a PhD can be a person with a completed higher education, or graduate student, or applicant.

Depending on the scientific direction, exists separation PhDs by specialty. There are 24 of them in the Russian Federation:

• PhD in Architecture (PhD in Architecture)
• Candidate of Biological Sciences (Candidate of Biological Sciences)
• Candidate of Veterinary Sciences (Candidate of Veterinary Sciences)
• Candidate of military sciences (candidate of military sciences)
• Candidate of Geographical Sciences (Candidate of Geographical Sciences)
• Candidate of Geological and Mineralogical Sciences (Candidate of Geological and Mineral Sciences)
• PhD in Art History (Ph.D. in Art History)
• Candidate historical sciences(candidate of historical sciences)
• Candidate of Cultural Studies (Ph.D. of Cultural Studies)
• Candidate medical sciences(candidate of medical sciences)
• Candidate pedagogical sciences(candidate of pedagogical sciences)
• Candidate of Political Sciences (Ph.D. in Political Science)
• Candidate psychological sciences(candidate of psychological sciences)
• Candidate of Agricultural Sciences (Candidate of Agricultural Sciences)
• Candidate of Sociological Sciences (Candidate of Sociological Sciences)
• Candidate technical sciences(candidate of technical sciences)
• Candidate of Pharmaceutical Sciences (PhD)
• Candidate of Physical and Mathematical Sciences (Candidate of Physical and Mathematical Sciences)
• Candidate of Philological Sciences (Candidate of Philological Sciences)
• Candidate of Philosophical Sciences (Candidate of Philosophical Sciences)
• Candidate of chemical sciences (candidate of chemical sciences)
• Candidate of Economic Sciences (Candidate of Economic Sciences)
• Candidate legal sciences(candidate of legal sciences)
• Candidate of Theology (September 25, 2015 VAK approved the passport of a new scientific specialty"Theology")

Difference Between Candidate, Doctor, Associate Professor and Professor

Scientist with a degree candidate sciences apply for a degree the doctors Sciences.

In accordance with the candidate of sciences, he also receives the title of assistant professor if:

• worked for at least 2 years as a senior researcher at a research institute or an associate professor at a university.
• teaches at least 0.25 of the rate for educational programs higher education, or additional vocational education in the relevant scientific specialty.
• has scientific experience and pedagogical activity at least 5 years, including at least 3 years of teaching experience in the specialty
• published at least 20 educational publications And scientific papers(including in co-authorship), including patents for inventions and other intellectual property objects that are used in the educational process.
• over the past 3 years has published at least 2 educational publications and at least 3 scientific papers in the relevant scientific specialty. Scientific works should be published in peer-reviewed publications, with the exception of those containing information constituting a state or other secret protected by law.

Rank professors received only by degree holders PhD.

So the scheme degrees and rank looks like this:

Analogue of a PhD in other countries

Ph.D.- Doctor of Philosophy, a common analogue of the Russian PhD degree. PhD degree recognized in the US, Canada and European countries. There Ph.D. - the highest academic degree.

In some European countries, such as France, Germany And Britain, the equivalents of the Russian PhD degree are awarded:

• DSc(Doctor of Natural Sciences)
• DLitt(doctor humanities)
• DSocsc(Doctor of Social Science)

To obtain such a degree, it is required to defend the corresponding thesis, but there are no clear deadlines, and there is no doctoral studies, the candidate prepares himself.

"PhD" - academic degree. It has existed in Russia and the CIS countries since the Soviet Union- since 1934. This is an intermediate step on the scientific path from master to doctor of science and is awarded to the applicant who:

• has higher education;
• passed all candidate exams;
• made a number of researches on the subject;
• presented and proved the novelty and practical value of scientific ideas;
• passed the procedure according to established by law requirements.

The Russian academic degree "PhD" is an analogue of the Western PhD (read as pi-h-di). PhD - Doctor of Philosophy. However, in essence, it is not identical to a degree in Russia. The latter suggests even more high level results

The degree "candidate of science" is differentiated depending on the specialty in which the applicant can defend his work. In Russia, there are 23 branches of awarding such titles. For example: candidate of physical and mathematical sciences, candidate of philological sciences. But there are a lot of specialties. One can be a candidate of legal, veterinary, biological, military, geological and mineralogical, geographical, historical, pedagogical, political, medical, psychological, sociological, technical, pharmaceutical, philosophical, agricultural, chemical, economic sciences. In addition, there is such a title as a candidate of architecture, art criticism, cultural studies.

The degree "PhD" should not be confused with the Western interpretation mentioned above - Doctor of Philosophy (PhD).

Walking along the scientific path, the applicant must understand the goal for which he is ready to go through many difficult stages to obtain the PhD degree. It should be understood that this title is not a guarantee of great material wealth in the future. At least the return will not be fast. Initially, this is an increase of about 10-15% of the salary. It is relevant and really significant in the future at the university, participation in the competition for scientific titles associate professor or professor, work at the department.

Writing a dissertation is a complex, painstaking, multi-stage process. First of all, it is necessary to create a new, original intellectual product - the result scientific activity. The next step is to organize the process of protection. It usually involves a lot of people: a supervisor, opponents, experts, reviewers, editors, consultants, etc. It is important to note that having made the decision to engage in science, one must be prepared to some extent for material investments. In no case is it about buying and not independently performing specific stages of work.

However, often real large-scale studies that would bring real benefits and have practical significance require certain resources. For example, conducting experiments, experiments, by its very methodology, can be costly.

It's no secret to anyone that organizational issues related to the measures of the protection itself, especially in the final period, may also require some financial investments. However, everything here is very individual, depending on the established traditions of the university, the council, and the circumstances.

Doctor of Biological Sciences - Dr. Biol. Sciences
Doctor of Veterinary Sciences - Dr. Veterinarian. Sciences
doctor of military sciences - doctor of military. Sciences
Doctor of Geographical Sciences - Dr. Geogr. Sciences
doctor of geological and mineralogical sciences - doctor of geol.-mineral. Sciences
doctor of art history - doctor of art history
Doctor of Historical Sciences - Dr. ist. Sciences
Doctor of Cultural Studies - Doctor of Cultural Studies
Doctor of Medical Sciences - dr honey. Sciences
doctor of pedagogical sciences - dr ped. Sciences
Doctor of Political Science - Dr. Polit. Sciences
Doctor of Psychological Sciences - Dr. of Psychology. Sciences
doctor of agricultural sciences - doctor of agricultural sciences Sciences
doctor of sociological sciences - doctor of sociology. Sciences
doctor of technical sciences - doctor of techn. Sciences
Doctor of Pharmaceutical Sciences - Dr. Pharmacist. Sciences
Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences - Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences
Doctor of Philology - Dr. Philol. Sciences
Doctor of Philosophical Sciences - Doctor of Philosophy. Sciences
Doctor of Chemical Sciences - Dr. of Chem. Sciences
doctor of economic sciences - doctor of economics. Sciences
doctor of juridical sciences - dr. jurid. Sciences
Candidate of Biological Sciences - Cand. biol. Sciences
candidate of veterinary sciences - cand. vet. Sciences
candidate of military sciences - cand. military Sciences
candidate of geographical sciences - cand. geogr. Sciences
Candidate of Geological and Mineralogical Sciences - Ph.D. geol.-mineral. Sciences
candidate of art history - cand. art criticism
Candidate of Historical Sciences - Ph.D. ist. Sciences
Candidate of cultural studies - Ph.D. cultural studies
Candidate of Medical Sciences - Cand. honey. Sciences
Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences - Cand. ped. Sciences
Candidate of Political Science - Ph.D. polit. Sciences
Candidate of Psychological Sciences - Ph.D. psychol. Sciences
Candidate of Agricultural Sciences - Cand. s.-x. Sciences
candidate of sociological sciences - cand. sociological Sciences
candidate of technical sciences - cand. tech. Sciences
Candidate of Pharmaceutical Sciences - Cand. pharmacist. Sciences
Candidate of Physical and Mathematical Sciences - Ph.D. Phys.-Math. Sciences
candidate of philological sciences - cand. philol. Sciences
Candidate of Philosophical Sciences - Cand. philosophy Sciences
Candidate of Chemical Sciences - Cand. chem. Sciences
candidate of economic sciences - cand. economy Sciences
candidate of legal sciences - cand. legal Sciences

There are also shorter, informal abbreviations for academic degrees:

Doctor of Architectural Sciences - Doctor of Architectural Sciences;

Candidate of Architectural Sciences - Ph.D.

Doctor of Biological Sciences - Doctor of Biological Sciences;

Candidate of Biological Sciences - Ph.D.

Doctor of Veterinary Sciences - Doctor of Veterinary Sciences;

candidate of veterinary sciences - Ph.D.

doctor of military sciences - doctor of military sciences;

candidate of military sciences - Ph.D.

Doctor of Geographical Sciences - Doctor of Geographical Sciences;

Candidate of Geographical Sciences - Ph.D.

Doctor of Geological and Mineralogical Sciences - Doctor of Geology and Mathematics;

Candidate of Geological and Mineralogical Sciences - Ph.D.

doctor of art history - doctor of arts;

Candidate of Art History - Ph.D.

Doctor of Historical Sciences - Doctor of Historical Sciences;

Candidate of Historical Sciences - Ph.D.

doctor of medical sciences - doctor of medical sciences;

Candidate of Medical Sciences - Ph.D.

Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences - Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences;

Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences - Ph.D.

doctor of political sciences - d.pol.n.;

candidate of political sciences - Ph.D.

Doctor of Psychological Sciences - Doctor of Psychology;

Candidate of Psychological Sciences - Ph.D.

Doctor of Agricultural Sciences - Doctor of Agricultural Sciences;

Candidate of Agricultural Sciences - Ph.D.

Doctor of Sociological Sciences - Doctor of Social Sciences;

candidate of sociological sciences - Ph.D.

Doctor of Technical Sciences - Doctor of Technical Sciences;

candidate of technical sciences - Ph.D.

Doctor of Pharmaceutical Sciences - Doctor of Pharmacy;

Candidate of Pharmaceutical Sciences - Ph.D.

Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences - Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences;

Candidate of Physical and Mathematical Sciences - Ph.D.

Doctor of Philology - Doctor of Philology;

candidate of philological sciences - Ph.D.

Doctor of Philosophy - Doctor of Philosophy;

Candidate of Philosophical Sciences - Ph.D.

Doctor of Chemical Sciences - Doctor of Chemistry;

Candidate of Chemical Sciences - Ph.D.

Doctor of Economic Sciences - Doctor of Economics;

Candidate of Economic Sciences - Ph.D.

Doctor of Law - Doctor of Law;

candidate of legal sciences - Ph.D.

Instruction

In order to receive a Ph.D. degree, the applicant must prepare a qualifying scientific work in the chosen specialty (dissertation) and defend it in a special attestation body - Dissertation Council. Then, at the request of this council, the degree is awarded by the Higher Attestation Commission (HAC). The entire procedure for preparing and defending a Ph.D. thesis is strictly formalized and must comply with a certain algorithm.

Before starting to write a dissertation research, the applicant must decide on the form of his activity. Currently, there are several ways to obtain a Ph.D. degree: (full-time and part-time), applicant and.

Postgraduate study is a continuation educational process after receiving a university degree. For admission to graduate school, both full-time and part-time, the applicant must submit an application to the university department and pass entrance exams in the chosen specialty, philosophy and foreign language. Education in full-time postgraduate studies lasts 3 years, in correspondence 5 years. During this period, the graduate student attends classes in a foreign language and philosophy in order to prepare for the candidate's examinations, the so-called candidate's minimum, and seminars in the main specialty.

At the same time, a young specialist, under the guidance of a supervisor, must choose a topic for a dissertation research and start working on it. The graduate student must submit the completed manuscript version of the dissertation to the department by the time of graduation from graduate school. This form of training is most suitable for young university graduates who do not yet have serious professional experience and need guidance and assistance from senior colleagues.

The PhD is a freer form of preparation for a degree. It does not imply a permanent presence at a university or educational institution. The applicant is attached to a specialized department in his specialty. The academic council of the university approves the chosen topic of the dissertation work and the supervisor. The applicant independently prepares for the candidate's examinations and writing a dissertation. The applicant does not imply strict restrictions on the preparation time - the terms for passing exams and submitting a dissertation research are chosen by the applicant himself.

Regardless of the chosen form of training (postgraduate study or fellowship), the applicant for a Ph.D. degree must publish a number of articles on the subject under study or one monograph in scientific journals before defending a dissertation. Moreover, only those articles that are published in the list of publications approved by the Higher Attestation Commission are taken into account. The list of scientific papers is attached to the set of documents required for consideration of the dissertation by the Dissertation Council.

Degrees