Passing the exam in history is a prerequisite for admission to a number of prestigious professions: advertising and marketing, tourism, law, journalism. Last year, this subject was chosen by 21% of all graduates; But not everyone can pass this test with dignity. What's the catch?
The USE in history covers the entire period from the era of the first ancient Russian princes to the reforms of the 21st century. It is necessary to complete all tasks in 235 minutes (this is almost 3 hours, time, with its rational distribution, is quite enough).
History this year is taken in the form of an exam, consisting of two parts:
- part I, consisting of 19 multiple choice questions;
- and part II, which includes 6 tasks involving complex use knowledge and skills of students.
Grade 11 takes an exam on the same topics as Grade 9 graduates; but the level of complexity is almost an order of magnitude higher. Not in the Unified State Examination in History test items in the usual sense of the word, all questions involve a multiple answer. Tasks are divided into 3 levels according to the degree of difficulty:
- Basic level (in the codifier it is marked with the letter "B") - contains 16 tasks;
- Advanced level ("P") - 8 questions;
- AND high level(B) assuming knowledge beyond school course: includes 7 tasks.
The passing threshold this year is 9 primary points (or 32 secondary, “test”). For a conditional "four" you need to score at least 24 primary (50 test) points. "Five" starts from 39 primary points.
In total, you can get 55 primary points for the exam: 31 for the first part, 24 for the second. At the same time, task No. 25, if performed correctly, gives 11 points (almost half of the “cost” of the entire second part).
The early examination period is scheduled for April 2018, while the main stage will take place in early June. The exact date of the exam will be known at the end of November.
Planned changes
There are no official changes in the Unified State Examination in History-2018. The structure adopted in 2017, the wording of topics and the principles for evaluating answers have been preserved. Explicit changes in the exam in history are planned only from next year. The Ministry of Education insists on the inclusion of history among the core subjects, along with the Russian language and mathematics. So 2018 could be the last time history is given a choice.
The history demo has raised some concerns: the USE 2018 will be more difficult than 2017, not least due to the increase in the number of questions that require knowledge of World History. A significant part of the questions, especially the second part, are focused on additional lessons with a tutor.
In the first part, you need to give a short answer to each question. It can be a word (or a phrase), a name, a date, the name of a place or an event. All these questions are aimed at testing the knowledge of historical facts, as well as basic skills and abilities. In this part, the student will be offered several types of tasks for each of the time sections:
- Establishing a chronological sequence (question No. 1);
- Choosing the right items from the list (No. 7);
- Establishing a correspondence between a historical fact and its characteristics (No. 2, 5, 9, 11, 17);
- Finding a pattern according to which a number of historical terms or dates are formed (No. 3);
- Definition according to the given characteristic of a historical fact: date, title, name, term, etc. (No. 4, 8, 10);
- Brief analysis of the text with the choice of correct judgments from the proposed list (No. 6, 12);
- Working with graphic material (No. 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19)
Part 2 contains:
- 3 tasks that test how well students have learned to work with historical texts (questions 20 - 22);
- 2 tasks in which you will have to determine causal relationships, argue your point of view, analyze historical facts and points of view (No. 23, 24);
- And an essay on historical topics on one of the proposed eras (No. 25).
The last task requires the student to use all the knowledge and skills acquired in history lessons.
Demo to help students
To successfully prepare for the exam, you need to start working from the very first months. school year. The demo version of the exam in history has already been published. As in previous years, it is necessary to focus on it in preparation.
The demo consists of three parts:
- Task list;
- Codifier with answers and explanations for the evaluation criteria;
- And a specification that lists all the topics that you need to know to pass the exam.
Answer forms are also laid out there, where the example shows the features of filling.
Download demo version in history, you can follow the links below or the FIPI website, where both demo versions of the current year and an open base of tasks for all periods of Russian history are laid out.
- Download demo: ege-2018-ist-demo.pdf
- Download archive with specification and code: ege-2018-ist-demo.zip
Pass the exam for the maximum score: the subtleties of preparation
The ideal work algorithm for successful passing the exam is:
- Download the demo version of the USE-2018;
- Carefully review all the tasks, write out the most difficult types of questions for yourself - it is they who will need to pay the most attention in the future;
- Explore USE specification in history (it provides a detailed list of topics, knowledge of which is necessary to obtain a minimum score);
- Regularly check your knowledge by solving all existing demo versions of the exam.
To test your knowledge, it is advisable to prepare a selection of USE-2018 options with answers and a detailed analysis of tasks. This can be a paper manual for preparing for the exam by Labeznikova and Rutkovskaya, or a site where you can train online.
Specification
control measuring materials
for holding the unified state exam in 2018
HISTORY
1. Appointment of KIM USE
The Unified State Examination (USE) is a form of objective assessment of the quality of training of persons who have mastered educational programs middle general education, using tasks of a standardized form (control measuring materials).
The exam is held in accordance with federal law dated December 29, 2012 No. 273-FZ “On Education in the Russian Federation”.
Control measuring materials make it possible to establish the level of knowledge and skills mastered by graduates in the course of history in accordance with the requirements of the Federal component state standards secondary (complete) general education, basic and specialized levels.
The results of the unified state exam in history are recognized educational organizations higher vocational education as the results of entrance tests in history.
2. Documents defining the content of KIM
3. Approaches to the selection of content and the development of the structure of KIM
The examination paper covers the content of the course of the history of Russia from antiquity to the present with the inclusion of elements world history(history of wars, diplomacy, culture, economic ties etc.) and is aimed at identifying the educational achievements of graduates of secondary educational institutions.
KIM tasks include a significant layer of factual material. At the same time, special attention is paid to testing the analytical and information and communication skills of graduates. Attention is focused on tasks aimed at testing skills: to systematize historical facts; establish causal, structural and other relationships; use sources of information different types(text source, table, historical map, illustration) for solving cognitive problems; argue your own position with historical knowledge; present the results of historical and educational activities in a free form with a focus on set parameters activities. Orientation to the active work of the examinees, as well as the involvement of a wide range of historical sources, problematic historical materials create
opportunities to identify graduates who are most focused on continuing their education in this field. All of the above makes it possible to qualitatively differentiate the participants in the exam according to the level of their preparation in history.
4. The structure of KIM USE
Each version of the examination paper consists of two parts and includes 25 tasks that differ in form and level of complexity.
Part 1 contains 19 short answer tasks.
IN examination work The following types of tasks with a short answer are offered:
- tasks for choosing and recording one or more correct answers from the proposed list of answers;
- tasks for determining the sequence of location of these elements;
- tasks for establishing the correspondence of elements given in several information rows;
- assignments for the definition on the specified grounds and recording in the form of a word (phrase) of a term, title, name, century, year, etc.
The answer to the tasks of part 1 is given by the corresponding entry in the form of a number or a sequence of numbers, written without spaces and other separators; words; phrases (also written without spaces and other separators).
Part 2 contains 6 tasks with a detailed answer, identifying and evaluating the development of various complex skills by graduates.
20-22 - a set of tasks related to the analysis of a historical source (conducting source attribution; extracting information; attracting historical knowledge to analyze the problems of the source, the position of the author).
23-25 - tasks related to the use of methods of cause-and-effect, structural-functional, temporal and spatial analysis for studying historical processes and phenomena. Task 23 is connected with the analysis of any historical problem, situation. Task 24 - analysis of historical versions and assessments, argumentation of different points of view with the involvement of knowledge of the course. Task 25 involves writing a historical essay. Task 25 is alternative: the graduate has the opportunity to choose one of the three periods in the history of Russia and demonstrate his knowledge and skills on the most familiar historical material. Task 25 is evaluated according to a system of criteria.
Table 1. Distribution of tasks by parts of the examination paper
5. Distribution of KIM USE tasks by content, types of skills and methods of activity
The work is built on the basis of the requirements of the Historical and Cultural Standard, each section of which consists of the following constituent parts: a brief description of period, including the main events, phenomena, processes; list of concepts and terms; list of personalities; List of sources; list of key dates. Each of these parts carries a significant amount of information that is mandatory for study at school. Particular attention in the Historical and Cultural Standard is given to the study of cultural issues. The concept of a new educational and methodological complex for national history, of which is Historical and cultural standard, indicates the need to work with historical map. It is also necessary to take into account the general patriotic orientation of the ICS, which, in particular, is manifested in increased attention to the study of the history of the Great Patriotic War.
These requirements of the Historical and Cultural Standard became the basis for determining the structure of the examination work.
“History is not a teacher, but an educator, a mentor of life; she does not teach anything, but only punishes for ignorance of the lessons, ”said the great Russian historian V.O. Klyuchevsky. Let's not make mistakes, but let's start learning the lessons of the USE 2018 by studying the new demo version of the exam.
The exam in history has become more difficult!
In August 2018, FIPI published new guidelines for preparing graduates for the Unified state exam. Among the many subjects whose main documents have undergone major changes, a new approach is now needed in preparation for history. Moreover, these are the changes that significantly complicate the exam itself, which is already quite specific!
The results of the Unified State Examination in History for 2018 remained at the same level. This year More than 750,000 schoolchildren throughout the Russian Federation took the USE. 650,000 people are this year's graduates.
This year, the number of canceled works has significantly decreased. For the entire period of the exam from exams removed about 400 people, more than half of them tried to use a mobile phone.
The average score in 2018 is 60 points. passed the exam 130,000 thousand people, 1.5% more than in 2017. 260 people recruited maximum amount points, and 9% failed the exam.
And here is our experience in preparing a graduate for the Unified State Exam-2018:
Demo version of the exam 2019 in history
So, the codifier is a list of those checked for USE topics has not changed, as the old standards for 2018 graduates remain in effect, as well as demo version- The structure and level of complexity, the types of tasks offered, have changed in many ways. Let's pay attention to demo version of the exam 2019 in history!
What are the main changes in the USE 2019 in history?
In fact, there are no changes in the quality level in the tasks. Part 1 hasn't changed. A small version of the assessment criterion for task 21 (to the text of the source).
Unlike OGE materials(for grade 9), no test part. Rather. it is not in the usual form in which we are accustomed to seeing it! You cannot choose one correct answer out of four given. Now you need to clearly know the sequence of events, the term, and, most importantly, not only know the basic historical sources on the history of the country, but also be able to interpret them, link them to events and draw conclusions! Here's an example of how it started.
It's simple, if you know what happened in 1240 here, and you know the rules for converting years into centuries (you add one to the first two digits of a four-digit number and you get the desired century), then answer 3.
Neva battle of 1242(12 +1) = XIII century
Now things have become more difficult. Here is the first question 2018 demos:
Question 1 USE demos 2019 by history
The question is not only the knowledge of dates, but rather the ability to compare chronologically whole epochs. So, if you do not know the exact date:
Then you can "tie" this date to history, remember that these events are directly related to the creation of the statement of the ideological concept
The theory of "Moscow - the Third Rome".
That is, not even knowing the exact events world history, shouldn't bother you. Although, note that this becomes a necessary competency!
As we will see, continuing our analysis of the 2019 demo version, there are more tasks to work with, the block of tasks with maps and illustrative material (complex, as a rule, for a graduate) has been preserved in the same volume. And especially complicated since 2017 written part 2. So, instead of the task that has become familiar to everyone, a HISTORICAL WORK is introduced, about which our separate conversation and
Let's start analyzing the demo!
Now let's go through the tasks in order, some of which we already met in the old demo version of 2016, and some have either changed the numbering, or a completely new task.
The task is slightly more complicated (6 options to choose from instead of the previous 5), but in this content should not pose a threat. If you don’t know these key dates, then why go to the exam in history at all?
For ease of remembering even such dates, you can turn on associative memory, remember literary works, pictures telling about the event.
Answer: 2643.
The third question is similar, but here there is not a correspondence of many phenomena, but a general series. Knowledge of terms that characterize the phenomena of one of the periods of the country's history (in this case, the 19th century) and the ability to isolate a term that falls out of the general series is checked.
TASK CHANGED! And it's more complicated, you need to give 2 answers!
Question 3 of the demo version of the exam 2019 in history
Free cultivators, ministries, Decembrists, military settlements characterize the reign of Alexander I and Nicholas I (1801-1855). Justices of the peace- the result of the implementation of the judicial reform of Alexander II (1855-1881). And here June third coup- the event of 1907, which completed the First Russian Revolution (1905-1907).
Answer: 46.
The change in the electoral system to the Third State Duma in favor of the government is one of the results of the dissolution of the Second Duma without its consent (which actually violated the Fundamental Laws Russian Empire 1906), and therefore coup. The Octobrists are the political party "Union of October 17", the key participants in the events associated with the first stage of Russian parliamentarism in the early twentieth century (1906-1917).
So, if you know what Tsar Ivan IV divided during the years of the oprichnina (1665-1672) into the oprichnina proper and the ZEMSHCHINA, you will write this term, if not ... Alas! Answer: ZEMSHCHINA. More
This task is more difficult than the assignment for correspondence No. 2, here it is no longer only necessary to know the facts (for example, in line with the policy of “Enlightened absolutism” of Catherine the Great, there was a convening of the Legislative Commission of 1767).
P.S. There was NO battle at the Dubosekovo junction !!! A typical piece of propaganda and the history of the country as its component!
Reference-report of the chief military prosecutor N. Afanasyev "On 28 Panfilovites"
Another question for correspondence, this time between historical figures and the events in which they took part.
Question 9 of the demo version of the exam 2019 in history
Selection method: in the Battle of the Ice in 1242, St. Alexander Nevsky defeated the Teutons, the commander in the Livonian War was a friend, and then an enemy of Ivan the Terrible, Andrei Kurbsky.
The cavalry of Peter I in the Battle of Poltava in 1709 was commanded by his colleague Menshikov, and the Soviet commander Mikhail Frunze defeated the troops of Baron Wrangel in the Crimea in 1820 during the final phase civil war(1918-1922). The question does not seem difficult, although it is also slightly complicated by another extra answer.
Answer: 4356.
This is a typical question on the ability to analyze the source. The logic of reasoning can be as follows: 1) This is the period of the USSR. 2) Memoirs (memoirs) left behind only from the leaders of the country N.S. Khrushchev. 3) "I criticized Stalin ...". Let us recall the 20th Party Congress of 1956. 4) For verification. Indeed, from 1958 to 1964. Khrushchev served as both party leader (First Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee) and head of government and state (Chairman of the Council of Ministers), as the text says.
The main thing when working with texts is to highlight semantic markers! More about the principles of working with texts on the exam in history
11 TASK CHANGED in the content! And it’s complicated, moreover, it requires a fairly deep knowledge of GENERAL HISTORY (Third Crusade, how do you like it?)!
Here's what happened in 2016:
And here's what happened:
Question 11 of the USE demo version 2018 in history
Here you need to pay attention to USE codifier on history, which, along with the topics necessary for preparing for the exam, contains a list of events and processes in world history that can be tested at the exam. And, often, they are not directly related to the history of Russia.
USE codifier in history 2019. List of verifiable events of world history
And, of course, you need not only to know the dates, first of all, according to Russian history, but also, thinking, to make associations: Monomakh went to Crusade of 1111? Yes! So, around this time there were Crusades in Europe as well. Simultaneously with the abolition of Serfdom in Russia in 1861, the Civil War was going on in the United States, and Lincoln abolished slavery!
In my opinion, greatest events in the world today is, on the one hand, the American slave movement that began with the death of Brown, and, on the other hand, the slave movement in Russia.
About the Reformation, I'm sorry, I won't do it now
Question 11 of the demo version of the exam 2019 in history. ANSWER
A more complex question on the analysis of the source requires not only the ability to work with it, but also rely on known facts that are not directly indicated in the source. As we can see, the historical context accompanying this telegram is the Kornilov rebellion (August) of 1917.
So, it is clear that events occur already in the situation revolutionary upheavals 1917, option 1 is not correct. The month of August, the Provisional Government is still in power, and not the Bolshevik Council of People's Commissars of the Council of People's Commissars) is the result of their achievements in the October Revolution. Option 2 is not correct. But, it would not exist if Kornilov were more successful. His plans to suppress the revolution failed. Option 5 is also wrong.
Question 13 of the USE demo version 2019 in history.
So, first of all, when analyzing the map, we pay attention to What we see: their names, Russian campaigns, the territory of a single Russian state ... We conclude that we have on the map the first stage of the history of Russia, and the events associated with it!
And, accordingly, the arrows on the map, indicating military campaigns, and with significant activity? Let us immediately recall the name of the most active in foreign policy And aggressive campaigns old Russian prince Who did the people of Kiev reproach:
“Why, prince, don’t you want to rule us?”
6) Prince Oleg of Kiev made a campaign, indicated in the legend of the scheme by the number "2". Well, the right option, we carefully look, and we see the standard for the ancient Russian princes campaign against Tsargrad along the path "from the Varangians to the Greeks." About this we are with you The right option.
Answer: 146.
A new task, which is devoted to understanding the trends and facts of cultural development. The "Culture" block also becomes more complicated in this way.
Knowing the dates will help you here:
1185 - the estimated date of the campaign described in the Tale of Igor's Campaign (XII century)
And facts:
1965 - Laureate of the Nobel Prize in Literature "for the artistic power and integrity of the epic about the Don Cossacks at a turning point for Russia")
Assignment to work with illustrative material.
Question 18 of the demo version of the exam 2019 in history
You need to know that Mikhail Tukhachevsky is a hero of the First World War, the Civil War. Was destroyed at peak Stalinist repressions in 1937(1 fits) being accused of plotting against the Best Friend of Soviet Children. And also, naturally, the years of government of our state leaders: Nicholas II ruled from 1894 to 1917, 1893 (2 does not fit!!!), N.S. Khrushchev was in power from 1956 to 1964. (5 fits).
Answer: 15.
And the final question of part 1. It is logically connected with the one in front of it, we should not forget this!
Question 19 of the demo version of the exam 2019 in history
As we already understood, answer 1 is NOT CORRECT, Tukhachevsky did not live during the Second World War. Also, the first railway in Russia was built in 1837, long before the birth of Tukhachevsky. 2 is NOT TRUE.
But Russian parliamentarism (the activities of the first Dumas of 1906-1917) and the creation of the USSR in 1922, Tukhachevsky caught. Options 34 are CORRECT.
Answer: 34.
This concludes the analysis of the test part 1 of the demo version of the USE 2019 in history. Answers to complex written tasks are in the annexes to the demo version, one of them by us when studying the first introductory topic of the country's history about A about
Recall that you can complete tasks and discuss them
Answer: 321
Explanation:
1) Crimean War- 1853 - 1856 The war began under Emperor Nicholas I, and his son, Alexander II, had to complete it.
2) Reform of Patriarch Nikon - 1650s. The reform led to a split in the Russian Orthodox Church- those who rejected it began to be called Old Believers.
3) Fall Byzantine Empire- 1453 The Ottoman Turks captured the capital of Byzantium, Constantinople.
Task 2.
Answer: 2643
Explanation:
A) The first annalistic mention of Moscow was under the Rostov-Suzdal prince Yuri Dolgoruky. If we are talking about a separate Rostov-Suzdal principality, then this event refers to the period of political fragmentation in Rus'. The classical date for the beginning of fragmentation is 1132, the death of Vladimir Monomakh's son, Mstislav the Great. And put an end to the unification of Russian lands Vasily III who ruled in the first third of the 16th century. This interval includes only one date - 1147.
B) Caribbean crisis- one of important events cold war that began after the end of World War II. We also remember that this crisis broke out under Khrushchev (1953-1964). So, only 1962 is suitable from the list.
C) Battle of Borodino - the battle of the Patriotic War of 1812. The year is determined automatically.
D) Copper riot - along with the Salt riot, the uprising of Stepan Razin, the Solovetsky seat gave XVII century the name "rebellious". Only 1662 belongs to this century.
Let us note the events that took place in the remaining years: in 988, Prince Vladimir converted to Christianity according to the Orthodox model, and in 1939 the USSR signed a non-aggression pact with Germany, sent troops to Poland, and clashed with Japan at Khalkhin Gol in Mongolia.
Task 3.
Answer: 46
Explanation:
1) Free cultivators - peasants whom the landlords could release for ransom, according to the decree of Alexander I of 1803.
2) Ministries - Alexander I replaced the Petrine Collegia in 1802 with them.
3) Decembrists - representatives of the nobility who decided to prevent the accession of Emperor Nicholas I after the death of Alexander I. Their uprising took place on December 14, 1825.
4) Third June coup - June 3, 1907, Nicholas II dissolved the II State Duma, as there were too many opposition left forces in it. The dissolution of the Duma was accompanied by the adoption of new electoral laws, thanks to which forces hostile to the tsar could not penetrate into the new convocation. This coup d'état marked the end of the revolution of 1905-1907.
5) Magistrates - this position in Russian legal proceedings appeared after the judicial reform of 1864 by Alexander II. At the same time, jurors appeared, the principle of competition between the prosecutor and the lawyer (sworn attorney), the principle of publicity and equality. The position of magistrates was abolished during the counter-reforms Alexander III.
6) Octobrists are members of the liberal party "Union of October 17". It was on this day in 1905 that Nicholas II signed the Manifesto on the Improvement of the State Order, thanks to which elections and the State Duma appeared in Russia. The Octobrists warmly welcomed these transformations, so they named the party after the manifesto. Other liberals of that time - the party of the Constitutional Democrats (cadets) - believed that the Manifesto is good, but it is not enough, the country needs a Constitution. Under no circumstances should the Octobrists be associated with the October Revolution of 1917 (October Revolution).
Task 4.
Answer: Zemshchina
Explanation:
Oprichnina is called not only a special period in the reign of Ivan IV (1565 - 1672), but also the best territories of the country, confiscated from the boyars and located during this period in the personal property of the tsar. All other lands in the country were zemshchina - they had their own administration and army.
Task 5.
Answer: 5314
Explanation:
A) Old Russian state we call Rus' from the unification of Novgorod and Kyiv by Prince Oleg to the beginning of political fragmentation - i.e. period from 882 to 1132. This period includes the reign in Kiev of Yaroslav the Wise, his sons and grandson, Vladimir Monomakh, who formed uniform laws for all of Rus' (“Truth of Yaroslav”, “Truth of Yaroslavichi” and “Charter of Vladimir Monomakh”) under the general name “Russian Truth”.
B) The Chosen Rada - the closest associates of Tsar Ivan IV, on whose advice he relied in the first part of his reign (1549 - 1560). One of the first transformations of the Chosen Council was the holding in 1549 of the first Zemsky Cathedral- a class-representative deliberative body of power, i.e. consisting of representatives of all classes (boyars, clergy, etc.), except for the peasantry. In addition, the Chosen Rada adopted a new Code of Laws (1550), carried out military, administrative, and church reforms.
C) The concept of "enlightened absolutism" is associated with the name of Empress Catherine the Great (1762-1796). The absolute power of the monarch was based on the ideas of the Enlightenment - about humanism, the highest value of a person and his life. Catherine was in correspondence with many figures of the French Enlightenment - Voltaire, Diderot, d'Alembert. Catherine formulated her views in the Order of the Legislative Commission. She convened the established commission to create new legislation in the spirit of "enlightened absolutism." The commission included more than 500 people, incl. from state peasants, Cossacks, national minorities.
D) The first revolutionary transformations of the Bolsheviks were possible only after they organized the October Revolution of 1917, also known as October Revolution. From March 1917 (after the February revolutionary events) there was a dual power in Russia: after the abdication of Nicholas II from the throne, power was divided between the Provisional Government and the Petrograd Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies. The October coup ended the situation of dual power in Russia, liquidating the Provisional Government and giving all power to the Soviets, which by that time were dominated by the Bolsheviks. The II All-Russian Congress of Soviets, which took place immediately after the October Revolution, adopted the first decrees - "On Peace", "On Land" and "On Power". They are attributed to the first transformations of the Bolsheviks.
Let's discuss the remaining options.
Ivan III (1462 - 1505) accepted the Sudebnik in 1497. This document marked the beginning of the enslavement of the peasants, establishing the rule for the transfer of peasants to another landowner once a year - a week before and a week after St. George's Day (November 26).
About when the Provisional Government was created, we have already said.
Task 6.
Answer: 3625
Explanation:
A) This fragment is an excerpt from documents Congress of Vienna(1814 - 1815). The congress brought together representatives of all European countries that fought against Napoleon, who by that time had been defeated. According to the results Napoleonic Wars European countries and concluded the Treaty of Paris mentioned in the passage. By decisions of the Congress of Vienna, the pre-war borders in Europe were mostly restored, and Russia received the Duchy of Warsaw (this duchy was created by Napoleon in 1807 from part of the former lands of the Commonwealth). The new territory entered on the rights of autonomy and received the name of the Kingdom of Poland. In 1815, Alexander I even granted the Poles a Constitution, but in 1831 they revolted against Russian rule. Characteristics 3 and 6 belong to this source.
B) This passage is taken from the Treaty of Nystad, which ended the Great Northern War (1700-1721). This war was waged by Peter I against Sweden and its king Charles XII, who died before its completion. In the document, Sweden is referred to in the old manner as the kingdom of Svea. The territories listed in the excerpt - Livonia, Estland, Ingria - are located on the coast of the Baltic Sea and roughly correspond to the territories of modern Latvia, Estonia and partially Leningrad region Russia. Characteristics 2 and 5 fit this source.
Let's comment on the "extra" characteristics. Three important documents related to the history of Russia were signed in Berlin. This is the Berlin Treaty of 1878, which revised the provisions of the Peace of San Stefano after the completion Russian-Turkish war 1877 - 1878 The second document is the act of unconditional surrender of Germany, signed on the night of May 8-9, 1945 in the Berlin suburb of Karlshorst. The third is the decisions of the Potsdam Conference, held in the suburbs of Berlin, Potsdam, July 17 - August 2, 1945.
A.L. Ordin-Nashchokin lived in the 17th century. and was the right hand of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, the head Embassy order. Among his achievements is the signing of the Andrusovo truce of 1667 with the Commonwealth: under this agreement, the Left-Bank Ukraine was reunited with Russia.
Task 7.
Answer: 246
Explanation:
1) Private ownership of land was prohibited by law, only a short lease of land was allowed.
2) Cost accounting (economic accounting) is self-financing, self-sufficiency and self-management of the enterprise. Those. self-financing involves the closure of unprofitable, non-profitable enterprises. This is very similar to the functioning of enterprises under market conditions, partial concessions to which were provided for by the NEP.
3) Denationalization involves the transfer of nationalized enterprises back into private hands. Such a return during the NEP period was provided for small and medium-sized enterprises - workshops, ateliers, etc., but not for large-scale industry.
4) During the NEP, stock exchanges and banks reopened, which briefly revived market mechanisms.
5) The state monopoly on foreign trade was very dear to the Soviet leadership, therefore, even for the sake of the NEP, it was not canceled. Its cancellation began in 1987, and finally it disappeared only after the collapse of the USSR in 1991.
6) Concessions under the NEP are the investment of foreign entrepreneurs in Soviet state enterprises. Lenin viewed the concession as a small concession to the market: he saw it as a lease by foreign capitalists of part of the enterprise while maintaining state ownership of the means of production.
Task 8.
Answer: 453
Explanation:
A) The first conference of the participating countries anti-Hitler coalition was Tehran (November - December 1943). Its main decision is considered an agreement on the opening of a second front by the United States and Great Britain, in Western Europe. The next conference took place already in February-March 1945 in Yalta. A last meeting Allies passed after the end of World War II in the suburbs of Berlin, Potsdam - we talked about this when analyzing task 6.
B) Night ramming is called a technique in air combat, in which one aircraft shoots down another in the dark. One of the first such maneuver was made by the pilot V.V. Talalikhin. N.F. mentioned in the answer options. Gastello became famous for his fire ram - he shot down an enemy plane with an already damaged and burning car.
B) the largest tank battle during Battle of Kursk took place near the village of Prokhorovka on July 12, 1943 - more than 1200 tanks took part in it. But at the Dubosekovo junction near Volokolamsk, Moscow Region, in 1941, soldiers of a rifle division under the command of I.V. Panfilov. IN Soviet time there was a widely circulated story about 28 Panfilov heroes who allegedly held enemy tanks for 4 hours. In 2015, historians proved that the story was a journalistic fiction.
Task 9.
Answer: 4356
Explanation:
A) The battle on the ice, or the battle on Lake Peipsi, took place on April 5, 1242 between the troops of the Livonian Order and the detachments of Novgorodians led by Prince Alexander Nevsky. I had to fight the Germans for the conquered Izborsk and Pskov. And Alexander Yaroslavich received his nickname two years earlier for the battle on the Neva River with Swedish soldiers.
B) In the Livonian War (1558 - 1583), which was waged by Ivan IV for access to the Baltic Sea, one of the leading generals was Prince Andrei Kurbsky. True, in 1564 Kurbsky betrayed Ivan the Terrible and went over to the side of the main enemy of Russia - the Grand Duke of Lithuania Sigismund II August.
C) The Battle of Poltava in 1709 is one of the key land battles of the Northern War (1700 - 1721), which was fought by Peter I. At that time, one of Peter's closest associates A.D. commanded the troops. Menshikov.
D) During the Civil War, one of the representatives white movement P.N. Wrangel managed to gain a foothold in the Crimea for a long time and even carry out some reforms there. It was possible to defeat him only by the forces of M.V. Frunze by November 1920. This event is considered the end of the main stage of the Civil War.
Consider the remaining figures: A.A. Brusilov - commander of the Southwestern Front, who made the Brusilov breakthrough in May - September 1916: a successful operation to seize territories in Galicia. In May 1917, Brusilov became Supreme Commander of the Russian Army for several months. Andrey Bogolyubsky - son of Yuri Dolgoruky, Grand Duke Vladimirsky (1157 - 1174), who captured and ruined Kyiv in 1169.
Task 10.
Answer: Khrushchev
Explanation:
The phrase "... I criticized Stalin ..." immediately makes us understand that things are happening after his reign. The surname Bulganin is strongly associated with the coming to power of Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev. And Khrushchev himself is the only Soviet leader who held the position not of the General, but of the First Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee.
Task 11.
Answer: 862951
Explanation:
A) The abolition of serfdom occurred during the peasant reform of Alexander II in 1861.
B) Vladimir Monomakh became prince of Kyiv in 1113, and the Third Crusade took place in 1189 - 1192, i.e. in the 12th century
C) Vasily III annexed the Pskov land to the Moscow principality in 1510, i.e. in the 16th century
D) in the 16th century Martin Luther made 95 theses criticizing the Catholic Church, which marked the beginning of the Reformation and the spread of a new branch of Christianity - Protestantism. This performance took place in 1517.
D) During the reign of Catherine II in 1783 Crimean Khanate became part of the Russian Empire.
E) The US Constitution is the oldest in the world, it was adopted a few years after the American colonies gained independence from Great Britain in 1787.
Let's analyze the remaining elements: the civil war in England - Long procces, consisting of several large stages, which took place in the 17th century; The Hundred Years War between England and France lasted 116 years and ended in 1453.
Task 12.
Answer: 346
Explanation:
1) The Kornilov rebellion, which is discussed in the passage, took place in August 1917 - between the February and October revolutionary events.
2) SNK - Council people's commissars appeared only after the October coup of 1917. In the passage, we are talking about the Provisional Government chaired by A.F. Kerensky.
3) The phrase “And then Russia will have to conclude a shameful separate peace, the consequences of which would be terrible for Russia" indicates that the author is a supporter of the continuation of the war.
4) The phrase “... General Kornilov, without pursuing any personal ambitious plans and relying on the clearly expressed consciousness of the entire healthy part of society and the army, which demanded the speedy creation of strong power to save the Motherland,<…>considered necessary more decisive measures, which would ensure the establishment of order in the country” testifies to the author’s positive attitude towards the actions of L.G. Kornilov.
5) Speech by L.G. Kornilov was largely directed against the coming to power of the Bolsheviks, so he definitely did not have their support.
6) Kornilov could not get the support of the chairman of the Provisional Government A.F. Kerensky, and failed to independently carry out the planned "decisive measures" - militarization, the ban on revolutionary organizations, the introduction death penalty. His rebellion failed.
Task 13.
Answer: tenth
Explanation:
The map shows the campaigns of Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich (see explanation for task 14), who inherited the throne in 945 and ruled until 972, i.e. in the X century.
Task 14.
Answer: Svyatoslav
Explanation:
All designated campaigns begin in Kiev: to the north - to the lands of the Vyatichi, to the northeast - to the Volga Bulgaria, to the southeast - to the Khazar Khaganate and further to Tmutarakan, to the south - to Danube Bulgaria against Byzantium. Such a large number of campaigns in different directions were made by Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich, who was famous for his militancy and passion for conquest.
Task 15.
Answer: 146
Explanation:
1) Next to the number "5" on the map is the union of Ilmenian Slovenians. Their name is associated with the nearby lake Ilmen. Novgorod, on the other hand, stands on the Volkhov River, which flows out of this lake.
2) Przemysl was conquered by the son of Svyatoslav, Vladimir, in 981.
3) The number "6" on the map indicates the capital of Byzantium, the city of Constantinople (Tsargrad). There, according to the chronicle, Vladimir's grandmother, Princess Olga, was baptized. Vladimir himself was baptized in Korsun, in the Crimea.
4) The capital of the Drevlyans, Iskorosten, is marked on the map. Iskorosten gained notoriety after being burned in 945 by Princess Olga in retaliation for the murder of her husband, Prince Igor.
5) The number "4" on the map indicates Itil - the capital Khazar Khaganate. The capital of the Volga Bulgaria - Bulgar - is also located on the Volga, but to the north.
6) According to The Tale of Bygone Years, Prince Oleg made a sea voyage to Byzantium, indicated on the diagram by the number "2" in 907. According to the chronicle, Oleg came to Constantinople from 2000 ships. The result was a profitable trade agreement between Rus' and Byzantium.
B) "Domostroy" - a guide to the arrangement of life and family life, with religious and other instructions, was created by Archpriest Sylvester in the 16th century. based on earlier collections of rules of conduct. It is believed that he summarized this information for the young Tsar Ivan IV.
C) The painting by V. Surikov "Boyar Morozova" tells about church schism caused by the reforms of Patriarch Nikon in the 17th century. The Old Believers who did not accept the reforms, in particular, recognized the signing of the cross not with three, but only with two fingers. It is this gesture that the noblewoman Morozova demonstrates in the picture.
D) M. Sholokhov wrote the epic novel “Quiet Don” from 1925 to 1932. It tells about the life of the Don Cossacks during the First World War, the revolutionary events of 1917, the Civil War. Sholokhov received for this novel Nobel Prize in literature, however, only in 1965.
2) The year of birth of M.N. Tukhachevsky - 1893. The reign of Nicholas II lasted from 1894 to 1917. This means that Tukhachevsky was born during the reign of Alexander III.
3) In June 1919, during the Civil War, M.N. Tukhachevsky became famous for the Birsk operation, carried out near Ufa. Thanks to her, the way to the Southern Urals was opened for the Red Army. First World War for Russia ended on March 3, 1918 with the signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, which was much earlier than the Birsk operation.
4) The Great Patriotic War began on June 22, 1941, i.e. before it began, Tukhachevsky did not live for about 4 years and could not be a participant in it.
5) The year of issue of the stamp is indicated on it - 1963 N.S. Khrushchev ruled the Soviet Union until 1964 and the stamp was issued during this time.
Task 18.
Answer: 34
Explanation:
1) Coin “Victory over Nazi Germany. XX years” is dedicated to the victory in the Great Patriotic War, completed on May 9, 1945, i.e. after the death of Tukhachevsky.
2) The coin “170 Years of the Russian Railways” is dedicated to the opening of the first railway countries in 1836 - St. Petersburg - Tsarskoye Selo - Pavlovsk. This was long before the birth of Tukhachevsky.
3) The coin “100th Anniversary of Parliamentarism in Russia” is dedicated to the beginning of work I State Duma in April 1906 - this event is included in the years of Tukhachevsky's life.
4) Coin “Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. 60 Years" is dedicated to the signing of the union treaty of December 30, 1922, according to which the RSFSR, the Transcaucasian SFSR, the Byelorussian SSR and the Ukrainian SSR united into Soviet Union. This event took place during the life of Tukhachevsky.
