Dumplings! How much has merged in this word for the Russian heart! They are one of the most popular dishes from different countries, and their modeling is similar to some kind of magical ritual. Many lovers of this dish claim that dumplings can be eaten every day and they never get bored.
Initially, the name of this dish consisted of two Udmurt words - “ear” (pel) and “bread” (nyan). A piece of meat wrapped in dough really looked like a human ear. Well, the “pel-nyan” eventually turned into a dumpling.
Residents of Europe call dumplings their invention of the Middle Ages, the Chinese - theirs. But the universally recognized, ideal dumplings are Siberian. Loved by the Udmurts, they were liked by both the Komi-Permyak peoples and Russian Siberians. Well, around the 14th century, yummy began to spread throughout Russia. The invention was liked by the fact that the meat before cooking was able to be stored in the cold for a long time and, being wrapped in dough, beat off the smell that attracted predators. 
Dumplings had a ritual significance associated with the sacrifice of cattle to the gods. Therefore, the classic Ural dumplings are a mixture of three minced meats: beef (450 g per 1 kg), lamb (350 g) and pork (200 g). Very little pepper is added to them, finely chopped onions - in moderation, a little fresh cabbage, grated radish and finely chopped greens. Due to vegetable additives, the tender filling during cooking does not turn into a monolithic hard lump that threatens to break the shell of the dough. 
The dough for dumplings is prepared with the addition of eggs to it, which allows you to roll it out in a fairly thin layer during cooking. The thinner it is, the tastier the dumplings. The strength of their shell does not decrease during cooking. It is interesting that at first eggs were added to the dough not from domestic chickens, but from partridges, quails or bustards. 
It is believed that if a dumpling floats during cooking, it is cooked. This is not entirely true if you want to cook dumplings correctly. The fact is that they were made by Siberians with the addition of ice water to the filling before molding, and after molding they were exposed to the crackling Siberian frost. Water, freezing, guaranteed the tenderness and juiciness of the meat during cooking. But - here's a surprise! - when cooking, such an “ice” dumpling surfaced twice! 
There is a tradition: the last dumpling prepared for consumption is made with an unusual symbolic filling. Greens meant joy, pepper - love, sugar - a successful and carefree year, a coin - wealth. Well, if the dumpling turned out to be without filling at all, molded entirely from dough, you will be happy. By the way, if the owner served you dumplings not only in a large dish, but also with a generous “pea”, it means that he is clearly disposed towards you and is friendly. 
Their traditions are also associated with Chinese dumplings, but their peculiarity is that in order to fulfill desires, you need to eat a certain number of "bread ears". I wanted double joy - if you please, two things, 3, 6 and 9 dumplings bring happiness, a rich and fruitful year - 4 or 5. Anyone who wanted the whole year to be successful, so that health would not fail and happiness would not change, had to eat ten for once. 
The most expensive dumplings are made in the Golden Gates restaurant, located in New York's Bronx. If you want to taste them, prepare some money: a portion of eight dumplings will cost you $2400 (!!!). Of course, if the blue-green color of dumplings that phosphorescent in the dark does not scare you away. The reason is that the filling contains the gland of a deep-sea torchfish. 
It would be strange if such a popular dish did not deserve a monument at least in its “historical homeland”. And for ten years now, a dumpling monument has been flaunting in Izhevsk, like a magnet that attracts all tourists. As stated, it is here that the geographical point is located, where the world's first dumplings were cooked. 
According to the dream book, if you dream that you are making dumplings, it means that you lack family comfort. Of course, you can laugh good-naturedly at the dream book, but the tradition of making dumplings with the whole family is a good ritual of the family hearth. A number of connoisseurs of spiritual practices even call this process family meditation. 
Earth is the 3rd planet from the Sun, located between Venus and Mars. It is the densest planet solar system, the largest of the four and the only astronomical object known to contain life. According to radiometric dating and other research methods, our planet formed about 4.54 billion years ago. The Earth interacts gravitationally with other objects in space, especially the Sun and Moon.
The earth consists of four main spheres or shells, which are dependent on each other and are the biological and physical components of our planet. They are scientifically called biophysical elements, namely the hydrosphere ("hydro" for water), the biosphere ("bio" for living beings), the lithosphere ("litho" for land or the earth's surface), and the atmosphere ("atmo" for air). These main spheres of our planet are further divided into various sub-spheres.
Let us consider all four shells of the Earth in more detail in order to understand their functions and significance.
Lithosphere - the solid shell of the Earth
According to scientists, there are more than 1386 million km³ of water on our planet.
The oceans contain more than 97% of the water on Earth. The rest belongs to fresh water, two-thirds of which is in a frozen state in the polar regions of the planet and on the snowy peaks of the mountains. It is interesting to note that although water covers most of the planet's surface, it only makes up 0.023% of the Earth's total mass.
Biosphere - the living shell of the Earth
The biosphere is sometimes considered as one big - a complex community of living and non-living components, functioning as a whole. However, most often the biosphere is described as a collection of many ecological systems.
Atmosphere - the air shell of the Earth
The atmosphere is the collection of gases that surround our planet, held in place by the earth's gravity. Most of our atmosphere is near the earth's surface, where it is at its densest. Earth's air is 79% nitrogen and slightly less than 21% oxygen, as well as argon, carbon dioxide and other gases. Water vapor and dust are also part of the Earth's atmosphere. Other planets and the Moon have very different atmospheres, and some do not have one at all. There is no atmosphere in space.
The atmosphere is so spread out that it is almost imperceptible, but its weight is equal to a layer of water more than 10 meters deep, which covers our entire planet. The lower 30 kilometers of the atmosphere contain about 98% of its total mass.
Scientists claim that many of the gases in our atmosphere were ejected into the air by early volcanoes. At that time, there was little or no free oxygen around the Earth. Free oxygen is made up of oxygen molecules not bound to another element such as carbon (to form carbon dioxide) or hydrogen (to form water).
Free oxygen may have been added to the atmosphere by primitive organisms, probably bacteria, during . More complex forms later added more oxygen to the atmosphere. The oxygen in today's atmosphere probably took millions of years to build up.
The atmosphere acts like a giant filter, absorbing most of the ultraviolet radiation and letting the sun's rays through. Ultraviolet radiation is harmful to living beings and can cause burns. Nevertheless solar energy necessary for all life on earth.
The Earth's atmosphere has The following layers go from the surface of the planet to the sky: troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere and exosphere. Another layer, called the ionosphere, extends from the mesosphere to the exosphere. Outside the exosphere is space. The boundaries between the atmospheric layers are not clearly defined and vary with latitude and season.
The relationship of the shells of the Earth
All four spheres can be present in one place. For example, a piece of soil will contain minerals from the lithosphere. In addition, there will be elements of the hydrosphere, which are moisture in the soil, the biosphere as insects and plants, and even the atmosphere in the form of soil air.
All spheres are interconnected and depend on each other, as a single organism. Changes in one area will lead to changes in another. Therefore, everything that we do on our planet affects other processes within it (even if we cannot see it with our own eyes).
For people dealing with problems, it is very important to understand the interconnection of all the shells of the Earth.
The structure of the earth. Intraplate processes. Lithosphere. Shear movements along transform faults. Tectonic cycles. Subduction lithospheric plates. continental crust. Mantle of the Earth. Convergence of lithospheric plates. Kola ultradeep well. Divergence. Discrepancy. Divergence zone. Plate boundaries. Compound earth's crust. Tectonic structure and relief. The main provisions of modern TLP. Black smokers.
"Weathering" - Chemical weathering. Work of flowing waters and wind. Geographical dictation Fill in the gaps and find errors in the text. Chemical. Be able to: - explain the influence of external processes on the relief. Creative laboratory What kind of laboratory is referred to in the text? Then they change places. Two teams, each of which delegates three representatives. The highest sand dune in Europe. All other fans.
"Lithosphere" - Geochronology. tectonic hypotheses. Relief. Ideas about the formation of continental blocks. Putorana Plateau. discontinuous dislocations. Earthquakes. Horst. Valley of Geysers. Rocks. intrusive bodies. Ideas of mobilism. Trap. Sedimentary rocks. epirogenic movements. Mud volcano. strong earthquake. Lithospheric plates. Geological profile. endogenous processes. Marble. Earthquake map.
"Movement of lithospheric plates" - Feature of lithospheric plates. The value of knowledge. Underwater ridge. The name of the lithospheric plate. Planetary compression belts. Continental drift hypothesis. Areas of the earth's crust. Collision of two lithospheric plates. Scientists. Theories. Basic geological theories. Theory of lithospheric plates. Mariana Trench. The hypothesis of continental drift and the theory of lithospheric plates. Changing the outlines of the continents. The structure of the earth's crust.
"The structure of the lithosphere" - View of the planet Earth from space and in section. Granite. Solve the problem. Quartz. Assistant tasks. Limestone. Excursion to the virtual geological museum. Workshop. The internal structure of the Earth. Tasks for fixing. Lithosphere. Coal. The structure of the earth's crust. We define the mood. The idea of the internal structure of the Earth. Zheleznyak. Hematite. The earth and its structure.
"Dimensions of geological bodies" - Block structure of the pyramid. Data types. Ratios of area (S) and perimeter. Fractal dimension of various types of terranes. Ratios of areas and perimeters of geological bodies. Area (S) and perimeter (P) ratios for terranes different ages. Dependence of the fractal dimension on age. Fractal dimension of terranes. Distribution of earthquake epicenters. Some definitions.
