"It became crowded for my grandfather to live in the Simbirsk province, in his ancestral homeland, granted to his ancestors from the kings of Moscow ... For some time he began to hear often about the Ufa governorship, about the immeasurable expanse of lands ...". This is how the wonderful Russian writer Sergei Timofeevich Aksakov begins his story about the Bagrov family, about the family's resettlement in the Trans-Volga steppes, in the Orenburg region. Faithful to family traditions, the memory of his roots, the author recreated a vivid, reliable picture of the landlord life of the 18th century. The everyday story, told simply, without verbal tricks, entered the treasury of classical Russian prose. “Grandfather affectionately greeted his wife and called her Arisha; he never kissed her hands, but let him kiss his own as a token of mercy. Arina Vasilievna blossomed and rejuvenated: where did her corpulence and clumsiness go! Now she brought a bench and sat down next to her grandfather on the porch, which she never dared to do if she met re unkindly. “Let's drink some tea together, Arisha! - Stepan Mikhailovich spoke, - as long as it's not hot. Although it was stuffy to sleep, but I slept soundly, so that all my dreams fell asleep. Well, what about you?” Such a question was an unusual caress, and my grandmother hastily answered that every night Stepan Mikhailovich rests well, and that she sleeps well ... "
William Thackeray, English satirist
The book is a great power.
Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, Soviet revolutionary
Without books, we now can neither live, nor fight, nor suffer, nor rejoice and win, nor confidently move towards that reasonable and wonderful future in which we unshakably believe.
Many thousands of years ago, in the hands of the best representatives of mankind, the book became one of the main weapons of their struggle for truth and justice, and it was this weapon that gave these people terrible strength.
Nikolai Rubakin, Russian bibliologist, bibliographer.
The book is a tool. But not only. It introduces people to the life and struggle of other people, makes it possible to understand their experiences, their thoughts, their aspirations; it makes it possible to compare, understand the environment and transform it.
Stanislav Strumilin, Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences
No the best remedy to refresh the mind, like reading the ancient classics; as soon as you take one of them in your hands, even if for half an hour, you immediately feel refreshed, lightened and cleansed, uplifted and strengthened, as if refreshed by bathing in a pure spring.
Arthur Schopenhauer, German philosopher
Those who were not familiar with the creations of the ancients lived without knowing beauty.
Georg Hegel, German philosopher
No failures of history and deaf spaces of time are able to destroy human thought, fixed in hundreds, thousands and millions of manuscripts and books.
Konstantin Paustovsky, Russian Soviet writer
The book is magic. The book changed the world. It contains the memory of the human race, it is the mouthpiece of human thought. A world without a book is a world of savages.
Nikolai Morozov, creator of modern scientific chronology
Books are the spiritual testament of one generation to another, the advice of a dying old man to a young man who begins to live, an order transmitted by sentries going on vacation to sentries who take his place.
Empty without books human life. The book is not only our friend, but also our constant, eternal companion.
Demyan Bedny, Russian Soviet writer, poet, publicist
The book is a powerful tool of communication, labor, struggle. It equips man with the experience of the life and struggle of mankind, expands his horizon, gives him knowledge with which he can make the forces of nature serve him.
Nadezhda Krupskaya, Russian revolutionary, Soviet party, public and cultural figure.
Reading good books is a conversation with the most the best people past times, and, moreover, such a conversation when they tell us only their best thoughts.
René Descartes, French philosopher, mathematician, physicist and physiologist
Reading is one of the sources of thinking and mental development.
Vasily Sukhomlinsky, an outstanding Soviet teacher and innovator.
Reading is to the mind what exercise is to the body.
Joseph Addison, English poet and satirist
Good book- just a conversation with smart person. The reader receives from her knowledge and generalization of reality, the ability to understand life.
Alexei Tolstoy, Russian Soviet writer and public figure
Don't forget that the most colossal tool of all-round education is reading.
Alexander Herzen, Russian publicist, writer, philosopher
Without reading there is no real education, there is not and cannot be any taste, or a word, or a multilateral breadth of understanding; Goethe and Shakespeare are equal to the whole university. Reading man survives centuries.
Alexander Herzen, Russian publicist, writer, philosopher
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Series: "Family Chronicle" "It became crowded for my grandfather to live in the Simbirsk province, in his ancestral homeland, granted to his ancestors from the kings of Moscow ... For some time he began to hear often about the Ufa governorship, about the immeasurable expanse of lands ...". This is how the wonderful Russian writer Sergei Timofeevich Aksakov begins his story about the Bagrov family, about the family's resettlement in the Trans-Volga steppes, in the Orenburg region. Faithful to family traditions, the memory of his roots, the author recreated a vivid, reliable picture of the landlord life of the 18th century. The everyday story, told simply, without verbal tricks, entered the treasury of classical Russian prose. “Grandfather affectionately greeted his wife and called her Arisha; he never kissed her hands, but let him kiss his own as a token of mercy. Arina Vasilievna blossomed and rejuvenated: where did her corpulence and clumsiness go! Now she brought a bench and sat down next to her grandfather on the porch, which she never dared to do if she met re unkindly. “Let's drink some tea together, Arisha! - Stepan Mikhailovich spoke, - as long as it's not hot. Although it was stuffy to sleep, but I slept soundly, so that all my dreams fell asleep. Well, what about you?” Such a question was an unusual caress, and my grandmother hastily answered that every night Stepan Mikhailovich rests well, and that she sleeps well ... " Publisher: "MediaKniga" (1856)
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prose writer, memoirist, theater and literary critic, journalist |
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Childhood and youth
Novo-Aksakovo
Sergei Timofeevich Aksakov came from an old but poor noble family. His father Timofei Stepanovich Aksakov was a provincial official. Mother - Maria Nikolaevna Aksakova, nee Zubova, a very educated woman for her time and social circle, who in her youth was in correspondence with famous educators and.
Aksakov's childhood passed in Ufa and in the Novo-Aksakovo estate, among the steppe nature, still little touched by civilization. A significant influence on the formation of Aksakov's personality in early childhood was exerted by his grandfather Stepan Mikhailovich.
At the age of 8, in 1801, Aksakov was assigned to the Kazan Gymnasium. From the year when the senior classes of the gymnasium were transformed into the 1st year of the newly formed, Aksakov became a student in it.
Memories of Aksakov's childhood and youth subsequently formed the basis of his memoir-autobiographical trilogy: "Family Chronicle" (), "Childhood of Bagrov-grandson" (), "Memoirs" ().
Early period of literary activity
During this period, Aksakov was engaged in literary work irregularly, he was mainly attracted by translation activities. In the city he translates "School of Husbands", in Shusherin's "Philoctetes" for benefit performance (with French), “8th satire (On a person)” (). A little later - the comedy "The Miser" () and the novel "Peveril" ().
Among the poetic works of that time, it is worth noting the poem " Ural Cossack(1821), although he himself later described it as: "a weak and pale imitation of the Black Shawl". In the same year, in Vestnik Evropy, he published Elegy in a New Taste, a parody of the romantic school, and the sharply polemical Message of Prince. Vyazemsky.
Despite his irregular participation in literary and theatrical life, Aksakov is still a rather prominent figure in it, and for a year he is elected to the Full Members of the Society of Lovers of Russian Literature at.
Aksakov - censor
Experiencing financial difficulties, Aksakov continued to seek a return to the service, and in the summer of the year, despite the story with the feuilleton "Recommendation of the Minister", he still managed to take the post of censor again. His responsibilities included checking current printed materials from flyers to literary works, as well as magazines: "", "Galatea", "" and "".
serious problem for Aksakov the censor it was necessary to oversee the Moscow Telegraph magazine. As already noted, his publisher was in many ways an ideological opponent of Aksakov and naturally suspected him of bias. In the first period of his censorship activity, friction regularly arose between them, and when in the year the leadership again entrusted him with reading this journal, Aksakov refused this, so as not to cast doubts on his objectivity.
Aksakov approached his activities as a censor with exceptional conscientiousness, paying attention not only to the content, but also to the artistic quality of the texts. He wasn't particularly stern, but he wasn't a liberal either. So he suspended due to unfavorable political situation the publication of "Martha the Posadnitsa", which he himself had previously allowed, made serious cuts to "Poems".
In 1831, the first issue of the magazine "Telescope" was published, in which the article " Modern direction enlightenment”, which caused displeasure of the authorities. Aksakov, as a censor, received a reprimand. In response, he wrote sharp explanatory letters to the boss in Moscow and to the leader himself.
Aksakov received a new strict reprimand for permission to publish the article "The Nineteenth Century" in No. 1 of the magazine "". The magazine was closed.
The management's opinion about Aksakov's activities became less and less favorable. The last straw was the publication of the satirical ballad "Twelve Sleeping Watchmen" by E. Fityulkin, which he allowed, which again aroused the wrath of the emperor. In February, Aksakov was fired from.
Theatrical criticism
Until the mid 20s. theater criticism in the periodical press in Russian Empire was banned. But by the end of the decade, censorship restrictions began to weaken, and of course, a passionate theater lover Aksakov immediately joined this activity, becoming one of the first Russian theater critics. In the year in "" his "Thoughts and remarks about the theater and theatrical art”, and from 1828 to 1830 he became a permanent theater columnist for the Moscow Bulletin. Since the middle of the year, on his initiative, a special Dramatic Supplement has been published at this journal, in which he combines the activities of the author and editor.
Most of these publications were published anonymously or under pseudonyms, since Aksakov could not, for ethical reasons, openly combine the work of a censor and a writer. To date, probably not all of his theatrical critical works have been identified. Some literary historians, for example, suggest that the sensational series of theatrical critical articles published in Molva in 1833-1835. signed with the initials P.Shch. also belongs to him.
Aksakov's notes are quite simple in form and are devoted mainly to the analysis of the actors' play, their interaction and the correspondence of stage techniques to the content of the role. He pays much attention to the fight against clichés and outdated stage style, chanting. Aksakov rarely theorizes, but despite this, his aesthetic position is very definite and consistent. It is based on the requirements of "elegant simplicity" and "naturalness".
Aksakov was one of the first to appreciate the talent and importance for the Russian theater and. In the city, after a trip to he published two Letters from St. Petersburg to the publisher of the Moscow Bulletin, in which he gave a wonderful comparative characteristic playing style and The ideas expressed then by Aksakov were later deepened and developed.
Literary criticism
IN literary biography Aksakov deserves special mention complicated story his relationship with the magazine "". His publisher represented the liberal trend in Russian journalism and was in many ways an ideological opponent of the writers' circle to which Aksakov belonged. Aksakov himself occupied the position of a sympathetic observer rather than a participant in the controversy: only a few articles on this topic are known, among which: “An answer to the anti-criticism of Mr. V. U.” (1829), “Response to Mr. N. Polevoy” (1829) “Conversation about the imminent release of the second volume of the History of the Russian People” (1830). A fact of this controversy was Aksakov's demonstrative withdrawal from membership in the "Society of Lovers of Russian Literature" in protest against being elected a member of this society.
In the course of the controversy with the Moscow Telegraph, Aksakov also published a Letter to the Publisher of the Moscow Bulletin<О значении поэзии Пушкина>»(). This note is remarkable in that in it Aksakov not only praised Pushkin's work during the life of the poet, but also defended him from unfair attacks of criticism.
His last literary and critical work was a small note “On the novel by Yu. Zhadovskaya“ Away from the Big Light ”published in Molva in.
Aksakov - Director of the Land Survey Institute
In the 1940s, the themes of Aksakov's work underwent fundamental changes. He begins writing the "Family Chronicle", and in the city he is captured by a new idea: to write a book about. In the th he finishes work on it and publishes it in the th under the title Notes on Fishing. The book became an event in literary life and earned unanimous approval. literary criticism. In the city, its 2nd edition, revised and substantially supplemented, is published, and in the city - the 3rd lifetime edition.
Inspired by the success, Aksakov in the city takes up writing a book about. After three years of hard work in the city, the book "Notes of a rifle hunter of the Orenburg province" is out of print.
The book also gained great popularity, the entire circulation was sold out unusually quickly. Critical reviews were even more positive than for a book about fishing. Among others, he wrote a wonderful laudatory review. However, in preparation for the 2nd edition (), Aksakov unexpectedly encountered serious opposition from censorship. Only after a tense and lengthy struggle did he manage to defend the book.
Aksakov's books about fishing and hunting were very unusual for their time. What distinguishes them from numerous manuals on this subject is, first of all, the high artistic level of the text. Each chapter of the book was a complete literary work- an essay dedicated to any element of fishing and hunting equipment, a particular type of fish or bird. Attention was drawn to the poetic landscape sketches, well-aimed, witty descriptions of fish and bird habits. However, in the first place, the success of the books with the reader was facilitated by the author's special manner of narration, confidential, based on a rich life experience and personal memories.
In the process of working on the Notes of a Rifle Hunter, Aksakov conceived the idea of publishing an annual almanac: The Hunting Collection, and in the year he filed a petition for this in. The publication project was rejected. The reason for the ban was the general reputation of the Aksakov family as disloyal to the current government. In addition, S. T. Aksakov himself, as if “ill-intentioned” was evident, since the beginning of the 30s, a personal file has been opened and regularly replenished in.
While the bureaucratic procedure was going on, Aksakov wrote more than a dozen essays and short stories about different types hunting. As a result, after the final ban on the publication of the almanac, he compiled a collection from ready-made materials and published in the city: “Stories and memories of a hunter about different hunts”.
Aksakov and later, almost until his death, did not leave this favorite topic of his, occasionally publishing small essays in the periodical press: “Explanatory note to the Falconer’s Officer” (), “Remarks and observations of a hunter to take mushrooms” (), “Several words about early spring and late autumn harvest ”() and etc.
Memoir-autobiographical trilogy
Drawing from Aksakov's album
The history of writing the "Family Chronicle" stretched for almost a decade and a half. The beginning of work on it refers to the th year. But soon Aksakov was distracted from her by writing notes about and. Although he never stopped thinking about great work, but work on it was resumed only in
As it was being written, the book was published in parts in periodicals: a small episode from it appeared back in the year in the Moscow Literary and Scientific Collection. After 8 years, the first “passage” is in “” (), the fourth is in “” () and the fifth is in “” (). In parallel, Aksakov worked on "Memoirs", which in 1997 under one cover, together with the first three passages of the "Family Chronicle", were published as a separate book. In the same year, Aksakov added the remaining two passages to the 2nd edition, and the Family Chronicle finally takes its finished form.
In preparing the book for publication, Aksakov again encountered censorship difficulties, especially with regard to the excerpts "Stepan Mikhailovich Bagrov" and "Mikhail Maksimovich Kurolesov." But much more painful than the censorship pressure for Aksakov was the need for the resistance of many relatives who feared public disclosure of the shadow sides family life, any secrets and troubles. Many of the persons mentioned were still alive, many internal conflicts were still acute. As a result, Aksakov was forced to either keep silent about many events or mention them in passing, in a hint. Largely due to the same reasons, Aksakov did not finish the story “Natasha” thematically adjacent to the “Family Chronicle” (). As a result, a compromise solution was found: to abandon the detailed account of some events and replace real names fictional characters.
The Family Chronicle consists of five passages. The first passage is devoted to describing the life of the family after moving to new lands in. The second tells the dramatic story of the marriage of Praskovya Ivanovna Bagrova. The history of marriage and the first years of the family life of the author's parents. As a result, from the narratives, heterogeneous both in theme and style, a surprisingly holistic picture of the provincial noble life of the end of the century is formed.
The events described in Aksakov's "Memoirs" took place in the period from 1801 to 1807, during his studies at. Unlike the "Family Chronicle", the material for which was mainly the oral stories of relatives and friends, this work is built almost entirely on the basis of Aksakov's personal memoirs. Thematically, it also differs from it. The family theme recedes into the background, and the plot development is built around the problems that inevitably arise during the growing up of the teenage hero.
