Tatar Mongol yoke is a historical fact. Mongol-Tatar yoke: shocking facts. The Tatar-Mongol yoke was

Many history buffs believe that the Tatar-Mongol yoke never happened, while they refer to the absence of historical traces of the invasion and other inconsistencies in history. There are opinions that someone deliberately distorted the history of the Tatar-Mongol yoke, in their opinion, if we analyze the historical facts, we can find out that the “Mongol yoke” was invented to hide the consequences of “baptism” Kievan Rus, due to the fact that in the process of "baptism" most of the population of the Kyiv principality was destroyed.

Here are some facts that supporters refer to that the Tatar-Mongol yoke is fiction

There are no Mongolian written sources. The Mongols only developed their own writing system in the 20th century (before that, they borrowed various alphabets from more developed countries). At the same time, the Mongols are also not mentioned in Russian chronicles;
Lack of architectural heritage, buildings;
No linguistic borrowings: no Mongolian words in Russian and vice versa (before the 20th century);
There are no cultural and legal borrowings: Russian traditions did not adopt anything from the Mongols and vice versa;
There are no brought material values: the Mongols plundered 2/3 of Eurasia, they had to bring something home. At least the gold from the temples they destroyed. But there is nothing;
There are no numismatic remains, the world does not know Mongolian coins;
There are no advances in weaponry;
There is no folklore, the Mongols do not mention their "great" past in folklore;
Geneticists have found no evidence of the presence of Asian nomads in the Eurasian territories they allegedly conquered.

Also, supporters of this theory argue that all current evidence of the presence of the Tatar-Mongol yoke is indirect or based on known fake materials.

Historical facts of the presence of the Tatar-Mongol yoke

The first monumental literary monument of the Mongol - " secret history Mongols”, dated 1240 and is one of the main sources describing the life of Genghis Khan, as well as the politics, culture and history of the Great Khanate.
It's no secret that an originally nomadic society (especially one whose empire was a cosmopolitan conglomeration of a huge number of cultures and societies) does not leave significant traces in architecture.
There are words of Turkic origin in Russia, but this, of course, does not fully prove the influence of the Mongol invasion, because there are Turkic-speaking and Mongolian peoples in our territories.
In Russian records of that period, unknown Mongol envoys are mentioned many times: “a man named Kutlubuga in 1262 and four envoys from Nogai - Tegichag, Eshimat and Manshai”. At the same time, there are no records of the use of translators when communicating with the messengers, so at least one side must have known the language of the other side. It was also mentioned several times how the khans interfered in the local Russian politics while they spoke Russian.
Russian culture is a unique combination of East and West, Slavic and Turkic culture and even more.
One cannot speak of the Mongol Empire as if it had simply disappeared. The empire broke up into four successor empires - the Yuan dynasty in China; Ilkhanate in Persia; Golden Horde in the Urals; Siberia and parts of Eastern Europe; Chagatai Khanate in Mongolia and China. They, in turn, also transformed or disintegrated.
Yes, the Mongols did not have coins, and as nomads, they almost did not use money. Instead of money, they exchanged horses, sheep and cattle. They also valued well-made weapons and saddles. But when the Mongols seized power in the cities of Central Asia, Iran and China, they had to accept the currency that was used by the population.

The coins of the Mongol Empire were divided into two categories. Coins for use in Muslim areas - according to the Islamic coinage scheme: gold, silver and copper bills with Arabic inscriptions and geometric patterns. And the coins issued for the East Asian parts of the empire, like the Chinese ones: made of cast bronze with a square hole in the center.

In the historical novel "Khokh Sudar", Injinashi (Mongolian philosopher, historian and writer) described a competition between Mongol warriors around 1194-1195: five archers tried to hit the target three times from a distance of 500 bows (about 500 meters).
Speaking of genetics, genetic researchers at the University of Oxford studied the genetic mixture and the impact of the Mongol expansion:
Studies conducted using genome data from various methods and genetic markers, showed that the admixture in the Uyghurs goes back to the time of Genghis Khan. Like the Uyghurs, traces of the Mongols genome have been found further west in six more control groups of human populations. We can assume that there is convincing evidence that the expansion of the Mongols had an impact on the Eurasian peoples.
It must also be said that the annual tribute to foreign khans in Russia is well recorded in official administrative documents. Opening these documents, one can see that there are even several references to a certain amount of tribute in the wills and contracts of Muscovites, as well as references to a trip to Sarai to pay the khans.

From the documents you can find out that the tribute from the Grand Duchy of Moscow ranged from five to seven thousand rubles a year. At the same time, it is mentioned that when the tribute was reduced to one thousand, the rulers began the construction of four cathedrals, with the involvement of expensive foreign Italian architects, and also built fortifications and stone walls, made expensive foreign marriages.

There are also references to the battles of some principalities in alliance with the khans against other Russian principalities or even Europeans, there are also many stories about marriages between Russian nobles and the daughters of khans, etc.

There have been many invasions in the history of both Russia and Europe, but the Tatar-Mongolian occupies a unique place among them. The problem of Mongol-Tatar influence has always worried Russian society. There are three diametrically opposed answers to this question.

1. Russian people did not suffer from Horde yoke. (L. N. Gumilyov). As evidence, a chronicle text is given in which Khan Dzhanibek is called a "good" king. The words of the chronicle “this king Chyanibek Azbyakovich is very kind to Christianity” must be evaluated in the context of the era. The chronicler praised the king for moderation: he was not too cruel - so, in the early 40s. 14th century released to Rus' the myropolite Theognost, whom he held in custody for 600 rubles. Good tsar: he could have killed the metropolitan for such a thing. But most of all, the statement that “the few Mongols of Batu only passed through Rus' and returned to the steppe” is surprising. And not a word - how "passed"?

A few supporters of this point of view believe that the main danger to Rus' was not the Mongols, but the West, and therefore the alliance of Alexander Nevsky with the Horde was vital. However, how do such conclusions agree with the ideas about the black ages of the Mongol- Tatar yoke? After all, the historical evidence of the chronicles about the invasions of punitive detachments, the Battle of Kulikovo itself can hardly be questioned.

2. The Mongol-Tatar yoke brought ruin, death of people, delayed development, but did not fundamentally affect the further historical fate of Russia.

This position was occupied by S. Solovyov, V. Klyuchevsky, S. Platonov, M. Pokrovsky. According to this point of view, Russia only slowed down its development, lagged behind due to large-scale destruction and human losses.

3. The Mongol-Tatars had a decisive influence on the social and social organization, on the development of statehood, the Muscovite state.

So, let's look at historical realities.

In the 20s. 13th century Russian principalities first encountered hordes of Mongol-Tatars. (By the way, this name does not mean a completely defined people, but an association of dozens of nomadic tribes that arose at the beginning of the 13th century, where the Mongols were a small part). At the request of the Polovtsian neighbors, some princes took part in the battle with the Mongols on the river. Kalka in May 1223. The battle ended in the defeat of the allies, and from 1236 Khan Batu began the conquest of Rus' itself. It took four years and ended in December 1240 with the fall of Kyiv. During the last quarter of the thirteenth century took place at least 15 aggressive campaigns Mongol-Tatars. In the areas of invasion, cities, villages, crafts were destroyed, stone construction was interrupted. Diplomatic relations of Rus' became difficult. According to archaeologists in the XI-XIII centuries. There were 74 cities in Rus'. 19 were ruined and destroyed. In 14 of them, life did not resume, and 15 cities turned into villages.

The population of Rus' has decreased. Thousands of Russian slaves fell into the Horde. This is a lot, if we keep in mind that Ryazan, Rostov had no more than 1000 people, and Kyiv, Chernigov 20-30 thousand inhabitants. First of all, artisans and women were taken into slavery.

But is this the only consequence of the invasion?

In the end, if the matter were limited only to the ruin of Russian cities and villages, then after their restoration, the revival of independence, Russia could repeat, continue the European path of development, even if with a delay of several centuries. This, however, did not happen. Why? Is it only the fact that the Tatar-Mongol invasion for a very long time mechanically delayed the development of Russia, threw it back? Or is it necessary and legitimate to talk about something more in this case?

In our opinion, two points should be noted:

1. The Mongol-Tatar invasion, which lasted two and a half centuries (which corresponds to the change of 8-9 generations of people during this time), served as a natural watershed in the socio-historical paths of the Western European and Russian parts of our continent.

2. In the historical sense, it was the Tatar-Mongolian invasion - its scale, the need to resist it and liberate it from the centuries-old yoke - that became the main factor that predetermined the formation of a unique centralized Russian state.

So, despite the fact that during the period of the Mongol-Tatar invasion, North-Eastern Rus' did not become integral part Golden Horde (Rus' had its own legal norms, and not the legal code of the Mongols. The Mongol-Tatars did not eliminate the Russian princes, did not create their own dynasty in Rus' ... Golden Horde did not insist on a change of faith), it largely influenced the process of formation of the Russian people and the Muscovite state.

How did the Mongol yoke affect socio-political development?

The nature of socio-political relations feudal society depended on the nature of relations within the ruling class. The Mongols turned the Russian princes into their subjects, since 1243 the rights to the great reign were granted to the applicants for them by the khan, who not only humiliated the princes, but often deprived them of their lives. The princes received awards for faithful service - labels for separate lands from the khan. The Russian princes absorbed the unquestioning obedience of their subjects. Could friendship relations develop freely if the princes were servants of the Mongol khans. Under these conditions, druzhina relations could not develop, they were replaced by relations of subjects.

In choosing the political path of development of Rus', the death of the ruling class played a colossal role. The princely squads were the first to enter the battle with the Mongols, that is, the Russian nobility took the first blow. For example, in Ryazan, out of 12 princes, 9 died, in Rostov - out of 3 - two, in Suzdal - out of 9 - five. Together with the old nobility, the traditions of its vassal-retinue relations with the princes left, and the new nobility was formed on the basis of relations of allegiance.

So, by the time Batu came, the paths of Russian feudalism had not been determined by history. It cannot be ruled out that even without the Horde yoke, in the confrontation between vassal-druzhina and princely-subject relations, the latter would have won.

The yoke influenced not only the choice of the type of Russian feudalism, but also the pace of its development. It delayed the feudal fragmentation of the country for 240 years.

It was then that the principle of the Mongolian right to land was established in Rus', according to which all land belonged to the khan. There were no private landowners. It was this principle of land ownership that Muscovite Rus' adopted from the Tatars. And when Moscow managed to get out from under the Tatar yoke, its development did not follow the proto-bourgeois path (variants of Novgorod and Galician-Volyn Rus), but the path of the Golden Horde. Taking away from the princes their patrimonies and destinies, Moscow returned them to them, but not as property, but in the form of a salary for service.

The Horde yoke deformed Russian statehood. Fiscal matters became the main ones - the timely collection of all kinds of requisitions. Hence the appearance of monetary units of clearly eastern origin, tanga, altyn, etc. Under the conditions of Horde dependence, a type of statesman was formed, whose public concern was to ensure the timely receipt of money and keep his subjects in check. Rus' inherited from the Horde and political instability - the Grand Duke's power did not set itself tasks of national importance. Let's take the construction of roads as an example - if we compare the road in the Russian principality or on the lands of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, then there are two big differences. Or take environmental issues. In 12th-century France, royal ordinances stipulated that new forests should be planted in place of those cut down. We had nothing like this before Peter I.

The Tatar-Mongol invasion is the first, extremely important milestone at which the further historical paths of the western and eastern parts of geographical Europe sharply diverge in the period after the 12th century.

While the foreign tradition of studying the history of the Golden Horde dates back to the middle of the 19th century. and grows in time along an ascending line, in Russian historiography the Golden Horde theme, if not forbidden, then it was clearly undesirable. This feature is explained by the fact that in the Russian historical science For a long time, the approach dominated, according to which the Mongol, and then the Horde campaigns were a purely destructive, destructive phenomenon, not only holding back the general historical progress, but also “overturning” the civilized world, turning the historical progressive movement back.

Interactions of the Golden Horde with the Russian principalities

The beginning of the closest Horde-Russian relations in science is usually associated with the Laurentian Chronicle the arrival in 1243 of Grand Duke Yaroslav Vsevolodovich at the headquarters of Batu Khan, where he received a label for reigning. Batu thus placed himself in an equal position with the Mongol khans of Karakorum, although it became independent only after almost a quarter of a century under Khan Mengu-Timur. Following Yaroslav Vsevolodovich Batu, the princes Vladimir Konstantinovich, Boris Vasilyevich, Vasily Vsevolodovich and the Armenian prince Sumbat received the labels.

Before construction own capital Batu had his headquarters in the "Bulgarian lands, in the city of Bryagov" (Great Bulgar), as the "Kazan chronicler" calls him. , including Kyiv land. A year later, all Russian princes received khan's labels for reigning. Thus began the process of consolidating Russian lands, overcoming feudal-territorial fragmentation. LN Gumilyov saw in these processes the continuation of the tradition of subordination of power among the Russian princes.

In the process of long-term interaction between the Golden Horde and the Russian principalities, a certain system of relations was established between them. The Russian imperial church-nobility historiography, which created the concept (“Tatar yoke”), unilaterally interpreted these relations exclusively from a negative point of view, evaluating the Horde factor as the root cause of historical backwardness and all the problems of the subsequent development of Russia.

Soviet historiography (especially Stalin period) not only did not reconsider the myth of the Tatar-Mongol yoke, but also aggravated its vices with class-political arguments. Only in recent decades has there been a change in approaches to assessing the place and role of the Golden Horde both in the global and in national histories peoples.

Yes, Horde-Russian (Turkic-Slavic) relations have never been unambiguous. Now there are more and more reasons to assert that they were built on the basis of a well-thought-out “center-province” scheme and met the imperatives of a specific historical time. Therefore, the Golden Horde entered the world history as an example of a breakthrough in this direction of historical progress. The Golden Horde was never a colonizer, and “Rus entered into its composition voluntarily and forcibly, and was not subdued, as they trumpeted at all crossroads. This empire needed Rus' not as a colony, but as an allied power.

So, the special nature of the relationship of the Golden Horde to Rus' is undoubted. In many ways, they are characterized by the formal nature of vassalage, the establishment of a policy of religious tolerance and the protection of the privileges of the Russian church, the preservation of the army and the right to conduct foreign affairs by the Russian principalities, including the right to declare war and make peace. The allied character of Horde-Russian relations was also dictated by considerations of a geopolitical nature. It is no coincidence that Batu's army numbered almost 600,000 people, of which 75% were Christians. It was this power that kept Western Europe from the desire to carry out a crusade against the Tatars and "catholicize" Rus'.

An unbiased analysis of the relationship between the Horde and Rus' shows that the Golden Horde managed to create such a system of government in which the traditional power of the Russian princes over their subjects even increased, relying on the military power of the Horde "khan-king". The "Horde factor" moderated the ambitiousness of the specific princes, who pushed the Russian lands to bloody and ruinous strife. At the same time, the tolerant nature of the Golden Horde made it possible to strengthen the influence of the church on the development of centripetal processes in Rus'.

The role of the Golden Horde in the transformation of the Russian church system

The Orthodox Church in the Middle Ages was one of the state-forming beginnings. Its capabilities increased as it received within the framework of the Golden Horde what it could not receive from its spiritual foremother - the Byzantine Church. We are talking about the deficit (lack) of living space, which delayed the process of transformation of the foundation of Russian spiritual culture - the church and its transformation from a local-regional system of values into a universalist one.

It is known that one of the factors in the death of Byzantium was the internal contradiction between the universalist intention of Christianity and the growing localism of the shrinking space, which was ultimately reduced to a singular point - Constantinople. "Self geographical position Constantinople-Istanbul seems to be specially designed to demonstrate Byzantine uniqueness - and therefore doom: Christian universalism, which does not have an adequate form for itself and therefore found itself in a local shell, in fact, is reduced to the localism of Asian civilizations.

It is paradoxical, - Y. Pivovarov and A. Fursov note, - but it is a fact: it was the Mongols-Horde who provided the Russian church with living space, created the conditions for its transformation. They were not just ordinary steppe conquerors, another release of "social radiation" from the nomadic zone. The gigantic scale and global scope of the Mongol-Horde conquests (the Mongol Empire and the Golden Horde were the first truly world empires that united the then Eurasian Universe) were also due to the fact that the conquests relied on all the main Asian sedentary societies, on their military, social and organizational and cultural achievements. In this sense, if the Great Mongol Empire, having become the Great steppe summing up the results of the Asian civilized world of the Coastal Belt, achieved by it by the 12th century, created the possibility of transforming the Russian church system, then the Golden Horde “did for Orthodox Church the work that the latter was not able to do on her own. She broke "for her and for her the original actual localism, gave it a universalist intention."

Horde-Russian relations and mutual influences

When assessing the nature and consequences of the Horde-Russian relations, it is important to emphasize that over the centuries of cohabitation, mutual assimilation, especially in the elite strata of society, there was an interpenetration of some very significant mental traits. The reflections of one of the pillars of the concept of Eurasianism, Prince N.S. Trubetskoy, who argued that the “huge Russian state” arose “largely due to the inoculation of Turkic traits”, are interesting. As a result of being in power Tatar khans created "wrongly tailored", but "strongly sewn". Yuri Pivovarov and Andrei Fursov are right when they assert that "Rus borrowed from the Horde the technology of power, fiscal forms, and centralized structures." But the technology of power, the centralized government of the country, the tolerant nature of the Horde civilization also influenced the choice of the direction of development of Russian statehood, the Russian language, and the national mentality. “The Horde break in Russian history,” they wrote, “is one of the richest, if not the richest in terms of the abundance of breeds.”

The nature of the Golden Horde favorably distinguished it from the colonial policy of the Western European neighbors of Rus', from the aggressive German and Swedish feudal lords who sought a crusade to the East - to the Orthodox Russian lands of Pskov, Novgorod and other adjacent Russian principalities. In the XIII century. Rus' was faced with a choice: who to rely on in the struggle for the preservation of national identity - on Catholic Europe in the fight against the Golden Horde or on the Golden Horde in opposition to the crusade from Europe. Europe saw the conversion of Rus' to Catholicism as a condition for the union, or at least the recognition of the supremacy of the Pope, that is, the union of Orthodoxy and Catholicism under its rule. The example of Western Russian lands showed that such an alliance could be followed by foreign feudal-religious interference in secular and spiritual life: land colonization, the conversion of the population to Catholicism, the construction of castles and churches, i.e. strengthening of European cultural and civilizational pressure. An alliance with the Horde seemed less dangerous for the Russian princes and church hierarchs.

It is also important to note that the Horde-Russian model of interaction ensured not only intrastate autonomy and independence from the outside world. The Golden Horde influence was broad and multifaceted. It "settled" in deep niches historical memory Russian people, preserved in its cultural traditions, folklore, literature. It is also imprinted in the modern Russian language, where a fifth or sixth part of it vocabulary is of Turkish origin.

The list of elements that make up the Horde heritage in terms of significance for the formation and development of Russian statehood, culture and civilization is wide and voluminous. It can hardly be limited to noble families of Tatar origin (500 such Russian surnames); emblems of the Russian Empire (where three crowns symbolize, and); linguistic and cultural borrowings; the experience of creating a centralized state complex in the ethno-confessional, economic and cultural-civilizational plan and the formation of a new ethnic group.

Avoiding the temptation to enter the discussion field of the problem of the Horde-Russian mutual influence, let's try to formulate a generalized opinion. If the Russian factor contributed to the flourishing of the Golden Horde and the duration of its impact on the course of world development, then the Golden Horde, in turn, was a factor in the “gathering” of Russian lands and the creation of a centralized Russian state. At the same time, it should be noted that the path to the unity of the Russian lands began with Moscow - the region where the closest fruitful bilateral (Horde-Russian) ties developed and where the course of history predetermined the lowest level of xenophobia among the Russian principalities - hostility towards foreign things, including first of all, to the beginning of the Horde. The cultural layer of Horde tolerance was most concentrated, settled and strengthened at the Moscow "point" of Russian civilizational growth.

Today we will talk about a very "slippery" from the point of view of modern history and science, but no less interesting topic. This is the question raised ihoraksjuta “Now let’s move on, the so-called Tatar-Mongol yoke, I don’t remember where I read it, but there was no yoke, these were all the consequences of the baptism of Rus', the bearers of the faith of Christ fought with those who did not want to, well, as usual, with a sword and blood, remember the cross trips, can you tell me more about this period?”

Invasion history controversy Tatar-Mongol and about the consequences of their invasion, the so-called yoke, do not disappear, probably never will disappear. Under the influence of numerous critics, including Gumilyov's supporters, new, interesting facts began to be woven into the traditional version of Russian history. Mongolian yoke that would like to be developed. As we all remember from the school history course, the point of view still prevails, which is as follows:

In the first half of the 13th century, Russia was invaded by the Tatars, who came to Europe from Central Asia, in particular China and Central Asia, which they had already captured by this time. The dates are exactly known to our Russian historians: 1223 - the Battle of the Kalka, 1237 - the fall of Ryazan, in 1238 - the defeat of the combined forces of the Russian princes on the banks of the City River, in 1240 - the fall of Kiev. Tatar-Mongolian troops destroyed individual squads of the princes of Kievan Rus and subjected it to a monstrous defeat. military strength Tatars was so irresistible that their dominance lasted for two and a half centuries - until the "Standing on the Ugra" in 1480, when the consequences of the yoke were finally completely eliminated, the end came.

250 years, that's how many years, Russia paid tribute to the Horde with money and blood. In 1380, for the first time since the invasion of Batu Khan, Rus' gathered strength and gave battle to the Tatar Horde on the Kulikovo field, in which Dmitry Donskoy defeated the Temnik Mamai, but this defeat did not happen to all the Tatars - the Mongols at all, this is, so to speak, a won battle in lost war. Although even the traditional version of Russian history suggests that there were practically no Tatar-Mongol in Mamai's army, only local nomads and Genoese mercenaries from the Don. By the way, the participation of the Genoese, suggests the participation of the Vatican in this matter. Today, in the well-known version of the history of Russia, they began to add, as it were, fresh data, but intended to add credibility and reliability to an already existing version. In particular, there are extensive discussions on the number of nomadic Tatars - Mongols, the specifics of their martial art and weapons.

Let's evaluate the versions that exist today:

I propose to start with a very interesting fact. Such a nation as Mongol-Tatars does not exist, and did not exist at all. Mongols And Tatars the only thing in common is that they roamed the Central Asian steppe, which, as we know, is quite large to accommodate any nomadic people, and at the same time give them the opportunity not to intersect in one territory at all.

The Mongol tribes lived in the southern tip of the Asian steppe and often hunted for raids on China and its provinces, which is often confirmed by the history of China. While other nomadic Turkic tribes, called from time immemorial in Rus' Bulgars (Volga Bulgaria), settled in the lower reaches of the Volga River. In those days they were called Tatars in Europe, or TatAriev(the strongest of the nomadic tribes, inflexible and invincible). And the Tatars, the closest neighbors of the Mongols, lived in the northeastern part of modern Mongolia, mainly in the area of \u200b\u200bLake Buir-Nor and up to the borders of China. There were 70 thousand families, which made up 6 tribes: Tutukulyut Tatars, Alchi Tatars, Chagan Tatars, Kuin Tatars, Terat Tatars, Barkui Tatars. The second parts of the names, apparently, are the self-names of these tribes. Among them there is not a single word that would sound close to the Turkic language - they are more in tune with the Mongolian names.

Two kindred peoples - the Tatars and the Mongols - waged a war for a long time with varying success for mutual extermination, until Genghis Khan did not seize power in all of Mongolia. The fate of the Tatars was sealed. Since the Tatars were the murderers of the father of Genghis Khan, they exterminated many tribes and clans close to him, constantly supported the tribes opposing him, “then Genghis Khan (Tei-mu-Chin) ordered to carry out a general slaughter of the Tatars and not to leave not one of them alive to the limit that is determined by law (Yasak); that the women and little children should also be slaughtered, and that the wombs of the pregnant women should be cut open in order to completely destroy them. …”.

That is why such a nationality could not threaten the freedom of Rus'. Moreover, many historians and cartographers of that time, especially Eastern European ones, “sinned” to name all indestructible (from the point of view of Europeans) and invincible peoples, TatAriev or just in latin TatArie.
This can be easily traced from ancient maps, for example, Map of Russia 1594 in the Atlas of Gerhard Mercator, or Maps of Russia and Tartarii Ortelius.

One of the fundamental axioms of Russian historiography is the assertion that for almost 250 years, the so-called “Mongol-Tatar yoke” existed on the lands inhabited by the ancestors of the modern East Slavic peoples - Russians, Belarusians and Ukrainians. Allegedly in the 30s - 40s of the XIII century, the ancient Russian principalities were subjected to the Mongol-Tatar invasion led by the legendary Batu Khan.

The fact is that there are numerous historical facts that contradict the historical version of the "Mongol-Tatar yoke".

First of all, even in the canonical version, the fact of the conquest of the northeastern ancient Russian principalities by the Mongol-Tatar invaders is not directly confirmed - supposedly these principalities were in vassal dependence on the Golden Horde ( public education, which occupied a large territory in the southeast of Eastern Europe and Western Siberia, founded by the Mongol prince Batu). They say that the army of Batu Khan made several bloody predatory raids on these very northeastern ancient Russian principalities, as a result of which our distant ancestors decided to go “under the arm” of Batu and his Golden Horde.

However, historical information is known that the personal guard of Batu Khan consisted exclusively of Russian soldiers. A very strange circumstance for the lackeys-vassals of the great Mongol conquerors, especially for the newly conquered people.

There is indirect evidence of the existence of a letter from Batu to the legendary Russian prince Alexander Nevsky, in which the all-powerful khan of the Golden Horde asks the Russian prince to take his son to raise him and make him a real warrior and commander.

Also, some sources claim that Tatar mothers in the Golden Horde frightened their disobedient children with the name of Alexander Nevsky.

Due to all these inconsistencies, the author of these lines in his book “2013. Memories of the Future” (“Olma-Press”) puts forward a completely different version of the events of the first half and the middle of the 13th century on the territory of the European part of the future Russian Empire.

According to this version, when the Mongols at the head of nomadic tribes (later called Tatars) went to the northeastern old Russian principalities, they really entered into quite bloody combat clashes with them. But only a crushing victory for Batu Khan did not work out, most likely, the matter ended in a kind of “combat draw”. And then Batu offered the Russian princes an equal military alliance. Otherwise, it is difficult to explain why his guards consisted of Russian knights, and Tatar mothers frightened their children with the name of Alexander Nevsky.

All these horror stories about the "Tatar-Mongol yoke" were composed much later, when the Muscovite tsars had to create myths about their exclusivity and superiority over the conquered peoples (the same Tatars, for example).

Even in the modern school curriculum, this historical moment is briefly described as follows: “At the beginning of the 13th century, Genghis Khan gathered a large army from nomadic peoples, and subjecting them to strict discipline decided to conquer the whole world. Having defeated China, he sent his army to Rus'. In the winter of 1237, the army of the "Mongol-Tatars" invaded the territory of Rus', and subsequently defeated Russian army on the Kalka River, went further, through Poland and the Czech Republic. As a result, having reached the shores of the Adriatic Sea, the army suddenly stops, and without completing its task, turns back. From this period begins the so-called " Mongol-Tatar yoke» over Russia.

But wait, they were going to take over the world...so why didn't they go further? Historians answered that they were afraid of an attack from the back, defeated and plundered, but still strong Rus'. But this is just ridiculous. A plundered state, will it run to protect other people's cities and villages? Rather, they will rebuild their borders, and wait for the return of the enemy troops in order to fully fight back.
But the oddities don't end there. For some unimaginable reason, during the reign of the Romanov dynasty, dozens of chronicles describing the events of the "Horde times" disappear. For example, "The Word about the destruction of the Russian land", historians believe that this is a document from which everything that would testify to the Yoke was carefully removed. They left only fragments telling about some kind of "trouble" that befell Rus'. But there is not a word about the "invasion of the Mongols."

There are many more oddities. In the story "About the Evil Tatars" Khan from Golden Horde orders to execute a Russian Christian prince ... for refusing to bow to the "pagan god of the Slavs!" And some chronicles contain amazing phrases, for example, these: “ Well, with God!" - said the Khan and, crossing himself, galloped at the enemy.
So what really happened?

At that time, the “new faith” was already flourishing in Europe, namely Faith in Christ. Catholicism was widespread everywhere, and ruled everything, from the way of life and system, to the state system and legislation. At that time, crusades against the Gentiles were still relevant, but along with military methods, “tactical tricks” were often used, akin to bribing powerful people and inclining them to their faith. And after receiving power through a purchased person, the conversion of all his “subordinates” to the faith. It was precisely such a secret crusade that was then carried out against Rus'. Through bribery and other promises, church ministers were able to seize power over Kiev and nearby areas. Just relatively recently, by the standards of history, the baptism of Rus' took place, but history is silent about the civil war that arose on this basis immediately after the forced baptism. And the ancient Slavic chronicle describes this moment as follows:

« And the Vorogs came from the Overseas, and they brought faith in alien gods. With fire and sword, they began to instill in us an alien faith, Showering the Russian princes with gold and silver, bribing their will, and misleading the true path. They promised them an idle life, full of wealth and happiness, and the remission of any sins, for their dashing deeds.

And then Ros broke up into different states. The Russian clans retreated to the north to the great Asgard, And they named their state by the names of the gods of their patrons, Tarkh Dazhdbog the Great and Tara, his Sister of Light. (They called her Great Tartaria). Leaving foreigners with princes bought in the principality of Kiev and its environs. Volga Bulgaria also did not bow before the enemies, and did not accept their alien faith as their own.
But the principality of Kiev did not live in peace with Tartary. They began to conquer the Russian land with fire and sword and impose their alien faith. And then the army rose up, for a fierce battle. In order to keep their faith and win back their lands. Both old and young then went to the Warriors in order to restore order to the Russian Lands.

And so the war began, in which the Russian army, the lands Great Aria (tatAria) defeated the enemy, and drove him out of the original Slavic lands. It drove the alien army, with their fierce faith, from their stately lands.

By the way, the word Horde is spelled Old Slavonic alphabet, means Order. That is, the Golden Horde is not a separate state, it is a system. "Political" system of the Golden Order. Under which Princes reigned locally, planted with the approval of the Commander-in-Chief of the Defense Army, or in one word they called him KHAN(our protector).
So there was not more than two hundred years of oppression, but there was a time of peace and prosperity Great Aria or Tartarii. By the way, in modern history there is also confirmation of this, but for some reason no one pays attention to it. But we will definitely pay attention, and very close:

The Mongol-Tatar yoke is a system of political and tributary dependence of the Russian principalities on the Mongol-Tatar khans (until the beginning of the 60s of the XIII century, the Mongol khans, after the khans of the Golden Horde) in the XIII-XV centuries. The establishment of the yoke became possible as a result of the Mongol invasion of Rus' in 1237-1241 and took place for two decades after it, including in the lands that were not devastated. In North-Eastern Rus' it lasted until 1480. (Wikipedia)

Battle of the Neva (July 15, 1240) - a battle on the Neva River between the Novgorod militia under the command of Prince Alexander Yaroslavich and the Swedish army. After the victory of the Novgorodians, Alexander Yaroslavich received the honorary nickname "Nevsky" for his skillful management of the campaign and courage in battle. (Wikipedia)

Doesn't it seem strange to you that the battle with the Swedes takes place right in the middle of the invasion? Mongol-Tatars» to Rus'? Blazing in fires and plundered Mongols» Rus' is attacked by the Swedish army, which safely sinks in the waters of the Neva, and at the same time, the Swedish crusaders do not encounter the Mongols even once. And the victorious are strong Swedish army Russians losing to Mongols? In my opinion, it's just Brad. Two huge armies at the same time are fighting on the same territory and never intersect. But if we turn to the ancient Slavonic chronicle, then everything becomes clear.

From 1237 Rat Great Tartaria began to win back their ancestral lands, and when the war was coming to an end, the representatives of the church, who were losing ground, asked for help, and the Swedish crusaders were launched into battle. Since it was not possible to take the country by bribery, then they will take it by force. Just in 1240, the army Hordes(that is, the army of Prince Alexander Yaroslavovich, one of the princes of the ancient Slavic family) clashed in battle with the army of the Crusaders that came to the rescue of their henchmen. Having won the battle on the Neva, Alexander received the title of the Neva prince and remained to reign in Novgorod, and the Horde Army went further to drive the adversary from the Russian lands completely. So she persecuted the “church and alien faith” until she reached the Adriatic Sea, thereby restoring her original ancient borders. And having reached them, the army turned around and again left not the north. By setting 300 summer period peace.

Again, confirmation of this is the so-called end of yoke « Battle of Kulikovo» before which 2 knights participated in the match Peresvet And Chelubey. Two Russian knights, Andrei Peresvet (superior to the world) and Chelubey (beating, Telling, narrating, asking) Information about which was cruelly cut out from the pages of history. It was the loss of Chelubey that foreshadowed the victory of the army of Kievan Rus, restored with the money of all the same "Churchmen", who nevertheless penetrated into Rus' from under the floor, albeit more than 150 years later. This is later, when all of Rus' will plunge into the abyss of chaos, all sources confirming the events of the past will be burned. And after the coming to power of the Romanov family, many documents will take on the form we know.

By the way, this is not the first time that the Slavic army defends its lands and expels the Gentiles from their territories. Another extremely interesting and confusing moment in History tells us about this.
Army of Alexander the Great, consisting of many professional warriors, was defeated by a small army of some nomads in the mountains north of India (Alexander's last campaign). And for some reason, no one is surprised by the fact that the numerous trained army, which went through half the world and redrawn world map, was so easily broken by the army, simple and uneducated nomads.
But everything becomes clear if you look at the maps of that time and just even think about who the nomads who came from the north (from India) could be. These are just our territories that originally belonged to the Slavs, and where to this day they find the remains of civilization EtRusskov.

The Macedonian army was pushed back by the army Slavyan-Ariev who defended their territories. It was at that time that the Slavs "for the first time" went to the Adriatic Sea, and left a huge mark on the territories of Europe. Thus, it turns out that we are not the first to conquer "half of the globe."

So how did it happen that even now we do not know our history? Everything is very simple. The Europeans, trembling with fear and horror, did not cease to be afraid of the Rusichs, even when their plans were crowned with success and they enslaved the Slavic peoples, they were still afraid that one day Rus' would rise and shine again with its former strength.

At the beginning of the 18th century, Peter the Great founded Russian Academy Sciences. For 120 years of its existence, there were 33 academicians-historians at the historical department of the Academy. Of these, only three were Russians (including M.V. Lomonosov), the rest were Germans. So it turns out that the history of Ancient Rus' was written by the Germans, and many of them did not know not only the ways of life and traditions, they did not even know the Russian language. This fact is well known to many historians, but they do not make any effort to carefully study the history that the Germans wrote and get to the bottom of the truth.
Lomonosov wrote a work on the history of Rus', and in this field he often had disputes with his German colleagues. After his death, the archives disappeared without a trace, but somehow his works on the history of Rus' were published, but under the editorship of Miller. At the same time, it was Miller who oppressed Lomonosov in every possible way during his lifetime. Computer analysis confirmed that the works of Lomonosov published by Miller on the history of Rus' are a falsification. Little is left of Lomonosov's works.

This concept can be found on the Omsk State University website:

We will formulate our concept, hypothesis immediately, without
preliminary preparation of the reader.

Let us pay attention to the following strange and very interesting
data. However, their strangeness is based only on the generally accepted
chronology and inspired to us since childhood version of the ancient Russian
stories. It turns out that changing the chronology removes many oddities and
<>.

One of the highlights in the history of ancient Rus' is so
called the Tatar-Mongol conquest by the Horde. Traditionally
it is believed that the Horde came from the East (China? Mongolia?),
captured many countries, conquered Rus', swept to the West and
even reached Egypt.

But if Rus' had been conquered in the XIII century with any
was from the side - or from the east, as modern
historians, or from the West, as Morozov believed, they should have
remain information about the clashes between the conquerors and
Cossacks who lived both on the western borders of Rus' and in the lower reaches
Don and Volga. That is, just where they were supposed to go
conquerors.

Of course, in school courses Russian history us strenuously
they convince that the Cossack troops allegedly arose only in the 17th century,
allegedly due to the fact that the serfs fled from the power of the landowners to
Don. However, it is known - although textbooks do not usually mention this,
- that, for example, the Don Cossack state existed IN
XVI century, had its own laws and history.

Moreover, it turns out that the beginning of the history of the Cossacks refers to
to the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. See, for example, Sukhorukov's work<>in DON magazine, 1989.

Thus,<>, wherever it comes from,
moving along the natural path of colonization and conquest,
would inevitably come into conflict with the Cossack
areas.
This is not noted.

What's the matter?

A natural hypothesis arises:
NO FOREIGN
THERE WAS NO CONQUEST OF Rus'. THE HORDE DID NOT FIGHT WITH THE COSSACKS THAT
COSSACKS WERE A PART OF THE HORDE. This hypothesis was
not formulated by us. It is very convincingly substantiated,
for example, A. A. Gordeev in his<>.

BUT WE ARE APPROVING SOMETHING MORE.

One of our main hypotheses is that the Cossacks
troops were not only part of the Horde - they were regular
troops of the Russian state. Thus, the HORDE - IT WAS
JUST A REGULAR RUSSIAN ARMY.

According to our hypothesis, the modern terms ARMY and VOIN,
- Church Slavonic in origin - were not Old Russian
terms. They came into constant use in Rus' only with
XVII century. And the old Russian terminology was as follows: Horde,
Cossack, Khan

Then the terminology changed. Incidentally, in the 19th century
Russian folk proverbs<>And<>were
interchangeable. This is evident from the many examples given
in Dahl's dictionary. For example:<>and so on.

There is still the famous city of Semikarakorum on the Don, and on
Kuban - the village of Khanskaya. Recall that the Karakorum is considered
THE CAPITAL OF GENGHIS KHAN. At the same time, as is well known, in those
places where archaeologists are still stubbornly looking for Karakoram, no
For some reason there is no Karakorum.

Desperately, they hypothesized that<>. This monastery, which existed in the 19th century, was surrounded
an earthen rampart only about one English mile long. Historians
believe that the famous capital of Karakoram was entirely placed on
territory subsequently occupied by this monastery.

According to our hypothesis, the Horde is not a foreign entity,
captured Rus' from the outside, but there is just an Eastern Russian regular
army, which was an integral part of the Old Russian
state.
Our hypothesis is this.

1) <>IT WAS JUST A MILITARY PERIOD
MANAGEMENT IN THE RUSSIAN STATE. NO FOREIGNERS Rus'
CONQUERED.

2) THE SUPREME RULER WAS THE COMMANDER-KHAN = KING, A B
THE CITIES WERE CIVIL GOVERNORS — PRINCES WHO ARE OBLIGED
WERE TO COLLECT TRIBUTE IN FAVOR OF THIS RUSSIAN TROOP, ON ITS
CONTENT.

3) THUS, THE OLD RUSSIAN STATE PRESENTS
A UNIFIED EMPIRE IN WHICH THERE WAS A PERMANENT ARMY CONSISTING OF
PROFESSIONAL MILITARY (HORDE) AND CIVIL UNIT WITHOUT
OF THEIR REGULAR TROOPS. BECAUSE SUCH TROOPS HAVE ALREADY ENTERED
COMPOSITION OF THE HORDE.

4) THIS RUSSIAN-HORDE EMPIRE HAD EXISTED FROM THE XIV CENTURY
BEFORE THE BEGINNING OF THE XVII CENTURY. ITS STORY ENDED WITH THE FAMOUS GREAT
TROUBLES IN Rus' IN THE BEGINNING OF THE XVII CENTURY. AS A RESULT OF THE CIVIL WAR
RUSSIAN HORDE TSARS - THE LAST OF WHICH WAS BORIS
<>, — HAVE BEEN PHYSICALLY EXTERMINATED. A FORMER RUSSIAN
THE ARMY-HORDA ACTUALLY DEFEATED IN THE FIGHT WITH<>. RESULTS
NEW PRO-WESTERN ROMANOV DYNASTY. SHE TAKE POWER AND
IN THE RUSSIAN CHURCH (FILARET).

5) NEW DYNASTY REQUIRED<>,
IDEOLOGICALLY JUSTIFYING ITS POWER. THIS NEW POWER FROM THE POINT
THE VIEW OF THE FORMER RUSSIAN HORDE HISTORY WAS ILLEGAL. THAT'S WHY
THE ROMANOVS NEEDED TO CHANGE THE LIGHTING OF THE PREVIOUS
RUSSIAN HISTORY. HAVE TO TELL THEM - IT WAS DONE
COMPETENTLY. WITHOUT CHANGING MOST OF THE FACTS IN SUBSTANCE, THEY COULD
UNRECOGNIZABILITY TO DISTORT THE WHOLE RUSSIAN HISTORY. SO, PREVIOUS
HISTORY OF Rus'-HORDA WITH ITS ESTATE OF FARMERS AND MILITARY
THE ESTATE IS A HORDE, WAS ANNOUNCED BY THEM AN AGE<>. AT THE SAME TIME, YOUR OWN RUSSIAN HORDE-ARMY
TURNED - UNDER THE PEN OF ROMANOV HISTORIANS - INTO MYTHICAL
ALIENS FROM A FAR UNKNOWN COUNTRY.

notorious<>, familiar to us from Romanovsky
storytelling was just STATE TAX inside
Rus' for the maintenance of the Cossack army - the Horde. famous<>, - every tenth person taken into the Horde is just
state MILITARY SET. Like conscription into the army, but only
since childhood and for life.

Further, the so-called<>, in our opinion,
were simply punitive expeditions to those Russian regions,
who, for some reason, refused to pay tribute =
state tax. Then regular troops punished
civil rioters.

These facts are known to historians and are not secret, they are publicly available, and anyone can easily find them on the Internet. Omitting scientific research and justification, which have already been described quite extensively, let's summarize the main facts that refute the big lie about the "Tatar-Mongol yoke".

1. Genghis Khan

Previously, in Rus', 2 people were responsible for governing the state: prince And Khan. The prince was responsible for governing the state in peacetime. Khan or "war prince" took over the reins of government during the war, in peacetime he was responsible for the formation of the horde (army) and maintaining it in combat readiness.

Genghis Khan is not a name, but the title of a "war prince", which, in modern world, close to the position of Commander-in-Chief of the Army. And there were several people who bore such a title. The most prominent of them was Timur, it is about him that they usually talk about when they talk about Genghis Khan.

In the surviving historical documents, this man is described as a tall warrior with blue eyes, very white skin, powerful reddish hair and a thick beard. Which clearly does not correspond to the signs of a representative of the Mongoloid race, but fully fits the description of the Slavic appearance (L.N. Gumilyov - “ Ancient Rus' and the Great Steppe).

In modern "Mongolia" there is not a single folk epic, which would say that this country once conquered almost all of Eurasia in ancient times, just like there is nothing about the great conqueror Genghis Khan ... (N.V. Levashov "Visible and invisible genocide").

2. Mongolia

The state of Mongolia appeared only in the 1930s, when the Bolsheviks came to the nomads living in the Gobi desert and informed them that they were the descendants of the great Mongols, and their “compatriot” created the Great Empire at one time, which they were very surprised and delighted with . The word "Mogul" is of Greek origin and means "Great". This word the Greeks called our ancestors - the Slavs. It has nothing to do with the name of any people (N.V. Levashov "Visible and invisible genocide").

3. The composition of the army "Tatar-Mongols"

70-80% of the army of the "Tatar-Mongols" were Russians, the remaining 20-30% were other small peoples of Rus', in fact, as now. This fact is clearly confirmed by a fragment of the icon of Sergius of Radonezh "The Battle of Kulikovo". It clearly shows that the same warriors are fighting on both sides. And this fight is more like civil war than to go to war with a foreign conqueror.

4. What did the "Tatar-Mongols" look like?

Pay attention to the drawing of the tomb of Henry II the Pious, who was killed on the Legnica field. The inscription is as follows: “The figure of a Tatar under the feet of Henry II, Duke of Silesia, Krakow and Poland, placed on the grave in Breslau of this prince, who was killed in the battle with the Tatars at Liegnitz on April 9, 1241.” As we can see, this "Tatar" has a completely Russian appearance, clothes and weapons. In the next image - "Khan's palace in the capital of the Mongol Empire, Khanbalik" (it is believed that Khanbalik is allegedly Beijing). What is "Mongolian" and what is "Chinese" here? Again, as in the case of the tomb of Henry II, before us are people of a clearly Slavic appearance. Russian caftans, archer caps, the same broad beards, the same characteristic blades of sabers called "elman". The roof on the left is almost an exact copy of the roofs of the old Russian towers ... (A. Bushkov, "Russia that was not").

5. Genetic expertise

According to the latest data obtained as a result of genetic research, it turned out that Tatars and Russians have very similar genetics. Whereas the differences between the genetics of Russians and Tatars from the genetics of the Mongols are colossal: “The differences between the Russian gene pool (almost completely European) and the Mongolian (almost completely Central Asian) are really great - these are, as it were, two around the world…” (oagb.ru).

6. Documents during the Tatar-Mongol yoke

During the existence of the Tatar-Mongol yoke, not a single document in the Tatar or Mongolian language has been preserved. But there are many documents of this time in Russian.

7. Lack of objective evidence supporting the hypothesis of the Tatar-Mongol yoke

On this moment no originals of any historical documents, which would objectively prove that there was a Tatar-Mongol yoke. But on the other hand, there are many fakes designed to convince us of the existence of a fiction called the "Tatar-Mongol yoke." Here is one of those fakes. This text is called "The Word about the Destruction of the Russian Land" and in each publication it is announced as "an excerpt from a poetic work that has not come down to us in its entirety ... About the Tatar-Mongol invasion":

“Oh, bright and beautifully decorated Russian land! You are glorified by many beauties: you are famous for many lakes, locally revered rivers and springs, mountains, steep hills, high oak forests, clear fields, marvelous animals, various birds, countless great cities, glorious villages, monastery gardens, temples of God and formidable princes, honest boyars and many nobles. You are full of everything, Russian land, O Christian Orthodox Faith!..»

There is not even a hint of the "Tatar-Mongol yoke" in this text. But in this "ancient" document there is such a line: “You are full of everything, Russian land, O Orthodox Christian faith!”

More opinions:

The plenipotentiary representative of Tatarstan in Moscow (1999-2010), doctor of political sciences Nazif Mirikhanov spoke in the same spirit: “The term“ yoke ”appeared in general only in the 18th century,” he is sure. “Before that, the Slavs did not even suspect that they were living under oppression, under the yoke of certain conquerors.”

“In fact, the Russian Empire, and then Soviet Union, and now Russian Federation“These are the heirs of the Golden Horde, that is, the Turkic empire created by Genghis Khan, whom we need to rehabilitate, as they have already done in China,” Mirikhanov continued. And he concluded his reasoning with the following thesis: “The Tatars frightened Europe so much in their time that the rulers of Rus', who chose the European path of development, in every possible way dissociated themselves from the Horde predecessors. Today is the time to restore historical justice.”

The result was summed up by Izmailov:

“The historical period, which is commonly called the time of the Mongol-Tatar yoke, was not a period of terror, ruin and slavery. Yes, the Russian princes paid tribute to the rulers from Sarai and received labels from them for reigning, but this is ordinary feudal rent. At the same time, the Church flourished in those centuries, and beautiful white-stone churches were built everywhere. Which was quite natural: disparate principalities could not afford such construction, but only an actual confederation united under the rule of the Khan of the Golden Horde or the Ulus of Jochi, as it would be more correct to call our common state with the Tatars.

Historian Lev Gumilyov, from the book "From Rus' to Russia", 2008:
“Thus, for the tax that Alexander Nevsky undertook to pay to Sarai, Rus' received a reliable strong army that defended not only Novgorod and Pskov. Moreover, the Russian principalities that accepted an alliance with the Horde completely retained their ideological independence and political independence. This alone shows that Rus' was not
a province of the Mongol ulus, but a country allied to the great khan, which paid a certain tax on the maintenance of the army, which she herself needed. Nevsky. Nevskaya battle (part 1), well, also check out and really The original article is on the website InfoGlaz.rf Link to the article from which this copy is made -

It has long been no secret that there was no "Tatar-Mongol yoke", and no Tatars with Mongols conquered Rus'. But who falsified history and why? What was hidden behind the Tatar-Mongol yoke? Bloody Christianization of Rus'...

Exists a large number of facts that not only unequivocally refute the hypothesis of the Tatar-Mongol yoke, but also indicate that history was deliberately distorted, and that this was done with a very specific purpose ... But who deliberately distorted history and why? What real events did they want to hide and why?

If we analyze the historical facts, it becomes obvious that the "Tatar-Mongol yoke" was invented in order to hide the consequences of the "baptism" of Kievan Rus. After all, this religion was imposed in a far from peaceful way ... In the process of "baptism" most of the population of the Kyiv principality was destroyed! It definitely becomes clear that those forces that were behind the imposition of this religion, in the future, fabricated history, juggling historical facts for themselves and their goals ...

French engraving by Pierre Duflos (1742-1816)

1. Genghis Khan

Previously, in Rus', 2 people were responsible for governing the state: the Prince and the Khan. The prince was responsible for governing the state in peacetime. Khan or "war prince" took over the reins of government during the war, in peacetime he was responsible for the formation of the horde (army) and maintaining it in combat readiness.

Genghis Khan is not a name, but the title of "war prince", which, in the modern world, is close to the position of the Commander-in-Chief of the Army. And there were several people who bore such a title. The most prominent of them was Timur, it is about him that they usually talk about when they talk about Genghis Khan.

In the modern “Mongolia” there is not a single folk tale that would say that this country once conquered almost all of Eurasia in ancient times, just like there is nothing about the great conqueror Genghis Khan ... (N.V. Levashov “Visible and invisible genocide).

Reconstruction of the throne of Genghis Khan with a family tamga with a swastika

2. Mongolia

3. The composition of the army "Tatar-Mongols"

70-80% of the army of the "Tatar-Mongols" were Russians, the remaining 20-30% were other small peoples of Rus', in fact, as now. This fact is clearly confirmed by a fragment of the icon of Sergius of Radonezh "The Battle of Kulikovo". It clearly shows that the same warriors are fighting on both sides. And this battle is more like a civil war than a war with a foreign conqueror.

The museum description of the icon reads: “... In the 1680s. an attachment with a picturesque legend about the “Mamaev Battle” was added. On the left side of the composition, cities and villages are depicted that sent their soldiers to help Dmitry Donskoy - Yaroslavl, Vladimir, Rostov, Novgorod, Ryazan, the village of Kurba near Yaroslavl and others. On the right is Mamaia's camp. In the center of the composition is the scene of the Battle of Kulikovo with the duel between Peresvet and Chelubey. On the lower field - a meeting of the victorious Russian troops, the burial of dead heroes and the death of Mamai.

In all these pictures, taken both from Russians and European sources, the battles of the Russians with the Mongol-Tatars are depicted, but nowhere is it possible to determine who is Russian and who is Tatar. Moreover, in the latter case, both the Russians and the "Mongol-Tatars" are dressed in almost the same gilded armor and helmets, and fight under the same banners with the image of the Savior Not Made by Hands. Another thing is that the "Spas" of the two warring parties, most likely, was different.

4. What did the "Tatar-Mongols" look like?

Pay attention to the drawing of the tomb of Henry II the Pious, who was killed on the Legnica field.

The inscription is as follows: “The figure of a Tatar under the feet of Henry II, Duke of Silesia, Krakow and Poland, placed on the grave in Breslau of this prince, who was killed in the battle with the Tatars at Liegnitz on April 9, 1241.” As we can see, this "Tatar" has a completely Russian appearance, clothes and weapons.

In the next image - "the Khan's palace in the capital of the Mongol Empire, Khanbalik" (it is believed that Khanbalik is allegedly Beijing).

What is "Mongolian" and what is "Chinese" here? Again, as in the case of the tomb of Henry II, before us are people of a clearly Slavic appearance. Russian caftans, archer caps, the same broad beards, the same characteristic blades of sabers called "elman". The roof on the left is almost an exact copy of the roofs of the old Russian towers ... (A. Bushkov, "Russia, which was not").

5. Genetic expertise

6. Documents during the Tatar-Mongol yoke

During the existence of the Tatar-Mongol yoke, not a single document in the Tatar or Mongolian language has been preserved. But there are many documents of this time in Russian.

7. Lack of objective evidence supporting the hypothesis of the Tatar-Mongol yoke

At the moment, there are no originals of any historical documents that would objectively prove that there was a Tatar-Mongol yoke. But on the other hand, there are many fakes designed to convince us of the existence of a fiction called the "Tatar-Mongol yoke." Here is one of those fakes. This text is called "The Word about the Destruction of the Russian Land" and in each publication it is announced as "an excerpt from a poetic work that has not come down to us in its entirety ... About the Tatar-Mongol invasion":

There is not even a hint of the "Tatar-Mongol yoke" in this text. But on the other hand, in this “ancient” document there is such a line: “You are full of everything, the Russian land, about the Orthodox Christian faith!”

Before Nikon's church reform, which was carried out in the middle of the 17th century, Christianity in Rus' was called "orthodox". It began to be called Orthodox only after this reform... Therefore, this document could have been written no earlier than the middle of the 17th century and has nothing to do with the era of the "Tatar-Mongol yoke"...

On all maps that were published before 1772 and were not corrected in the future, you can see the following picture.

The western part of Rus' is called Muscovy, or Moscow Tartaria ... In this small part of Rus', the Romanov dynasty ruled. Until the end of the 18th century, the Moscow Tsar was called the ruler of Moscow Tartaria or the Duke (Prince) of Moscow. The rest of Rus', which occupied almost the entire continent of Eurasia in the east and south of Muscovy at that time, is called Tartaria or the Russian Empire (see map).

In the 1st edition of the British Encyclopedia of 1771, the following is written about this part of Rus':

“Tartaria, a huge country in the northern part of Asia, bordering Siberia in the north and west: which is called Great Tartaria. Those Tartars living south of Muscovy and Siberia are called Astrakhan, Cherkasy and Dagestan, living in the north-west of the Caspian Sea are called Kalmyk Tartars and which occupy the territory between Siberia and the Caspian Sea; Uzbek Tartars and Mongols, who live north of Persia and India, and, finally, Tibetan, living northwest of China ... "

Where did the name Tartaria come from

Our ancestors knew the laws of nature and the real structure of the world, life, and man. But, as now, the level of development of each person was not the same in those days. People who in their development went much further than others, and who could control space and matter (control the weather, heal diseases, see the future, etc.), were called Magi. Those of the Magi who knew how to control space at the planetary level and above were called Gods.

That is, the meaning of the word God, among our ancestors, was not at all the same as it is now. The gods were people who had gone much further in their development than the vast majority of people. For ordinary person their abilities seemed incredible, however, the gods were also people, and the possibilities of each god had their own limit.

Our ancestors had patrons - God Tarkh, he was also called Dazhdbog (giving God) and his sister - Goddess Tara. These Gods helped people in solving such problems that our ancestors could not solve on their own. So, the gods Tarkh and Tara taught our ancestors how to build houses, cultivate the land, write and much more, which was necessary in order to survive after the catastrophe and eventually restore civilization.

Therefore, more recently, our ancestors told strangers "We are the children of Tarkh and Tara ...". They said this because in their development, they really were children in relation to Tarkh and Tara, who had significantly departed in development. And the inhabitants of other countries called our ancestors "Tarkhtars", and later, because of the difficulty in pronunciation - "Tartars". Hence the name of the country - Tartaria ...

Baptism of Rus'

And here the baptism of Rus'? some may ask. As it turned out, very much so. After all, baptism did not take place in a peaceful way ... Before baptism, people in Rus' were educated, almost everyone knew how to read, write, count (see the article “Russian culture is older than European”).

Recall from school curriculum according to history, at least, the same "Birch bark letters" - letters that peasants wrote to each other on birch bark from one village to another.

Our ancestors had a Vedic world view as described above, it was not a religion. Since the essence of any religion comes down to the blind acceptance of any dogmas and rules, without a deep understanding of why it is necessary to do it this way and not otherwise. The Vedic worldview gave people precisely an understanding of the real laws of nature, an understanding of how the world works, what is good and what is bad.

People saw what happened after the "baptism" in neighboring countries, when, under the influence of religion, a successful, highly developed country with an educated population, in a matter of years, plunged into ignorance and chaos, where only representatives of the aristocracy could read and write, and then not all of them. ..

Everyone perfectly understood what the “Greek religion” carried in itself, into which Prince Vladimir the Bloody and those who stood behind him were going to baptize Kievan Rus. Therefore, none of the inhabitants of the then Kyiv principality (a province that broke away from Great Tartary) accepted this religion. But there were large forces behind Vladimir, and they were not going to retreat.

In the process of "baptism" for 12 years of forced Christianization, with rare exceptions, almost the entire adult population of Kievan Rus was destroyed. Because such a “teaching” could only be imposed on unreasonable children, who, due to their youth, could not yet understand that such a religion turned them into slaves both in the physical and spiritual sense of the word. All those who refused to accept the new "faith" were killed. This is confirmed by the facts that have come down to us. If before the "baptism" on the territory of Kievan Rus there were 300 cities and 12 million inhabitants, then after the "baptism" there were only 30 cities and 3 million people! 270 cities were destroyed! 9 million people were killed! (Diy Vladimir, "Orthodox Rus' before the adoption of Christianity and after").

But despite the fact that almost the entire adult population of Kievan Rus was destroyed by the "holy" baptists, the Vedic tradition did not disappear. On the lands of Kievan Rus, the so-called dual faith was established. Most of the population purely formally recognized the imposed religion of slaves, while they themselves continued to live according to the Vedic tradition, though without showing it off. And this phenomenon was observed not only among the masses, but also among part of the ruling elite. And this state of affairs continued until the reform of Patriarch Nikon, who figured out how to deceive everyone.

But Vedic Slavic-Aryan Empire(Great Tartaria) could not calmly look at the machinations of her enemies, who destroyed three-quarters of the population of the Kyiv Principality. Only her response could not be instantaneous, due to the fact that the army of the Great Tartary was busy with conflicts on its Far Eastern borders. But these retaliatory actions of the Vedic empire were carried out and entered into modern history in a distorted form, under the name of the Mongol-Tatar invasion of the hordes of Batu Khan to Kievan Rus.

Only by the summer of 1223 did the troops of the Vedic Empire appear on the Kalka River. And the united army of the Polovtsians and Russian princes was completely defeated. So they beat us into history lessons, and no one could really explain why the Russian princes fought with the "enemies" so sluggishly, and many of them even went over to the side of the "Mongols"?

The reason for such absurdity was that the Russian princes, who had adopted an alien religion, knew perfectly well who came and why ...

So, there was no Mongol-Tatar invasion and yoke, but there was a return of the rebellious provinces under the wing of the metropolis, the restoration of the integrity of the state. Batu Khan had the task of returning the Western European province-states under the wing of the Vedic Empire, and stopping the invasion of Christians in Rus'. But the strong resistance of some princes, who felt the taste of the still limited, but very large power of the principalities of Kievan Rus, and new unrest on the Far Eastern border did not allow these plans to be completed (N.V. Levashov "Russia in Crooked Mirrors", Volume 2.).

conclusions

In fact, after baptism in the principality of Kiev, only children and a very small part of the adult population who adopted the Greek religion survived - 3 million people out of a population of 12 million before baptism. The principality was completely devastated, most of the cities, villages and villages were looted and burned. But exactly the same picture is drawn to us by the authors of the version of the “Tatar-Mongol yoke”, the only difference is that the same cruel actions were allegedly carried out there by the “Tatar-Mongols”!

As always, the winner writes history. And it becomes obvious that in order to hide all the cruelty with which the Kiev principality was baptized, and in order to stop all possible questions, the “Tatar-Mongol yoke” was subsequently invented. Children were brought up in the traditions of the Greek religion (the cult of Dionysius, and later Christianity) and history was rewritten, where all the cruelty was blamed on “wild nomads”…

The famous statement of President V.V. Putin about the Battle of Kulikovo, in which the Russians allegedly fought against the Tatars with the Mongols ...

Tatar-Mongol yoke- the biggest myth of history

In the section: News of Korenovsk

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